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One of Ten
Mr. Norman Erbe, former Governor of the State of Iowa, and appointed Chairman of the Federal Regional Council of Region V.
(Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Ohio - federal capitol - Chicago) was the first speaker.
His presentation was surprising in that it was the most basic of primers regarding regionalism, even to the point of explaining to one of
the legislators which region included his state. It was obvious from Mr. Erbe's speech that he did not consider the legislators to be
familiar with the issue.
An Interlude
Third on the agenda was Ms. Dianne Semingson, "Special Assistant to Regional Administrator for Regional Council Affairs, Region V
HUD".
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Somewhat out of step with the general tenor of the meeting, Ms. Semingson presented a speech concerning three separate versions
of the Better Communities Development Act soon to be considered, or reconsidered by Congress. Poorly organized, and too
technical in nature to be comprehensible in an oral report, her speech was essentially an interlude between discussions, of
fundamental issues.
Verbatum
For those of our readers who wish to experience the action of April 19, 1974, in a more direct form, we have transcribed below
pertinent excerpts from the Chicago meeting. Verbatum quotations are printed as indented blocks.
Mr. Norman Erbe introducing his speech and, in effect, explaining the reason for the program.
ERBE: Frankly, as far as the FRC [Federal Regional Council] is concerned, we have felt that there has been a gap in our
input and information, dissemination and assistance with respect to the legislative bodies. In fact we just received a letter
yesterday from the - one of the legislators from Illinois - who gave us a real hard time because we had not been relating
with the legislature. We wrote him back and said that we were extremely sorry that we hadn't been able to relate with the
legislature but we just haven't been able to do it yet.
I hope that today is the beginning of a new day, with the FRC relating with, and being responsive to members of the
legislative bodies because I feel that you gentlemen and ladies have a big stake in federal programs.
Mr. Erbe then explained, in the most general terms, what federal-regionalism is and the federal actions upon which it is based.
A question and answer session followed the former Governor's comments:
MISSOURI LEGISLATOR: Governor, why have these regions been set up above the legislature? There is no input. There
is no correlation between these regional governments and the legislature. It's done through the Governor's office. All we
know about it is the appropriations. Give you the money. That's the only contact we have with you.
ERBE: That's our problem. That's why we'd like to relate with you.
MISSOURI LEGISLATOR: This is my whole problem. This is why I'm here. These creatures are created without any input,
without direct representation from the people.
ERBE: Well, this is not a representative body.
MISSOURI: Well you better believe it. That's what I'm concerned about.
ERBE: We represent - we are the field organization, or field arm of the Secretary's Office [Secretary of HUD, OEO, EPA,
etc.] in each case, and it was set up to hopefully - you folks, or those who you serve won't have to go to Washington to get
answers to your questions. Go to Kansas City and get your answers there.
MISSOURI: Yes, but this is the problem. You say they can go to Kansas City but the legislature can't even go to Kansas
City because they don't even know what is the real set-up.
Mr. Gerald Christenson, a Minnesota State Planner decrying the fragmentation of government today, and seeking a plan for
"comprehensive government":
CHRISTENSON: And really sometimes, with all the variety of federal, state, and local programs you wonder if sometimes
things are just going to stop working. It's so terribly complex, and sometimes these programs are working at cross
purposes ...
We're in a losing battle. Government is becoming more fragmented all the time ...
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We think that the regional thing gives us the opportunity to allow local officials to finally get a handle on this integrated
approach to government ... What we've got to do is strengthen the hold of the elected officials ...
The weakness, I think, is there has been the fragmentation of local government. Now with those twelve state regions
working together [Minnesota sub-state regions] adequate staff - I think we have a chance to get at a more comprehensive
approach ...
I've had a number of state legislators, a couple of them elected in opposition to regional government, come up to me and
say we're on the right track. I opposed it. I was wrong. This is the way to go.
I think the key to this is they've got to see it not as a way of taking away power from the local government, but enhancing [it].
A question and answer period followed the planner's statements:
OHIO: Where does resident participation enter into this picture at all, or does it enter into the picture? This is the thing I'm
concerned about ... For the first time the people are saying: Hey! We want to be a part of this action ... Where do they fit
into your scheme?
