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What is Forecasting?
FORECAST:
Uses of Forecasts
Accounting
Cost/profit estimates
Finance
Human Resources
Hiring/recruiting/training
Marketing
MIS
Operations
Product/service design
Peramalan Permintaan
The forecast
Forecasting Models
Forecasting
Techniques
Qualitative
Models
Time Series
Methods
Delphi
Method
Jury of Executive
Opinion
Sales Force
Composite
Consumer Market
Survey
Naive
Moving
Average
Weighted
Moving Average
Exponential
Smoothing
Trend Analysis
Causal
Methods
Simple
Regression
Analysis
Multiple
Regression
Analysis
Seasonality
Analysis
Multiplicative
Decomposition
Model Differences
Qualitative incorporates judgmental & subjective
factors into forecast.
Time-Series attempts to predict the future by
using historical data.
Causal incorporates factors that may influence
the quantity being forecasted into the model
Delphi method
Forecast Error
Forecast Error At Ft
T
(At Ft ) 2 / T
t 1
t 1
t 1
Example
Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
MAD=
MSE=
MAPE=
Actual
217
213
216
210
213
219
216
212
2,75
9,50
1,28
Forecast
215
216
215
214
211
214
217
216
(A-F)
2
-3
1
-4
2
5
-1
-4
-2
|A-F|
2
3
1
4
2
5
1
4
22
(A-F)^2
4
9
1
16
4
25
1
16
76
(|A-F|/Actual)*100
0,92
1,41
0,46
1,90
0,94
2,28
0,46
1,89
10,26
Control chart
A visual tool for monitoring forecast errors
Used to detect non-randomness in errors
Nave
Ft Yt 1
Ft Yt 4 : Quarterly data
Ft Yt 12 : Monthly data
Naive Forecasts
Nave Forecast
Wallace Garden Supply
Forecasting
Period
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Actual
Nave
Value
Forecast
10
N/A
12
10
16
12
13
16
17
13
19
17
15
19
20
15
22
20
19
22
21
19
19
21
Error
2
4
-3
4
2
-4
5
2
-3
2
-2
0,818
BIAS
Absolute
Error
2
4
3
4
2
4
5
2
3
2
2
3
MAD
Percent
Error
16,67%
25,00%
23,08%
23,53%
10,53%
26,67%
25,00%
9,09%
15,79%
9,52%
10,53%
17,76%
MAPE
Squared
Error
4,0
16,0
9,0
16,0
4,0
16,0
25,0
4,0
9,0
4,0
4,0
10,091
MSE
3,176619
25
20
Sheds
15
Actual Value
Nave Forecast
10
0
February
March
April
May
June
July
Period
August
September
October
November
December
Naive Forecasts
Simple to use
Virtually no cost
Quick and easy to prepare
Easily understandable
Can be a standard for accuracy
Cannot provide high accuracy
Moving average
Exponential smoothing
28
29
Moving Averages
MAn =
Ai
i=1
n
Moving Averages
Wallace Garden Supply
Forecasting
Storage Shed Sales
Period
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Actual
Value
10
12
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
21
19
10
12
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
21
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
12.67
13.67
15.33
16.33
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.33
20.67
Input Data
Period
Month 1
Month 2
Month 3
Month 4
Month 5
Month 6
Month 7
Month 8
Month 9
Month 10
Month 11
Month 12
Next period
Forecast
12.667
13.667
15.333
16.333
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.333
20.667
Average
Error
0.333
3.333
3.667
-1.333
3.000
4.000
0.000
0.667
-1.667
12.000
BIAS
Absolute
error
0.333
3.333
3.667
1.333
3.000
4.000
0.000
0.667
1.667
2.000
MAD
Squared
error
0.111
11.111
13.444
1.778
9.000
16.000
0.000
0.444
2.778
6.074
MSE
Absolute
% error
2.56%
19.61%
19.30%
8.89%
15.00%
18.18%
0.00%
3.17%
8.77%
10.61%
MAPE
25
20
Value
15
Actual Value
Forecast
10
0
1
7
Time
10
11
12
Moving Averages
Assumes data from some periods are more important than data
from other periods (e.g. earlier periods).
Use weights to place more emphasis on some periods and less on
others.
