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LANGUAGE CONTACTS
INTRODUCTION
As human that use language as the media of communication, we have to
know the role of using language. The social thing like human cant be
separated by the language. Because the language is in the part of the human
being. Beside for the communications, language also can be use to expresses
our feeling to other people we talk. Because in language, it has the ideas,
thoughts, intentions, emotions, etc. it can make human easily to showing
their feeling. The different place can make the different language too. Many
people who did the migration for surely bring their own language. It makes
many people in one place have different language to others.
Language contacts is the way of characterizing certain variations is to say
that speakers of a particular language sometimes speak different dialects of
that dialects of that language. In the simplest definition, language contact is
the use of more than one language in the same place at the same time. It
isn't hard to imagine a situation in which this definition might be too simple:
for instance, if two groups of young travelers are speaking two different
languages while cooking their meals in the kitchen of a youth hostel, and if
each group speaks only one language, and if there is no verbal interaction
between the groups, then this is language contact only in the most trivial
sense. Language contact in this substantive sense does not require fluent
bilingualism or multilingualism, but some communication between speakers
of different languages is necessary. If those two groups of travelers share a
kitchen for two or three hours, they will almost surely try to say a few things
to each other, and their efforts will be worth the attention of anyone
interested in language contact. Another problem with the simplest definition
is deciding what we mean by `language'. We have also sought to ascertain
the social meaning of language choice as exemplified by speaker 1) behavior,
2) attitudes, and 3) perceptions.
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A bilingual person is anyone who has a ability two use two different
language in their conversation. Bilingual speaker also mixes language, or
frequently switches their language. Now, we will discuss about code-switching
and code-mixing in language contact. It is supported by Wardaugh (1985:5)
opinion that The language we use in everyday living in remakably varied No
matter what gender, age, social status and occuption they have, people do
not always use the same variety or style of language. Bilingual means a
person who may be said to be the one who is able to communicate to varying
extends, in a second language. Sometimes we speak with our mother tongue
but in other time we use our second language.
Dell Hathaway Hymes in 1964 is one of the most noted world sociolinguistics,
suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual, or monolingual people
may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an
acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants,
Ends, Act of Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and
Genre.
OBJECT OF DISCUSSION
1. Code Switching
Closely connected to bilingualism which is defined as the
alternate use of more than linguistic system (code) by a bilingual
individual within a single conversation. Code switching is the inevitable
consequence of bilingualism (or, more generally, multilingualism.)
anyone who speaks more than one language chooses between them
according to circumstances. The first consideration, of course, is which
language will be comprehensible to the person addressed; generally
speaking, speakers choose a language which the other person can
understand. In community multilingualism the different languages are
always used in defferent circumstances, and the choice is always
controlled by social rules. Typically one language is eserved exclusively
for use at home and another is used in the wider community. According
to Denison (1971), everyone in the village of Sauris, in northern Italy,
spoke German within the family, Saurian (a dialect of Italian) informally
within the village, and standard Italian to outsiders and in more formal
village settings. Because each individual could expect to switch codes
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knowledge.
Code-switching
serves
many
different
conversational functions.
The quoted by Jan-Petter Blom and John Gumperz arose out of their
research in a town in northern Norway, Hemnesberger, where there is a
disglossic situation, with one of the two standard Norwegian languages
as the High variety and a local dialect, Ranamal, as the Low one.
In the course of a morning spent at the community
administration office, we noticed that clerks used both
standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether
they were talking about official affairs or not. Likewise,
when residents step up to a clerks desk, greeting and
inquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the
dialect, while the business part of the transaction is
carried on in the standard.
(Blom and Gumperz 1971 : 425)
Blom and Gumperz (1972 in Saville-Troike, 1986:64) classify
code switching into two dimensions. There are two types of code
switching based on the distinction which applies to the style shifting.
The first type is situational code switching. Wardhaugh (1986:103)
states that situational code switching occurs when the languages used
change according to the situation in which the conversant find
themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a
different one. No topic change is involved. When a change topic
requires a change in language used, we have metaphorical code
switching. Saville-Troike (1986:62) define metaphorical code switching
as a code switching occurring within a single situation but adding some
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more
with
bilingual
or
multilingual
speakers,
although
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2. Code-mixing
The conceptof code-mixing is used refer to a more general form
of language contact that may include cases of code-switching and the
other form of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. This
definition is found in the following excerpt.