CHRISTENSON: I would place major thrust upon making the political system work and giving them, the elected officials,
the kind of staff they need ... When it comes to operation we'll have a strong role for County Commissioners. There will be
a role for citizen participation, but it will be under the umbrella of those elected officials who make up the regional
development commission.
OHIO: I agree with what you're saying, but you say under the umbrella. Where under the umbrella? This is what bothers me.
MISSOURI: It bothers everyone.
CHRISTENSON: We're moving cautiously on this thing. I don't think that any of us know where it's going to end up.
IOWA: The thing which I disagree with is ... this idea of more and more staff, because, as far as I'm concerned, it takes
more away from the people themselves ... I think it's one of the big problems with the Congress. They've got so _____
much staff ...
Then when I see Regionalism coming ... Our kids right now in the schools, as far as I'm concerned, are being almost
brainwashed into a regional concept. They came out in their "Weekly Reader" with an idea of doing away with the State
government, and going into regionalism. And we won't have a State of Iowa. Our daughter came home from school with
something that we of Storm Lake - which is Northwest Iowa - part of a new - what they're going to call a Plains State. And I
see this coming throughout, this breakdown of government ...
And we've got this regional planning, and as far as I'm concerned, and I'm being very sincere, they're doing their level best
to do away with county government and put it on a regional basis ...
I really believe that we're going away from the people. Whereas you're telling a story that's making local government more
responsive, I say I disagree - I totally disagree because we're putting too much emphasis on staff ... instead of having the
elected people be what I consider the Board of Directors. Obviously I'm in total - basically total disagreement with what's
going on.
CHRISTENSON: I could agree with part of your sentiments, but I guess I disagree with the solution you've got ... David
Broger is, I think, one of the best political writers in this country. He had a column back in December ... he concluded by
saying, the mood of the country, the disgust of the people with their government is so strong, that there is a climate for a
demagogue to move in, and I really believe that people - poll after poll shows - that people just don't trust their government.
It's not responsive. They don't think it's working. Now why in the world would we continue down that track?
IOWA: I agree! But the thing you're getting to is this. You're not making less government, you're making more government,
and that's exactly what the people are afraid of and they have every right to be afraid of - more ____ government!
CHRISTENSON: Listen! I'm with you when it comes to faceless bureaucrats running things, and that's exactly what I'm
after. What I've been saying is ____
OHIO: Oh no. But see CHRISTENSON: But the fact is - let me just - really - I've worked at the federal level, I've worked at the state level, and I've
worked at the local level, and I'm absolutely convinced that today the functional experts are tending to run things. Congress
passes a bill, whether it's a housing bill, or a transportation bill, or whatever OHIO: O.K. but answer me one question at this point, Jerry. Who the ____ drew the bill? Staff! That's who drew it, and
that's the problem! ...
...and they give it all to the staff. The staff wrote, we vote it, and I guarantee they don't know what they're voting on. If they
did, they would never have voted OSHA [Occupational Safety and Health Act].
CHRISTENSON: Let me take that one step beyond. See I think a lot of power goes to the officials ... Congress passes a
bill, then they turn it over to a department, HEW [Health, Education, and Welfare] or Labor or whatever, to administer, and
those rules and regulations are written, and the law is administered. You've got to meet the federal law, but there are a lot
of ways to meet that intent of Congress. What I'm contending is that too much power is in the hands of those faceless
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bureaucrats.
OHIO: ... the exception to what you're saying is that the bills are not properly drawn in that we give all the authority to the
bureaucrats who wrote the ____ rules.
The Congress is spending too much time on every little thing and they're letting staff do the work, and I'm scared to death
of staff.
MISSOURI: Jerry, bear with me, but you speak just like a planner. That's your job. But this is a government of the people
and by the people. The people are left out in every one of these plans.
We got a COG [Council of Governments] that you proposed for our metropolitan area - your staff did - but there's no place
in there for the people. That's what's wrong with these plans. The people are not involved in the thing.
A real problem might be that you might think this is the greatest thing for them, but if you want to go back and lose our
democratic form of government, let's go to a dictator. Then he says this, and this, and this shall be done! That's the most
effective form of government we have! But we are a democracy! And as long as you think those little cities don't mean a
____ hill of beans - but the people think they mean something though. They voted for them. They support them. They're
paying for them ...
