Chapter

6.1

Resonance

Introduction

A.C Circuits made up of resistors, inductors and capacitors are said to be resonant circuits when
the current drawn from the supply is in phase with the impressed sinusoidal voltage. Then
1. the resultant reactance or susceptance is zero.
2. the circuit behaves as a resistive circuit.
3. the power factor is unity.
A second order series resonant circuit consists of R, L and C in series. At resonance, voltages
across C and L are equal and opposite and these voltages are many times greater than the applied
voltage. They may present a dangerous shock hazard.
A second order parallel resonant circuit consists of R; L and C in parallel. At resonance,
currents in L and C are circulating currents and they are considerably larger than the input current.
Unless proper consideration is given to the magnitude of these currents, they may become very
large enough to destroy the circuit elements.
Resonance is the phenomenon which finds its applications in communication circuits: The
ability of a radio or Television receiver (1) to select a particular frequency or a narrow band of
frequencies transmitted by broad casting stations or (2) to suppress a band of frequencies from
other broad casting stations, is based on resonance.
Thus resonance is desired in tuned circuits, design of filters, signal processing and control
engineering. But it is to be avoided in other circuits. It is to be noted that if R = 0 in a series
RLC circuit, the circuits acts as a short circuit at resonance and if R = in parallel RLC circuit,
the circuit acts as an open circuit at resonance.

452

6.2

| Network Analysis

Transfer Functions

As is varied to achieve resonance, electrical quantities are expressed as functions of , normally

denoted by F (j) and are called transfer functions. Accordingly the following notations are used.
V (j)
= Impedance function
I(j)
I(j)
Y (j) =
= Admittance function
V (j)
V2 (j)
G(j) =
= Voltage ratio transfer function
V1 (j)
I2 (j)
(j) =
= Current ratio transfer function
I1 (j)
Z(j) =

If we put j = s then the above quantities will be Z(s), Y (s), G(s), (s) respectively. These
are treated later in this book.

6.3

Series Resonance

Fig. 6.1 represents a series resonant circuit.

Resonance can be achieved by
1. varying frequency
2. varying the inductance L
3. varying the capacitance C

Figure 6.1 Series Resonant Circuit

The current in the circuit is

I=

E
E
=
R + j(XL XC )
R + jX

At resonance, X is zero. If 0 is the frequency at which resonance occurs, then

1
1
= resonant frequency.
or 0 =
0 L =
0 C
LC
V
The current at resonance is Im =
= maximum current.
R
The phasor diagram for this condition is shown in Fig. 6.2.
The variation of current with frequency is shown in Fig. 6.3.

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Resonance

| 453

It is observed that there are two frequencies, one above and the other below the resonant
frequency, 0 at which current is same.
1
and |Z| with .
Fig. 6.4 represents the variations of XL = L; XC =
C
1
we see that any constant product of L and C give a particular
From the equation 0 =
LC
L
resonant frequency even if the ratio
is different. The frequency of a constant frequency source
C
can also be a resonant frequency for a number of L and C combinations. Fig. 6.5 shows how the
L
sharpness of tuning is affected by different
ratios, but the product LC remaining constant.
C

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

L
For larger ratio, current varies more abruptly in the region of 0 . Many applications call for
C
narrow band that pass the signal at one frequency and tend to reject signals at other frequencies.

6.4

Bandwidth, Quality Factor and Half Power Frequencies

At resonance I = Im and the power dissipated is

2
Pm = Im
R watts.

Im
When the current is I = power dissipated is
2
Pm
I2 R
= m watts.
2
2
From I characteristic shown in Fig. 6.3, it is observed that there are two frequencies
Im
1 and 2 at which the current is I = . As at these frequencies the power is only one half of
2
that at 0 , these are called half power frequencies or cut off frequencies.
The ratio,

current at half power frequencies

1
Im
=
=
Maximum current
2Im
2

1
When expressed in dB it is 20 log = 3dB.
2

454

Network Analysis

Therefore !1 and !2 are also called

pIm2 = pE2R , the

p2R = jR + j(XL XC )j
As

3 dB frequencies.

magnitude of the impedance at half-power frequencies is

Therefore, the resultant reactance, X = XL XC = R.

The frequency range between half - power frequencies is
passband or band width.
BW = !2 !1 = B:

!2 !1 , and it is referred to as

The sharpness of tuning depends on the ratio , a small ratio indicating a high degree of
L
selectivity. The quality factor of a circuit can be expressed in terms of R and L of the inductor.
Quality factor = Q =

!0 L
R

Writing !0 = 2f0 and multiplying numerator and denominator by

2
2
1
1
Q = 2f0 12 ILIm2 R = 2  12ILI2mRT
2

= 2
Selectivity is the reciprocal of Q.

Maximum energy stored

total energy lost in a period

Q = !R0 L and !0 L = ! 1C ;

As

and since !0 =

6.5

1
pLC
, we have

Q = ! 1CR
0

rL

Q= R C
1

Expressions for 1 and 2 , and Bandwidth

At half power frequencies !1 and !2 ,

E
I = pE = 2
2R
fR + (XL XC )2g
jXL XC j = R i:e:; !L !C1  = R
1
2

At ! = !2 ,
Simplifying,

!22 LC !2 CR

R = !2 L ! 1C
2

1=0

1 2
I , we get,
2 m

Resonance

Solving, we get

!2 =

p
RC + R C
2

2LC

+ 4LC

R+
=
2L

s 
R

2L

LC

455

(6.1)

Note that only + sign is taken before the square root. This is done to ensure that !2 is always
positive.
At ! = !1 ,
R = 1 !1 L

Solving;

!1 C
! LC + !1 CR p1 = 0
2 2
!1 = RC + 2RLCC + 4LC
s  2
R + 1
R
+
=
2L
2L
LC
2
1

(6.2)

While determining !1 , only positive value is considered.

Subtracting equation(6.1) from equation (6.2), we get
Since Q =

and therefore

!2 !1 = RL = Band width.

