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MECH3005 Building

g Services
http://www.hku.hk/bse/mech3005/

Lighting System Design


Design Methods
Dr. Sam C M Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail:
E
mail: cmhui@hku.hk
cmhui@hku hk
Sep 2010

Content
Basic Principles
Design Process
Design Factors & Issues
Lighting Calculations

Basic Principles
Three main functions of lighting:
Ensure the safety of people
Facilitate the performance of visual tasks
Aid the creation of an appropriate visual
environment (appearance & character)

Basic Principles
Two sources of light:
Natural sources of light (daylight)
People prefer daylight to windowless rooms
Windows provide a view & connection to outdoor

Artificial or man-made (electric light)

El
Electric
i lighting
li h i andd the
h daylighting
d li h i should
h ld be
b
p
y to ensure
complementary
Efficient use of energy
High
i h quality
li lighting
li h i

General lighting

[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]

Localised lighting

[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]

Local (task) lighting

[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]

Set the goals

Specify criteria

S t type
System
t
Calculations/
detailss
deta
V ifi i
Verification
Lighting design and planning
[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]

Design Process
Basic approach to lighting design
Determine lighting design criteria
Quantity of illumination (lighting level, lux)
Quality of illumination (e.g. overall appearance, colour)
Codes and regulations (e.g. building, electrical, energy)

Record architectural conditions & constraints,


constraints e.g.
eg
Window location & size, ceiling height, finish materials

Determine visual functions & tasks to be served


Select lighting system to be used

Design Process
Basic approach to lighting design (cont
(contd)
d)
Select luminaire and lamp types
To produce the desired light & fit the clients needs

Determine number & location of luminaires


Through calculations & assessment

Place
Pl
switching
it hi & other
th control
t l devices
d i
User convenience & energy management

Aesthetic & other intangibles


Aesthetic & psychological factors

Design Process
Typical lighting controls

Switches
Occupancy sensing
Scheduling (timeclocks)
Daylight dimming
Tuning
Preset dimming
Building management

Design Factors & Issues


Important
p
to consider:
Situation is it a working, viewing, circulation or
a living space?
Function what will people do in the space?
Quantity and Quality of Light what's needed to
perform the tasks?
Architecture and Dcor consider the aesthetic of
p
the space
Atmosphere what is the mood or ambience of
the space?

Design Factors & Issues


Lighting
g
g qquality
y and criteria
Lighting level (lux or luminance e.g. road lighting)
Luminance
L i
distribution
di t ib ti
Better distribution of brightness within the field of view

Freedom from disturbing glare


Spatial
a ddistribution
st but o oof light
g t
Spat
General lighting, directional lighting, backlighting and
p g
g, diffuse lighting
g
g
uplighting,

Light colour and colour rendering


Colour temperature and colour rendering index

Design Factors & Issues


Directional effects (form,
(form dimension & texture)
Direction and distribution of light within a space
Influence perception of the space
Relates partly to desirable illumination levels and partly
to architectural style and visual emphasis
Good light
g design
g - an appreciation
pp
of the nature and
qualities of the surfaces

Modelling ability of light to reveal solid form


Fail to do that will result as bland and monotonous

Emphasis e.g. surface texture & characteristics

Examples of directional effects in lighting design

Design Factors & Issues


Glare
Occurs when objects, seen directly or by reflection,
are too bright c.f.
c f the general background
Disability glare - impairs ability to see detail w/o
necessarily
il causing
i visual
i l discomfort
di
f t
Shift in adaptation level

Discomfort glare - causes visual discomfort w/o


necessarily impairing vision
Depends on occupants activity, angle of view, size and
brightness of source, average luminance of background

Bright light entering


from a window

Veiling reflection from


overhead light source

Examples of glare and veiling reflection

Design Factors & Issues


Reduce glare from artificial light sources
Limit the luminance of sources in eyes direction
Replace a bright source with few weak sources
Restrict light distribution to sideways light to the eye

Screen the sources from view

Introduce downstand screens


Use screening within the fitting (e.g. louvres)
Enclose source in light diffusing panel/fitting
Conceal fittings from view (e.g. by beams)

Design Factors & Issues


Reduce glare from artificial light sources
(Contd)
Re-position the work station to avoid glare
Raise background luminance
Use fittings with more upward flux (brighten ceiling)
Specify
S if higher
hi h reflectance
fl t
floor
fl
Use light-coloured finishes