Why not have ten states! What the ____! They're more effective. They should cost less. Why not have ten big supergovernments running? Why fifty states? We don't need them. They can't plan properly. They can't coordinate properly. Why
do we need Iowa? Why do we need Missouri? Let's put them all together. Let's form an industrial state.
What you're saying is ... that bigness is efficiency. Our federal government should be the most efficient organization in this
world. Yet I just read in Virginia we built a 520 million dollar regional transportation system - we got to spend two million to
blow it up! They don't know what to do with it ...
We just spent in the City of St. Louis - about two or three years ago, a program to get the minorities out to McDonald to
work ... Do you know the money it cost they could have sent the people in taxicabs, and paid for it? Taxicabs to work every
day.
They paid a man $17,000 that HUD said to get out door-to-door to get the minorities to ride the bus. That was a ____ of a
job for two years, to go door-to-door.
CHRISTENSON: I just must say I think you're completely misinterpreting what I'm saying. I am not for power to planners. I'm
for decreasing the power of bureaucrats, and I'm for strengthening the power of elected officials at every level, and that's
what I'm saying.
MISSOURI: I don't understand. You lost all of us.
OHIO: But then you didn't count the people in.
MISSOURI: Are the people going to vote for this?
IOWA: There's an organization called Midwest Research in Kansas City. Nobody knows a ____ thing about it. I don't. I
tried to find things but I can't But here's the interesting thing. They established an Iowa Center for Regional Progress which
is a branch of Midwest Research. Now these people are planners - they just kind of move in and out. You just don't know
where the ____ they are except they're on every interim committee we've got - somebody from the Iowa Center for
Regional Progress and these planners funneling all of the information, and all of a sudden it's a group of planners who are
putting all the input in, all of the ideas, and it scares me. It really does.
CHRISTENSON: It does me too, and I don't want it.
MISSOURI: But that's exactly what's happening!
I've been attending this, they call it SLACOG [St. Louis Area Council of Governments.]. I call it SLYCOG. They're trying to
put it over - they didn't want a hearing, they didn't want it exposed to the people ... The legislature didn't have any input.
The only reason that I could be there - we have an open meeting law and I stick my nose in every ____ meeting. They just
detest it that I'm there, but I'm going to be [at] as many as I can find out.
He, [the top state planner], said: We had a bill for SLYCOG to implement it, and then there's a little catch-all phrase at the
bottom. What we don't cover in the bill, the rules and regulations of the Community Affairs [State Planning agency] will
solve the problems.
OHIO: That's it exactly.
MISSOURI: And he says we've got to have it.
So, you mean you've got to get a bill ninety pages long to try to cover all of the sneaky things they're going to do ahead of
time ... This is where the bureaucrats come in, Jer. They run the whole thing. The little citizen can't get past the secretary at
the door.
CHRISTENSON: And you want to keep it that way!
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An example: Public Law 90577 by the Congress of the United States is an alleged law, it is not a true statute ... because it
is in violation of the Constitution. It purports to transfer law-making powers from the Congress to the President who, in turn,
transfers this power down to his grant-making agencies in the federal regions. This is, of course, in violation of the
Constitution which separates the three agents of government and states that no power may overlap. And the mere fact that
it is permitted merely shows that the states are remiss in their authority and responsibility to challenge unconstitutional
actions of the federal government.
UNIDENTIFIED NEWCOMER: I think many of us here in the recent years, at least in the past five years, are becoming
more and more aware of the powers Congress has transferred over to the President ... Now my question is - you
mentioned restore the Constitution. How far back are you going to restore it? ... At one time the Constitution said it was
legal to have slaves. Now, do you want to go back that far?
ROBERTS: No. The Constitution never said that, Sir. The Constitution never said that. Let's not create a Constitution that
didn't exist.
I'd like to point out, Sir, that the origin of all our problems here must ultimately go back to the Charter of the United Nations.
Why? Because we find that the authority for the so-called regional government programs emanate from articles 55 and 56
of the U.N. Charter. And therefore, in this context, we must realize that by the so-called passage of the U.N. Charter in
1945, that the Senate of the U.S. allegedly transferred the powers of the Constitution into an international body.