!0 L , Band width is expressed as

R
B = !2 !1 = RL = !Q0 :
Q = ! !0 ! = !B0
2
1

Multiplying equations (6.1) and (6.2), we get

2
1
!1 !2 = 4RL2 + LC
!0 = p !1 !2

or

R2 = 1
4L2
LC

= !02

The resonance frequency is the geometric mean of half power frequencies.

R << 1 ; in which case Q 5
Normally
2L
LC
1
R+ 1
Then;
!1 2RL + LC
and !2
2L
LC

'

2L

+ !0 and

'

!2 = 2RL + !0

!0 = !1 +2 !2 = Arithmetic mean of !1 and !2

R = !0 , Equations for ! and ! as given by equations (6.1) and (6.2) can be expressed
1
2
L Q
in terms of Q as
s  2
!
0
!2 = 2Q + 2!Q0 + !02
Since

456

Network Analysis

= !0

Similarly

!1 = !0

2 s  3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2
s  3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2

R << p 1 and then Q > 5.

2L
LC
Consequently !1 and !2 can be approximated as
r1 R
R
!1 ' 2L + LC = 2L + !0 = B2 + !0
r1 R
R
!2 ' 2L + LC = + 2L + !0 = B2 + !0
so that
! = !1 + !2 :
Normally,

6.6

Frequency Response of Voltage across L and C

As frequency is varied, both the voltages across L and C increase with frequency upto !0 and
they are equal at !0 : But their maximum values do not occur at !0 : Vc reaches its maximum at
! < !0 and VL reaches its maximum at ! > !0 . This can be verified by calculating the frequency
at which each occurs.

6.7

Expression for at which VL is Maximum

Current in the circuit shown in Figure 6.1 is

I=q
Voltage across L is

VL = !LI = q

Squaring

VL2 =
This is maximum when

R2 +

E
!L

dVL 2 = 0
d!

!C

E!L
R2 + !L

E 2 ! 2 L2


R2 + !L !C1 2

!C

Resonance

"(

That is,

EL

2 2

or

)
2



LC

R2 C
2L

Let this frequency be !L .

Then;

!L2 = !02 1
!L = !0

That is, !L

6.8



2! ! 2 !L
L + !2C
!C !C
!C

 


1 2
1
1
2
R + !L !C = !L !C !L + !C
1
L 2 L#2
1
2
R2 + !2#L#
+ 2 2 2 = !#
2
!C
C
! C2
2 2 2
2
R ! C + 1 2! LC = 1
!2 (2LC R2 C 2 ) = 2
!2 = 2LC 2 R2 C 2

#

=0

1
1
2Q2

1
1

> !0 .

1
2Q2

Expression for at which VC is Maximum

E
!C R2 + !2 L
2
VC2 = 2 2  2 E
! C R + !L

VC =

Now

This is maximum when

That is,

" (

E 2 !2
C2

d 2
d! (VC ) = 0:

!L !C
1



!L !C
1

L !2C
1

+ 2!

!L !C
1



!C

!C

R2 + !L !C



!L + !C
1

 )#
2

=0

457

458

Network Analysis

1#
L
1#
2 2
R 2 + ! 2 L2 + ! #
2 = #
2C 2
2
C ! C2 ! L
L
2! 2 L2 + R2 = 2
C
L
2
1
R2
!2 = 2 C2L2R = LC
2L2 


2
1
R C = !2 1
=
1
0
LC
2 L
Let this frequency be !C

2Q2

!C = !0 1 2Q1 2
i:e:;
! C < !0
Variations of VC and VL as functions of !

are shown in Fig. 6.6.

We know that

Figure 6.6

VC = r

!C R
2

Consider ! 2 C 2 R2 + (! 2 LC

!C C R
2

(! 2 LC 1)2

!2 C 2

2 2

+ (! 2 LC

Q2
1
2
LC = !0
=

2
0

and

2Q2

!0 CR = Q1

(6.3)

4Q4

Q2

2
0

2Q4

4Q4

LC
2Q2

2
0

2
0

1)2

1)2 and at ! = !C . Then equation(6.3) becomes

 1
 
+ (!C LC 1) = ! 1
CR + ! 1
2Q
 1   11 
1
1
! 1 2Q 
=
Q 1 2Q  + 
!
 1 1 1
1
1
1
2

since

o = p fR ! C

Q2

4Q2

Substituting the above expression in the denominator of equation (6.3), we get

Vcm = q EQ 1
1

6.9

4Q2

Selectivity with Variable L

In a series resonant circuit connected to a constant voltage, with a constant frequency, when L is
varied to achieve resonance, the following conditions prevail:

Resonance

459

XC is constant and I = q E
when L = 0.
R2 + XC2
V at X = X
2. With increase in L; XL increases and Im =
R L C
3. With further increase in L; I proceeds to fall.
All these conditions are depicted in Fig. 6.7 VC max occurs at
!0 but VL max occurs at a point beyond !0 .
L at which VL becomes a maximum is obtained in terms of
1.

other constants.

EXL
fR2 + (XL XC )2g
2 2
VL2 = R2 + (EX XL X )2
L
C
2
dVL = 0.
This is maximum when
dXL
VL =

R

Therefore;

+ (XL

1
2

Figure 6.7

XC )2 2XL = XL2 f2(XL XC )g

R2 + XL2 + XC2

2XL XC = XL2

XL = R X+ XC
C
2

Therefore;
Let the corresponding value of L is Lm .

Then;

and L0 = value of L at !0 such that

XL XC
2

Lm = C (R2 + XC2 )
!0 L = ! 1C :
0

6.10

Selectivity with Variable C

In a series resonant circuit connected to a constant voltage, constant frequency supply, if

varied to achive resonance, the following conditions prevail:
1. XL is constant.
2. XC varies as inversely as C
when C = 0,

3.