I am using the term code-mixing to refer to all cases
where lexical items and grammatical features from two
languages appear in one sentence.
(Pieter Muysken, 2000)
With the scope as found in the quotation, code-mixing can be
used to identify almost any linguistic mixed forms resulting from
language contacts. Within this, there are three forms of language
contacts defined, namely alternation, which is roughly similar with
code-switching.
This code mixing is where a fluent bilingual talking to another
fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the
situation. The purpose of code-mixing seems to be to symbolize a
somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own
would be quite right. To get the right effect the speakers balance the
two languages against each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail a few
words of one language, then a few words of the other, then back to the
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first for a few more words and so on. The changes generally take place
more or less randomly as far as subject-matter is concerned, but they
seen to be limited by the sentence-structure, as we shall see.
An important question about code-mixing is what syntactic
constraits apply to it, and attempts to answer this question have
constituted one of the main points of contact over the last few years
between sociolinguistics and non-socialinguistics. There is no doubt
that there are syntactic constraits; people who belong to code-mixing
communities can judge whether particular constructed cod-mied
examples are permitted or not, and these judgements are on the whole
born out by studies of texts.
At least, the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurence of
code switching and code mixing (Wardaugh, 1986:101). It happens
when a speaker requires a particular code, in order to switch or mix
one code to another and even create a new code in process
(Wardaugh, 1986 :101). Hoffman (1991 : 104) then, maintains that
code mixing is the switches occuring within a sentence.
Code-mixing is the use of two or more languages or dialect in
non formal situation among the intimate people (Subyakto and nababan,
1992:106). In this informal situation, we can mix the code freely;
especially if there are terms which can not be expressed in other
language.
Code-mixing
occurs
in
either
bilingual
or
multilingual
societies. It happens because the conversant tend to use more than one
language.
In code mixing, pieces of one language are used while a speaker is
basically
using
another
language
(John
Gumprez,
1977)
and
APPLICATION
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After we know the meaning and the theory of the code switching
and code mixing, now i will give the example of code switching and
code-mixing.
Code-switching from Sundanese to Indonesian
Setting
: The Village in Bandung
Speakers
: some housewives, Mrs. Asti and Mrs. Hani
are Sundanese, Mrs.
:
: Bu. Hani, kumaha cai tadi wengi? Di abdi
mah tabuh sapuluh nembe ngocor, kitu ge
alit (Mrs. Hani, How was the water conduit
last night? In my house, just flew at 10 PM,
Mrs. Hani
usual?)
Its seems at those situation, when the conversation is
addressed to Mrs. Berta, code-switching is happening from
the Sundanese to Indonesian.
Code-mixing from Indonesian to English
Setting
: in the high school
Language
: Indonesian and English
Speakers
: A and B
Topic
: A and Bs friend is avoiding A without the
reason
Speech event :
A : Aku gak tau why she avoiding me today.
B : Yah, maybe dia emang lagi gak mau diganggu.
A : Tapi kenapa should be me?
B : Aku gak tau, I dont know her feeling.
A : So, what should I do now? Perasaanku gak enak.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY :
Contact
Sarah G. Thomason Language Contacts
Dra. Aslinda & Dra. Leni Syafyahya (2007). Pengantar Sosiolinguistik
Abdul Chaer & Leonie Agustina (2004). Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan
Awal
R.A Hudson (1980). Sociolinguistics
Kunjana Rahardi (2001). Sosiolinguistik, Kode dan Alih Kode
Bernard Spolsky (19980. Sociolinguistics
http://scribd.com/doc/17246543/A-Code-Mixing
http://codeswitching-with-English-type- of-switching.com/
http://Code-Switching-in-Conversatio.djalo.blogspot.com/
http://educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/journal/issues/2007/21-2.pdf
http://language-literature.blogspot.com/
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/27046/2/ANALYSIS_OF_CODE_SWITCHING_AN
D_CODE_MIXING.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-mixing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching
http://callhavid.wordpress.com/
http://sociolinguistic-choosing-code.com/
http://language-literature.blogspot.com/
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in