In fact, in 1963, in Senate Document 87, on page 293 if I recall correctly, the Senate of the United States declared, and I
quote: The Charter of the United Nations has become the supreme law of the land, and the judges of every state shall be
bound thereby, anything in the laws of the State or the Constitution to the contrary notwithstanding - end of quote.
Now this means, in the eyes of the Senate of the United States, their ratification of the so-called U.N. Treaty did, in fact,
destroy the Constitution, and the aberrations which we now see emanating from the Congress ... are, in fact, based not
upon the Constitution, but upon specific articles on the Charter of the United Nations.
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Mr. Chairman, my testimony will show that Federal Regionalism is a seditious conspiracy which has as its objective the
dismantling of local government, the abrogation of the freedom of person and property guaranteed to the people by the
Constitution, and overthrow of the Constitution of the United States.
We are therefore talking about a revolution, a real revolution in the Government of the United States, to the detriment of the American
people. And, despite the soft phrases and propaganda that regionalism is not only "good" for you but is "inevitable", we oppose that
philosophy vehemently and will show that it is the responsibility of the State Legislatures to reject this seditious conspiracy. And we will
at the end of my presentation, if we have time, go into some of the details on how the Indiana State Legislature may act with the vast
authority and power inherent in that office, to reverse this mindless march toward dictatorship and restore government to the people.
We are very concerned about the fact that we have become lost in triviality when in reality we are talking about survival, survival of the
individual citizen and of this nation as a Republic. If we accept the philosophy of the planners we will indeed go back to the middle
ages, to a serf society in which the individual citizen is merely an economic unit living on the land that is no longer his.
Since we have mentioned land, let us understand that those who control the land control the people who live on it. Therefore, a central
objective of regional planning is to condition the people to give up their private property and to permit the Government to make all
decisions effecting private property.
Our own former Lt. Governor John Vanderhoof, in an address before the Cattlemen's Association in Colorado Springs not long ago,
declared, and I quote, that "By 1985 the individual citizen, whether he be a rancher, a farmer or an urbanite, will have very little to say
about the use of his own property" because he said, "That person, that property owner, will be required to place his application for the
use of his property into a local computer and the local computer would be tied into a master computer in Denver, Colorado. The
master computer will make the decision as to whether or not the citizen could use the property in the manner he desires."
Now, we are not talking about computers. We are talking about planning input which makes the decision. Planners who are not
elected by the people, but are appointees and therefore not responsive to the will of the people. The revolution is absolute.
Before we get into the details of this subversion, I would like to comment on the concealed objective of Federal Regionalism and land
control so that we can clearly understand the real objective of those planners who now approach us with soft words of conciliation. We
are now witness to a major change in government. Regional revolutionaries seek to erect a new government in the United States to
verify and validate Federal Regionalism and the ten regions created in 1969, by erecting a new Constitution called a Newstates
Constitution. This Newstates Constitution, a copy of which I have here, was written by Rexford G. Tugwell, an old revolutionary going
back to 1933. This Newstates Constitution is taken out of his book "The Emerging Constitution". The Newstates Constitution was
written by Tugwell, in concord with 100 other social changers, at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara,
California. A unique feature about this program is that the Newstates Constitution cost twenty five million dollars. The Center for the
Study of Democratic Institutions was financed by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations over a period of ten years in the amount of 2
1/2 million dollars a year. We do not believe that this investment in the Newstates Constitution is intended to be merely an exercise in
political theory. We believe that the work is serious, that the planners, the programmers, are serious when they seek to impose a new
constitution upon the people as we enter our third century.
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Rights in the Newstates Constitution. There is no protection of Assembly, of Press, of Religion, or of any of the other guarantees of
person and property that are in the Constitution of the United States. This is also a constitution of appointed officials. Under this
program of the new constitution, the Senate is to be appointed and the units of government, (and we are going to explain the
significance of the term - Units of Government) the units of Government which are, in fact, the Councils of Government comprising a
composition of counties, are to deal directly with the Federal Government, bypassing counties and state legislative bodies as has
already been pointed out in the testimony preceding my appearance, (testimony by regional government proponents).
