EE003 Electronics Concepts Final

EE 003 Electronics,
Smartphones and
Mobile Internet
ELECTRONIC CONCEPTS
BY
DR. NISSIM AMOS
Quantities and Units
International System of Units

SI Fundamental Units
Quantity
Unit
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Candela
Mole
Symbol
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
1 kg is the mass of the International

prototype kilogram (39.17 mm in both
diameter and height, Platinum-Iridium alloy).
1 meter is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299792458 seconds.
Some Important Electrical Units

Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived
from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit.
Quantity
Current
sA Charge
W/A = kgm2s3A1 Voltage
V/A = kgm2s3A2 Resistance
J/s = kgm2s3 Power
Unit
Ampere
Coulomb
Volt
Ohm
Watt
Symbol
A
C
V
W
W
These derived units are

based on fundamental
units from the meterkilogram-second system,
hence are called mks
units.
Scientific and Engineering Notation

Very large and very small numbers can be represented with
scientific or engineering notation.
They may also be represented with metric prefixes (next lecture topic)
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation)
Scientific and Engineering Notation

0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)
0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)
= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)
Engineering Metric Prefixes

Can you
name the
prefixes
and their
meaning?
peta
1015
tera
1012
giga
109
mega
106
kilo
103

Can you
name the
prefixes
and their
meaning?
milli
10-3
micro
10-6
nano
10-9
pico
10-12
femto
10-15
Another Look!
http://htwins.net/scale2/
Metric Conversions
When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move
the decimal point to the right.
Remember, a smaller unit means the number must be larger.
Smaller unit
0.47 MW = 470 kW
Larger number
Metric Conversions
When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move
the decimal point to the left.
Remember, a larger unit means the number must be smaller.
Larger unit
10,000 pF = 0.01 mF
Smaller number
Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix,
convert them to the same prefix first.
10,000 W + 22 kW =
10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W
Alternatively,
10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW
Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix,
convert them to the same prefix first.
200 mA + 1.0 mA =
200 mA + 1,000 mA = 1,200 mA
Alternatively,
0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA
Electronic Concepts (Chapter 2)

Electricity and Electronics
Atoms and Electrons
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
Voltage, Current, and Resistance
Dynamic Electricity Current Flow (of electrons)
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction
Voltage Sources
Direct-Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
Analog and Digital Signals

Electricity Source of energy produced by flow or storage of
electrons (sub-atomic particles with a negative charge)
Electronic Devices use components such as resistors, capacitors,
diodes, transistors, etc. to process electricity for particular functions:
Amplify an electrical signal
Perform calculations
Store (binary) information
Fundamental understanding of electronic devices necessitates basic

understanding of atoms
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
Atoms
All matter is composed of atoms
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Protons and neutrons are tightly bond at the core (atom nucleus), while electrons orbit around the core.
Electrical Charge: Protons (+), Neutrons (no charge), Electrons (-)
There is a force (F) between electrical charges. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
The force is directly proportional to charge.
The force is inversely proportional to the distance between charges
Atoms Cont
An element is classified as a substance (an atom)
that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances.
The atomic (Z) number of an element corresponds to its
number of protons
Iron (Z26)
Compounds are formed when two or more

elements combine to form a new substance (e.i.
Water H2O and Salt NaCl)
A molecule is the smallest form of a compound,
which exhibits the properties of the substance.
Salt - NaCl
Periodic Table of Elements
Structure of Atoms
According to the classical (Bohr) model, electrons
orbit the nucleus in discrete shells
Each shell can hold a maximum number of
electrons (2, 8, 18, ) and corresponds to a
quantized energy level (?!)
Electrons in the inner-shells are strongly bond to the atom
Electrons in the outer-shells have the most energy
Electrically balanced atoms have the same

number of electrons and protons (total charge of
zero)
Eclectically unbalanced atoms are called ions
(either positively or negatively charged)
Hydrogen
(1)
Oxygen
(2,6)
Structure of Atoms
The Bohr atom is useful for visualizing atomic structure.
The nucleus is positively charged
and has the protons and neutrons.
Electrons are negatively
charged and in discrete shells.
The atomic number (Z) is the
number of protons and determines
the particular element.
In a neutral (balanced) atom, the
number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons.
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Electrons Shells and Orbits

Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain distances from the nucleus.
Each discrete distance (orbit) from the
nucleus corresponds to a certain
energy level.
The number of electrons in each shell
follows a predictable pattern according
to the formula, 2x(NxN), where N is the
number of the shell.
Energy levels increase as the distance from the nucleus increases
The Valence Shell

The outer shell is called the valence shell. Electrons in this shell are involved in
chemical reactions and they account for electrical current flow in metals.
Metals have one, two or three electrons in
the valence shell.
At sufficient thermal energy, valence
electrons can break away from the
parent atom and become free electrons.
Free electrons make copper an excellent
conductor and make electrical current
flow possible
The Copper Atom
Crystal Structure of Materials

Body-Centered Cubic
Faced-Centered Cubic
Formation example of positively and

negatively charged atoms (ions)
Formation example of molecules
The caffeine molecule structure A total of 24 atoms!

NOTE: Image produced by Molecules App by Sunset Lake Software
Formation example of molecules
The molecular structure of Ketamine A total of 32 atoms!

NOTE: Image produced by Molecules App by Sunset Lake Software
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
Categories of Materials
Conductors: are materials that readily allow current
flow [e.g. Silver (best), Copper (2nd best)]
Semiconductors: are classified below the conductors in
their ability to carry current because they have fewer
free electrons than do conductors [e.g. Germanium]
Insulators: are nonmetallic materials that are poor

conductors of electric current [e.g. glass, porcelain,
Teflon]
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
Voltage
Voltage (V) is responsible for establishing electrical current.
It is measured in units of volts (v).
Ammeter
Sources of voltage include batteries,

solar cells, and generators.
A Cu-Zn battery, such as you might
construct in a chemistry class, is
shown. This is an example of a
single cell battery.
https://youtu.be/C26pH8kC_Wk
Zn 2+
e
e
Salt bridge
Zinc
(anode)
Zn + 2e
ZnSO4
solution
Copper
(cathode)
Cu 2+ + 2e
2+
Zn
2-
SO4
2+
Zn
CuSO4
solution
Cu
2+
Batteries
An automobile battery is an example of a multiple cell battery.

Like all batteries, the automotive battery does not store charge it stores
chemical energy that can be converted to current when an external path is
provided to allow the chemical reaction to proceed.
Battery
Rather than saying charging a

battery, it is more accurate to
say reversing the chemical
reaction in a battery.
Batteries
Ampere-hour (Ah) Rating of Batteries
Expected battery life of batteries is given as the ampere-hours
specification. Various factors affect this, so it is an approximation.
(Factors include rate of current withdrawal, age of battery,
temperature, etc.)
Battery
How many hours can you expect to have a

battery deliver 0.5 A if it is rated at 10 Ah?
10
= 20
0.5
Electrical Current
Current (I) is the amount of electrons that flows past a point
in a unit of time. It is measured in units of ampere (A).
1 A corresponds to 6,241,509,324,000,000,000 (1 Coulomb) electrons
moving through a given cross section in 1 second (s).
Illustration of 1 A of current (1 C/s) in a material.
Electrical Safety
Shock hazard in terms of three basic current path groups.
The amount of current is dependent on voltage and resistance. The human body has resistance that
depends on many factors, which include body mass, skin moisture, and points of contact of the
body with a voltage potential.
* A rough value for the internal resistance of the human body is 300-1,000 Ohms.
Review of Voltage, Current, Resistance

Voltage is the amount of energy available to move
electrons from one point to another in a circuit and is
measured in volts.
Current is the time rate of electron (charge) flow and is
measured in amperes.
Resistance is the opposition to current and is measured
in ohms.
Resistance
Resistance (R) is the opposition to current.
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are called resistors.
Resistance
Materials tend to resist the flow of electricity through
them.
This property is called resistance
The resistance of an object is a function of its length (l)
and cross sectional area (A) and the materials
resistivity:
l
R
38
Resistivity of Common Materials
39
Voltage, Current, Resistance