C is

I = 0.
V
, I = Im = .
when !C =
!L
R
with further increase in C; I starts decreasing as shown in Fig. 6.8, where Cm is the value of
capacitance at maximum voltage across C and C0 is the value of the capacitance at !0 .
1

460

Network Analysis

C at which VC becomes maximum can be determined in

terms of other circuit constants as follows.
EXC
R2 + (XL XC )2
2 2
VC2 = R2 + (EX XC X )2
L
C
VC = p

Figure 6.8

dVC2 = 0
dXC
R2 + (XL XC )2 2XC X 2 f2(XL XC )(
Then;
C
R2 + XL2 +XC2 2XL XC = XL XC +XC2
2
2
XC = R X+ XL

For maximim VC ;

1) = 0

Let the correrponding value of C be Cm .

Cm = R2 +L X 2 :

Then;

6.11

Transfer Functions

6.11.1

Voltage ratio transfer function of a series resonant circuit and frequency response

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.9, we can

write

j!) =
R
H (j!) = VV0((j!
)
R + j !L
s



!CR
n! L 1 ! o
1

1 + j !L
R

1+j

! R!

0
0

1 + jQ !!0

!!0 CR

!0
!

1+Q

h!

!0

Figure 6.9

!C

!0
!

i
2

,
1
2

tan


Q ! !!0
0

 !

Resonance

Let  be a measure of the deviation in ! from !0 . It is defined as

 = ! ! !0 = !!
0

! !0 = ( + 1) 1 = ( + 1)2
!0 !
+1
+1
For small deviations from !0 ;  << 1: Then,
! !0
!0 ! ' 2

Then

Then;

H (j!) = 1 + j12Q = p

1 + 4Q2  2

tan

2 + 2
+1

2Q

The amplitfude and phase response curves are as shown in Fig. 6.10.

Figure 6.10 (a) and (b): Amplitude and Phase response of a series resonance circuit

6.11.2 Impedance function

The Impedance as a function of j! is given by

Z (j!) = R + j !L !C
  !L 1 
=R 1+j


R! !CR
!
0
= R 1 + jQ
!0 !
s
 ! !0 
 ! ! 0 2 ,
1
2
tan Q
=R 1+Q
!0 !
!0 !
1

For small deviations from !0 , we can write

Z (j!) ' R[1 + j 2Q ] = R

p1 + 4Q  tan
2 2

2Q

461

462

6.12

Network Analysis

Parallel Resonance

The dual of a series resonant circuit is often considered as a parallel resonant circuit and it is as
shown in Fig. 6.11.
The phasor diagram for resonance is shown in Fig. 6.12.
The admittance as seen by the current source is

Y (j!) = YR + YL + YC 
1
1
= + j !C
R
!L = G + jB

Figure 6.11 Parallel Resonance Circuit

Figure 6.12 Phasor Diagram

If the resonance occurs at !0 ; then the susceptance B is zero. That is,

!0 C = !1L
0

or

!0 = p 1 rad= sec :
LC
At resonance,

and

IC 0 = IL0 = j!0 CRI

ILC = IC 0 + IL0 = 0

The quality factor, as in the case of series resonant circuit is defined as

Maximum energy stored
Q = 2 Energy
dissipated in a period

CV 2
1
2 R T
= 2f0 CR = !0 CR:
!0 C = !1L ;
0
R
Q = ! L:
0
1

= 2 2 V 2 m
m

Since

Resonance

On either side of !0 there are two frequencies at which

the voltage is same. At resonance, the voltage is maximum and is given by Vm = IR and is evident from the
response curve as shown in Fig. 6.13. At this frequency,

pm

V2

= m watts. The frequencies at which the

R
1
times the maximum voltage are called half
voltage is
2
power frequencies or cut off frequencies, since at these
frequencies,
=

 Vp 
m

p = R2
At any ! ,

V
= m = half of the maximum power.
2R
Y = 1 + j !C
2

At !1 and !2 ;

jY j = p

1
=
2R

s  
1
2

Squaring,

Therefore;
At ! = !2 ,

Hence;

Figure 6.13

2R2
1

!C !L

=
=

R2

!L

!C !L
1

!C !L
1

!2 C !1L = R1
2
2
!2 LC 1 = !R2 L
!22 LCR R !2 L = 0 p
2 + 4LCR2
!2 = L + L2LCR

Note that only positive sign is used before the square root to ensure that !2 is positive.
Thus;
Similarly;
So that, bandwidth

!2 = 2RC +
1

!1 =

2RC

s

s2RC 
1
2RC

1
B = !2 !1 = RC

LC

LC

463

464

Network Analysis

!1 !2 =

2RC
1
=
= !02

and

Thus;

!0 = p 1
LC

As

LC

2RC

and

rC
p
R
Q = LC = R
0

!2 = B2 +

s 
B +!
s2 

!1 = B2 +

B = !Q0 ,

!2 = !0
!1 = !0

and

6.13

2RC

Q = !0 RC = !RL

and
Using

LC
! 0 = p !1 !2

Since

2
0

+ !02

2 s  3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2
s  3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2

Transfer Function and Frequency Response

The transfer function for a parallel RLC circuit shown in

Fig. 6.14. is H (j! ), the current ratio transfer function.
)
1
=
H (j!) = II0 ((j!
j!) RY (j!)
1

=
=

R R + j !C
1

1+j

1
 !! CR

1

= 1 + jR !C


!L
!L
1! ! 
=
!R
1

0
0
1 + jQ !0
!0
!0 !L
As in the case of series resonance, here also let

 = ! ! !0 = !!
0

Figure 6.14 Parallel RLC Circuit

Resonance

465

then,

! !0 = 2 + 2
!0 !  + 1
For  << 1, for small deviations from !0
! !0 ' 2
!0 !