And, so this is the kind of Government we are headed for under Federal Regionalism, with the final act now imminent. I say imminent
because there are now two bills before the Congress of the United States. This first is House Concurrent Resolution 28, the other is
Senate Bill 22, calling for a Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia to introduce this new Constitution. You may remember
that in the first week of April of this year, there was a blue-ribbon panel which met in Philadelphia, comprising representatives from the
Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, most of the major universities in the United States, the League of Women Voters and
other similarly oriented groups, for the purpose of reviewing the Constitution of the United States to see how it could be improved. This
is part of the psychological conditioning of the American people to make us believe that we need a modern streamlined Constitution
as we enter our third century.
I think it's clear to most that the Bi-Centennial Celebration itself is being used as a means of conditioning people, to shatter the system
of Government that we now have, by suggesting that we must have a new Government in order to cope with the complicated society in
which we now live.
Here's an example of that; A full-page ad from the New York Times which appeared on the 31st of March of last year, headed "A BICENTENNIAL DECLARATION." This Bi-Centennial Declaration ad appeared in major newspapers across the United States and it
was inserted by the Bi-Centennial Celebration Committee, an agency of the Rockefeller dynasty. We have found that the names listed
in this ad as members of the Bi-Centennial Committee are members of the Rockefeller inner circle of planners.
So, now we're getting down to the real originators of this "Quiet Revolution", as Mr. Nixon called it. It is a Revolution financed and
directed by the financial elite in the United States.
Mr. Chairman, I submit as my first exhibit a copy of this Newstates Constitution.
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The A-95 Review System is a control mechanism to make sure that every local unit of government, whether it be a community, a
county, or whatever, that makes application for funds from the Federal Government, any one of these nine agencies comprising the
grant-making agencies, complies with the bylaws and the guidelines presented by the Federal Government. If the local unit of
government does not comply with these guidelines, it doesn't get the money.
Now there has been some pretense made that the units of government do not have to be a member of a council of government in
order to qualify for revenue-sharing funds. But, you try to get the money it you do not join.
I think it is also clear that there was created in the United States a new system of government by the establishment of these Federal
Regions. At the same time that the Federal Government was reorganizing the States into provinces under Federal Regionalism, the
governors of the respective States also were directed, and did divide their State into planning districts, which have since evolved into
Councils of Government. That is, by the merger of counties, the governors have created Councils of Government within the States, to
parallel the merging of the States into federal regions by the Federal Government. Now, this act is very significant because the county
is the political building block of America. Three thousand plus counties in the United States represent the greatest threat to tyranny by
a central government, or any other kind of threat that may exist. The people live in the counties and the people, individuals with
sovereign authority and working through their elected officials; county commissioners, judges and sheriffs, can oppose any kind of
forcefinancial or otherwise, which may be brought against them. So one of the central objectives, the target area of the planners, is to
destroy county governments, to neutralize county governments, to eliminate elected officials at county governments, so that the
counties become merely an homogenous mass in a Council of Governments ruled by planners.
This, then, is the reality of Councils of Government. It is not intended to offer better services, or more sophisticated techniques, or to
assist in fund raising from the Federal government. This is window dressing. This is propaganda. Councils of Government is a means
of convincing elected officials to give up their authority and to willingly abandon their responsibility to their constituents. We are very
concerned about this, because through the technique of revenue sharing funds we find again and again that many local officials
believe there is a free lunch. And we know there is no free lunch. Every time a local official receives a grant, any kind of revenue
sharing funds, he must give up a part of his authority which you gave him by electing him to represent you. And, when he does this, he
has begun the system which will eventually remove him from office. More importantly, his surrender will deprive you of representative
government. The vote is central to constitutional government. When we lose the right to elect our representatives and find instead that
our decisions are made for us by planners, we have abandoned the central principal of constitutional government.
Now let me go back to point out some of the unconstitutionalities inherent in federal regionalism. Without that knowledge we cannot
understand the real implication involved in the seditious conspiracy of Federal Regionalism.
First, the merger of states into larger political units called Federal Regions is in direct violation of the prohibitions of Section 3, Article
IV of the Constitution which prohibits the merging of two or more states into larger or new political units, without the approval of the
States and the Congress of the United States. The President of the United States, who has taken an oath of office to defend and
preserve the Constitution, has unilaterally violated that oath by merging, or attempting to merge, the States into new political units
called Federal Regions.
