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Content
Basic Principles
Design Process
Design Factors & Issues
Lighting Calculations
Basic Principles
Three main functions of lighting:
Ensure the safety of people
Facilitate the performance of visual tasks
Aid the creation of an appropriate visual
environment (appearance & character)
Basic Principles
Two sources of light:
Natural sources of light (daylight)
People prefer daylight to windowless rooms
Windows provide a view & connection to outdoor
El
Electric
i lighting
li h i andd the
h daylighting
d li h i should
h ld be
b
p
y to ensure
complementary
Efficient use of energy
High
i h quality
li lighting
li h i
General lighting
Localised lighting
Specify criteria
S t type
System
t
Calculations/
detailss
deta
V ifi i
Verification
Lighting design and planning
[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]
Design Process
Basic approach to lighting design
Determine lighting design criteria
Quantity of illumination (lighting level, lux)
Quality of illumination (e.g. overall appearance, colour)
Codes and regulations (e.g. building, electrical, energy)
Design Process
Basic approach to lighting design (cont
(contd)
d)
Select luminaire and lamp types
To produce the desired light & fit the clients needs
Place
Pl
switching
it hi & other
th control
t l devices
d i
User convenience & energy management
Design Process
Typical lighting controls
Switches
Occupancy sensing
Scheduling (timeclocks)
Daylight dimming
Tuning
Preset dimming
Building management
Lighting Calculations
To calculate the amount of light that will
result from a design
Critical for commercial & institutional buildings
Seldom required for residential design
Basic considerations
Light sources (lamp lumens)
Luminaires & light distribution
Initial vs. maintained light levels (as lamps age
and luminaires get dirty, light level drops)
Lighting Calculations
Predict general & ambient light levels
Rough estimation based on a Watts/sq.m method
Not very accurate, but good for prelim. planning
Watts/sq.m
Watts/sq
m of
fluorescent, CFL or
HID lights
Watts/sq.m
Watts/sq
m of
incandescent or
halogen lamps
25-50 lux
Hotel corridors, stair towers
1-2
3-7
50-100 lux
Office corridors, parking garages,
theatres (house lights)
2-4
7-10
100-200 lux
g lobbies,, waiting
g areas,,
Building
malls, hotel function spaces
4-8
10-20
200-500 lux
Office areas, classrooms, lecture
halls, conference rooms, ambient
g
g, workshops
p
retail lighting,
15-25
Not recommended
500-1000 lux
Grocery stores, laboratories, work
areas, big box retail stores
12-20
Not recommended
[Source: Adapted from Karlen and Benya, 2004. Lighting Design Basics]
Lighting Calculations
Lumen Method: average
g illuminance ((E)) is
F n N UF MF
E
A
Lighting Calculations
Utilisation factor (UF)
( )
Ratio of total flux received by the surface to the
total lamp flux of the installation
UF tables are prepared for general lighting with
regular
l arrays off luminaires,
l i i
for
f 3 main
i room
surfaces: ceiling cavity, walls, and floor cavity or
h i t l reference
horizontal
f
plane
l
Maximum spacing
p
g to height
g ratio ((SHRmax)
Luminaire spacing shall not exceed the max. to
ensure uniformity
Lighting Calculations
Room index ((K):
) a measure of the proportions
p p
of the
room, for rectangular room
K = (L x W)/(L + W) hm
L = length of the room
W = width of the room
hm = height of luminaire above horiz. reference plane
Effective
Eff ti reflectances
fl t
off ceiling,
ili walls
ll & floor
fl
Cavity index (CI) = (L x W)/(L + W) h = K x hm/h
h = depth of the cavity (ceiling or floor)
R
Recommended
d d room reflectances
fl
& illuminance
ill i
ratios
i
[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]
Lighting Calculations
Maintenance factor (MF)
Ratio of maintained illuminance to initial
ill i
illuminance
(losses
(l
for
f lamp
l
lumen
l
maintenance)
i
)
MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF
Lighting Calculations
Lumen method: calculation procedure
Calculate room index K, floor/ceiling cavity index
Calculate effective reflectances of ceiling cavity, walls &
fl
floor
cavity
it
Determine utilisation factor (UF) from manufacturer's data,
using the room index and effective reflectances
Determine maintenance factor (MF)
nos. of luminaires required (using lumen method)
Obtain nos
Determine a suitable layout
Check that the geometric mean spacing
spacing-to-height
to height ratio
Check the layout does not exceed SHRmax
Calculate illuminance achieved by
y the final layout
y