Cdma Technology

May-june
2011
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
CDMA TECHNOLOGY
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electr ical
BY
Ravi Shekhar Sengar

Roll No:-377
SUPERVISOR
PROF. I K Pattharwala
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MODASA
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA
May-june
2011
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Ravi Shekhar Sengar (377)

Of VIIIth Electrical have has satisfactorily completed his Project
Report
In

And submitted this report
as a part of his project work for the term ending
IN
MAY-JUNE 2011
INTERNAL GUIDE:Prof I.K.Pattharwala
Head of department:Prof. H.R.Dave
Date:-
May-june
2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous
encouragement, invaluable supervision, timely suggestions and
inspired guidance offered by my guide Prof. I K pattharwala
,Department of Electrical Engineering ,Government Engineering
College , Modasa in bringing this report to a successful completion.
I am grateful to Prof. H R Dave , Head of the Department of
Electrical Engineering for permitting me to make use of the facilities
available in the department to carry out the project successfully. Last
but not the least I express my sincere thanks to all my friends who
have patiently extended all sorts of help for accomplishing this
undertaking.
Finally I extend my gratefulness to one and all who are directly or
indirectly involved in the successful completion of this project work.
Ravi Shekhar Sengar (377)
May-june
2011
CONTENT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
INTRODUCTION.
MAIN TYPES OF CDMA.
BIRTH OF CDMA.
EVOLUTION OF CDMA.
CDMA PRINCIPLE.
WORKING OF CDMA.
CDMA IMPLEMENTATION.
7.1 CDMA CHANNELS
7.2 CDMA FORWARD CHANNELS
7.3 CDMA REVERSE CHANNELS
7.4 CDMA MODULATION
7.5 CDMA FOR CELLULAR
8. DS-CDMA IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS.
8.1 THE OBJECTIVES OF IMT-2000
8.2 DS-CDMA TECHNIQUE
8.3 TRANSMITTER STRUCTURE
8.4 RECEIVER STRUCTURE
8.5 PROPERTIES OF DS-CDMA
9. FEATURES OF CDMA.
10. GSM
11. CDMA VS GSM.
12. ADVANTAGES OF CDMA.
13. DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA.
14. APPLICATION OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY.
15. FUTURE OF WCDMA
16. CONCLUSION.
17. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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Generally a fixed amount of frequency spectrum is allocated to a cellular

system by the national regulator (e.g. in the United states,the Federal
communication commission). Multiple-access techniques are then deployed so
that many users can share the available spectrum in an efficient manner. Multiple
access systems specify how signals from different sources can be combined
efficiently for transmission over a given radio frequency band and then separated
at the destination without mutual interference.The three basic multiple access
methods currently in use in cellular systems are:
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
In case of FDMA ,users share the available spectrum in the frequency
domain,and user is allocated a part of the frequency band called the traffic
channel.
In TDMA techniques that are utilized in many digital cellular
systems,the available spectrum is partitioned into narrow frequency bands or
frequency channels (as in FDMA),which in turn are divided into a number of
time slots.An individual user is assigned a time slot that permits access to the
frequency channel for the duration of the time slot.
The CDMA systems utilizes the spread spectrum technique,whereby a
spreading code(called a pseudo-random noise or PN code) is used to allow
multiple users to share a block of frequency spectrum.In CDMA cellular systems
(e.g. IS-95 in the United States) that use direct sequence spread (DSS) spectrum
techniques,the(digital) information from an individual user is modulated by
means of the unique PN code (spreading sequence) assigned to each user.All the
PN code-modulated signals from different users are then transmitted over the
entire CDMA frequency channel (e.g.,1.23 MHZ in case of IS-95).Since the
signal in the case of CDMA utilize the entire allocated block of spectrum,no
guard bands of any kind are necessary within the allocated block.
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2011
CDMA permits a more uniform distribution of energy in the emitted

bandwidth Short for Code Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular
technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems,
such as GSM that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to
each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual
conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. The older
version of the CDMA technology and now it is now known as cdmaOne as well
as IS-95. The other types of CDMA technology has CDMA2000,WCDMA
(Wideband CDMA). The spread spectrum may be viewed as a kind of
modulation scheme in which the modulated(spread spectrum) signal bandwidth
is much greater than the message(baseband) signal bandwidth. Thus, spread
spectrum is a wideband scheme.
The final assessment on the potential superiority of CDMA systems over
TDMA systems,in terms of capacity,cost, and speech quality,will emerge only
after both systems have been in operation in dense,urban areas with full
complements of subscribers and services.
A CDMA system is clearly not a collision avoidance system like FDMA and
TDMA. The opposite is true and explains the differences in the behavior of
CDMA systems compared to FDMA and TDMA. In general, the collisions at the
channel is a disadvantage of CDMA system and can be mitigated by careful
selection of the sequence and power control that is close to perfect. CDMA is
restricted to a short distance charging area(SDCA). Currently, there are 2600
SDCAs within the country. A CDMA-based phone can thus roam only within
its SDCA. This is NOT a technological restriction. In India, Reliance Infocom
and Tata Indicom use CDMA technology to provide WILL services. In remote
rural areas, where installing cables is difficult as well as expensive, CDMAbased WILL networks can be deployed quickly. A CDMA doesnt have a SIM
card, which makes m-commerce difficult.
Daily application possible with CDMA is daily downloading, text
communication such as chat,e-mail,sms,member search etc.sending photo on the
air,entertainment and games.
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2011
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper is intended to provide an introduction to CDMA use in wireless
telephone systems. The focus is on explaining, in generally non-technical
language, both the key aspects of CDMA technology, and the primary benefits
the technology offers to wireless communication system operators and their
subscribers. There is a tremendous amount of detailed technical information
which is intentionally not covered in this forum.
It has been necessary, though, to assume at least a rudimentary familiarity with
cellular telephone systems, including the basic characteristics of radio and the
RF spectrum, as well as fundamental system design concepts such as frequency
re-use.
What is CDMA?
One of the most important concepts to any cellular telephone system is that of
"multiple access", meaning that multiple, simultaneous users can be supported.
In other words, a large number of users share a common pool of radio channels
and any user can gain access to any channel (each user is not always assigned to
the same channel). A channel can be thought of as merely a portion of the limited
radio resource which is temporary allocated for a specific purpose, such as
someone's phone call. A multiple access method is a definition of how the radio
spectrum is divided into channels and how channels are allocated to the many
users of the system.
The CDMA Cellular Standard
With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate RF frequencies or
channels, are used to differentiate subscribers. The codes are shared by both the
mobile station (cellular phone) and the base station, and are called "pseudoRandom Code Sequences." All users share the same range of radio spectrum.
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For cellular telephony, CDMA is a digital multiple access technique specified by

