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POTASSIUM BROMATE
EXPLANATION
Potassium bromate is used in treating barley in beer making in
addition to its use in the treatment of flour, and it has been used
for the improvement of the quality of fish paste products in Japan
(Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan, 1979). Potassium bromate
has been evaluated for acceptable level of treatment for flour to
be consumed by man by the Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives
in 1963 and 1983 (Annex 1, references 1 and 62). At the last review
the Committee reiterated that, as a general principle, bromate
should not be present in food as consumed. The previous acceptable
level of treatment of flour used for baking products was made
temporary with a maximum treatment level of 75 mg KBrO3 per kg
flour pending further work to establish the residual levels of
potassium bromate in foods treated with it. No acceptable level of
treatment was established for other foods. Bromate is extensively
reduced to bromide for which an ADI of 0-1 mg/kg bw has been
established by the FAO Working party on Pesticide Residues and the
WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues (Annex 1, reference 62).
Since the previous evaluation, additional data have become
available. The previously published monograph (Annex 1, reference
63) is reproduced in its entirety below and has been expanded to
include a summary and discussion of the new data.
BIOLOGICAL DATA
Biochemical aspects
Metabolism
In a preliminary study, male Wistar rats were given an aqueous
solution of potassium bromate by gavage; urine and faeces were
collected for 24 hrs and the content of bromate and bromide
determined. After this period, the animals were sacrificed and the
bromate and bromide content was determined in the following
tissues/organs: plasma, RBC, spleen, kidney, pancreas, stomach and
small intestine. No bromate was detectable in any tissue after this
time although substantial amounts were found in urine (detection
limits 2.5 g BrO3-/ml urine & plasma, 5.0 g/g tissue).
Conversely, bromide was widely distributed in tissues and urine
(Fujii et al., 1984).
Groups of four small Wistar rats were given a single oral dose
of 100 mg KBrO3 and sacrificed after 15 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 4 or
8 hrs. Bromate was then measured in stomach, small intestine, plasma
and urine in the bladder. Bromate disappeared slowly from the
stomach; in the small intestine the levels peaked after 30 min and
fell to undetectable levels by 4 hrs. The plasma concentration of
bromate was maximal (4 g/ml) at the first sampling at 15 min and
fell rapidly, being undetectable after 2 hrs. Urinary levels
reached a peak after 1 hr and decreased rapidly so that no further
urinary excretion was detectable after 4 hrs (Fujii et al.,
1984).
Groups of four male Wistar rats were given potassium bromate
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by oral gavage at doses of 0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60,
80, or 100 mg/kg bw and bromate and bromide were determined in the
subsequent 24 hr urine. No bromate was detectable at doses of
2.5 mg/kg or less; at higher doses bromate concentration increased
in a dose related manner. Nonsignificant differences from controls
were seen in the bromide concentration of the urine at dose levels
up to 5 mg/kg but at higher doses the bromide concentration
increased with increasing dose (Fujii et al., 1984).
Bromate is therefore rapidly absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract, partially converted to bromide in the
tissues, and rapidly excreted. Since unchanged bromate could be
detected in urine at doses of 5 mg/kg and above, it must come into
contact with renal tissues, at least at this dose level (Fujii et
al., 1984).
Effects of baking on potassium bromate-treated flour
When
80 mg/kg,
the flour
(Bushuk &
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et al., 1982a).
