Anatomy of the Heart

By

Dr. Noura El Tahawy

MD., Ph.D.
Faculty of Medicine,
El Minia University

www.slideshare.net/drnosman

Subdivisions of
the mediastinum.

Figure 3.53 Sagittal section of the pericardium.

Pericardium

The pericardium is a fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. It
consists of two components, the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. The fibrous
pericardium is a tough connective tissue outer layer that defines the boundaries of the middle
mediastinum. The serous pericardium is thin and consists of two parts :
the parietal layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous ;
the visceral layer) epicardium (of serous pericardium adheres to the heart and forms its outer
covering .
The parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium are continuous at the roots of the great
vessels. The narrow space created between the two layers of serous pericardium, containing a
small amount of fluid, is the pericardial cavity. This potential space allows for the relatively
uninhibited movement of the heart.
Fibrous pericardium:
fibrous pericardium is a cone-shaped bag with its base on the diaphragm and its apex
continuous with the adventitia of the great vessels. The base is attached to the central tendon
of the diaphragm and to a small muscular area of the diaphragm on the left side. Anteriorly, it
is attached to the posterior surface of the sternum by sternopericardial ligaments. These
attachments help to retain the heart in its position in the thoracic cavity. The sac also limits
cardiac distention.
The phrenic nerves, which innervate the diaphragm and originate from spinal cord levels C3
to C5, pass through on both sides of the fibrous pericardium & in front of the hilum of the
lungs, and innervate the fibrous pericardium too.. Similarly, the pericardiacophrenic vessels
are also accompany the phrenic nerves and supply the fibrous pericardium as they pass through
the thoracic cavity.

Different layers of
the Pericardium

Phrenic nerves and pericardiacophrenic vessels.

Posterior portion of pericardial sac showing reflections of serous pericardium.

Cardiac orientation

The general shape and orientation of the heart are that of a pyramid that has fallen over and is
resting on one of its sides. Placed in the thoracic cavity, the apex of this pyramid projects
forward, downward, and to the left, whereas the base is opposite the apex and faces in a
posterior direction .The sides of the pyramid consist of :

a diaphragmatic (inferior) surface on which the pyramid rests ;

an anterior (sternocostal) surface oriented anteriorly ;

a right pulmonary surface ;

a left pulmonary surface .

(posterior surface) and apex The base of the heart is quadrilateral and directed posteriorly. It
consists of :

the left atrium ;

a small portion of the right atrium ;

the proximal parts of the great veins (superior and inferior venae cavae and the pulmonary
veins

The apex of the heart is formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle and is positioned
deep to the left fifth intercostal space, 8-9 cm from the midsternal line.

Schematic illustration of the heart showing orientation, surfaces, and margins.

Base of the heart.

Surfaces& borders of the heart

The anterior surface faces anteriorly and consists mostly of the right ventricle with some of
the right atrium on the right and some of the left ventricle on the left. Heart in the anatomic
position rests on the diaphragmatic surface ,which consists of the left ventricle and a small
portion of the right ventricle separated by the posterior interventricular groove. This surface
faces inferiorly, rests on the diaphragm, is separated from the base of the heart by the coronary
sinus, and extends from the base to the apex of the heart ..
The left pulmonary surface faces the left lung, is broad and convex, and consists of the left
ventricle and a portion of the left atrium.
right pulmonary surface faces the right lung, is broad and convex, and consists of the right
atrium
Margins and borders
Some general descriptions of cardiac orientation refer to right, left, inferior (acute), and obtuse
margins :
the right and left margins are the same as the right and left pulmonary surfaces of the heart ;
the inferior margin is defined as the sharp edge between the anterior and diaphragmatic
surfaces of the heart. -it is formed mostly by the right ventricle and a small portion of the left
ventricle near the apex ;
the obtuse margin separates the anterior and left pulmonary surfaces. it is round and extends
from the left auricle to the cardiac apex ,and is formed mostly by the left ventricle and
superiorly by a small portion of the left auricle .