the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as "IS-95".
In March 1992, the TIA established the TR-45.5 subcommittee with the charter
of developing a spread-spectrum digital cellular standard. In July of 1993, the
TIA gave its approval of the CDMA IS-95 standard.
IS-95 systems divide the radio spectrum into carriers which are 1,250 KHz
(1.25 MHz) wide. One of the unique aspects of CDMA is that while there are
certainly limits to the number of phone calls that can be handled by a carrier, this
is not a fixed number. Rather, the capacity of the system will be dependent on a
number of different factors. This will be discussed in later sections.
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
IS-95 uses a multiple access spectrum spreading technique called Direct
Sequence (DS) CDMA.
Each user is assigned a binary, Direct Sequence code during a call. The DS code
is a signal generated by linear modulation with wideband Pseudorandom Noise
(PN) sequences. As a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used
in other technologies. Wideband signals reduce interference and allow one-cell
frequency reuse.
There is no time division, and all users use the entire carrier, all of the time.
CDMA Technology
Though CDMA application in cellular telephony is relatively new, it is not a new
technology. CDMA has been used in many military applications, such as antijamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a
CDMA signal), ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know
when it will be received), and secure communications (the spread spectrum
signal is very hard to detect).
Spread Spectrum
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CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, which means that it spreads the

information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater
bandwidth than the original signal.
The standard data rate of a CDMA call is 9600 bits per second (9.6 kilobits per
second). This initial data is "spread," including the application of digital codes to
the data bits, up to the transmitted rate of about 1.23 megabits per second. The
data bits of each call are then transmitted in combination with the data bits of all
of the calls in the cell. At the receiving end, the digital codes are separated out,
leaving only the original information which was to be communicated. At that
point, each call is once again a unique data stream with a rate of 9600 bits per
second.
Traditional uses of spread spectrum are in military operations. Because of the
wide bandwidth of a spread spectrum signal, it is very difficult to jam, difficult
to interfere with, and difficult to identify. This is in contrast to technologies
using a narrower bandwidth of frequencies. Since a wideband spread spectrum
signal is very hard to detect, it appears as nothing more than a slight rise in the
"noise floor" or interference level. With other technologies, the power of the
signal is concentrated in a narrower band, which makes it easier to detect.
Increased privacy is inherent in CDMA technology. CDMA phone calls will be
secure from the casual eavesdropper since, unlike an analog conversation, a
simple radio receiver will not be able to pick individual digital conversations out
of the overall RF radiation in a frequency band.
Synchronization
In the final stages of the encoding of the radio link from the base station to the
mobile, CDMA adds a special "pseudo-random code" to the signal that repeats
itself after a finite amount of time. Base stations in the system distinguish
themselves from each other by transmitting different portions of the code at a
given time. In other words, the base stations transmit time offset versions of the
same pseudo-random code. In order to assure that the time offsets used remain
unique from each other, CDMA stations must remain synchronized to a common
time reference.
The primary source of the very precise synchronization signals required by
CDMA systems is the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a radio
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2011
navigation system based on a constellation of orbiting satellites. Since the GPS

system covers the entire surface of the earth, it provides a readily available
method for determining position and time to as many receivers as are required.
The Balancing Act
CDMA cell coverage is dependent upon the way the system is designed. In fact,
three primary system characteristics - Coverage, Quality and Capacity - must be
balanced off of each other to arrive at the desired level of system performance.
In a CDMA system these three characteristics are tightly inter-related. Even
higher capacity might be achieved through some degree of degradation in
coverage and/or quality. Since these parameters are all intertwined, operators can
not have the best of all worlds: three times wider coverage, 40 time capacity, and
"CD" quality sound. For example, the 13 kbps vocoder provides better sound
quality, but reduces system capacity as compared to an 8 kbps vocoder.
Motorola is using system simulation and real world testing to identify and
implement the correct balances in CDMA system application. Operators will
have the opportunity to balance these parameters to best serve a particular area.
The best balance point may change from cell site to cell site. Sites in dense
downtown areas may trade off coverage for increased capacity. Conversely, at
the outer edges of a system, capacity could be sacrificed for coverage area.
Motorola's system expertise, as demonstrated by its winning of the 1995 NCSA
Industrial Grand Challenge Award for system simulation and testing
achievements, is especially beneficial to operators in their efforts to balance
system parameters.
2. MAIN TYPES OF CDMA

CDMAONE:
This is the older version of the CDMA technology and now it is now known as
cdmaone as well as IS-95.
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CDMA 2000:
We now have cdma2000 and its variants like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO, and MC 3X.
The reffer to variants of usage of a 1.25MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel.
This first phase of cdma2000 - variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X, or just plain 1X is designed to double current voice capacity and support always-on data
transmission speeds 10 times faster than typically available today, some 153.6
kbps on both the forward and reverse links.
CDMA2000 Technical Detail:
Frequency band: Any existing band.
Minimum frequency band required: 1x: 2x1.25MHz, 3x: 2x3.75
Chip rate: 1x: 1.2288, 3x: 3.6864 Mcps
Maximum user data rate: 1x: 144 kbps now, 307 kbps in the future 1xEV-DO:
max 384 kbps - 2.4 Mbps, 1xEV-DV: 4.8 Mbps.
WCDMA:
Wideband CDMA that forms the basis of 3G networks, Developed originally by
Qualcomm, CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius,
employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. WCDMA
uses 5 MHz bandwidth.
CDMA Phones at Glance:
Samsung SCH-N191
LG RD2030
LG-Elect-TM910
LG Electronics TM510
THE Tata Indicom CDMA Mobile Cost Table
Activation Cost
Monthly Rental
Deposit
Handset
Rs.1050
Rs.450
Rs.3,000
Hyundai HGC-310E Rs.9,800
Samsung SCH-620 Rs.10,800
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3.BIRTH OF CDMA
At World War II
CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by the English
allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided to
transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the
Germans to pick up the complete signal.
History Of CDMA
Somewhere close to the Second World War, Hollywood actress-turned-inventor,
Hedy Lamarr and co-inventor George Antheil, co-patented a way for controlling
torpedoes by sending signals over multiple radio frequencies using random
patterns. They called this frequency hopping.
After some hue and cry, the US Navy discarded their work as architecturally
unfeasible. In 1957, Sylvania Electronic System Division, in Buffalo, New
York , took up the same idea. After the expiry of the inventors patent, they used
the same technology to secure communications for the US military.
In the mid-80s, the US military declassified what is now called CDMA
technology, a technique based on spread-spectrum technology, for use in
wireless communication. The spread-spectrum technology works by digitizing
multiple conversations, attaching a code(known only to the sender and receiver),
and then breaking the signals into bits and reassembling them.
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Qualcomm, which patented CDMA, and other telecommunication companies,