Rats
Groups of 53 male and 53 female F-344 rats were given
potassium bromate in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 250,
and 500 mg/l for 110 weeks, except that the high concentration was
reduced to 400 mg/l for male rats in week 60 due to severe
inhibition of body weight gain. Animals dying or moribund in the
course of the study were autopsied immediately; survivors were
killed and autopsied at week 111 and a detailed histopathological
examination was carried out, including 10-15 serial step sections
on the kidneys. The mean survival time was shortest in males given
500 mg/l potassium bromate (88.1 18.1 w), the mean survival times
of the other groups were between 101 and 104 weeks. Renal tubules
in potassium bromate-treated rats showed various pathological
changes; degenerative, necrotic and regenerative changes were very
common. All the male animals bore tumours (including controls)
and tumour incidence was very high in females (85%, 92% and 83%
in females receiving 0, 250 and 500 mg/l potassium bromate,
respectively). However, the incidence of tumours of the kidney,
peritoneum and thyroid was statistically significantly higher in
treated animals than in controls. Tumours (adenocarcinomas and
adenomas) of the kidney developed in 6%, 50% and 85% of males
and 0%, 40% and 63% of the females receiving 0, 250 and 500 mg/l
respectively. The incidence of mesotheliomas of the peritoneum was
11%, 32% and 54% in male rats given 0, 250 and 500 mg/l respectively
but there was zero incidence of this type of tumour in females,
either treated or controls. Induction times for renal cell
tumours were relatively long, the shortest being 14 w (male,
500 mg/l). It was concluded by the authors that potassium bromate was
carcinogenic in Fischer 344 rats by oral administration (Kurokawa
et al., 1982a, b; Kurokawa, 1982).
Dose-response studies on the carcinogenicity of potassium
bromate were carried out to examine its effects at low doses. Seven
groups of 20-24 male F344 rats were given potassium bromate in the
drinking water at concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 60, 125, 250 or
500 mg/ml for 104 weeks; the mean respective intakes of potassium
bromate over the test period were 0, 0.9, 1.7, 3.3, 7.3, 16.0 and
43.4 mg/kg bw. Animals dying on test or in a moribund condition
were immediately autopsied; at termination the remaining animals
were given a complete autopsy. At autopsy, the weights of brain,
sub-mandibular gland, lung, heart, liver, spleen, adrenals, kidneys
and testes and of any tumours were recorded. These and other organs
were examined histologically. Marked decrease in body weight gain
and in survival times were observed in the group given potassium
bromate at a concentration of 500 mg/ml. The combined incidences of
renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas were significantly increased in
rats receiving bromate at concentrations of 125 mg/ml and above in
a dose related manner. Significant increases in the number of
dysplastic foci in the kidney were seen at the dose level of
30 mg/ml and above, the incidence varying in a dose related manner.
In addition to the renal lesions, a group treated with drinking water
containing 500 mg/ml displayed increased incidence of combined
follicular adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the thyroid and of
peritoneal mesotheliomas (Kurokawa, 1986).
Observations in Man
A number of case studies of acute human intoxication with
potassium bromate have been reported following accidental ingestion
or attempted suicide. In autopsy cases, degeneration of kidney
tubules and liver parenchymal cells, and acute myocarditis were the
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Fisher, N., Hutchinson, J.B., Berry, R., Hardy, J., Ginocchio, A.V.
& Waite, V. (1979). Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies
of the bread improver potassium bromate 1. Studies in rats. Fd.
Cosmet. Toxicol., 17, 33-39.
Ford, W.P., Kent-Jones, D.W. & Frazer, A.C. (1959). Unpublished
submission, dated 8th December, 1959, to the Preservatives
Sub-Committee of the United Kingdom Food Standards Committee,
Appendices I-IV.
Fujii, M., Oikawa, K., Saito, H., Fukuhara, K.C., Ouosaka, S. &
Tanaka, K. (1984). Metabolism of potassium bromate in rats 1.
In vivo studies. Chemosphere, 13, 1207-1212.
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Ginocchio, A.V., White, V., Hardy, J., Fisher, N., Hutchinson, J.B.
& Berry, R. (1979). Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies
of the bread improver potassium bromate 2. Studies in mice. Fd.
Cosmet. Toxicol., 17, 41.
Impey, S.G., Moore, T. & Sharman, I.M. (1961).
Agric., 11, 729.
J. Sci. Fd,
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See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations
Potassium bromate (ICSC)
Potassium bromate (WHO Food Additives Series 18)
Potassium bromate (WHO Food Additives Series 30)
POTASSIUM BROMATE (JECFA Evaluation)
Potassium Bromate (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 40, 1986)
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