Anterior surface of the heart.

Diaphragmatic surface of the heart.

Radiological examination of the heart

For radiologic evaluations, a thorough understanding of the structures defining the cardiac
borders is critical. The right border in a standard posterior-anterior view consists of the
superior vena cava, the right atrium, and the inferior vena cava. The left border in a similar
view consists of the arch of the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and the left ventricle. The inferior
border in this radiologic study consists of the right ventricle and the left ventricle at the apex.
In lateral views, the right ventricle is seen anteriorly, and the left atrium is visualized
posteriorly

Chest
radiographs.
A. Standard
posterioranterior view
of the chest..

Chest radiographs.. B. Standard lateral view of the heart.

External sulci

Internal partitions divide the heart into four chambers (i.e. two atria and two ventricles) and
produce surface or external grooves referred to as sulci .

The coronary sulcus circles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles. As it circles
the heart, it contains the right coronary artery, the small cardiac vein, the coronary sinus, and
the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery .

The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci separate the two ventricles-the anterior
interventricular sulcus is on the anterior surface of the heart and contains the anterior
interventricular artery and the great cardiac vein, and the posterior interventricular sulcus is
on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart and contains the posterior interventricular artery and
the middle cardiac vein .

Sulci of the heart. A. Anterior surface of the heart. B. Diaphragmatic surface and base of the
heart.

Sulci of the heart. A. Anterior surface of the heart. B. Diaphragmatic surface and base of the heart.

A. The heart as two pumps. B. Magnetic resonance image of midthorax showing all four chambers and
septa.

. The heart as two pumps. B. Magnetic resonance image of midthorax showing all four
chambers and septa.

Right Atrium

The right atrium consists of a main cavity and a small outpouching, the auricle. On the outside of the heart
at the junction between the right atrium and the right auricle is a vertical groove, the sulcus terminalis ,
which on the inside forms a ridge, the crista terminalis .The main part of the atrium that lies posterior to
the ridge is smooth walled and is derived embryologically from the sinus venosus. The part of the atrium in
front of the ridge is roughened or trabeculated by bundles of muscle fibers, the musculi pectinati ,which
run from the crista terminalis to the auricle. This anterior part is derived embryologically from the primitive
atrium.

Openings into the Right Atrium

The superior vena cava: opens into the upper part of the right atrium; it has no valve. It returns the blood
to the heart from the upper half of the body. The inferior vena cava (larger than the superior vena cava)
opens into the lower part of the right atrium; it is guarded by a rudimentary, nonfunctioning valve. It returns
the blood to the heart from the lower half of the body.

The coronary sinus ,which drains most of the blood from the heart wall ,opens into the right atrium
between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice. It is guarded by a rudimentary,
nonfunctioning valve.

The right atrioventricular orifice lies anterior to the inferior vena caval opening and is guarded by the
tricuspid valve .

Many small orifices of small cardiac veins also drain the wall of the heart and open directly into the right
atrium.

Fetal Remnants

In addition to the rudimentary valve of the inferior vena cava are the fossa ovalis and anulus ovalis .These
latter structures lie on the atrial septum ,which separates the right atrium from the left atrium .The fossa
ovalis is a shallow depression, which is the site of the foramen ovale in the fetus .

Internal view of right atrium.

Right Ventricle

The right ventricle communicates with the right atrium through the atrioventricular orifice and with the
pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary orifice. As the cavity approaches the pulmonary orifice it becomes
funnel shaped, at which point it is referred to as the infundibulum.

The walls of the right ventricle are much thicker than those of the right atrium and show several internal
projecting ridges formed of muscle bundles. The projecting ridges give the ventricular wall a spongelike
appearance and are known as trabeculae carneae .The trabeculae carneae are composed of three types. The
first type comprises the papillary muscles ,which project inward, being attached by their bases to the
ventricular wall; their apices are connected by fibrous cords (the chordae tendineae )to the cusps of the
tricuspid valve. The second type is attached at the ends to the ventricular wall, being free in the middle. One
of these, the moderator band ,crosses the ventricular cavity from the septal to the anterior wall. It conveys
the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle, which is part of the conducting system of the heart. The third
type is simply composed of prominent ridges.