were attrached to the technology because it enabled many simultaneous
conversations, rather than the limited stop-and-go transmissions of analogue
technology and the previous digital option.
4.EVOLUTION OF CDMA
1940s and 1950s Spread Spectrum technique for military anti-jam applications.
1949 Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce develop basic ideas of CDMA
1970s Several CDMA developments for military systems (e. g. GPS)
In March 1992, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) established
the TR-45.5 subcommittee with the charter of developing a spread spectrum
digital cellular standard. In July of 1993, the TIA gave its approval for the
CDMA Technology standard.
1993 IS-95 CDMA standard finalized
1995 Commercial operation of N-CDMA system (IS-95) in Hong Kong/Korea
October 1, 2000 SK Telecom of Korea launches the first commercial cdma2000
network
April 17, 2001 Ericsson and Vodafone UK claim to have made the world's first
WCDMA voice call over commercial network.
October 1, 2001 NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial WCDMA 3G
mobile network.
January 28, 2002 SK Telecom in Korea launched the world's first commercial
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO.October 1, 2002 Qualcomm announces world's first
Bluetooth WCDMA (UMTS) and GSM Voice Calls.
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5.CDMA PRINCIPLE
If we change our communication topology from point-to-point to point-tomultipoint, we have hanged the communication environment from single-link to
a multiple-access link. The multiple-access scheme in a spread-spectrum system
is termed code-division multiple-access (CDMA).
Each access to a common channel needs some form of orthogonality. For
frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA), we achieve orthogonality in the
frequency domain by selecting nonoverlapping unique frequency bands to each
user. We achieve orthogonality in the time domain by selection nonoverlapping
unique time segments to each user; this process is referred to as time-division
multiple-access (TDMA). The spread-spectrum form of multiple access exploits
the orthogonality in the code domain and is termed code-division multipleaccess (CDMA).
The multiuser environment in the spread-spectrum case is set up for each user in
assigning each user a unique spreading sequence out of a family of orthogonal
sequences. Each user in a CDMA network occupies the same channel
bandwidth.
A CDMA system is clearly not a collision avoidance system like FDMA and
TDMA. The opposite is true and explains the differences in the behavior of
CDMA systems compared to FDMA and TDMA. In general, the collisions at the
channel is a disadvantage of CDMA system and can be mitigated by careful
selection of the sequence and power control that is close to perfect.
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6.WORKING OF CDMA
The CDMA uses the spread spectrum technology. The spread spectrum refers to
any system that satisfies the following conditions :
1. The spread spectrum may be viewed as a kind of modulation scheme in
which the modulated(spread spectrum) signal bandwidth is much greater
than the message(baseband) signal bandwidth. Thus, spread spectrum is
a wideband scheme.
2.The spectral spreading is performed by a code that is independent of the
message signal. This same ode is also used at the receiver to despread the
received signal in order to recover the message signal (from spread spectrum
signal). In secure communication, this code is known only to the person(s) for
whom the message is intended.
The spread spectrum increases the bandwidth of the message signal by a factor
N, called the processing gain. If the message signal bandwidth is B Hz and the
corresponding spread spectrum signal bandwidth is Bss Hz, then Processing
gain N = Bss / B
Thus, the key to CDMA is to be able to extract the desired signal while rejecting
everything else as random noise. A somewhat simplified description of CDMA
follows:
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In CDMA each bit time is subdivided into m short intervals called chips.
Typically, there are 64 or 128 chips per bit, but in the example given below we
will use 8 chips/bit for simplicity.
Each station is assigned a unique m-bit code or chip sequence. To transmit a 1
bit, a station sends its chip sequence. To transmit a 0 bit, it sends the ones
complement of its chip sequence. No other patterns are permitted. Thus for m =
8, if a station A is assigned the chip sequence 00011011, it sends a 1 bit by
sending 00011011 and 0 bit by sending 11100100.
If we have 1-MHz band available for 100 stations, with FDM each one would
have 10 kHz and could send at 10 kbps (assuming 1 bit per Hz). With CDMA,
each station uses the full 1 MHz, so the chip rate is 1 Megachip per second. With
fewer than 100 chips per bit, the effective bandwidth per station is higher for
CDMA than FDMA, and the channel allocation problem is also solved.
It is more convenient to use a bipolar notation, with binary 0 being 1 and binary
1 being +1. We will show chip sequences in parentheses, so a 1 bit for station A
now becomes (-1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1). In Fig. (1), we show the binary chip
sequence assigned to four example stations. In Fig. (2), we show them in our
bipolar notation.
A: 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
B: 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
C: 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
D: 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
A: (-1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1)
B: (-1-1+1-1+1+1+1-1)
C: (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1)
D: (-1+1-1-1-1-1+1-1)
Fig. (1)Binary chip

Sequence for 4 stations
Fig. (2)Bipolar chip sequence
Six Examples:
_ _1_
_ 11_
1 0_ _
C
B+C
A+B
S1= ( -1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 -1)
S2= ( -2 0 0 0 +2 +2 0 -2)
S3= ( 0 0 2 +2 0 -2 0 +2)
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1 0 1 _ A+B+C
1 1 1 1 A+B+C+D
1 1 0 1 A+B+C+D
S4= ( -1 +1 3 +3 1 1 1 +1)
S5= ( -4 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 -2)
S6= ( -2 2 0 2 0 2 +4 0 )
Fig. (3) Six example of Transmission