Random motion of free electrons in a material
Electrons flow from negative to positive when a

voltage (V) is applied across a conductive or
semiconductive material
How much current (I) is flowing through the material?
Ohms Law (The Most Important Law in Electronics)

In a resistor, the voltage across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it (Ohms
Law).
V IR
The higher the resistance, the less current will flow

through for a given voltage.
Ohms Law (The Most Important Law in Electronics)
A Graphic Aid for Ohms Law
What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if the resistance is 10

W?
12
= =
= 1.2
10
What is the voltage across a 680 W resistor if the current is 0.0265 A (26.5 mA)?
= = 0.0265 680 = 18.02
Typical Digital Multimeter

The DMM (Digital Multimeter)
is an important multipurpose
instrument which can measure
voltage, current, and
resistance. Many include other
measurement options.
OFF
VH
Hz
VH
mV H
V
A
10 A
VW
40 mA
http://youtu.be/bF3OyQ3HwfU
COM
Example of an DMM Connection to Measure

Current in a Simple Circuit.
Example of an DMM Connection to Measure

Current in a Simple Circuit.
What is the (hot) resistance
of the bulb?
132 W
OFF
V
Hz
V
R
I
115 V
mV
Range
Autorange
Touch/Hold
1s
1s
10 A
40 mA
COM
Fused
Example of a DMM Connection to

Measure Voltage in a Simple Circuit.
Example of using a DMM to Measure

Resistance of a Resistor.
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power

Magnetism

The Electric Circuit

A basic electric circuit consists of
1) a voltage source
2) a path
3) a load.
An example of a basic circuit is a flashlight, which has
each of these plus a control element the switch.
Switch
Metal reflector
Metal strip
Spring

Circuits are described pictorially with schematics. For example, the
flashlight can be represented by
Switch
Path
Path
Battery
Lamp
Path
Path
Current will flow through the lamp filament ONLY when there is
a closed path between the + and - terminals of the battery

Illustration of closed and open circuits using an a single switch for control
Note: Current in these examples represents the flow of negatively charged particles (the electrons)
Voltage, Current, Resistance Another

look!
Voltage, Current, Resistance Another

look!
Ball Electron
Ball (Rotational) Motion Current (Flow of Electron)

Platform Wire (Conductor)
ON/OFF
Switch
Platform Tilt (Angle) Voltage
Surface Roughness of Platform Resistance

Less Resistance
More Resistance
No Tilting = No Voltage
No Ball Motion = No Current
Tilting = Voltage Applied

Ball Motion = Current Flow
Tilting = Voltage
Tilting = Voltage
Clockwise Tilting = Positive Voltage

Counterclockwise Tilting = Negative Voltage


Illustration of closed and open circuits using a single switch for control

Illustration of closed and open circuits using a single switch for control
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power

Magnetism

Energy and Power

When a constant force is applied to move an
object over a distance, the work is the force times
the distance.
The force must be measured in the same direction as

the distance. The unit for work is the newton-meter
(N-m) or joule (J).
Distance
Force
Energy and Power
1n
One joule is the work done when a force of one

newton is applied through a distance of one meter.
A joule is a small amount of work approximately
equal to the work done in raising an apple over a
distance of 1 m.
Energy is closely related to work. Energy is the ability
to do work. As such, it is measured in the same units
as work, namely the newton-meter (N-m) or joule (J).
1m
Energy and Power

Power is the rate of doing work. Because it is a rate, a
time unit is required. The unit is the joule per second (J/s),
which defines a watt (W).
W
P
t
The work done to move a box from one point to another is
2000 J. What power is developed if it took 10 s to move the
box?
W 2000 J
P
10 s
200 W
Energy and Power

The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a much larger unit of energy than the
joule. There are 3,600,000 J in a kWh! The kWh is convenient for
electrical appliances.
What is the energy used in operating a
1200 W heater for 20 minutes?
1200 W = 1.2 kW
20 min = 1/3 h
1.2 kW X 1/3 h = 0.4 kWh
Heater
Energy and Power
Power in Electrical Devices

Voltage alone does not equal power.
Power requires the movement of charge, i.e. a
current.
Power in electrical circuits is the product of voltage
and current.
P VI

In electrical devices, the rate energy is used can be
determined from any of three forms of the power formula.
P I 2R
P VI
V2
P
R
Together, the three forms are called Watts law.