Therefore,

H (j!) = 1 + j12Q
6.14

Resonance in a Two Branch RL

RC Parallel Circuit

Consider the two branch parallel circuit shown in Fig. 6.15. Let E be the voltage across each of
the parallel circuit shown in the figure. The vector diagram at resonance is shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.15 Two branch Parallel Circuit

Figure 6.16

The admittance of the circuit is Y (j! ) = GL

For resonance,

jBL + GC + jBC

BL = BC

If this occurs at ! = !0 ,
then

1
!0 L
!C
=
RL2 + !02 L2 RC2 + ! 1C
!0 C
= 2 2 2
RC !0 C + 1
L(1 + !02 C 2 RC2 ) = C (RL2 + !02 L2 )
!02 (LC 2 RC2 L2 C ) = RL2 C L
0

2
0

466

| Network Analysis

02 =

2 C 1
RL
2 L2 C
LC 2 RC

2 L
2 C L
1 RL
1 RL
C

=
2 C L
2 L
LC (RC
LC (RC
C

2 L
RL
1
C
0 =
2 L
LC RC
C

Therefore,

This is the expression for resonant frequency. It is to be noted that

1. resonance is not possible for certain combination of circuit elements unlike in a series
circuit where resonance is always possible.
2. resonance is also possible by varying of RL or RC .
Consider the case where
2
RC
<

or

L
2
< RL
C

L
2
< RC
C
In both these cases, the quantity under radical is negative and therefore resonance is not possible.
The admittance at resonance of the above parallel circuit is
"
!
RC
RL
S
Y0 =
2 + X 2 + R2 + X 2
RL
L0
C
C0
2
RL
<

where XL0 and XC0 are the inductive and capacitive reactances respectively at resonance.

L
If
RL = RC =
C
1
then
0 =
LC
as in R, L, C series circuit.

If

RL = RC =

L
C

which means
2
2
RL
= RC
= R2 =

Then,

L
= XL XC .
C

XC
XL
2
2
+ XL RC + XC2
1
1
=

=0
XL + XC
XL + XC

BL BC =

2
RL

Resonance

467

In this case, the circuit acts as a pure resistive circuit irrespective of frequency. That is, the
circuit is resonant for all frequencies.
In this case the circuit admittance is

RL + RC
RL + XL2 RC2 + XC2
 R2 + X 2 + R2 + X 2 
L
C
=R
R4 + R2 (XL2 + XC2 ) + XL2 XC2
2R2 + XL2 + XC2
=R 4
2R + R2 (XL2 + XC2 )
=

 2R2 + X 2 + X 2 
R
L
C
= 2
R 2R2 + XL2 + XC2
rC
1
=
R= L
rL
Z =R= C

or

6.14.1 Resonance by varying inductance

If resonance is achieved by varying only L in the circuit shown in Figure 6.15 but with constant
current constant frequency source, then the condition for resonance is

BL = BC
) R2 X+LX 2 = R2 X+CX 2 = XZ 2C where ZC2 = RC2 + XC2
L
L
C
C
C
2
2
2
Then;
XL XC XL ZCq+ XC RL = 0
ZC2  ZC4 4XC2 RL2
Solving, forXL we get XL =
2XC


q 4 2 2 
L
C
2
Therefore;
L = 2 ZC  ZC 4XC RL since XL XC = C
The following conditions arise:
1. If ZC4

> 4XC2 RL2 ; L has two values for the circuit to resonate.

2. For ZC4 = 4XC2

3.

RL2 , L = 12 CZC2 for reasonance.

2 , No value of L makes the circuit to resonate.
For ZC4 < 4XC2 RL

468

6.14.2

Network Analysis

Resonance by varying capacitance

As in the previous case, we have at resonance

BL = BC
XC
XL
2
2
2
RC2 + XC2 = ZL2 ; where ZL = RL + XL

)
Simplifying we get,

XC2 XL XC ZL2q+ RC2 XL = 0

ZL2  ZL4 4XL2 RC2
XC =
2XL
2L
q
C=
ZL2  ZL4 4XL2 RC2

Therefore;

The following conditions arise:

1. For ZL4
2.
3.
6.14.3

> 4XL2 RC2 , there are two values for C to resonante.

2 , resonance occurs at C = 2L .
For Z44 = 4XL2 RC
ZL2
2 , no value of C makes the circuit to resonate.
For ZL4 < 4XL2 RC
Resonance by varying RL or RC

It is often possible to adjust a two branch parallel combination to resonate by varying either RL
or RC . This is because, when the supply is of constant current and, constant frequency, these
resistors control inphase and quadratare components of the currents in the two parallel paths.
From the condition BL = BC , we get

XL = XC
RL + XL2 RC2 + XC2
XL R 2 + X X X 2
RL2 = X
L C
C
L
rCXL
RL = X RC2 + XL XC XL2
(6.4)
C
This equation gives the value of RL for resonance when all other quantities are constant and
2

the term under radical is positive.

Similarly if only RC is variable, keeping all other quantities constant, the value of
resonanace is given by

r XC

RC = X RL2 + XL XC XC2
L
provided the term under radical is positive.

RC for

Resonance

6.15

| 469

Practical Parallel and Series Resonant Circuits

A practical resonant parallel circuit contains an inductive coil of resistance R and inductance L in
parallel with a capacitor C as shown in Fig. 6.17. It is called a tank circuit because it stores energy
in the magnetic field of the coil and in the electric field of the capacitor. Note that resistance RC
of the capacitor is negligibly small.
Condition for parallel resonance is shown by the phasor diagram of Fig. 6.18.
IC = IL sin
That is,

BC = BL
L
= C.
R2 + 2 L2

Let the value of which satisfy this condition be 0 .

Then,

R2 + 02 L2 =

L
C


1
L
1
=
R2
C
L2
LC

1
R2 C
0 =
1
L
LC

02 =

Figure 6.17


1

R2 C
L

(6.5)

(6.6)

Figure 6.18

Admittance of the circuit shown in figure 6.17 is

1
+ jC
R + jL
R
jL
= 2

+ jC
R + 2 L2 R2 + 2 L2

Y (j) =

At = 0 , Y (j) is purely real.

