Some basic concepts of chemistry

Chemistry the branch of science

which deals with the study of matter
and its properties.
Importance of chemistry
Chemistry has played a major role in
the development of medical science
by developing required substances
for treatment of diseases.
Chemistry has influenced the
present day lifestyle.
Chemistry faces a stiff challenge of
environmental consequences of recent
developments in chemistry.
MATTER
ANYTHING THA THAS MASS AND
OCCUPIES SPACE IS CALLED MATTER.

 THERE ARE THREE MAJOR STATES OF

MATTER SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS.
SOLIDS HAVE DEFINITE SHAPE AND
FIXED VOLUME.
LIQUID HAVE FIXED VOLUME BUT
INDEFINITE SHAPE.
IN GASES BOTH THE VOLUME AND
SHAPE ARE INDEFINITE.

Mole concept
1 mole of any substance refers to the
presence as many entities as in the
Avogadros constant which is equal to
6.022 x 1023.
It has major application in chemistry
and is used in quantitative analysis of
compounds.
1 mole of any substance =6.022 x
1023 atoms/molecules/ions

 1 mole = 22.4 L for any gas at STP or

NTP.

Number of moles of any substance=

weight of that substance grams

molar mass of the substance

Atomic mass of a substance is equal

to the molar mass of the substance
which is the sum of protons and neutrons
present in the atom of the substance.

Atomic number indicates the number

of electrons present in the atom of the
element.
1

Value of 1 atomic mass unit is 12 th the

mass of one atom of C-12 isotope of
carbon.

1 atomic mass unit = 1.66 x 10-24 g.

There are seven base units in the SI

unit system out of which one is mole. It
indicates the amount of matter in a
substance.

The value of 1 mole is indicated by

Avogadros constant.

Law of Equivalence
The law of equivalence states that the
equivalence of the reactant is same to
the equivalence of product in a chemical
reaction whether the reactant is
neutralized, oxidized or reduced.
We find this concept extremely useful
in determining gram quantity of
participants of the reaction.
Concentration terms
1. Molarity - It refers to the number of
moles of solute present in 1L volume of
the solution.
MOLARITY =

NUMBER OF MOLES OF SOLUTE

VOLUME OF SOLUTION LITRES

2. Molality It refers to the number of

moles of solute present in 1 kg mass of
solvent.
MOLALITY =

NUMBER OF MOLES OF SOLUTE

MASS OF SOLVENT KG

3. Mole Fraction It is defined as the

ratio of number of moles of a
component in a solution to the total
number of moles in the solution. The
component can be solute or solvent.
of component=

no . of moles of a component
total number of molesthe solution

Weight grams of component

equivalent weight of the substance

4.
5. Equivalent weight It refers to the
weight of a substance required to
directly or indirectly combine or replace
1 part by mass of hydrogen, 8 parts by
mass of oxygen, 35.5 parts by mass of
chlorine, 80 parts by mass of bromine,
127 parts by mass of Iodine, 17 parts
by mass of 1 OH formula unit, etc. in a
chemical reaction.
6. Normality The number of gram
equivalents of solute present in 1 L
volume of the solution.
No. of gramequivalent=

NORMALITY =

NO .OF GRAM EQUIVALENT

VOLUME OF SOLUTION LITRES

7. Mass Fraction It refers to the mass of

a component of a solution solute or
solvent present in total mass of
solution.
Avogadros Hypothesis Under
similar conditions of temperature
and pressure the equal volumes of
all gases contain same number of
molecules or same number of moles.
LAW OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
1. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
It states that the mass of reactants is
directly equal to mass of products in
a chemical reaction or mass can

neither be created nor be destroyed

in a chemical reaction.
2. LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS
It states that the compounds are
formed when elements combine in a
fixed ratio by mass.
It was given by J. Proust.
3. GAY LUSSACS LAW OF
COMBINING VOLUMES
It states that the under similar
conditions of temperature and
pressure equal no. of moles of all
gases have equal no. of molecules.
4.AVOGADROS HYPOTHESIS

It states that under similar conditions of

temperature and pressure there are
equal number of moles or molecules of
equal volumes of all gases.

4. DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

 It states that atom is the smallest

indivisible particle of matter.
Atom can neither be created nor be
destroyed.
Atoms of same element are identical
in all respects.
Atoms of different elements are
different in all respects.
Atoms combine in a fixed ratio by
mass to form new substances.
Percentage composition
1. Mass % =
MASS OF THAT ELEMENT
X 100
MOLAR MASS OF THE COMPOUND WHICH THE ELEMENT IS PRESENT

Empirical formula: The simplest

whole number ratio of the atoms
present in the compound.
Molecular formula: The expression
denoting the number of constituting

elements and their atoms in the

compound.
Steps to determine empirical formula
and molecular formula from mass %
1. Convert the mass % given to
grams.
2. Convert the grams into number of
moles of each element.
3. Divide the mole value obtained
above with the smallest number.
4. Obtain the simplest ration to form
empirical formula.
5. To write molecular formula write
the molar mass of the empirical
formula of the compound.
6. Divide the actual molar mass with
the value obtained in previous
step to get a number n.

7. Multiply the empirical formula

element with n to get the
molecular formula.
Limiting reagent
It is the substance which is
completely consumed during the
chemical reaction.
The substance which is not
completely consumed is called
excess reagent.
It decides the amount of product to
be formed in the chemical reaction.
Thermal stability
In this we check whether the
compound is resistant to heat
supplement or not.
The thermally unstable compounds
which are formed as a result of

combination of a small anion or large

anion with small cation or large
cation.
The thermally stable compounds are
formed as a result of small cation
and large cation or anion.
Oleum It refers to the solution of
H2SO4 + SO3 .