Example:
Period
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Next period
Actual
Value
Weights
10
0,222
12
0,593
16
0,185
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
21
19
20,185
Sum of weights =
1,000
2,2
2,7
3,5
2,9
3,8
4,2
3,3
4,4
4,9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
7,1
9,5
7,7
10
11
8,9
12
13
11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
3
2,4
3,2
3,5
2,8
3,7
4,1
3,5
3,9
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
12,298
14,556
14,407
16,484
17,814
16,815
19,262
21,000
20,036
Input Data
Period
Month 1
Month 2
Month 3
Month 4
Month 5
Month 6
Month 7
Month 8
Month 9
Month 10
Month 11
Month 12
Next period
Sum of weights =
Weights
0.222
0.593
0.185
Forecast
12.298
14.556
14.407
16.484
17.814
16.815
19.262
21.000
20.036
Average
20.185
1.000
Error
0.702
2.444
4.593
-1.484
2.186
5.185
-0.262
0.000
-1.036
1.988
BIAS
Absolute
error
0.702
2.444
4.593
1.484
2.186
5.185
0.262
0.000
1.036
6.952
MAD
Squared
error
0.492
5.971
21.093
2.202
4.776
26.889
0.069
0.000
1.074
6.952
MSE
Absolute
% error
5.40%
14.37%
24.17%
9.89%
10.93%
23.57%
1.38%
0.00%
5.45%
10.57%
MAPE
Exponential Smoothing
ES didefinisikan sebagai:
Ft 1 aDt (1 a ) Ft
Keterangan:
Ft+1 = Ramalan untuk periode berikutnya
Dt = Demand aktual pada periode t
Ft = Peramalan yg ditentukan sebelumnya untuk periode t
a = Faktor bobot
Exponential Smoothing
Period
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Actual
Value
10
12
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
21
19
Ft
10
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
At
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
*(
10
12
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
21
Ft
-
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
Ft+1
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
)=
10,000
10,200
10,780
11,002
11,602
12,342
12,607
13,347
14,212
14,691
15,322
Exponential Smoothing
Wallace Garden Supply
Forecasting
Exponential smoothing
Input Data
Period
Month 1
Month 2
Month 3
Month 4
Month 5
Month 6
Month 7
Month 8
Month 9
Month 10
Month 11
Month 12
Actual value
10
12
16
13
17
19
15
20
22
19
21
19
Alpha
0.419
Next period
19.573
Forecast
10.000
10.000
10.838
13.000
13.000
14.675
16.487
15.864
17.596
19.441
19.256
19.987
Average
Error
2.000
5.162
0.000
4.000
4.325
-1.487
4.136
4.404
-0.441
1.744
-0.987
Absolute
error
2.000
5.162
0.000
4.000
4.325
1.487
4.136
4.404
0.441
1.744
0.987
2.608
MAD
Squared
error
4.000
26.649
0.000
16.000
18.702
2.211
17.106
19.391
0.194
3.041
0.973
9.842
MSE
Absolute
% error
16.67%
32.26%
0.00%
23.53%
22.76%
9.91%
20.68%
20.02%
2.32%
8.30%
5.19%
14.70%
MAPE
ct
ob
er
ec
em
be
r
ov
em
be
r
Se
pt
em
be
r
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
M
ay
Ap
ri l
M
ar
c
Fe
br
ua
ry
Ja
nu
ar
y
Sheds
Exponential Smoothing
Exponential Smoothing
25
20
15
Actual value
Forecast
10
Parabolic
Exponential
Growth
Ft = a + bt
3 4 5
Example
Week:
Sales:
1
2
150 157
3
162
4
166
5
177
Line chart
Sales
180
175
170
Sales
165
160
Sales
155
150
145
140
135
1
3
Week
Calculating a and b
n (ty) - t y
b =
2
2
n t - ( t)
y - b t
a =
n
t
1
4
9
16
25
t = 15
t = 55
2
(t) = 225
2
y
Sales
150
157
162
166
177
ty
150
314
486
664
885
y = 812 ty = 2499
5 (2499) - 15(812)
5(55) - 225
12495-12180
275 -225
812 - 6.3(15)
a =
= 143.5
5
y = 143.5 + 6.3t
= 6.3
Linear equation
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
135
1
Problem 1
Month
Sales
(1000)
Feb
19
Mar
18
Apr
15
May
20
Jun
18
Jul
22
Aug
20
Recall: Problem 1
Month
Sales
(1000)
Feb
19
Mar
18
Apr
15
May
20
Jun
18
Jul
22
Aug
20