The tricuspid valve guards the atrioventricular orifice and consists of three cusps formed by a fold of
endocardium with some connective tissue enclosed :anterior, septal ,and inferior (posterior) cusps. The
bases of the cusps are attached to the fibrous ring of the skeleton of the heart, whereas their free edges and
ventricular surfaces are attached to the chordae tendineae .The chordae tendineae connect the cusps to
the papillary muscles .When the ventricle contracts, the papillary muscles contract and prevent the cusps
from being forced into the atrium and turning inside out as the intraventricular pressure rises. To assist in
this process, the chordae tendineae of one papillary muscle are connected to the adjacent parts of two cusps.

The pulmonary valve guards the pulmonary orifice and consists of three semilunar cusps formed by folds
of endocardium with some connective tissue enclosed. The open mouths of the cusps are directed upward
into the pulmonary trunk.

Internal view of the right ventricle.

Posterior view of the pulmonary valve.

Left atrium& left ventricle

Left Atrium

Similar to the right atrium, the left atrium consists of a main cavity and a left auricle. The left atrium is situated behind
the right atrium and forms the greater part of the base or the posterior surface of the heart .Behind it lies the oblique
sinus of the serous pericardium, and the fibrous pericardium separates it from the esophagus.

The interior of the left atrium is smooth, but the left auricle possesses muscular ridges as in the right auricle.

Openings into the Left Atrium

The four pulmonary veins, two from each lung, open through the posterior wall and have no valves. The left
atrioventricular orifice is guarded by the mitral valve.

Left Ventricle

The left ventricle communicates with the left atrium through the atrioventricular orifice and with the aorta through the
aortic orifice. The walls of the left ventricle are three times thicker than those of the right ventricle. (The left
intraventricular blood pressure is six times higher than that inside the right ventricle.) . In cross section, the left
ventricle is circular; the right is crescentic because of the bulging of the ventricular septum into the cavity of the right
ventricle . There are well-developed trabeculae carneae, two large papillary muscles, but no moderator band. The part
of the ventricle below the aortic orifice is called aortic vestibule

The mitral valve guards the atrioventricular orifice . It consists of two cusps, one anterior and one posterior, which
have a structure similar to that of the cusps of the tricuspid valve. The attachment of the chordae tendineae to the
cusps and the papillary muscles is similar to that of the tricuspid valve.

The aortic valve guards the aortic orifice and is precisely similar in structure to the pulmonary valve . One cusp is
situated on the anterior wall (right cusp) and two are located on the posterior wall (left and posterior cusps). Behind
each cusp the aortic wall bulges to form an aortic sinus. The anterior aortic sinus gives origin to the right coronary
artery, and the left posterior sinus gives origin to the left coronary artery. .

The great blood vessels and the interior of the pericardium .

The posterior surface, or the base, of the heart .

Left atrium. A. Internal view..

Left atrium. B. Axial computed tomography image showing the

pulmonary veins entering the left atrium.

Internal view of the left ventricle.

Anterior view of the aortic valve.

Cardiac skeleton

The cardiac skeleton is a collection of dense, fibrous connective tissue in the form of four
rings with interconnecting areas in a plane between the atria and the ventricles. The four rings
of the cardiac skeleton surround the two atrioventricular orifices, the aortic orifice and
opening of the pulmonary trunks. They are the anulus fibrosus .The interconnecting areas
include :

the right fibrous trigone ,which is a thickened area of connective tissue between the aortic
ring and right atrioventricular ring

the left fibrous trigone ,which is a thickened area of connective tissue between the aortic ring
and the left atrioventricular ring.

The cardiac skeleton helps maintain the integrity of the openings it surrounds and provides
points of attachment for the cusps. It also separates the atrial musculature from the ventricular
musculature. The atrial myocardium originates from the upper border of the rings, whereas
the ventricular myocardium originates from the lower border of the rings.