We also should point out that Section 4, Article IV guarantees to the States and their people a Republican form of government,
meaning an elective process of government. Regionalists say they are better qualified, because of their expertise, to make those
political decisions for us, therefore, eventually eliminating the elective process, and nullifying the vote. If you can't elect a man, you can't
unelect him either. Planners are not subject to being removed from office by the people.
So, we are confronted with violation after violation of Constitutional prohibitions. We'll get into some of the application of correcting
this imbalance, these ultra-vires acts, a little later.
Since we're running short of time, I would like to use a specific example. Before I do, Mr. Chairman, I would like to present for the
record, copies of our July Bulletin of the Committee to Restore the Constitution in which we have reprinted the testimony given by our
Counsel T. David Horton, before the Indiana Commission, this Commission, some three weeks ago. The bulletin is titled, "Indiana
Begins Regionalism Investigation."
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I present as my next exhibit, a copy of my newest book, THE REPUBLIC: DECLINE AND FUTURE PROMISE, in which we have
reprinted the research on Federal Regionalism to show its unconstitutionality and its criminal origin, and how regionalism has
destroyed local government, Mr. Chairman.
Now, if I may, I would like to get into a specific example because I believe that by showing a specific example of how Federal
Regionalism destroys local and State government, that we may apply these principles to Indiana. When we speak of regionalism we
are not talking about a situation unique to Indiana. We are talking about a national conspiracy which is, in fact, not only effecting the
people of America, but is international in scopebut we don't have time to get into that aspect.
I think that it is clear that in order to validate ultra-vires acts of the kind we have described, some means must be made for bringing the
people into the plot, to give authority to the criminal activities of elected officials.
Now, this has been done in a program in the state of Montana. In a rather extensive examination of the Montana rip-off we found a
pattern of subversion which applies in the State of Indiana and every other State; because it is through the appearance of the people
approving federal regionalism that federal regionalism will become a permanent fixture in America. And, as we have seen, the New
Constitution for the Newstates of America is intended to give that kind of authority. But, behind the new federal constitution are other
new constitutionsfor the States.
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On examining Voter Review of Local Government we found a succession of acts and programs which were intended to advance or
implement the provisions of section 9 of the New Constitution. The first of these was a booklet called Modernizing Local Government.
Modernizing Local Government, this green booklet, was prepared by the Cooperative Extension Service at the Montana State
University in Bozeman. What this green booklet did was to expand on section 9 of the New Constitution, to explain to elected officials
what their responsibilities would be on implementing section 9, so as to establish these "review commissions."
Now, I'm not going to get into details here, but to point out that this green booklet was distributed to every elected official in the State
down to and including the counties, to prepare them for their part in the revolution. I would like to make a couple of quotations directly
from this green booklet. The first one is from Thomas Judge, Governor of the State of Montana, who declared that the University of
Montana had executed a tremendous service for the people of Montana. Well of course it did because what this program is intended
to do is validate the criminal action of Mr. Judge in his division of the State of Montana into planning districts.
But the real issue, I think, is clearly stated on the next page. This is a letter from a Mr. Robert C. Rosenheim, Chairman, Mountain
Plains Federal Regional Council, Denver, Colorado. This is the provincial capital for a six-state region, including Colorado and
Montana and other states. Here is a man, a commissar, advising the people of Montana that he approves of what they are doing. This
is what he said, "What is happening in Montana is right in line with President Nixon's concept of the new federalism." Well, of course it
is because this is the implementation of Federal Regionalism in the State of Montana.
Another important aspect that I would like to bring to your attention is the grant making agencies in Federal Region VIII. You have the
same grant making agencies in Federal Region V in Chicago. By identifying these agencies, you can see how, by the use of Federal
Revenue Sharing Funds, elected officials become manipulated and real policy is made by these grant-making agencies rather than
elected officials.
Mr. Chairman, here are the grant making agencies: The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the Department of Housing
and Urban Development, the Department of Labor, the Department of Transportation, the Office of Economic Opportunity, the
Environmental Protection Agency.