What power is dissipated by a heater that draws
12 A of current from a 120 V supply?
The most direct solution is to substitute into P = IV.
P IV
12 A 120 V
1440 W
Why Do Electronic Devices Get HOT?
PI R
2
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields are composed of
invisible lines of force that radiate from
the north pole to the south pole of a
permanent magnets.
Field lines can be visualized with the
aid of iron filings sprinkled in a
magnetic field.
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields are described by drawing flux lines that
represent the magnetic field.
Where lines are close
together, the flux density is
higher.
Where lines are further apart,
the flux density is lower.
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion (of Permanent Magnets)
The Magnetic Field

The unit of flux () is the Weber (Wb).
The unit of flux density (B) is the Tesla (T).
Flux density is given by the equation
where
B = flux density (T)
j = flux (Wb)
A = area (m2)
Note: 1 T is relatively a large unit for magnetic fields
j
B=
A
Flux lines (j
2
Area (m)
The Magnetic Field

To measure magnetic fields, an instrument called a
gaussmeter is used. A typical gaussmeter is shown.
The gauss (G) is a unit of flux density and is a much smaller
unit than the tesla (1 T = 10,000 G).
Gaussmeters are commonly used for testing motors,
classifying magnets, mapping magnetic fields, and quality
control by manufacturers of motors, relays, solenoids, and
other magnetic devices.
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Materials
In ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, magnetic

domains are randomly oriented when unmagnetized.
When placed in a magnetic field, the domains become aligned, thus they
effectively become like permanent magnets.
Effect of Magnetic Fields on Materials
(a) nonmagnetic
(b) magnetic materials
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Materials
Soft Magnets
Will align their magnetization in the direction of relatively weak magnetic fields (H)
After external field source is turned off, magnetic domains will randomize within the material and produce
NO external magnetic field.
Applications: Transformers, Inductors, etc.
Hard (Permanent) Magnets

Are more resilient to influence from relatively weak magnetic fields (H)
After external field source is turned off, magnetic domains will NOT randomize and thus continuously
produce a magnetic field
Applications: Motors, Generators, Clamps, etc.
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Materials
In an unmagnetized
ferromagnetic material,
domains point in random
directions.
In a magnetized
ferromagnetic material, most
or all of the domains point in
the same direction.
Connecting the north pole of

one magnet to the south pole
of another magnet essentially
creates one larger magnet.
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Materials: Soft Magnets
Unmagnetized
(original state)
Magnetized
(by turning ON an external
magnetic fields source)
Unmagnetized
(After turning OFF the
external magnetic field
source)
Note: External magnetic field source can be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet
The Magnetic Field

Magnetic Materials: Hard Magnets
Unmagnetized
(original state)
Magnetized
(by turning ON an external
magnetic fields source)
(Still) Magnetized
(After turning OFF the external
magnetic field source)
Note: External magnetic field source can be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet
Extra Credit Questions

A permanent magnet sticks on a refrigerator door because?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Both are hard magnets

Both are soft magnets
One is magnetically soft while the other is magnetically hard
Not enough information to answer the question
A paper clip does NOT stick on a refrigerator door because?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Both are hard magnets

Both are soft magnets
One is magnetically soft while the other is magnetically hard
Not enough information to answer the question
Electromagnetism
Magnetic flux lines surround a current-carrying wire.
The field lines are concentric circles.
As in the case of bar magnets, the
effects of electrical current can be
visualized with iron filings around
the wire the current must be large
to see this effect.
Iron filings
Current-carrying wire
Electromagnetism
Magnetic Quantities
The movement of electrons generates a magnetic field!
Electromagnetic Induction
S
When a wire is moved across a magnetic

field, there is a relative motion between the
wire and the magnetic field.
N
N
In either case, the relative motion results in an

induced voltage in the wire.
When a magnetic field is moved past a

stationary wire, there is also relative motion.
The induced voltage due to the relative motion between
the conductor and the magnetic field is dependent on
three factors:
The relative velocity (motion is perpendicular)
The length of the conductor in the magnetic field
The flux density
Faradays law
Faraday experimented with generating current by relative
motion between a magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is determined
by two factors:
1. The rate of change of the