The cardiac skeleton also serves as a dense connective tissue partition that electrically
isolates the atria from the ventricles. The atrioventricular bundle, which passes through the
anulus, is the single connection between these two groups of myocardium

Cardiac skeleton (atria removed).

Conducting system of the heart

 Cardiac conduction system the musculature of the atria and ventricles is capable of contracting

spontaneously. The cardiac conduction system initiates and coordinates contraction. The conduction
system consists of nodes and networks of specialized myocardial cells organized into four basic
components :
the sinu-atrial node ;
the atrioventricular node ;
the atrioventricular bundle with its right and left bundle branches ;
the subendocardial plexus of conduction cells (the Purkinje fibers.)
Sinu-atrial node
Impulses begin at the sinu-atrial node, the cardiac pacemaker. This collection of cells is located at the
superior end of the crista terminalis at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium .
The excitation signals generated by the sinu-atrial node spread across the atria, causing the muscle to
contract.
Atrioventricular node:
Concurrently, the wave of excitation in the atria stimulates the atrioventricular node, which is located
near the opening of the coronary sinus& within the atrioventricular septum. The atrioventricular node is
a collection of specialized cells. The atrioventricular bundle is a direct continuation of the
atrioventricular node. It follows along the lower border of the membranous part of the interventricular
septum before splitting into right and left bundles.
The right bundle branch continues on the right side of the interventricular septum toward the apex of
the right ventricle. From the septum it enters the septomarginal trabecula to reach the base of the
anterior papillary muscle. At this point, it divides and is continuous with the final component of the
cardiac conduction system, the subendocardial plexus of ventricular conduction cells or Purkinje fibers.
This network of specialized cells spreads throughout the ventricle to supply ventricular musculature
including the papillary muscles.
The left bundle branch passes to the left side of the muscular interventricular septum and descends to
the apex of the left ventricle . Along its course it gives off branches that eventually become continuous
with the subendocardial plexus of conduction cells (Purkinje fibers). As with the right side, this
network of specialized cells spreads the excitation impulses throughout the ventricle.

Conduction system of the

heart. A. Right chambers. B.
Left chambers.

Anatomy of the Conducting System of the Heart

Pass taken by the

Cardiac Impulse
from the Sinuatrial Node to the
Purkinje Network
Indicated by black arrows
LA

RA

LV
RV

The conducting system of the heart. Note the internodal pathways

Blood supply of the heart

By Dr. Noura El Tahawy

The right coronary artery

Arterial Supply of the Heart

The arterial supply of the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries, which arise from the ascending
aorta immediately above the aortic valve .The coronary arteries and their major branches are distributed over the
surface of the heart
The right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta and runs forward between
the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle . It descends almost vertically in the right atrioventricular groove, and at
the inferior border of the heart it continues posteriorly along the atrioventricular groove to anastomose with the left
coronary artery in the posterior interventricular groove. The following branches from the right coronary artery
supply the right atrium and right ventricle and parts of the left atrium and left ventricle and the atrioventricular
septum.
Branches
The right conus artery supplies the anterior surface of the pulmonary conus (infundibulum of the right ventricle)
and the upper part of the anterior wall of the right ventricle.
The anterior ventricular branches are two or three in number and supply the anterior surface of the right
ventricle. The marginal branch is the largest and runs along the lower margin of the costal surface to reach the
apex.
The posterior ventricular branches are usually two in number and supply the diaphragmatic surface of the right
ventricle.
The posterior interventricular (descending) artery runs toward the apex in the posterior interventricular groove.
It gives off branches to the right and left ventricles, including its inferior wall. It supplies branches to the posterior
part of the ventricular septum but not to the apical part, which receives its supply from the anterior interventricular
branch of the left coronary artery. A large septal branch supplies the atrioventricular node .In 10% of individuals
the posterior interventricular artery is replaced by a branch from the left coronary artery.
The atrial branches supply the anterior and lateral surfaces of the right atrium. One branch supplies the posterior
surface of both the right and left atria. The artery of the sinuatrial node supplies the node and the right and left
atria; in 35% of individuals it arises from the left coronary artery.