S1C = (1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1)/8 = 1
S2C = (2+0+0+0+2+2+0+2)/8 = 1
S3C = (0+0+2+2+0-2+0-2)/8 = 0
S4C = (1+1+3+3+1-1+1-1)/8 = 1
S5C = (4+0+2+0+2+0-2+2)/8 = 1
S6C = (2-2+0-2+0-2-4+0)/8 = -1
Fig. (4) Recovery of station Cs signal
Each station has its own unique chip sequence. Lets use symbol S to indicate
the m-chip vector for station S , and S for its negation. All chip sequences are
pairwise orthogonal, by which we mean that the normalized inner product of any
two distinct chip sequences, S and T (ST) is 0. In mathematical terms,
m
ST = 1/m Si * Ti = 0
i=1
in plain, English, as many pairs are same as are different. This orthogonality
property will prove crucial. Note that if ST = 0 then ST= 0. The normalized
inner product of any chip sequence with itself is 1:
m
m
SS = 1/m Si * Si = 1/m (+1)=1
i=1
i=1
This follows because each of the m terms in the inner product is 1, so the sum is
m. Also note that SS = -1.
During each bit time, a station can transmit a 1 by sending its chip sequence, it
can transmit a 0 by sending negative of its chip sequence, or it can be silent and
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transmit nothing. For the moment, we assume that all stations are synchronized
in time, so all chip sequence begin at the same instant.
When two or more station transmit simultaneously, their bipolar signals add
linearly. For example, if in one chip period three stations output +1 and one
station outputs 1, the result is +2. One can think of this as adding voltages:
three stations outputting +1 volts and 1 station outputting 1 volts gives 2 volts.
In Fig.(3), we see six examples of one or more stations transmitting at the same
time. In the first example, C transmits a 1 bit, so we just get Cs chip sequence.
In the second example, both B and C transmit 1 bits, so we get the sum of their
bipolar chip sequences.
In the third example, station A sends 1 and station B sends a 0. The others are
silent. In the fifth example, all four stations sends 1 bit. Finally, in the last
example A, B, and D sends a 1 bit, while C sends a 0 bit. Note that each of the
six sequences S1 through S6 given in Fig. (3) represents only one bit time.
To recover the bit stream of an individual station, the receiver must know that
stations chip sequence in advance. It does the recovery by computing the
normalized inner product of the received chip sequence (the linear sum of all the
stations that transmitted) and the chip sequence of the station whose bit stream it
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is trying to recover. If the received chip sequence is S and the receiver is trying
to listen to a station whose chip sequence is C, it just computes the normalized
inner product, SC.
To see why this works, imagine the two stations, A and C, both transmit a 1 bit at
the same time that B transmit a 0 bit. The receiver sees the sum: S = A+B+C
and computes
SC = AC+ BC+ CC =0+0+1 = 1
The first two terms vanish because all pairs of chip sequence have been carefully
chosen to be orthogonal. Now it should be clear why this property must be
imposed on the chip sequence.
To make the decoding process more concrete, let us consider the six examples of
fig.(4) again. Suppose that the receiver is interested in extracting the bit sent by
station C from each of the six sums S1 through S6. It calculates the bit by
summing the pairwise products of the received S and C vector of Fig.(2), and
then taking 1/8 of the result (since m=8 here). As shown, each time the correct
bit is decoded.
Assumptions in the above Example:
First, we assumed that all the chips are synchronized in time. In reality, doing so
is impossible. What can be done is that the sender and receiver synchronize by
having the sender transmit a long enough known chip sequence that the receiver
can lock onto. All other (unsynchronized) transmissions are then seen as random
noise.
An implicit assumption in the above example is that the power levels of all
stations are the same as perceived by the receiver. CDMA is typically used for
wireless systems with a fixed base station and many mobile stations at varying
distances from it. The power levels received at the base station depends on how
far away the transmitters are. A good heuristic here is for each mobile station to
transmit to the base station at the inverse of the power level it receives from the
base station, so a mobile station receiving a weak signal from the base will use
more power than one getting a strong signal. The base station can also give
explicit commands to the mobile stations to increase or decrease their
transmission power.
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We have also assumed that the receiver knows who the sender is. In principle,
given enough computing capacity, the receiver can listen to all the senders at
once by running the decoding algorithm for each of them in parallel. In real life,
suffice it to say that this is easier than done.
7.CDMA IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 CDMA Channels
Just when one grasps an understanding of the CDMA carrier which is 1.25 MHz
wide, someone talks about "traffic channels" and confuses the issue. The fact is
that with CDMA, the path by which voice or data passes is the entire carrier, as
described previously.
CDMA traffic channels are different: they are dependent on the equipment
platform, such as Motorola's SC products, on which the CDMA is
implemented. Motorola designates channels in three ways: effective traffic
channels, actual traffic channels and physical traffic channels.
The number of "Effective" traffic channels includes the traffic carrying

channels less the soft handoff channels. The capacity of an effective traffic
channel is equivalent to the traffic carrying capacity of an analog traffic
channel.
The number of "Actual" traffic channels includes the effective traffic

channels, plus channels allocated for soft handoff.
The number of "Physical" traffic channels includes the Pilot channels, the
Sync channels, the Paging channels, the Soft Handoff Overhead channels
and the Effective (voice and data) traffic channels.
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CDMA uses the terms "forward" and "reverse" channels just like they are used in
analog systems. Base transmit equates to the forward direction, and base receive
is the reverse direction. ("Forward" is what the subscriber hears and "reverse" is
what the subscriber speaks.)
7.2 CDMA Forward Channels
Pilot Channel
The pilot channel is used by the mobile unit to obtain initial system
synchronization and to provide time, frequency, and phase tracking of signals
from the cell site.
Sync Channel
This channel provides cell site identification, pilot transmit power, and the cell
site pilot pseudo-random (PN) phase offset information. With this information
the mobile units can establish the System Time as well as the proper transmit
power level to use to initiate a call.
Paging Channel
The mobile unit will begin monitoring the paging channel after it has set its
timing to the System Time provided by the sync channel. Once a mobile unit has
been paged and acknowledges that page, call setup and traffic channel
assignment information is then passed on this channel to the mobile unit.
Forward Traffic Channel
This channel carries the actual phone call and carries the voice and mobile
power control information from the base station to the mobile unit.
7.3 CDMA Reverse Channels
Access Channel
When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel, it will communicate to
the base station over the access channel. This communication includes
registration requests, responses to pages, and call originations. The access
channels are paired with a corresponding paging channel.
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Reverse Traffic Channel

This channel carries the other half of the actual phone call and carries the voice
and mobile power control information from the mobile unit to the base station.
7.4 CDMA Modulation

Both the Forward and Reverse Traffic Channels use a similar control structure
consisting of 20 millisecond frames. For the system, frames can be sent at either
14400, 9600, 7200, 4800, 3600, 2400, 1800, or 1200 bps.
For example, with a Traffic Channel operating at 9600 bps, the rate can vary
from frame to frame, and can be 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200 bps. The receiver
detects the rate of the frame and processes it at the correct rate. This technique
allows the channel rate to dynamically adapt to the speech or data activity. For
speech, when a talker pauses, the transmission rate is reduced to a low rate.
When the talker speaks, the system instantaneously shifts to using a higher
transmission rate. This technique decreases the interference to other CDMA
signals and thus allows an increase in system capacity.
CDMA starts with a basic data rate of 9600 bits per second. This is then spread
to a transmitted bit rate, or chip rate (the transmitted bits are called chips), of
1.2288 MHz. The spreading process applies digital codes to the data bits, which
increases the data rate while adding redundancy to the system.
The chips are transmitted using a form of QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying) modulation which has been filtered to limit the bandwidth of the signal.
This is added to the signal of all the other users in that cell. When the signal is
received, the coding is removed from the desired signal, returning it to a rate of
9600 bps. When the decoding is applied to the other users' codes, there is no
despreading; the signals maintain the 1.2288 MHz bandwidth. The ratio of
transmitted bits or chips to data bits is the coding gain. The coding gain for the
IS-95 CDMA system is 128, or 21 dB.
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7.5 CDMA for Cellular