Design Factors & Issues


Reflected glare & veiling reflection
Bright patches on glossy surfaces from reflection
Reflected glare - produce visual discomfort
Veiling reflection - reduce contrast and visibility

May be minimised by:


Ensure no part of the task is at or near the mirror angle
with respect to the eye & bright source
Increase
I
light
li ht falling
f lli sideways
id
onto
t the
th visual
i l task
t k
Use luminaires w/ large surface area & low luminance
Use paper, machines, materials etc. with matt surfaces

Glare control for video display unit (VDU)


[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]

Lighting Calculations
To calculate the amount of light that will
result from a design
Critical for commercial & institutional buildings
Seldom required for residential design

Basic considerations
Light sources (lamp lumens)
Luminaires & light distribution
Initial vs. maintained light levels (as lamps age
and luminaires get dirty, light level drops)

Lighting Calculations
Predict general & ambient light levels
Rough estimation based on a Watts/sq.m method
Not very accurate, but good for prelim. planning

Lumen method calculations


Average illuminance
Good for general lighting

Point-by-point computer calculations


Most complicated, start from fundamental laws
Can be used for outdoor lighting
g
g

Rough estimation based on a Watts/sq.m method


Average light level desired &
typical application

Watts/sq.m
Watts/sq
m of
fluorescent, CFL or
HID lights

Watts/sq.m
Watts/sq
m of
incandescent or
halogen lamps

25-50 lux
Hotel corridors, stair towers

1-2

3-7

50-100 lux
Office corridors, parking garages,
theatres (house lights)

2-4

7-10

100-200 lux
g lobbies,, waiting
g areas,,
Building
malls, hotel function spaces

4-8

10-20

200-500 lux
Office areas, classrooms, lecture
halls, conference rooms, ambient
g
g, workshops
p
retail lighting,

15-25

Not recommended

500-1000 lux
Grocery stores, laboratories, work
areas, big box retail stores

12-20

Not recommended

[Source: Adapted from Karlen and Benya, 2004. Lighting Design Basics]

Lighting Calculations
Lumen Method: average
g illuminance ((E)) is

F n N UF MF
E
A

F = initial bare lamp luminous flux (lumens)


n = number of lamps per luminaire
N = number of luminaires
UF = utilisation factor
MF = maintenance factor
A = area off the
th surface
f
(m
( 2)

Lighting Calculations
Utilisation factor (UF)
( )
Ratio of total flux received by the surface to the
total lamp flux of the installation
UF tables are prepared for general lighting with
regular
l arrays off luminaires,
l i i
for
f 3 main
i room
surfaces: ceiling cavity, walls, and floor cavity or
h i t l reference
horizontal
f
plane
l

Maximum spacing
p
g to height
g ratio ((SHRmax)
Luminaire spacing shall not exceed the max. to
ensure uniformity

Lighting Calculations
Room index ((K):
) a measure of the proportions
p p
of the
room, for rectangular room
K = (L x W)/(L + W) hm
L = length of the room
W = width of the room
hm = height of luminaire above horiz. reference plane

Effective
Eff ti reflectances
fl t
off ceiling,
ili walls
ll & floor
fl
Cavity index (CI) = (L x W)/(L + W) h = K x hm/h
h = depth of the cavity (ceiling or floor)

Determine effective reflectance from tables or formulae


(see examples in CIBSE Lighting Code)

R
Recommended
d d room reflectances
fl
& illuminance
ill i
ratios
i
[Source: CIBSE Lighting Code]

Lighting Calculations
Maintenance factor (MF)
Ratio of maintained illuminance to initial
ill i
illuminance
(losses
(l
for
f lamp
l
lumen
l
maintenance)
i
)
MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF

Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF)


Lamp survival factor (LSF)
Luminaire maintenance factor (LMF)
Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF)

See CIBSE Code off Lighting


g
g for description
p

Lighting Calculations
Lumen method: calculation procedure
Calculate room index K, floor/ceiling cavity index
Calculate effective reflectances of ceiling cavity, walls &
fl
floor
cavity
it
Determine utilisation factor (UF) from manufacturer's data,
using the room index and effective reflectances
Determine maintenance factor (MF)
nos. of luminaires required (using lumen method)
Obtain nos
Determine a suitable layout
Check that the geometric mean spacing
spacing-to-height
to height ratio
Check the layout does not exceed SHRmax
Calculate illuminance achieved by
y the final layout
y

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