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Conservation of mass:
4. Energy equation:
Q=C Qideal
C=f ( , )
(iv)
M , L ,T , I , K
Theorem:
Reynolds No:
VD
, = [kinematic viscosity]
(ii)
Mach
No:
V
,C is speed of sound (340 m/ s).
C
V
, k is specific heats ratio
kRT
V
gl
Froude No:
Euler No:
p
2
V
FD
2
2
*Measure of ratio of pressure force to inertia force.
V D
(v)
Weber No:
V 2 l
Strouhal No:
lw
, w is frequency of vortex shedding
V
Cm =C p
9. Problem in similitude:
In case where d m d p ,
[Compressibility effect]
Vm
FD
V 2 D2
10
], drag coefficient
11.
12.
13.
Q= AV ave
du
dr
*horizontal
pipe
r =R
Q= AV = u dA
r =0
Relative
roughness
is needed
17.Minor losses:
Examples of
losses:
h L=K L
V 12
h L=K L
2g
V 22
2g
(iii)
P
+Z
g
[Piezometric head]
h L@ exit =
Possibility of
cavitation
21.Fluid machines:
(i)
Positive displacement pump
(ii)
Turbomachine
Euler
equation +
velocity
22.
Pump performance
*If
V
ar
y
di
a
m
V
ar
y
ro
ta
ti
o
( C Q )m= ( CQ ) p
, then
24.Specific speed, N s
(i)
Evaluated at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) of pump.
(ii)
Centrifugal pump has small N s , while axial pump has high N s .
C Q
( CH )
0.75
ourable for
flat system
Favourable
forcurve
steep system curve
Pumps]
Qtot =Qeach
Flow
rate through
To determine
howpumps:
much head
of then n
1 +Q 2 ++Q
pumps is supplying,2 match to the corresponding
If
then
H Prate
= Z+
AQ +B Qthe, pump.
flow
through
H T = Z + A
QT
Q
+B T
n
n
( ) ( )
[Identical n
Pumps]
PS = Pressure at
pump suction
V S = Velocity at
pump suction
NPSH R
Value corresponds to
the first appearance of
vapour bubbles, or first
measurable
drop
in
pump performance.
System
characteristic,
depends
on
pumps
Dependent
on
pump
characteristic
and
operating
conditions.