When implemented in a cellular telephone system, CDMA technology offers
numerous benefits to the cellular operator and their subscribers. These can be
summarized as follows:
Capacity increases: 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS analog system, and 4 to

5 times that of a GSM system.
Improved call quality: CDMA will provide better and more consistent
sound as compared to AMPS. Cellular telephone systems using CDMA
should be able to provide higher quality sound and phone calls than
systems based on other technologies.
Simplified system planning: Engineers will no longer have to perform the

detailed frequency planning which is necessary in analog and TDMA
systems.
Enhanced privacy: Increased privacy over other cellular systems, both

analog and digital, is inherent in CDMA technology.
Increased talk time and standby time for portables: Because of precise
power control and other system characteristics, CDMA subscriber units
normally transmit at only a fraction of the power of analog and TDMA
phones
Advanced Features: These include Multiple/High Quality Vocoders, Short

Messaging Services, Over-the-Air-Activation, Sleep Mode, and Data/Fax.
8. DS-CDMA IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Originally, CDMA technique was employed in military applications. The
purpose was to counteract intentional jamming. At 1980s, Qualcomm
investigated the applicability of DS-CDMA on cellular communications. Finally,
they introduced the narrowband CDMA IS-95 standard in 1993 in which year
also the commercial operation started. Since 1990, wideband CDMA techniques
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have been studied and CDMA based cellular systems are now in use in USA and
Korea and will hopefully start in Turkey by 2005. These third generation cellular
systems known as IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications System
2000) in USA and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) in
Europe will bring many superior services as compared to narrowband systems
such as GSM.
Wideband cellular systems have many objectives to achieve which will be
summarized next.
8.1 The objectives of IMT-2000
1. Obtaining higher bit rates as:
Full coverage and mobility for 144kbps (ISDN Basic Rate),
preferably 384kbps (ISDN Primary Rate)
Limited coverage and mobility for 2Mbps
Hovewer market demand will determine the actual data rates. Figure 5
shows the data rates, different cellular systems offer at different mobility levels.
Figure 5 Data rates of different cellular systems
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More flexibility to introduce new services

2. Simultaneous multiple services for one user
3. Services with different Qos.
4. High spectrum efficiency
8.2 DS-CDMA Technique

System Model
We will start with explaining how the CDMA system serves multiple users.
Suppose there are N transmission sources which share the common air interface.
Any of these sources ,say source i, intends to send narrowband information Sni.
Sni in Figure 6 represents the narrowband signal. A spreading operation i()
turns the narrowband signal at point a into a wideband signal at point b which is
the antenna output of the transmitter. In the channel, the wideband signal Swi is
mixed with the other N-1 wideband signals and also with noise. A despreading
operation i() at the receiver turns the wideband information Swi into
narrowband signal Sni and keeps the other wideband signals still wideband. The
portion of these wideband signals spectrum and noise spectrum in the
information bandwidth adds up as interference to Sni.
Sni
i( )
Sw
channel
n(t)
inv{ i ( )} = i( )
i(t)
S
n
Figure 6: System model of spread spectrum CDMA communication
In the channel, all the wideband signals make the total wideband signal
Swk
k
th
Swk = k(Snk),
k:
k user in the same frequency band
k
k
k : spreading operation of user k.
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In the receiver, the despreading operation is done :

i-1( Swk) = Sni + Swik
k
k,ki
Bandpass filtering F turns this equation into
F(i ( Swk)) = Sni + Srik
k
k,ki
-1
As a result the original signal Sni is reproduced.There is also an

additional low-level interference component Srik.
k,ki
8.3 Transmitter Structure

The transmitter is made up of a spreading module (multiplier) and a modulator.
A transmitter block diagram is shown in Figure 7. The source data Sn(t) is a
bipolar signal having a value 1 during one bit period Tb. It is multiplied with a
higher frequency spreading signal C(t) which is also a bipolar signal with a value
1. C(t) has a period Tc which is called chip period.Tc is typically much smaller
than Tb.
An example spreading operation is shown in Figure 8. The output signal is Sc(t).
Tb is a multiple of Tc. The multiplication factor is in fact the code length. In this
example the code length is 12.
Sc(t) is a wideband signal whereas the original signal Sn(t) is a narrowband
signal. From Figure 8 we understand that the bandwidth of Sc(t) is determined
by C(t) but not Sn(t). Therefore, the more the multiplication factor Tb/Tc, the
more the bandwidth Sc(t) has Sc(t) is fed to a modulator. The modulator can be
any type such as BPSK, QPSK, MSK modulator. This modulator moves the
baseband signal to a high frequency band.
Spreading
Sc(t)
Bipolar Data
Sn(t)
Data Modulator
(BPSK,QPSK,M
SK,...)
Sw(t)
C(t) = +-1
Carrier
Generator
Figure 3 : Spread Spectrum Transmitter Block Diagram
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8.4 Receiver Structure

The receiver does the reverse of what the transmitter does. It despreads and
demodulates the received signal.It should also have a synchronization block. A
receiver block diagram is shown in Figure 9.
At the output of the receiver the sum of original source signal Sn(t),lowcorrelation interference signal and noise is obtained.
r(t)
Despreading
Data
DeModulator
C(t) = +-1
Code
Synch/Tracking
Code
Generator
Sn(t) + I(t)+n(t)
Carrier
Generator
Figure 9: Spread Spectrum Receiver Block Diagram
8.5 Properties of DS-CDMA