N magnetic flux with respect
to the coil.
-V+
Voltage is indicated only
when magnet is moving.
Faradays law
Faraday also experimented generating current by relative motion between a
magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is determined by two factors:
S
-V+
1. The rate of change of the

magnetic flux with respect
N
to the coil.
2. The number of turns of
wire in the coil.
Voltage is induced only
when magnet is moving.
Magnetic Field Around a Coil

Just as a moving magnetic field induces a voltage, current in a coil
causes a magnetic field.
The coil acts as an electromagnet, with a north and south pole as in the
case of a permanent magnet.
South
North
DC Generator
A DC generator includes a rotating coil,
which is driven by an external
mechanical force (the coil is shown as
a loop in this simplified view). As the
coil rotates in a magnetic field, a
pulsating voltage is generated.
Brushes
Commutator
To external circuit
Mechanical drive
turns the shaft
DC Motor
A dc motor converts electrical energy to mechanical
motion by action of a magnetic field set up by the rotor.
Mechanical
The rotor field interacts with the stator
output
field, producing torque, which
causes the output shaft to
rotate.
The commutator serves as a
mechanical switch to reverse
the current to the rotor at just
the right time to continue the
rotation.
+
I
Commutator
Brushes
Earth At Night
http://youtu.be/Q3YYwIsMHzw
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
Voltage Sources
Direct Current Vs. Alternating Current
The Hoover Dam
Between the States of Arizona and Nevada
Alternators
Approximately Generates 4.2 Billion kWh of Energy Per Year
Voltage Sources
Nuclear Power Plant
How Nuclear Energy Works: https://youtu.be/_UwexvaCMWA, https://youtu.be/1U6Nzcv9Vws
Voltage Sources
Solar Panels
How Solar Panels Work: https://youtu.be/1gta2ICarDw?t=45s
Voltage Sources
DirectVoltage
Current Vs. Alternating
Current
Sources
Solar Direct
Thermal
Energy
Current
Vs. Alternating Current
Solar Thermal Energy
Mojave Desert
How Solar Thermal Works: https://youtu.be/LMWIgwvbrcM
Voltage Sources
Solar Thermal Energy
In a two-tank direct system, solar thermal energy

is stored in a heat-transfer fluid.
The fluid is divided into two tanks:
One tank storing it at a low temperature, and
The other at a high temperature
Fluid stored in the low temperature tank runs

through the power plant's solar collector where
it's reheated and sent to the high temperature
tank.
Fluid stored at a high temperature is sent through

a heat exchanger that produces steam, which is
then used to produce electricity in the generator.
And once it's been through the heat exchanger,
the fluid then returns to the low temperature tank
How Solar Thermal Works: https://youtu.be/LMWIgwvbrcM
Mojave Desert, CA
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
Voltage Sources
A current that remains constant with

time is called Direct Current (DC)
Figure (a)
Such current is represented by the
capital I, time varying current uses the
lowercase, i.
A common source of DC is a battery.
Higher Current Output
V IR
Higher Voltage Output
Voltage Sources
A current that varies sinusoidally with

time is called Alternating Current (AC)
For time-varying current we designate the
lowercase, i.
A common source of AC is an alternator
Phase 1
Neutral
Phase 2
Phase 3
Note: Utility companies use 3-phase alternators and deliver all three phases to industrial customers.
Voltage Sources
In vehicles, alternators generate AC, which is converted to DC for
operating electrical devices and charging the battery. A basic vehicle
alternator is illustrated. AC is more efficient to produce and can be easily
regulated, hence it is generated and converted to
Housing
DC by diodes.
Stator coils
The output is taken from the
rotor through the slip rings.
Rotor
Diode plate
Diodes
Slip rings
Voltage Sources
A wave is a disturbance. Unlike water waves, electrical