I think I had better talk about the Environmental Protection Agency because as we mentioned in the beginning, a central objective of
federal regionalism to seize control of private property. Planners are doing it through the apparatus of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Here is the way it has worked out.
In 1968 Mr. Nixon declared that the greatest issue before the American people is the environment. Remember that? Environmental
concern. Now, this was the problem. Mr. Nixon, at the request of his controllers, set up a problem - environmental concern. Now, from
that problem, they went to the next step. The next step was to create panic and hysteria because of environmental concern. We're
losing control of our water, our air is polluted, our rivers are polluted, and the people who are developing the land are exploiting the
land to the disadvantage of the American people. All of these were propaganda techniques to irritate the American people and to
prepare them for the next step.
The next step, as we have now seen, is that the solution to environmental concern is that the Government must control all private
property. Now this is called the Hegelian Principal of change. It envisages a three-step process: Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis. In
other words, creating problems to arrive at a solution which would not have been accepted by the people without the first two steps of
psychological conditioning.
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identical action was taken by the State Legislatures. They never questioned this, despite the fact of differences in geography, climate
and, of course, the composition of the people themselves. The solution to a created "problem" is always identical. The problem. The
reaction. The solution. The procedure is always successful because the people, and the press, do not challenge it, or even question it.
But, nevertheless, this is the technique of subversion.
The Environmental Protection Agency is very deeply involved in this authority, or this pretended authority, to take your property. As a
matter of fact, when Mr. Robert Weaver, Mr. Chairman, when Mr. Robert Weaver, former head of Housing and Urban Development,
testified before the California State Legislature a few years ago, he made this astounding statement. "Federal Regionalism means
absolute control of all the land in the United States wherever it may be." He also said, Mr. Chairman, that the government had given
away the land to the people and now it must take back the land in order to control it. Land control is a central issue of Federal
Regionalism, because, those who control the land, control the people who live on it.
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experience in Montana, we have an in depth examination of the origins of these planners. We found that the University of Montana, Mr.
Chairman, did not originate the ideas and these concepts at all. All of these "regionalism" concepts came from the ACIR in
Washington, D.C., and were transmitted to the University of Montana by the local ACIR branch at the State capital. The Local
Government Review Commission was therefore a model, an instrument, which implemented the provisions of the New Constitution.
We were not satisfied merely to examine the ACIR, Mr. Chairman. We knew that there had to be something more behind the ACIR,
because we knew that Nelson Rockefeller had, in 1966, proposed the organization of the ACIR, Advisory Commission on
Intergovernmental Relations. Later, in 1968 or 1969, he persuaded Mr. Nixon to give ACIR the appearance of law by having the
Congress give validity to the ACIR and it became a quasi legal organization. Nonetheless, we realize that this was, by and large,
merely a collating agency. Although the ACIR had many important names on its letterhead; governors, mayors and even some
members of the President's cabinet - most of whom are now in jail - that this was in fact, a letterhead organization. The real policy was
made by others. The ACIR merely translated policy into legislative acts for proposed legislature. We knew we had to get behind the
ACIR in order to find out the origin of real policy. And so we did. We examined the ACIR and we found that there is another
organization behind the ACIR called the Brookings Institution. The Brookings Institution, we found, was one of seven major policy
making organizations controlled and financed by the Rockefeller dynasty. We were getting pretty close to the center of the policy
making organization. Now we were getting into the organizations which had such power. We have talked about revolution, Mr.
Chairman, and I think that is clear that this kind of revolution, the vast changes in America that we are talking about, couldn't be
financed, could not be inspired, could not be directed by the university revolutionary, or the black community, or the Chicano, or the
Indiana Movement. None of these could originate the kind of vast changes in government that we are talking about.
So, Mr. Chairman, we realized that in order to get to the origin of the seditious conspiracy of Federal Regionalism, we had to go back
to a source of such financial power, which is what we did. We went back to the Library in New York City, which is one of the largest
repositories of reference matter in the world, and we examined the tax exempt foundations to determine which of these, or
combination of these, could, in fact, create the kind of revolution that we now witness happening in America. Where proliferation of
agency upon agency is now effectively destroying local government by creating trained agents who become "change agents" in local
government. And we found, Mr. Chairman, that only one of these tax exempt foundations had the apparatus we were looking for, and
that was the Rockefeller Foundation.