Hence,

Y (j0 ) =

R2

R
+ 02 L2

(6.7)

470

| Network Analysis

Substituting for 0 in equation (6.7),

Y (j0 ) =

R2

R
R
RC
= L =
2
2
L
+ 0 L
C

(6.8)

L
, which is called the dynamic resistance of
CR
R2 C
> 1, there is
the circuit. This is greater than R if there is resonance. However, note that if
L
no resonance.
Fig. 6.19 shows a practical series resonant circuit. The input impedance as a function of is
and the circuit is a pure resistive with R0 =

Z(j) = jL +

G2

C
G
j 2
2
2
+ C
G + 2C 2

Condition for resonance is

C
L = 2
G + 2 C2

1
C
1
1
2 =
=
G2
2 2
2
L
C
LC
C R


L
1
1
=
LC
CR2


L
1
1
=
CR2
LC
Impedance at resonance is
Z0 =

G2

Figure 6.19

G
L
G
= C =
2
+ C
CR
L

L
The circuit at resonance is a purely resistive, and Z0 = R0 =
. However, note that here
CR
L
also resonance is not possible for
> 1.
CR2
In both the circuits, shown in Figs 6.18 and 6.19, resonance is achieved by varying either C or
L until the input impedance or admittance is real and this process is called tuning. For this reason
these circuits are called tuned circuits.
Series circuits
EXAMPLE

6.1

Two coils, one of R1 = 0.51 , L1 = 32 mH, the other of R2 = 1.3 and L2 = 15 mH and
two capacitors of 25 F and 62 F are all in series with a resistance of 0.24 . Determine the
following for this circuit
(i) Resonance frequency
(ii) Q of each coil

Resonance

(iii) Q of the circuit

(iv) Cut off frequencies
(v) Power dissipated at resonance if E = 10 V.
SOLUTION

From the given values, we find that

Rs = 0.51 + 1.3 + 0.24 = 2.05
Ls = 32 + 15 = 47 mH
25 62
Cs =
F = 17.816 F
87
(i) Resonant frequency:
0 =

1
Ls Cs

1
47
17.816 106
= 1092.8 rad/ sec

(ii) Q of coils:
For Coil 1,

For Coil 2,

(iii) Q of the circuit:

103

0 L1
R1
1092.8 32 103
=
= 68.57
0.51
0 L2
Q2 =
R2
1092.8 15 103
=
= 12.6
1.3
Q1 =

0 Ls
Rs
1092.8 47 103
=
= 25
2.05

Q=

(iv) Cut off frequencies: Band width is,

1092.8
0
=
= 43.72
B=
Q
25
Considering Q > 5, the cut off frequencies,
B
= 1092.8 21.856
2,1 = 0
2
Therefore,
2 = 1115 rad/ sec and 1 = 1071 rad/ sec .

| 471

472

Network Analysis

(v) Power dissipated at resonance:

Given E = 10 V

We know that at resonance, only the resistance portion will come in to effect. Therefore

P = ER

EXAMPLE

102
= 48:78 W
2:05

6.2

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.20, find the out put voltages at
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

! = !0
! = !1
! = !2
when vs (t) = 800 cos !t mV.
Figure 6.20

SOLUTION

For the circuit, using the values given, we can find that resonant frequency
!0 = 1

pLC
1
=p
312  10  1:25  10
3

Quality factor:

Band width:

As Q > 5,

Hence;
and

Q = !R0 L
1:6  106  312  10
=
62:5  103

12

= 1:6

=8

B = !Q0
1:6  106
=
= 0:2  106 rad= sec
8

!2;1 = !0  B2
= (1:6  0:1)106 rad= sec
!2 = 1:7  106 rad= sec
!1 = 1:5  106 rad= sec

 10

rad= sec

Resonance

| 473

(i) Output voltage at 0 :

Using the relationship of transfer function, we get
50Im
62.5Im
= 0.8 0

H(j)|=0 =

Since the current is maximum at resonance and is same in both resistors,

vo (t) = 0.8 800 cos(1.6 106 t) mV
= 640 cos(1.6 106 t) mV
At 1 and 2 , Zin =

2Rs 45 . Therefore,
Rout
50
=
45
Zin
2 62.5
= 0.5657 45

H(j)|=1 =

H(j)|=2 = 0.5657 45

and

(ii) Out put voltage at = 1

vo (t) = 0.5657 800 cos(1.6 106 t + 45 ) mv
= 452.55 cos(1.6 106 t + 45 ) mV
(iii) Out put voltage at = 2
vo (t) = 452.55 cos(1.6 106 t 45 ) mV
EXAMPLE

6.3

In a series circuit R = 6 , 0 = 4.1 106 rad/sec, band width = 105 rad/sec. Compute L, C,
half power frequencies and Q.
SOLUTION

We know that Quality factor,

Q=
Also,

Q=

Therefore,

L=

and
Hence,

Q=
C=
=

0
4.1 106
= 41
=
B
105
0 L
R
QR
41 6
=
= 60 H
0
4.1 106
1
0 CR
1
0 QR
1
= 991.5 pF
6
4.1 10 41 6

| Network Analysis

474

As Q > 5,
B
105
= 4.1 106
2
2
6
2 = 4.15 10 rad/ sec

2,1 = 0
That is,

1 = 4.05 106 rad/ sec

and
EXAMPLE

6.4

In a series resonant circuit, the current is maximum when C = 500 pF and frequency is 1 MHz. If
C is changed to 600 pF, the current decreases by 50%. Find the resistance, inductance and quality
factor.
SOLUTION

 Case 1
Given,

C = 500 pF
I = Im
f = 1 106 Hz
0 = 2 106 rad/ sec

We know that

0 =

1
LC

Therefore, Inductance,
1012
1
=
(2 106 )2 500
02 C
= 0.0507 mH

L=

 Case 2
When C = 600 pF,
Im
E
=
|Z| = 2R
2
2R


R2 + X 2 = 2R X = 3R
I=

X = XL XC
= 2 106 0.0507 103
= 318.56 265.26

= 53.3 = 3R

1012
2 106 600

Resonance

Therefore resistance,

475

p:3 = 30:77
R = 53
3

Quality factor,

EXAMPLE

:56 = 10:35
Q = !R0 L = 318
30:77

6.5

In a series circuit with R = 50 , L = 0.05 H and C = 20 F, frequency is varied till the
voltage across C is maximum. If the applied voltage is 100 V, find the maximum voltage across
the capacitor and the frequency at which it occurs. Repeat the problem for R = 10 .
SOLUTION