The left coronary artery

The left coronary artery ,which is usually larger than the right coronary artery, supplies the major part of
the heart, including the greater part of the left atrium, left ventricle, and ventricular septum. It arises from
the left posterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta and passes forward between the pulmonary trunk and
the left auricle . It then enters the atrioventricular groove and divides into an anterior interventricular branch
and a circumflex branch.

Branches

The anterior interventricular (descending) branch runs downward in the anterior interventricular groove
to the apex of the heart .In most individuals it then passes around the apex of the heart to enter the posterior
interventricular groove and anastomoses with the terminal branches of the right coronary artery. In one
third of individuals it ends at the apex of the heart. The anterior interventricular branch supplies the right
and left ventricles with numerous branches that also supply the anterior part of the ventricular septum. One
of these ventricular branches) left diagonal artery(may arise directly from the trunk of the left coronary
artery. A small left conus artery supplies the pulmonary conus.

The circumflex artery is the same size as the anteriorinterventricular artery .It winds around the left
margin of the heart in the atrioventricular groove. A left marginal artery is a large branch that supplies the
left margin of the left ventricle down to the apex .Anterior ventricular and posterior ventricular
branches supply the left ventricle .Atrial branches supply the left atrium.

Cardiac vasculature. A. Anterior view. B. Superior view (atria removed).

Cardiac vasculature. A. Anterior view. B. Superior view (atria removed).

A. Anterior view of coronary arterial system. B. Left anterior oblique view of right coronary
artery. C. Right anterior oblique view of left coronary artery.

Left dominant coronary artery.

Major cardiac veins. A. Anterior view of major cardiac veins. B. Posteroinferior view of
major cardiac veins.

Summary of blood supply of the heart

Summary of the Overall Arterial Supply to the Heart in Most Individuals

The right coronary artery supplies all of the right ventricle (except for the small area to the
right of the anterior interventricular groove), the variable part of the diaphragmatic surface of
the left ventricle, the posteroinferior third of the ventricular septum, the right atrium and part
of the left atrium, and the sinuatrial node and the atrioventricular node and bundle. The LBB
also receives small branches.
The left coronary artery supplies most of the left ventricle, a small area of the right ventricle
to the right of the interventricular groove, the anterior two thirds of the ventricular septum,
most of the left atrium, the RBB, and the LBB.

Arterial Supply to the Conducting System

The sinuatrial node is usually supplied by the right but sometimes by the left coronary artery.
The atrioventricular node and the atrioventricular bundle are supplied by the right coronary
artery. The RBB of the atrioventricular bundle is supplied by the left coronary artery; the LBB
is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries.

Venous Drainage of the Heart

Most blood from the heart wall drains into the right atrium through the coronary sinus, which
lies in the posterior part of the atrioventricular groove and is a continuation of the great
cardiac vein. It opens into the right atrium to the left of the inferior vena cava.
The small and middle cardiac veins are tributaries of the coronary sinus. The remainder of
the blood is returned to the right atrium by the anterior cardiac vein and by small veins that
open directly into the heart chambers.

Coronary arteries

Cardiac veins .

The anterior surface of the heart and the great blood vessels. Note the course of
the coronary arteries and the cardiac veins .

A. Posterior view of the heart showing the origin and distribution of the posterior interventricular artery in the right
dominance .B .Posterior view of the heart showing the origin and distribution of the posterior interventricular artery
in the left dominance .C .Anterior view of the heart showing the relationship of the blood supply to the conducting
system .

