Nama : Elsa gloria

Nim : 110705066
LANGUAGE CONTACTS
INTRODUCTION
As human that use language as the media of communication, we have to
know the role of using language. The social thing like human cant be
separated by the language. Because the language is in the part of the human
being. Beside for the communications, language also can be use to expresses
our feeling to other people we talk. Because in language, it has the ideas,
thoughts, intentions, emotions, etc. it can make human easily to showing
their feeling. The different place can make the different language too. Many
people who did the migration for surely bring their own language. It makes
many people in one place have different language to others.
Language contacts is the way of characterizing certain variations is to say
that speakers of a particular language sometimes speak different dialects of
that dialects of that language. In the simplest definition, language contact is
the use of more than one language in the same place at the same time. It
isn't hard to imagine a situation in which this definition might be too simple:
for instance, if two groups of young travelers are speaking two different
languages while cooking their meals in the kitchen of a youth hostel, and if
each group speaks only one language, and if there is no verbal interaction
between the groups, then this is language contact only in the most trivial
sense. Language contact in this substantive sense does not require fluent
bilingualism or multilingualism, but some communication between speakers
of different languages is necessary. If those two groups of travelers share a
kitchen for two or three hours, they will almost surely try to say a few things
to each other, and their efforts will be worth the attention of anyone
interested in language contact. Another problem with the simplest definition
is deciding what we mean by `language'. We have also sought to ascertain
the social meaning of language choice as exemplified by speaker 1) behavior,
2) attitudes, and 3) perceptions.

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As one of the highlights in sociolinguistics, the study of language contacts

has developed since 1940s and 1950s. it observes and describes the forms of
the contacts as well as suggests different reasons behind the phenomenon.
Forms of language contact have been decribed for example, as situations
when a fluent bilingual switches from a language to another, mixes different
languages in one conversation, or borrows lexical items from a foreign
language into their lexicon. Reasons of the language contacts can be divided
into two, namely direct and distant. Direct contacts happen because the
speakers of the languages meet in one person, mostly through travelling
activities or exploration. Distant contacts refer to contacts that happen
through the mass media.
We begin by defining the terms. From Weinreich (1968: 1) in designating
the individual as the locus of language contact, with the proviso that that
individual be a bona -fide member of a bilingual speech community.
Weinreich also define bilingualism as the practice of alternately using
(emphasis ours) two or more languages, and the individuals involved as
bilingual. The usage requirement ensures that both languages are regularly
accessed in normal interaction, and in the stable bilingual communities we
have studied, speakers typically make use of both languages with the same
interlocutors, in the same domains, and within the same conversational topic.
Our focus on intra-situational language combination is at least partially
motivated by the goal of obtaining data permitting the establishment of
linguistic, in addition to other, constraints on its occurrence; situational
language switching (as described by Gumperz 1982) may consist entirely of
(monolingual) stretches of speech in one language followed by (monolingual)
stretches in another, and thus provide no locus to observe the processes of
combination which interest us.
Sosiolinguists proposed different views when identifying, naming and
classifying the phenomenon and the people involved in language contact. In
other case sosiolinguistics theorists have also used different labels for a
phenomenon.
Monolingual or more commonly, monolingualism or unilingualism is the
condition of being able to speak only a single language, as compared to
multilingualism. In a different context "unilingualism" may refer to a language
policy which enforces an official or national language over others.

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A bilingual person is anyone who has a ability two use two different
language in their conversation. Bilingual speaker also mixes language, or
frequently switches their language. Now, we will discuss about code-switching
and code-mixing in language contact. It is supported by Wardaugh (1985:5)
opinion that The language we use in everyday living in remakably varied No
matter what gender, age, social status and occuption they have, people do
not always use the same variety or style of language. Bilingual means a
person who may be said to be the one who is able to communicate to varying
extends, in a second language. Sometimes we speak with our mother tongue
but in other time we use our second language.
Dell Hathaway Hymes in 1964 is one of the most noted world sociolinguistics,
suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual, or monolingual people
may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an
acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants,
Ends, Act of Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and
Genre.

OBJECT OF DISCUSSION
1. Code Switching
Closely connected to bilingualism which is defined as the
alternate use of more than linguistic system (code) by a bilingual
individual within a single conversation. Code switching is the inevitable
consequence of bilingualism (or, more generally, multilingualism.)
anyone who speaks more than one language chooses between them
according to circumstances. The first consideration, of course, is which
language will be comprehensible to the person addressed; generally
speaking, speakers choose a language which the other person can
understand. In community multilingualism the different languages are
always used in defferent circumstances, and the choice is always
controlled by social rules. Typically one language is eserved exclusively
for use at home and another is used in the wider community. According
to Denison (1971), everyone in the village of Sauris, in northern Italy,
spoke German within the family, Saurian (a dialect of Italian) informally
within the village, and standard Italian to outsiders and in more formal
village settings. Because each individual could expect to switch codes

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several times in the course a day. The term coode-switching is

preffered to language-switching in order to accommodate other kinds
of variety: dialects and registers.
More precisely, this kind of code-switching is called situational
code-switching because the switches between languages always
coincide

with changes from one external situation to another. The

choice of language in sontrolled by rules, which members of the

community learn from their experience, so these rules are part of their
linguistics

knowledge.