 Case 1
Given R = 50 ,
We know that

L = 0.05 H, C = 20 F
!0 = p 1 = p 10
= 103 rad/sec
0:05  20
LC
3  0:05
10
L
!
Q = R0 = 20 = 1
3

Using the given value of E = 100 V in the relationship

VCm = q QE 1
1

we get

4Q2

VCm = q100 1

= 115:5 V

r
!C = ! 1
r1

and the corresponding frequency at this voltage is

0

= 103

2Q2
= 707 rad= sec

 Case 2

When R = 10 ,

 0:05 = 5
10
5  100
= 502:5 V
VCm = q
1
r 1
3

Q = 10

1
4 25

!C = 103

50

= 990 rad= sec

476

Network Analysis

EXAMPLE

6.6

(i) A series resonant circuit is tuned to 1 MHz. The quality factor of the coil is 100. What is the
ratio of current at a frequency 20 kHz below resonance to the maximum current?
(ii) Find the frequency above resonance when the current is reduced to 90% of the maximum
current.
SOLUTION

(i) Let !a be the frequency 20 kHz below the resonance, Ia be the current and Za be the impedance
at this frequency.
Then

!a
!0

20 103 = 980 kHz

103
980
40:408 10 3 = 2

=
Now the ratio of current,

!a = 106
!0 = 980
!a 103

Ia = R =
1
Im Za 1 + j (2)Q
1
1 j 100(40:408
1
=
1 j 4:0408
= 0:2402 /76
=

 10

(ii) Let !b be the frequency at which Ib = 0:9Im

Then
or
where
Then;
or
and
We know that

Hence

 Ib 
 I  = 1 + j1(2)Q = 0:9
m

p1 + x

1
0:9
x = (2)100
1
1 + x2 =
= 1:2346
0:81
x2 = 0:2346
2

x = 0:4843

0:4843
200
0
0:4843
!b = 1 + 200 !0
= 1:00242 MHz

 = !!b

1=

3)

Resonance

EXAMPLE

6.7

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.21, obtain the values of 0 and vC at 0 .

Figure 6.21
SOLUTION

For the series circuit,

0 =

1
LC

1
4

1
4

106

= 103 rad/sec

At this 0 , I = Im . Therefore,
V1 = 125Im
and the circuit equation is
1.5 = V1 + (Im 0 105V1 )10 + jVL jVC
Since VL = VC , the above equation can be modified as
1.5 = 125Im + 10Im 1.05 125Im
1.5
A
3.75
1.5
4 106
Vc =

3.75
103
= 1600 V

Hence,

Im =

and

EXAMPLE

6.8

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.22(a), obtain Zin and then find 0 and Q.

Figure 6.22(a)

| 477

478

Network Analysis

SOLUTION

Taking I as the input current, we get

VR = 10I
and the controlled current source,
0:3VR = 0:3
= 3I

 10I

The input impedance can be obtained using the standard formula

V
voltage
=
Zin (j!) = Applied
Input current
I

(6.6)

For futher analysis, the circuit is redrawn as shown in Fig. 6.22(b). It may be noted that the
controlled current source is transformed to its equivalent voltage source.

Figure 6.22(b)

Referring Fig. 6.22(b), the circuit equation may be obtained as

10 + j 10

9
! j3010!

30!

Substituting equation (6.7) in equation (6.6), we get

Zin = 10 + j

10

For resonance, Zin should be purely real. This gives

10
Rearranging,

 10

 10 
9

30!

! = 4 3010
!

!2 = 304 10103
= 0:133  1012
9

j3

(6.7)

Resonance

Solving we get

479

p0:133  10
= 365  10 rad= sec

! = !0 =
Quality factor

12

Q = !R0 L
=

365

= 36:5

 10  10
3

10

Parallel circuits
EXAMPLE

6.9

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.23(a), find !0 , Q, BW and half power frequencies and the out put
voltage V at !0 .

Figure 6.23(a)

SOLUTION

Transforming the voltage source into current source, the circuit in Fig. 6.28(a) can be redrawn as
in Fig. 6.23(b).
Then;

!0 = p 1
LC

p400109 100
= 5  10 rad= sec
=

Q = !0 CR

 10  100  10  100  10
!
B = = 5  10 = 10 rad= sec
=5

12

50

= 50
Figure 6.23(b)

480

Network Analysis

As Q > 10,

!2;1 =  B2 + !0
=5

 10  102
6

!2 = 5:05 M rad= sec

Hence;
Output voltage,

and

V = I  80 k

 
  

10 3 80 103
j 5 106 400 10
= 0:04 90 V

EXAMPLE

!1 = 4:95 M rad= sec

6.10

In a parallel RLC circuit, C = 50 F. Determine BW, Q, R and L for the following cases.
(i)
(ii)

!0 = 100; !2 = 120
!0 = 100; !1 = 80

SOLUTION

(i)

!0 = 100; !2 = 120
We know that
Rearraging we get

!0 = p !1 !2
2
!1 = !!0
2

1002
=
= 83:33 rad=sec
120

Band width

B = !2 !1
= 120

Quality factor,

Q = !B0
=

We know that

83:33 = 36:67 rad= sec

100
= 2:73
36:67

Q = !RL = !0 RC
0

(6.8)

Resonance

Rearraging equation (6.8),

481

R = !QC
0
2:73  106
= 546
=
100
1

L = !2C

Similarly

 50

=
(ii)

106
=2H
1002 50

!0 = 100; !1 = 80: Solving the same way as in case (i), we get

2
= 125
!2 = 100
80
BW = B = 125 80 = 45 rad= sec
Q = 100
= 2:22
45

EXAMPLE

6.11

In the circuit shown in Fig. 6.24(a), vs (t) = 100 cos !t volts. Find resonance frequency, quality
factor and obtain i1 ; i2 ; i3 . What is the average power loss in 10 k. What is the maximum stored
energy in the inductors?
10k

40k

Figure 6.24(a)

SOLUTION

The circuit in Fig. 6.24(a) is redrawn by replacing its voltage source by equivalent current source
as shown in Fig. 6.24(b).
Resonance frequency,