Nerve Supply of the Heart

The heart is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous
system via the cardiac plexuses situated below the arch of the aorta. The sympathetic supply
arises from the cervical and upper thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunks, and the
parasympathetic supply comes from the vagus nerves.
The postganglionic sympathetic fibers terminate on the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes,
on cardiac muscle fibers, and on the coronary arteries. Activation of these nerves results in
cardiac acceleration, increased force of contraction of the cardiac muscle, and dilatation of the
coronary arteries.
The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers terminate on the sinuatrial and atrioventricular
nodes and on the coronary arteries. Activation of the parasympathetic nerves results in a
reduction in the rate and force of contraction of the heart and a constriction of the coronary
arteries.
Afferent fibers running with the sympathetic nerves carry nervous impulses that normally do
not reach consciousness. However, should the blood supply to the myocardium become
impaired, pain impulses reach consciousness via this pathway. Afferent fibers running with
the vagus nerves take part in cardiovascular reflexes.

Cardiac plexus.
A. Superficial.
B. Deep.

Surface anatomy of the heart& its valves

Surface anatomy of the heart

For practical purposes, the heart may be considered to have both an apex and four
borders.
The apex ,formed by the left ventricle, corresponds to the apex beat and is found in
the fifth left intercostal space 3.5 inch (9 cm) from the midline
.
The superior border ,formed by the roots of the great blood vessels, extends from
a point on the second left costal cartilage (remember sternal angle) 0.5 inch. (1.3
cm) from the edge of the sternum to a point on the third right costal cartilage 0.5
inch. (1.3 cm) from the edge of the sternum

The right border ,formed by the right atrium, extends from a point on the third
right costal cartilage 0.5 in. (1.3 cm) from the edge of the sternum downward to a
point on the sixth right costal cartilage 0.5 in. (1.3 cm) from the edge of the sternum

The left border ,formed by the left ventricle, extends from a point on the second
left costal cartilage 0.5 in. (1.3 cm) from the edge of the sternum to the apex beat of
the heart

The inferior border ,formed by the right ventricle and the apical part of the left
ventricle, extends from the sixth right costal cartilage 0.5 in. (1.3 cm) from the
sternum to the apex beat

Surface Anatomy of the Heart Valves

. The surface markings of the heart valves are as follows:

The tricuspid valve lies behind the right half of the sternum opposite the fourth intercostal
space.

The mitral valve lies behind the left half of the sternum opposite the fourth costal cartilage.

The pulmonary valve lies behind the medial end of the third left costal cartilage and the
adjoining part of the sternum.

The aortic valve lies behind the left half of the sternum opposite the third intercostal space.

Where to listen for heart sounds??

To listen for valve sounds, position the stethoscope downstream from the flow of
blood through the valves
The tricuspid valve is heard just to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the
fifth intercostal space.
The mitral valve is heard over the apex of the heart in the left fifth intercostal space
at the midclavicular line.
The pulmonary valve is heard over the medial end of the left second intercostal
space.
The aortic valve is heard over the medial end of the right second intercostal space.

Review

Heart and Pericardium in position

Surfaces of The Heart

Surfaces of the Heart

Posterior surface (Base) of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

Longitudinal section of the Heart

Position of the Tricuspid,

Pulmonary and Mitral
Valves

Pass taken by the blood

through the heart
(indicated by arrows)

LA
RA

A. Postion of tricuspid and pulmonary valves.

B. Mitral cusps with the valve open.
C. Mitral cusps with the valve closed.

Great Vessels, Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins

Anterior view
of the Heart

Anterior view of the Heart

Posterior and inferior views of the Heart

Cross Section of the Thorax at eighth Thoracic Vertebra

Questions
1. Give a short account on the anatomy of the followings:
- - Right atrium (relations, exterior, interior & blood supply)
-- Left ventricle (relations, exterior, interior& blood supply)
- -- Conducting system of the heart
---- Fibrous skeleton of the heart
--- Blood supply of the heart
2. What is the surface anatomy of the heart &its valves
3. Complete the following statements:
--- The distribution of the right coronary artery include:
1. . 2. 3.. 4
--- The distribution of the left coronary artery include:
1 2. 3 4
----- Sinoatrial node is & is usually supplied by a branch from
artery
---- the coronary sinus opens into... Its tributaries are :
1... 2 3 . 45..

Thank you