Multiple Access Capability
If there are multiple users in the channel, then there will be many DS signals
overlapping in both time and frequency. Provided that crosscorrelations between
the code of the desired user and others are small, the interfering power at the
receiver output will be much smaller than the desired information power.
An example of multiple access capability under the light of the previously
described DS-CDMA technique is shown in Figure 10.
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9. FEATURES OF CDMA
CDMA and WiLL
For many years now, India has been a GSM subscriber. In 1999, when MTNL
decided to provide the CDMA-based WiLL(Wireless in Local Loop) service in
India, quite a few eyebrows were raised. The biggest reason why mobile
operators opposed the entry of WiLL is that it is uncertain to allow mobility in
the local loop.
CDMA is restricted to a short distance charging area(SDCA). Currently, there

are 2600 SDCAs within the country. A CDMA-based phone can thus roam only
within its SDCA. This is NOT a technological restriction.
In India, Reliance Infocom and Tata Indicom use CDMA technology to provide
WiLL services. In remote rural areas, where installing cables is difficult as well
as expensive, CDMA-based WiLL networks can be deployed quickly.
3G (3rd Generation)
3G, as it is popularly called, refers to the 3rd generation of wireless networks.
The 3rd generation provides higher frequency bands (of 2Ghz and more) and a
bandwidth of around 5 MHz. The Bandwidth and frequency is matched by
speeds of 384 Kbps in a mobile environment.
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Will CDMA be the path towards 3G The world seems to be divided on this.
While the standard choosen by Reliance-CDMA2000 1x-is the 3G avatar of
CDMA, the restrictions imposed by the TRAI(Telecom Regulatory Authority of
India) doesnt let it explore the 3G realms. Plus, some Wide CDMA
supporters(W-CDMA) arent helping the situation by claiming CDMA 1x is not
3G. Third-generation applications includes WCDMA, 1x and High Data Rate
(HDR).
10. GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Groupe
Spcial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the
world. The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of
mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global
mobile market uses the standard GSM is used by over 1.5 billion people across
more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity enables
international roaming arrangements
between mobile
network
operators,
providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world. GSM
differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G)
mobile phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of
data communication applications into the system.
The ubiquity of implementation of the GSM (Global System Market) standard
has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to
roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network
operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment
vendors. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message
service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on
other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a
worldwide emergency telephone number feature (112).
Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original
GSM system. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data
capabilities by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99
introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE).
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11. CDMA Vs GSM (The Old Horse)

In India, clutching a cell phone is still sometimes a status symbol. And if the
phone uses technology that is said to be far superior to the one used in America,
well, that calls for a celebration. That is how it was with GSM technology. But
just as the drinks were being served, Reliance entered the party, bringing with it
outclassed technology. Suddenly, the phones stopped ringing. Because the
outclassed technology had become the technology. The same people who had
said CDMA had no takers were suddenly fascinated with it. What happened?
Why did GSM lose its appeal? Or, did it?
The Basics
Lets begin by learning what these two acronyms stand for. TDMA stands for
"Time Division Multiple Access", while CDMA stands for "Code Division
Multiple Access". Three of the four words in each acronym are identical, since
each technology essentially achieves the same goal, but by using different
methods. Each strives to better utilize the radio spectrum by allowing multiple
users to share the same physical channel. You heard that right. More than one
person can carry on a conversation on the same frequency without causing
interference. This is the magic of digital technology.
Where the two competing technologies differ is in the manner in which users
share the common resource. TDMA does it by chopping up the channel into
sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns transmitting and
receiving in a round-robin fashion. In reality, only one person is actually using
the channel at any given moment, but he only uses it for short bursts. He then
gives up the channel momentarily to allow the other users to have their turn. This
is very similar to how a computer with just one processor can seem to run
multiple applications simultaneously.
CDMA on he hand really does let everyone transmit at the same time.
Conventional wisdom would lead you to believe that this is simply not possible.
Using conventional modulation techniques, it most certainly is impossible. What
makes CDMA work is a special type of digital modulation called "Spread
Spectrum". This form of modulation takes the user's stream of bits and splatters
them across a very wide channel in a pseudo-random fashion. The "pseudo" part
is very important here, since the receiver must be able to undo the randomization
in order to collect the bits together in a coherent order. If you are still having
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trouble understanding the differences though, perhaps this analogy will help you.
This my own version of an excellent analogy provided by Qualcomm:
Imagine a room full of people, all trying to carry on one-on-one conversations.
In VDMA each couple takes turns talking. They keep their turns short by saying
only one sentence at a time. As there is never more than one person speaking in
the room at any given moment, no one has to worry about being heard over the
background din. In CDMA, each couple talk at the same time, but they all use a
different language. Because none of the listeners understand any language other
than that of the individual to whom they are listening, the background din doesn't
cause any real problems.
Voice Encoding
At this point many people confuse two distinctly different issues involved in the
transmission of digital audio. The first is the WAY in which the stream of bits is
delivered from one end to the other. This part of the "air interface" is what makes
one technology different from another. The second is the compression algorithm
used to squeeze the audio into as small a stream of bits as possible.
This latter component is known at the "Voice Coder", or Vocoder for short.
Another term commonly used is CODEC, which is a similar word to modem. It
combines the terms "COder" and "DECoder". Although each technology has
chosen their own unique CODECs, there is no rule saying that one transmission
method needs to use a specific CODEC. People often lump a technology's
transmission method with its CODEC as though they were single entities. We
will discuss CODECs in greater detail later on in this article.
Voice encoding schemes differ slightly in their approach to the problem. Because
of this, certain types of human voice work better with some CODECs than they
do with others. The point to remember is that all PCS CODECs are compromises
of some sort. Since human voices have such a fantastic range of pitch and tonal
depth, one cannot expect any single compromise to handle each one equally
well. This inability to cope with all types of voice at the same level does lead
some people to choose one technology over another.
All of the PCS technologies try to minimize battery consumption during calls by
keeping the transmission of unnecessary data to a minimum. The phone decides
whether or not you are presently speaking, or if the sound it hears is just
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background noise. If the phone determines that there is no intelligent data to

