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ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION
The associated activities require involvement and cooperation from a variety of disciplines including hullinternal and external design, machinery assessments,
propulsor type and size selection as well as the
transmission arrangement to provide efficient transfer of
propulsive forces under the actual operating condition(s).
The propulsor must also be interfaced the hull and the
steering device(s) where mutual interactions between hull,
propulsor and steering system must be taken into
consideration.
Even though the quest for propulsive efficiency in the
interest of fuel economy and emissions remains a
dominating consideration, reducing noise and vibration is
also important for most vessels nowadays.
The
propulsors are, beside the engines, the most important
source of noise and vibration on a vessel. Parts of the
propulsion plants, such as the gear transmission and the
propeller, can produce annoying noise if their components
such as gearwheels and blades are not properly designed
and adapted to the operating conditions of the ship and
the properties of the prime movers.
Whilst vibration and noise were earlier a comfort issue
paid attention to primarily in the cruise-ship industry,
these characteristics have now become important for most
vessel types. It has been realised that discomfort and rest
quality on board influence the work quality of the crew
and as such noise/vibration levels are important for safety
and health.
In addition, the propeller is an important source of
vibratory loads that influence the lifetime of mechanical
Rolls-Royce 2009
Shaftline propellers
propulsors.
and
rudders
or
Azimuth
The shape of the ships stern and the lines are to a large
extent determined by the propulsor choice. A most
important factor in minimising excitations from the blades
is to improve the quality of the incoming flow (or wake)
as much as possible. This is extremely important in
achieving a ship with low vibrations transmitted to the
hull, shafts and other mechanical elements since unsteady
blade loading and transient cavitation is strongly
influenced by the wake field.
Apart from the size and the power transmitted by the two
systems, the design challenges are much the same in a
hydrodynamic perspective. Both types of azimuth
propulsors can either be arranged in pushing mode, with
the vertical leg upstream of the propeller, or in pulling
mode, with the leg/pod downstream of the propeller
(when operating in normal ahead mode). Both systems
can also include a ducted propeller, but only in pushing
mode due to the excessive steering torque required for
ducted azimuth thrusters in pulling mode.
Whilst the first system requires diesel-electric machinery,
the second can use both diesel-direct and electric driven
systems and they can also be equipped with either CP or
FP propellers.
Tugs.
Twin azimuth thruster systems with FP propellers
rotating in nozzles are major solutions. Also many
twin screw/rudder systems and several cycloidal
propeller tractor tugs.
Considering the ones with highest energy-flux and thrustload coefficient (which is infinite by definition in the
bollard pull case), there are indeed challenges involved.
The shape of the aft body, the individual clearances
between nozzle and hull and between the propeller and
rudder as well as the detailed design of each component
must be carefully evaluated to obtain the specified criteria
and at the same time to avoid any detrimental effect from
cavitation.
hardening layer and core material and the result is that the
upper part of the tooth is lost. This failure mode is not
covered in any standard like DIN, ISO or AGMA, and at
present there exists no rating method to estimate the risk
of such failure.
An example of TIFF has been seen on broad beamed
vessels that have the thrusters fitted at the very aft
corners. It is well known that these thrusters suffer from
out of water loads. Often only one tooth is affected,
indicating that the transient load has been rare, of short
duration, and high.
4 CASE STUDIES
4.2 Powering performance and course-stability offshore service vessel in calm water.
The actual hull had a length over all of almost 90m, beam
waterline 18.8m, and for both trials the draft was adjusted
to 4.3m at even keel.
Each of the two surveys included the following tests.
2700
Port
Port
Starboard
Power (kW)
Power (kW)
2600
2500
2400
2300
Starboard
2600
2500
2400
2300
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
30
60
90
Time (s)
120
150
180
210
240
Time (s)
Starboard
Azimuth FB (deg)
2.5
0
-2.5
-5
-7.5
10
7.5
5
Port
Starboard
2.5
0
-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
-10
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
30
60
90
235
235
232.5
232.5
230
227.5
225
222.5
150
180
150
180
210
240
210
240
230
227.5
225
222.5
220
220
60
90
120
150
180
Time (s)
210
Yaw rate
15.4
15.35
15.3
15.25
15.2
15.15
15.1
30
60
90
120
30
60
90
150
180
210
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
240
120
Time (s)
Ship velocity
15.5
15.45
240
Time (s)
Velocity (knots)
30
Velocity (knots)
120
Time (s)
Heading (deg)
Heading (deg)
Time (s)
Ship velocity
Yaw rate
15.9
15.85
15.8
15.75
15.7
15.65
15.6
15.55
15.5
15.45
15.4
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time (s)
From top, the following variables are depicted: Shaft power, azimuth angle, Heading, Yaw rate and ship speed (DGPS).
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
240
Azimuth FB (deg)
Port
10
7.5
5
x ( J a , ) ~ c
K X ( , J a )
K Q ( , J a )
Ja
advance ratio.
0.5
Yaw rate
0.4
118 sec.
0.3
0.2
0.1
12.5
12.45
12.4
12.35
12.3
12.25
0
-0.1
-0.2
Velocity (knots)
Ship velocity
12.8
12.75
12.7
12.65
12.6
12.55
-0.3
-0.4
12.2
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
-0.5
480
420
T ime (s)
Velocity (knots)
Ship velocity
0.5
Yaw rate
99 sec.
0.4
14.1
0.3
14.05
0.2
14
0.1
13.95
13.9
-0.1
13.85
-0.2
13.8
-0.3
13.75
14.2
14.15
-0.4
13.7
0
60
120
180
240
-0.5
360
300
T ime (s)
Speed trial 100%
15.5
82 sec
15.45
Ship velocity
0.5
Yaw rate
0.4
Velocity (knots)
0.2
15.35
0.1
15.3
0
-0.1
15.25
-0.2
15.2
0.3
15.4
-0.3
15.15
-0.4
15.1
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
-0.5
240
210
T ime (s)
(deg)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time (s)
80
70
Zig-zag 20/20
60
50
40
30
20
10
(deg)
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Time (s)
130
140
150
160
Starboard
90
Torque (%)
Port
100
80
70
60
50
40
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time (s)
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Port
Starboard
CONCLUSIONS
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
290
100
270
95
250
90
230
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Heading (deg)
Time (s)
105
Time (s)
Roll
Pitch
10
deg
5
0
-5
-10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Velocity (knots)
11.2
40
11
35
10.8
30
10.6
25
10.4
10.2
20
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time (s)
Time (s)
REFERENCES