!0 = p 1
LC
=

p50  10 1 1:25  10
3

= 4000 rad= sec

Quality factor,

Figure 6.24(b)

Q = !0 C Req
= 4000
= 40

 1:25  10  8  10
6

482

Network Analysis

At resonance, the current source will branch into resistors only. Hence,

v(t)

jj

= (10k 40k)

vs (t)
 10000

= 80 cos 4000t volts

i1 (t) lags v(t) by 90 . Therefore,

i1 (t) = 50  10803  4000 sin 40000t

= 400 sin 4000t mA
i2 (t) = 40 801000 cos 4000t
= 2 cos 4000t mA
i3 (t) = i1 (t)
= 400 sin 4000t mA
Average power in 10 k:

802
2

Pav = 10  103
= 0:32 W
Maximum stored energy in the inductance:
E = 12 LIm2
1
50 10
=
2
= 4 mJ

 

EXAMPLE

6.12

For the network shown in Fig. 6.25(a), obtain

frequency and quality factor.

 (400  10

3 2

Yin and then use it to determine the resonance

Figure 6.25(a)

Figure 6.25(b)

SOLUTION

Considering V as the input voltage and I as the input current, it can be found that
10k

 IR =

) 10

IR = V

Resonance

483

The circuit in Fig. 6.25(a) is redrawn by replacing the controlled voltage source in to its
equivalent current source by taking s = j! and is shown in Fig. 6.25(b). Referring Fig. 6.25(b),

10V

 1 1
= V sC + +

 R1 sL
11

sL
)
I = V sC + R + sL
Input admittance, with s is being replaced by j! is
 103
Yin = VI = 1014 + j!1  10 8 j 11
!  4:4
j
2500
= 10 4 + j!  10 8
!

At resonance, Yin should be purely real. This enforces that

10
Therefore;

! = 2500
!
p
!0 = 108  2500
= 500 K rad= sec

Quality factor:

Q = !0 RC
= 500

 10  10  10
3

= 50
EXAMPLE

6.13

In a parallel RLC circuit, cut off frequencies are 103 and 118 rad/sec.
10 . Find R, L and C .

jZ j at ! = 105 rad/sec is

SOLUTION

Given

!1 = 103 rad= sec

!2 = 118 rad= sec
Therefore
Resonant frequency,

B = 118

103 = 15 rad= sec

!0 = p
p !1 !2
=

118

 103 = 110:245 rad= sec

484

| Network Analysis

Quality factor
0
B
110.245
= 7.35
=
15

Q=

Admittance,

Since
we get
Note that,

Therefore,



1
1
Y = + j C
R
L



R
1
1 + j CR
=
R
L



0 CR
R0
1
1+j

=
R
0
0 L
R
Q = 0 RC =
,
0 L




0
1
1 + jQ

Y =
R
0

0
105
110.245

= 0.0975
0

110.245
105
1
(1 + j7.35(0.0975))
R
1
= (1 j0.7168)
R

1.23
1
1 + (0.7168)2 =
|Y | =
R
R
Y =

It is given that |Z| = 10 and therefore |Y | =

get
1
1
= 1.23
10
R

1
. Putting this value of Y in equation (6.9), we
10

R = 12.3

From the relationship Q = 0 CR, we get

Therefore,

(6.12)

0 CR = 7.35
7.35
1
C=

12.3 110.245
= 5.42 F

Resonance

Inductance,

485

L = !21C
0

110:
= 15:18 mH
=

EXAMPLE

2452

1
5:42

 10

6.14

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.26(a), find !0 , V1 at !0 , and V1 at a frequency 15 k rad/sec above
!0 .

Figure 6.26(a)
SOLUTION

Changing voltage source of Fig. 6.26(a) into its equivalent current source, the circuit is redrawn
as shown in Fig. 6.26(b).
Referring Fig. 6.26(b),
k
!0 = 1

pLC
1
=p
100  10  10  10
= 10 rad=sec

Figure 6.26(b)

Voltage across the inductor at !0 is,

V1 = j 106

 3  10  5  10
9

= j 15 V

Quality factor,

Q = !0 CR
= 106

 10  10  5  10
9

= 50

Given

!a = !0 + 15 k rad/sec

 10 + 10
= 1:015  10 rad=sec

= 15
Now;

!a !0 = 1:015
!0 !a

1
= 0:03
1:015

486

| Network Analysis

Using this relation in the equation,




a 0
1
1 + jQ
Y =

R
0 a
1
Y =
(1 + j50 0.03)
5000
= 3.6 104 56.31

we get

The corresponding value of V1 is

V1 = I Y 1
= ja 3 109 Y 1
=

j 1.015 106 3 109

3.6 104 56.31

= 8.444 33.69 V
EXAMPLE

6.15

A parallel RLC circuit has a quality factor of 100 at unity power factor and operates at 1 kHz and
dissipates 1 Watt when driven by 1 A at 1 kHz. Find Bandwidth and the numerical values of R, L
and C.
SOLUTION

Given f = 1 kHz, P = 1 W, I = 1 A, Q = 100, cos = 1

B=

103 2
0
=
= 20 rad/sec
Q
100

P = I 2R
Therefore

R=1
R
L=
0 Q
1
20 100
= 159 H
1
C= 2
0 L
=

10
(20)2 159

= 16.9 F

Resonance

EXAMPLE

6.16

For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.27, determine resonance frequency and the input impedance.

Figure 6.27

SOLUTION

Equation for resonance frequency is

#
!
"
$
2 L
$ 1
RL
C
%
L =
2 L
LC RC
C

=

1
0.1 103

= 98.47 rad/sec
We know that
X L = 0 L
= 98.47 0.1

and

= 9.847
1
XC =
0 C
1
=
98.47 103
= 10.16

22 100
1 100

| 487

488

| Network Analysis

Admittance Y at resonance is purely real and is given by

Y = G1 + G2 + G3
1
2
1
=
 2
2 + 5 +
3
2 + (0.10 )
1 + 10
0
2
1
1
+ +
2
+ 9.847
5 1 + 10.162
= 0.23 S

Y =

22

and the input impedance,

Z=
EXAMPLE

1
= 4.35
Y

6.17

The impedance of a parallel RLC circuit as a function of is depicted in the diagram shown in
Fig. 6.28. Determine R, L and C of the circuit. What are the new values of 0 and bandwidth if
C is increased by 4 times?