transmit, it blanks the audio and reduces the transmitter duty cycle (in the case of
TDMA) or the number of transmitted bits (in the case of CDMA). When the
audio is blanked, your caller would suddenly find themselves listening to "dead
air", and this may cause them to think the call has dropped.
To avoid this psychological problem, many service providers insert what is
known as "Comfort Noise" during the blanked periods. Comfort Noise is
synthesized white noise that tries to mimic the volume and structure of the real
background noise. This fake background noise assures the caller that the
connection is alive and well.
However, in newer CODECs such as EVRC (used exclusively on CDMA
systems), background noise is generally suppressed even while the user is
talking. This piece of magic makes it sound as though the cell phone user is not
in a noisy environment at all. Under these conditions, Comfort Noise is neither
necessary, nor desirable. You can read my article on EVRC by clicking here.
Spectral Efficiency
Channel capacity in a TDMA system is fixed and indisputable. Each channel
carries a finite number of "slots", and you can never accommodate a new caller
once each of those slots is filled. Spectral efficiency varies from one technology
to another, but computing a precise number is still a contentious issue. For
example, GSM provides 8 slots in a channel 200 kHz wide, while IS-136
provides 3 slots in a channel only 30 kHz wide. GSM therefore consumes 25
kHz per user, while IS-136 consumes only 10 kHz per user.
One would be sorely tempted to proclaim that IS-136 has 2.5 times the capacity
of GSM. In a one-cell system this is certainly true, but once we start deploying
multiple cells and channel reuse, the situation becomes more complex. Due to
GSM's better error management and frequency hopping, the interference of a cochannel site is greatly reduced. This allows frequencies to be reused at closer
range without a degradation in the overall quality of the service.
Capacity is measured in "calls per cell per MHz". An IS-136 system using N=7
reuse (this means you have 7 different sets of frequencies to spread out around
town) the figure is 7.0. In GSM we get figures of 5.0 for N=4 and 6.6 for N=3. It
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was hoped that IS-136 could use tighter reuse than N=7, but its inability to cope
with interference made this impossible.
Computing this figure for CDMA requires that certain assumptions are made.
Formulas have been devised, and using very optimistic assumptions, CDMA can
provide a whopping 45 users per cell per MHz. However, when using more
pessimistic (and perhaps more realistic) assumptions, the value is 12. That still
gives CDMA an almost 2:1 advantage over the TDMA competition.
In-building Coverage
Now let's deal with another issue involving CDMA and TDMA. In-building
coverage is something that many people talk about, but few people properly
understand. Although CDMA has a slight edge in this department, due to a
marginally greater tolerance for weak signals, all the technologies fair about the
same. This is because the few dB advantage CDMA has is often "used up" when
the provider detunes the sites to take advantage of this process gain.
Buildings come in many configurations, but the most important aspect to their
construction is the materials used. Steel frame buildings, or those with metal
siding, shield their interiors more thoroughly than building made of wood. Large
window openings allow signals to penetrate more deeply into buildings, so malls
with glass roofs will generally provide better service than fully enclosed ones.
More important than the type of building however, is the proximity of the nearest
site. When a site is located just outside a building, it can penetrate just about any
building material. When a site is much further away however, the signals have a
much harder time of getting past the walls of a structure when it comes to
distance, remember that signals are subject to the "distance squared law". This
means that signals decrease by the square of the distance. A site at 0.25
kilometers away will have 4 times the signal strength of a site at 0.50 kilometers
away, and 16 times that of a site 1.0 kilometers away. Distance squared however,
is the rate of signal reduction in free space.
Recent studies have shown that terrestrial communications are usually subject to
rates as high as "Distance cubed", or even "Distance to the 4th". If the latter is
true, then a site 1.0 kilometers away will actually be 256 times weaker than a site
0.25 kilometers away.
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In-building penetration is therefore less a technology issue than it is an

implementation issue. Service providers who have sites close to the buildings
you commonly visit will inevitably look better those who don't. Never use
someone else's in-building experiences unless you expect to go in the same
buildings as they do. You cannot make useful generalizations about in-building
coverage based upon one person's experience.
CDMA does however have one peculiarity concerning in-building penetration
that does not affect TDMA. When the number of users on a channel goes up, the
general level of signal pollution goes up in tandem. To compensate for this the
CDMA system directs each phone to transmit with slightly more power.
However, if a phone is already at its limit (such as might be the case inside a
building) it cannot do anything to "keep up with the pack". This condition is
known as "the shrinking coverage phenomenon" or "site breathing". During slow
periods of the day you might find coverage inside a specific building quite good.
During rush hour however, you might find it exceedingly poor (or non-existent).
Some Final Observations
CDMA really comes into its element when you are out in the countryside with
few sites covering large expanses of land. Under these conditions CDMA
provides extremely stable audio with few frame errors to mess things up. This is
because Channel Pollution is almost unknown in these situations. Under similar
conditions TDMA suffers too readily from interference and it will often blank
the audio. Many people who use CDMA systems in sparsely populated areas
have given this technology extremely high marks.
TDMA systems also have great difficulties in open regions just outside densely
populated areas. In this situation your phone is exposed to signals coming from
countless sites in the densely populated areas, but there are no dominant signals
from a close-by site. CDMA can suffer under these conditions too (due to
channel pollution), but not quite so badly. Valleys don't present a big problem for
TDMA, but high ground is a killer. You can experience choppiness in the audio
even when your signal indicator is reading 2 or 3 bars.
So in the end, can we really proclaim a winner in the CDMA Vs TDMA war?
For the time being I think not. Perhaps in the future when newer technologies
built around the W-CDMA standard (wideband CDMA) come into existence, the
issue will warrant another look. By that time, even GSM will have moved to
CDMA as its air interface of choice, but don't let that fool you into believing that
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they think the current TDMA air interface is inadequate for its purpose. Future
standards are being built around high speed data.
TECHNOLOGYWISE MARKET SHARE IN INDIA
TECHNOLOGYWISE MARKET SHARE IN WORLD
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12. ADVANTAGES OF CDMA

No SIM card is required.
Improved call quality: CDMA provides better and more consistent sound
quality than systems based on other technologies.
Enhanced privacy when compared to systems using other technologies.
Increased talk time and standby time for mobiles.
They are difficult to intercept for an unauthorized person.
They are easily hidden. For an unauthorized person, it is difficult to ever detect
their presence in many cases.
They are resistant to jamming.
Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS Analog system, and 4 to 5
times GSM , because of CDMAs unique spread spectrum technology.
Many users can share the same carrier frequency, and without time-sharing.
This means that mobile phone service providers can handle more customers on a
CDMA network than on a GSM network.
Improved call quality, with better and more consistent sound , CDMA systems
use precise power controlthat is, the base station sends commands to every
mobile phone currently involved in a call, turning down the power on the nearby
ones, and increasing the power of those further away. The result is a nice, even
noise level across the carrier, with lower overall power levels and no spiky
interference.
In this civilized atmosphere, each station can easily pick out its own coded
data frames, decode them and deliver a clean end result. Dropped calls are
minimized by CDMA's unique ability to keep every sector of every cell on the
same frequency, so handoffs are "soft" as the mobile phone moves from one area
to the next. (There is no hole in the signal as one cell is dropped and another is
acquired.)
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CDMA decoders interpret constant sounds, such as road noise, as having no

useful content, and ignore them as much as possible.
Simplified system planning through the use of the same frequency in every
sector of every cell. Other types of systems (analog, GSM, etc.) need to break up
their frequency spectrum allotments so that each cell uses a different frequency.
And since no two adjoining cells can use the same frequency, a given cell has to
be surrounded by a circle of six other cells, all of which
have to be on
different frequencies. This translates to frequency re-use of only 1 in 7, and if
you change one (by adding a cell for example), the effects ripple through the
system.
To an eavesdropper, the call looks like unintelligible noise. CDMA was
originally developed by the military for this very reason.
CDMA providers have no such planning earaches, since every sector of every
cell uses the same frequency. Enhanced Privacy is inherent in the way CDMA
works. Each call is spread over the entire 1.25 MHz carriermuch wider
bandwidth than is needed for a single call.
The data bits used to convey real information are mixed with digital coding
that is known only to the base station and the individual mobile phone.
Improved coverage characteristics, allowing for the possibility of fewer cell
sites This comes from the accurate power control of all mobile phones using the
site, and the fact that individual sites don't interfere with each other, since they
are all on the same frequency.
13. DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA

Collision :
In general, the collisions at the channel is a disadvantage of CDMA system and
can be mitigated by careful selection of the sequence and power control that is
close to perfect.
Roaming :
Since most countries have chosen the GSM standard, roaming on CDMA is
limited.
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M-commerce :
A CDMA doesnt have a SIM card, which makes m-commerce difficult.
15. 3G Squeeze: GSM & the Future of Wideband CDMA

The much-longer-than-anticipated cycle of operator investment in 2G GSM and
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) networks combined with
moves by Verizon Wireless, NTT DoCoMo, and others to bring forward the
commercial timescale for 4G UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is creating something of a "3G
squeeze" on Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) and its High Speed Packet Access
(HSPA) releases. Continued high global investment in GSM/EDGE, combined
with industry-wide disappointment in the performance of W-CDMA up until
very recently, have served to contain investment in W-CDMA for either voice or
data services. As a result, more than three out of four Europeans still uses a plain
old 2G GSM phone today, rather than a 3G W-CDMA phone.
Over the last 18 months, HSPA has finally started to deliver on the mobile
broadband marketing promise of 3G that has been bandied about since the late
1990s. There is genuine excitement on the part of users at being able to get out
their laptops across extensive urban and suburban areas and consistently get at
least 1 Mbit/s throughput over the air. Yet just as W-CDMA is finally starting to
differentiate itself from 2G and establish itself as the preferred global platform
for mobile broadband services, it faces the prospect of being made redundant by
an acceleration in the time to market of the 4G mobile WiMax and LTE
standards. These technologies have been designed to be deployed in much larger
spectrum channel widths and offer better spectral efficiency, higher throughput,
and lower latency than anything W-CDMA/HSPA can support.
14. APPLICATION OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY

Daily applications possible with CDMA
Daily Downloads :
ringers
characters
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images
horoscopes
Real time stock quotes :
of different stock exchanges
Text Communication :
Chat
instant messaging
SMS
e-mail
message board
member search
Sending photos over the air :

MMS messages
Position Location Services :
navigation assistance
friend finder
Games and Entertainment :
magazine
comic book store
All these services are already being offered in South Korea and Japan.
List of Telephone Operating Companies In India

Fixed line operators
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2011
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
Airtel
Reliance
Tata Teleservices
Ping Mobile - only in Punjab region
MTS India - in Rajasthan circle only
Idea Cellular
Vodafone
Tata Docomo(joint venutre of tata and docomo
Uninor
Aircel
virgin
videocon
Mobile operators
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) - Dolphin (GSM) and

Garuda (CDMA)
Airtel
Vodafone Essar
Reliance
Tata Indicom
Aircel
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Idea
Loop Mobile -
Ping Mobile - CDMA Mobile service from HFCL, operates only in Punjab
Virgin Mobile India (MVNO) -
MTS India - (previously Shyam Telelink) offers CDMA service under

Sistema-Shyam joint venture.
Tata DoCoMo - GSM services from Tata Teleservices Ltd. with

partnership with Japan's NTT DoCoMo.
Uninor - Telenor and Unitech Group's Joint Venture.
S Tel - Batelco has stakes in it.
T24 or Talk24 - a Future Group -Tata DoCoMo joint venture. MVNO
Videocon Mobile Service - a joint venture between Videocon and HFCL
Cheers Mobile Service - Etisalat DB Private Ltd.
In India, only Reliance and Tata Teleservices (thus, Virgin Mobile too) offers
dual mode operations, i.e. CDMA & GSM services. Now HFCL & Videocon as
per brand sharing agreement they have dual mode operation in Punjab.
Future-dated Mobile Operators
CDMA Mobile service from state-owned BSNL
3G Operators
MTNL
BSNL
India completed 3G airwave(GSM) auction and planned to allocate 3G airwaves

soon(September, 2010) to the winners. Aircel, Airtel, Idea Cellular, Reliance
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2011
(GSM), S Tel, Tata Teleservices (Tata Docomo), Vodafone won licenses for 3G
services. No operator won pan India 3G license.
16. CONCLUSION
After these wonderful particulars of CDMA technology I arrive at the conclusion
as follows:
Where CDMA scores

Where CDMA needs to scores
Where CDMA scores :
Voice Quality :
CDMA reduces background noise and cross talk, ensuring better voice
quality, which is further enhanced by the microprocessors inside the phones.
Call Security :
By design, CDMA is more secure against evasdropping.
Talk Time :
A CDMA phone consumes very little power, and has a longer talk time.
Bandwidth :
CDMA 2000 1x offers 144kbps, which makes it capable for multimedia
tasks.
Weight :
CDMA phones due to their low-power requirements can do with smallersized batteries, which decrease the overall weight of a CDMA phone.
42
May-june
2011
Where CDMA needs to score :

Roaming :
Since most countries have chosen the GSM standard, roaming on
CDMA is limited.
M-commerce :
A CDMA doesnt have a SIM card, which makes m-commerce difficult.
43
May-june
2011
17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites :
www.cdg.org
www.umts.org
www.palowireless.com
www.ieee.org
www.yahoo.com
www.google.com
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May-june

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Ravi Shekhar Sengar

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Ravi Shekhar Sengar (377)

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

INTERNAL GUIDE:Prof I.K.Pattharwala

Head of department:Prof. H.R.Dave

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Ravi Shekhar Sengar (377)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Generally a fixed amount of frequency spectrum is allocated to a cellular

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

CDMA permits a more uniform distribution of energy in the emitted

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

For cellular telephony, CDMA is a digital multiple access technique specified by

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MODASA

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CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, which means that it spreads the

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CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

navigation system based on a constellation of orbiting satellites. Since the GPS

2. MAIN TYPES OF CDMA

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Qualcomm, which patented CDMA, and other telecommunication companies,

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Fig. (1)Binary chip

Fig. (2)Bipolar chip sequence

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Fig. (3) Six example of Transmission

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The number of "Effective" traffic channels includes the traffic carrying

The number of "Actual" traffic channels includes the effective traffic

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Reverse Traffic Channel

7.4 CDMA Modulation

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7.5 CDMA for Cellular