waves cannot be seen directly but they have similar
characteristics.
Sine waves
The sinusoidal waveform (sine wave) is the fundamental
alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage
waveform.
Electrical sine waves are

named from the
mathematical function
with the same shape.
Sine waves
Sine waves are characterized by the amplitude and period. The
amplitude is the maximum value of a voltage or current; the
period is the time interval for one complete cycle.
20 V
The amplitude (A)

of this sine wave
is 20 V
The period is 50.0 ms
15 V
10 V
0V
t (ms)
25
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
37.5
50.0
Sine waves
The period of a sine wave can be measured between any
two corresponding points on the waveform.
TT T
A
T
T
By contrast, the amplitude of a sine wave is only

measured from the center to the maximum point.
Sine waves: Frequency

Frequency ( f ) is the number of cycles that a sine wave
completes in one second.
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
If 3 cycles of a wave occur in one second, the frequency
is 3.0 Hz
1.0 s
Sine waves: Period and Frequency

The period and frequency are reciprocals of each other.
1
f
T
and
1
f
Thus, if you know one, you can easily find the other.
If the period is 50 ms, the frequency is 0.02 MHz = 20 kHz.

=
1
1
1
1
6 = 0.02106
=
=
=
10
50 50106 50
Sinusoidal voltage
Generation
of a sine
sources
wave
Sinusoidal voltages are produced by ac generators and
electronic oscillators.
When a conductor rotates in a constant magnetic
field, a sinusoidal wave is generated.
C
Motion of conductor
Conduc tor
When the
When
loopthe
is moving
conductor
perpendicular
is moving parallel
to the lines
withof
flux, thethe
maximum
lines ofvoltage
flux, noisvoltage
induced.
is induced.
AC generator (alternator)
Generators convert rotational energy to electrical energy. A
stationary field alternator with a rotating armature is
shown. The armature has an induced voltage, which is
connected through slip rings and brushes to a load. The
armature loops are wound on a magnetic core (not shown
for simplicity).
Small alternators may use a
permanent magnet as shown here;
other use field coils to produce the
magnetic flux.
brushes
arm ature
slip rings
AC generator (alternator)
By increasing the number of poles, the number of cycles
per revolution is increased. A four-pole generator will
produce two complete cycles in each revolution.
Sine waves: Voltage and Current

There are several ways to specify the voltage of a sinusoidal
voltage waveform. The amplitude of a sine wave is also called
the peak value, abbreviated as VP for a voltage waveform.
20 V
15 V
VP
10 V
The peak voltage of

this waveform is 20 V.
0V
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
t (ms)
0
25
37.5
50.0
Sine waves: Voltage and Current

The voltage of a sine wave can also be specified as either the
peak-to-peak or the rms value.
The peak-to-peak is twice the peak value.
The rms value is 0.707 times the peak value.
20 V
15 V
The peak-to-peak
voltage is 40 V.
The rms voltage
is 14.1 V.
10 V
Vrms
0V
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
VPP
t (ms)
25
37.5
50.0
Sine wave voltage and current

values
For some purposes, the average value (actually the halfwave average) is used to specify the voltage or current.
By definition, the average value is as 0.637 times the
peak value.
20 V
15 V
The average value for

the sinusoidal voltage
is 12.7 V.
10 V
0V
-10 V
-15 V
-20 V
Vavg
t (ms)
0
25
37.5
50.0
Phase shift
An important application of phase-shifted sine waves is in
electrical power systems. Electrical utilities generate ac with
three phases that are separated by 120 as illustrated.
Normally, 3-phase power is delivered to the user with three hot lines plus
neutral. The voltage of each phase, with respect to neutral is 120 V.
120o
120o
120o
Power in Resistive AC Circuits

The power relationships developed for DC circuits apply to AC
circuits except you must use rms values in AC circuits when
calculating power.
P Vrms I rms
2
rms
V
P
R
2
P I rms R
For example, the dc and the ac sources

produce the same power to the bulb:
120 Vdc
0V
ac or dc
source
170 Vp
= 120 Vrms
0V
Bulb
Power inPower
Resistive
AC Circuits
in resistive AC circuits
Assume a sine wave with a peak value of 40 V is
applied to a 100 W resistive load. What power is
dissipated?
40
30
Voltage (V)
20
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
-3 0
- 40
Vrms = 0.707 x Vp = 0.707 x 40 V = 28.3 V