0.4

Figure 6.28

SOLUTION

It can be seen from the figure that

0 = 10 rad/sec
B = 0.4 rad/sec
R = 10
Then Quality factor
Q=

10
0
=
= 25
BW
0.4

L=

10
R
=
= 0.04 H
0 Q
10 25

We know that

Resonance

489

As Q = !0 CR,

C = 10 25
 10 = 0:25 F
If C is increased by 4 times, the new value of C is 1 Farad. Therefore,
!0 = p 1
LC

p01:04 = 5

and the corresponding bandwith

1
B = RC
EXAMPLE

= 0:1

6.18

In a two branch RL RC parallel resonant circuit, L = 0:4 H and C = 40 F. Obtain resonant
frequency for the following values of RL and RC .
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

RL = 120; RC = 80
RL = RC = 80
RL = 80; RC = 0
RL = RC = 100
RL = RC = 120

SOLUTION

As RL and RC are given separately, we can use the following formula to calculate the resonant
frequency.

!0

v
u
1 u
t
=p
LC

RL2
RC2

L
C
L
C

Let us compute the following values

LC = 0:4  40  10
= 16

 10

1
pLC
= 250

(i)

RL = 120; RC = 80

Using equation (6.10),

L = 104
C

r 120

!0 = 250

502

104
104

(6.10)

490

| Network Analysis

As the result is an imaginary number resonance is not possible in this case.

(ii) RL = RC = 80

802 104
802 104
= 250 rad/sec

0 = 250

(iii) RL = 80; RC = 0

802 104
104
= 150 rad/sec

0 = 250

(iv) RL = RC = 100

1002 104
1002 104
As the result is indeterminate, the circuit resonates at all frequencies.
0 = 250

(v) RL = RC = 120

1202 104
1202 104
= 250 rad/sec

0 = 250

EXAMPLE

6.19

The following information is given in connection with a two branch parallel circuit:
RL = 10 , RC = 20 , XC = 40 , E = 120 V and frequency = 60 Hz. What are the
values of L for resonance and what currents are drawn from the supply under this condition?
SOLUTION

As the frequency is constant, the condition for resonance is

XC
XL
= 2
2
+ XL
RC + XC2
XL
40
1
= 2
=
2
2
2
20 + 40
50
10 + XL
2
RL

XL2 50XL + 100 = 0

Solving we get

XL = 47.913 or 2.087
Then the corresponding values of inductances are
L=

XL
= 0.127 H

or 5.536 mH

Resonance

| 491

The supply current is

I = EG = E (GL + GC )


10
+ 0.02 = 1.7 A for XL = 47.913
I = 120
102 + 47.9132


10
+ 0.02 = 12.7 A for XL = 2.087
I = 120
102 + 2.0872

Thus,
or

Exercise Problems
E.P

6.1

Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.1, where Ri is the source resistance
(a) Determine the transfer function of the circuit.
(b) Sketch the magnitude plot with Ri = 0 and Ri = 0.

Figure E.P. 6.1

Ans:
E.P

R
Vo (s)
L s

=
H(s) =
R
+R
Vi (s)
i
s2 +
s+
L

1
LC

6.2

For the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.2, calculate the following:
(b) Q,
(c) fc1 ,
(d) fc2 and (e) B
(a) f0 ,

Figure E.P. 6.2

Ans:

(a) 254.65 kHz

(b) 8

(c) 239.23 kHz

(d) 271.06 kHz

(e) 31.83 kHz

492

E.P

Network Analysis

6.3

Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.3, find the output voltage, when (a) ! = !0 (b) ! = !1 , and
(c) ! = !c2 .

Figure E.P. 6.3

Ans: (a) 640 cos(1.6  106 t)mV

(b) 452.55 cos(1.5  106 t + 45 )mV
(c) 452.55 cos(1.7  106 t 45 )mV
E.P

6.4

Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.4. Calculate Zi (s) and then find (a) !0 and (b) Q.

Figure E.P. 6.4

Ans: (a) 364.69 krad/sec, (b) 36

E.P

6.5

Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.5. Show that at resonance,

Figure E.P. 6.5

jVoj

max

GQjV j
s

1
4Q2

Resonance

E.P

6.6

Refer the circuit given in Fig. E.P. 6.6, calculate !0 ; Q and

jVoj

493

max

Figure E.P. 6.6

Ans:

3513.64 rad/sec, 26.35, 316 volts.

E.P

6.7

A parallel network, which is driven by a variable frequency of 4 A current source has the following
values: R = 1 k , L = 10 mH, C = 100 F. Find the band width of the network, the half
power frequenies and the voltage across the network at half-power frequencies.
Ans: 10 rad/sec, 995 rad/sec, 10005 rad/sec
E.P

6.8

For the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.8, determine the expression for the magnitude response,
1
.
versus ! and Zin at !0 = pLC

Ans:

(a) jZin j =

E.P

6.9

qR
(

jZinj

Figure E.P. 6.8

!2 RLC )2 +(!L)2 ,
1+(!RC )2

(b) jZin j =

C
L

(1+R2 C
L)

A coil under test may be represented by the model of L in series with R. The coil is connected in
series with a variable capacitor. A voltage source v (t) = 10 cos 1000 t volts is connected to the
coil. The capacitor is varied and it is found that the current is maximum when C = 10F. Also,
when C = 12:5F, the current is 0.707 of the maximum value. Find Q of the coil at ! = 1000
rad/sec.
Ans:

494

E.P

Network Analysis

6.10

A fresher in the devices lab for sake of curiosity sets up a series RLC network as shown in Fig.
E.P.6.10. The capacitor can withstand very high voltages. Is it safe to touch the capacitor at
resonance? Find the voltage across the capacitor.

Figure E.P. 6.10

Ans: Not safe, jVc jmax = 1600 V