Code-switching

serves

many

different

conversational functions.
The quoted by Jan-Petter Blom and John Gumperz arose out of their
research in a town in northern Norway, Hemnesberger, where there is a
disglossic situation, with one of the two standard Norwegian languages
as the High variety and a local dialect, Ranamal, as the Low one.
In the course of a morning spent at the community
administration office, we noticed that clerks used both
standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether
they were talking about official affairs or not. Likewise,
when residents step up to a clerks desk, greeting and
inquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the
dialect, while the business part of the transaction is
carried on in the standard.
(Blom and Gumperz 1971 : 425)
Blom and Gumperz (1972 in Saville-Troike, 1986:64) classify
code switching into two dimensions. There are two types of code
switching based on the distinction which applies to the style shifting.
The first type is situational code switching. Wardhaugh (1986:103)
states that situational code switching occurs when the languages used
change according to the situation in which the conversant find
themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a
different one. No topic change is involved. When a change topic
requires a change in language used, we have metaphorical code
switching. Saville-Troike (1986:62) define metaphorical code switching
as a code switching occurring within a single situation but adding some

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meaning to such components. The example of situational code

switching is that in some universities a ritual shift occurs at the end of
a successful dissertation defense, when professors address the
(former) student as Doctor and invite first names in return. While, the
example of metaphorical code switching is when a German girl shifts
from du to Sie with a boy to indicate the relationship has cooled, or
when a wife calls her husband Mr (Smith) to indicate her displeasure.
The second classification is based on the scope of switching or
the nature of the juncture which language takes place (Saville-Troike,
1986:65). The basic distinction in this scope is usually between
intersentential switching, or change which occurs between sentences
or speech acts, and intrasentential switching, or change which occurs
within a single sentence.
Code switching has become a common term for
alternate use of two or more language, or varieties of
language, or even speech styles.
(Dell H Hymes, 1875)
Code-switching is the use of more than one
language by communicants in the execution of a speech
act.
(Pietro, 1977)
From the definitions above, it is learned thet code-switching is
found

more

with

bilingual

or

multilingual

speakers,

although

monolinguals may actually be said to switch from a variety or style to

another. The definitions also suggest that code-switching should be
found in a single conversation. In other words, if a bilingual child
changes from using another language to using their mother language,
the act of changing codes would not normally be classified as codeswitching.
Blom and Gumperz (1972 in Saville-Troike, 1986:64) classify code
switching into two dimensions. There are two types of code switching
based on the distinction which applies to the style shifting. The first
type is situational code switching. Wardhaugh (1986:103) states that
situational code switching occurs when the languages used change
according to the situation in which the conversant find themselves:

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they speak one language in one situation and another in a different

one. No topic change is involved. When a change topic requires a
change in language used, we have metaphorical code switching.
Saville-Troike (1986:62) define metaphorical code switching as a code
switching occurring within a single situation but adding some meaning
to such components. The example of situational code switching is that
in some universities a ritual shift occurs at the end of a successful
dissertation defense, when professors address the (former) student as
Doctor and invite first names in return. While, the example of
metaphorical code switching is when a German girl shifts from du to
Sie with a boy to indicate the relationship has cooled, or when a wife
calls her husband Mr (Smith) to indicate her displeasure.
The second classification is based on the scope of switching or
the nature of the juncture which language takes place (Saville-Troike,
1986:65). The basic distinction in this scope is usually between
intersentential switching, or change which occurs between sentences
or speech acts, and intrasentential switching, or change which occurs
within a single sentence.
There are two classifications of code-switching, the grammatical
classification and the contextual. In the grammatical classification :
a. Tag code-switching
A tag code-switching happens when a bilingual inserts short
expressions (tag) from different language at the end of his/her
utterances.
b. Inter-sentential code-switching
An inter-sentential code-switching happens when there is a
complete sentence in a foreign language uttered between two
sentences in a base language.
c. Intra-sentential code-switching
An intra-sentential code-switching is found when a word , a phrase,
or a clause, of a foreign language is found within the sentence in a
base language.
Based on the contextual :
a. Situational code-switching
A situational code-switching appears when there is a change in the
situation that causes the bilingual switches from one code to the
other. In regard to the factors of choosing a code suggested by Dell

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H Hymes (1964), the changing situations involved could be the

setting, Participants, or Norms of Interaction.
b. Metaphorical code-switching
A metaphorical code-switching happens when there is a change in
the perception, or the purpose, or the topic of the conversation. In
reference with the factors, this type of switching involves the Ends,
Act of Sequence, or Key., but not the situation. Bilinguals that codeswitch metaphorically perhaps try to change the participants
feeling towards the situation.