2
Vrms
28.3 V 2
P
8W
R
100 W
Electronic Concepts
Atoms and Electrons
Energy and Power
Magnetism
Voltage Sources
Digital Vs. Analog Signals
References
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5th Edition
Authors: Charles K. Alexander & Matthew N.O. Sadiku - ISBN: 978-0-07-338057-5
Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices, and Applications, 8th Edition
Authors - Thomas L. Floyd & David M. Buchla - ISBN: 978-0-13-507327-8
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/structure-atom/arrangement-electrons-atom.php
http://wsc11sci.wikispaces.com/Atomic+Structure
http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_h.html
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/metallic_structures.htm
http://physics.gac.edu/~chuck/PRENHALL/Chapter%2031/AABXTEI0.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/magnet1.htm
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/battery6.htm
http://www.mindspring.com/~cityzoo/mjohnson/papers/recording/images/tape.gif
http://www.powersavings.biz/images
http://djysrv.blogspot.com/2012_07_15_archive.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant
http://www.jakewyman.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=17&p=0&a=0&at=0
Example Sine Waves

Given the sinusoid show, find the following properties:
Amplitude (A)
Period (T)
Frequency (f)
Peak Voltage (Vp)
Peak-to-Peak Voltage (Vpp)
RMS Voltage (Vrms)
Average Voltage (Vavg)
= 10 V
=2s
= 1/T = 0.5 Hz
= 10 V
= 20 V
= 0.707 * Vp = 7.07 V
= 0.637 * Vp = 6.37 V
Assume the above signal is applied to a 200 resistive load. What power is dissipated?
P
7.072 2
200
= 0.25
Help with Prefixes

Laws of Exponents
1
=
= +
1
1/Prefix
New Prefix
1/P
1/T
1/G
1/M
1/k
1/m
1/
1/n
1/p
1/f
Examples
Battery Ratings:
10
= 100 =? h
10
= 100 = 0.1 = 100
Ohms Law
100
10
100 103
10 106
= =
=?
= 10 109 = 10
Period/Frequency
1
= = 100 =?
100
= 0.01 = 10

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EE 003 Electronics,

Quantities and Units

International System of Units

1 kg is the mass of the International

1 meter is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299792458 seconds.

Some Important Electrical Units

These derived units are

Scientific and Engineering Notation

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

Scientific and Engineering Notation

= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Engineering Metric Prefixes

Engineering Metric Prefixes

Electronic Concepts (Chapter 2)

Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction

Direct-Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Analog and Digital Signals

Electricity and Electronics

Fundamental understanding of electronic devices necessitates basic

Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction

Direct-Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Analog and Digital Signals

Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Compounds are formed when two or more

Periodic Table of Elements

Electrically balanced atoms have the same

Electrons Shells and Orbits

Energy levels increase as the distance from the nucleus increases

The Valence Shell

The Copper Atom

Crystal Structure of Materials

Formation example of positively and

Formation example of molecules

The caffeine molecule structure A total of 24 atoms!

Formation example of molecules

The molecular structure of Ketamine A total of 32 atoms!

Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction

Direct-Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Analog and Digital Signals

Insulators: are nonmetallic materials that are poor

Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction

Direct-Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Analog and Digital Signals

Sources of voltage include batteries,

An automobile battery is an example of a multiple cell battery.

Rather than saying charging a

How many hours can you expect to have a

Illustration of 1 A of current (1 C/s) in a material.

Shock hazard in terms of three basic current path groups.

Review of Voltage, Current, Resistance

Resistivity of Common Materials

Voltage, Current, Resistance

Electrons flow from negative to positive when a

How much current (I) is flowing through the material?

Ohms Law (The Most Important Law in Electronics)

The higher the resistance, the less current will flow

Ohms Law (The Most Important Law in Electronics)

A Graphic Aid for Ohms Law

What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if the resistance is 10

Typical Digital Multimeter

Example of an DMM Connection to Measure

Example of an DMM Connection to Measure