2. Code-mixing
The conceptof code-mixing is used refer to a more general form
of language contact that may include cases of code-switching and the
other form of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. This
definition is found in the following excerpt.
I am using the term code-mixing to refer to all cases
where lexical items and grammatical features from two
languages appear in one sentence.
(Pieter Muysken, 2000)
With the scope as found in the quotation, code-mixing can be
used to identify almost any linguistic mixed forms resulting from
language contacts. Within this, there are three forms of language
contacts defined, namely alternation, which is roughly similar with
code-switching.
This code mixing is where a fluent bilingual talking to another
fluent bilingual changes language without any change at all in the
situation. The purpose of code-mixing seems to be to symbolize a
somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own
would be quite right. To get the right effect the speakers balance the
two languages against each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail a few
words of one language, then a few words of the other, then back to the

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first for a few more words and so on. The changes generally take place
more or less randomly as far as subject-matter is concerned, but they
seen to be limited by the sentence-structure, as we shall see.
An important question about code-mixing is what syntactic
constraits apply to it, and attempts to answer this question have
constituted one of the main points of contact over the last few years
between sociolinguistics and non-socialinguistics. There is no doubt
that there are syntactic constraits; people who belong to code-mixing
communities can judge whether particular constructed cod-mied
examples are permitted or not, and these judgements are on the whole
born out by studies of texts.
At least, the phenomenon of bilingualism results in the occurence of
code switching and code mixing (Wardaugh, 1986:101). It happens
when a speaker requires a particular code, in order to switch or mix
one code to another and even create a new code in process
(Wardaugh, 1986 :101). Hoffman (1991 : 104) then, maintains that
code mixing is the switches occuring within a sentence.
Code-mixing is the use of two or more languages or dialect in
non formal situation among the intimate people (Subyakto and nababan,
1992:106). In this informal situation, we can mix the code freely;
especially if there are terms which can not be expressed in other
language.

Code-mixing

occurs

in

either

bilingual

or

multilingual

societies. It happens because the conversant tend to use more than one
language.
In code mixing, pieces of one language are used while a speaker is
basically

using

another

language

(John

Gumprez,

1977)

and

Conversational code mixing involves the deliberate mixing of two

languages without an associated topic or situation change. (Pfaff, 1979).

APPLICATION
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After we know the meaning and the theory of the code switching
and code mixing, now i will give the example of code switching and
code-mixing.
Code-switching from Sundanese to Indonesian
Setting
: The Village in Bandung
Speakers
: some housewives, Mrs. Asti and Mrs. Hani
are Sundanese, Mrs.

Berta is Bataknese who

can speak Sundanese.

Topic
: water conduit that cant flow well
Cause of code-switching : the coming of Mrs. Berta in the
speech event
Speech event
Mrs. Asti

:
: Bu. Hani, kumaha cai tadi wengi? Di abdi
mah tabuh sapuluh nembe ngocor, kitu ge
alit (Mrs. Hani, How was the water conduit
last night? In my house, just flew at 10 PM,

Mrs. Hani

but it wasnt much.)

: Sami atuh. Kumaha Ibu Berta yeuh, kan
biasanya baik (mine is same as you. How
about you, Mrs. Berta, is that always well like

usual?)
Its seems at those situation, when the conversation is
addressed to Mrs. Berta, code-switching is happening from
the Sundanese to Indonesian.
Code-mixing from Indonesian to English
Setting
: in the high school
Language
: Indonesian and English
Speakers
: A and B
Topic
: A and Bs friend is avoiding A without the
reason
Speech event :
A : Aku gak tau why she avoiding me today.
B : Yah, maybe dia emang lagi gak mau diganggu.
A : Tapi kenapa should be me?
B : Aku gak tau, I dont know her feeling.
A : So, what should I do now? Perasaanku gak enak.

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B : Menurutku, we should give her time to sendirian dulu

sekarang.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :

Ridwan Hanafiah (2013). An Introduction To Sociolinguistics

Vesna Muhvic-Dimanovski. Linguistic Anthropology-Language

Contact
Sarah G. Thomason Language Contacts
Dra. Aslinda & Dra. Leni Syafyahya (2007). Pengantar Sosiolinguistik
Abdul Chaer & Leonie Agustina (2004). Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan

Awal
R.A Hudson (1980). Sociolinguistics
Kunjana Rahardi (2001). Sosiolinguistik, Kode dan Alih Kode
Bernard Spolsky (19980. Sociolinguistics
http://scribd.com/doc/17246543/A-Code-Mixing
http://codeswitching-with-English-type- of-switching.com/
http://Code-Switching-in-Conversatio.djalo.blogspot.com/
http://educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/journal/issues/2007/21-2.pdf
http://language-literature.blogspot.com/
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/27046/2/ANALYSIS_OF_CODE_SWITCHING_AN

D_CODE_MIXING.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-mixing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching
http://callhavid.wordpress.com/
http://sociolinguistic-choosing-code.com/
http://language-literature.blogspot.com/

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in