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There is also the Public Administration Clearing House in Chicago which we have mentioned. The Administrative Clearing House, Mr.
Chairman, is made up of 26 agencies, each specifically designed to train particular agents for various levels of government. There is
the U.S. Conference of Mayors, for example, and the Governors Conference. The Governors conference brings together the governors
of the United States from time to time - not, as you may have been told, to improve their expertise in dealing with local problems, but
more accurately to condition State governors for the next step of Federal Regionalism in the New Government being prepared for us.
Then there is the Brookings Institution, which we have mentioned.
Finally, Mr. Chairman, the Institute of Pacific Relations. I believe that by identifying the activity of the IPR we can properly identify the
real conspirators and the kind of philosophy that motivates them. Because the IPR, Mr. Chairman, was investigated by the Senate of
the United States after World War II, and the Senate of the United States found that the Institute of Pacific Relations, a Rockefeller
Organization, was largely responsible for the creation of a propaganda climate in America which permitted the erection of a
Communist government in China.
You may remember that it was the Agrarian Reform in China which was given publicity in the U.S. press, due largely to the efforts of
the Institute of Pacific Relations.
So, thanks to the Rockefellers and their Institute of Pacific Relations, we fought a war in Korea against the Chinese Communists and
lost 45,000 young men. This is the kind of subversion we are talking about. Mr. Chairman, this is a realism - this is not a matter of
political double-talk. This is real - it's happening in America and it is happening because we have failed to understand the extent of the
origin of the conspiracy itself.
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"A Bill to Provide for Enforcement of the United States Constitution with Regard to Federal Regionalism", prepared by T. David
Horton, Atty, counsel, Committee to Restore the Constitution, Inc.
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Political purposes, of course, have to do with policy. And if we are to allow members of the court, who have only judicial power not
legislative power, to assume a role of telling us what to do in the legislative area, then we will be doing precisely what Lincoln was
warning us against, namely, resigning our government into the hands of the members of the Court. They can't act as a Court if they go
beyond the authority specifically granted. But the members of the Court can do anything they see fit, and they can get the Clerk to put
the seal of the Court on it, and to the casual observer it might appear to be what the Court has done. However, if they lack authority,
just as was found in the case of Marbury v. Madison with regard to a purported statute, what the Court attempts to do that is beyond its
authority is void and it is just as void as an unauthorized statute or act of the administration would be.
When it comes to deciding what kind of remedy to apply, again, I think that we can find some interesting and instructive material in
considering the conclusions of those who were a little closer than we are today to the framers of the agreement. We have for example,
this passage out of the report of the Kentucky Legislature of November 19, 1799, which says
Whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void and of no force. That
to this contract (that is the Constitution) each State acceded as a State and is an integral Party, its co-States forming as to
itself the other Party. That government created by this Contract was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of
the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion and not the Constitution the measure of its
powers. But that, as in all other cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each Party has an equal right
to judge for itself as well of infraction as of the mode and measure of redress.
Returning to President Madison we find in Mr. Madison's Report specific reference to the judiciary and the manner in which we may
be departing from the heritage that most of us have been taught to believe is a good one. Mr. Madison said in his report, "If the
decision of the judiciary be raised above the authority of the sovereign parties to the Constitution" (of which Kansas is one) "the
decisions of the other departments not carried by the forms of the Constitution before the judiciary must be equally authoritative and
final with the decisions of that department. However true, therefore, it may be that the judicial department is, in all questions submitted
to it by the forms of the Constitution to decide in the last resort, this resort must necessarily be deemed the last in relation to the
authority of the other departments of the government, not in relation to the rights of the parties to the Constitutional Compact, from
which the judicial, as well as the other departments, hold their delegated trust. On any other hypothesis" continues Madison, "the
delegation of the judicial power would annul the authority delegating it, and the concurrence of this department with the others in
usurped powers, might subvert forever and beyond the possible reach of any rightful remedy, the very Constitution which all were
instituted to preserve."
So if we see what the Parties to the Constitutional Compact had to say about it, we find that they understood where the Constitution
began much better than we do. And that shouldn't surprise us because they figured out the Constitution. If we look at the text itself, we'll
see a number of things that frequently escape our notice. For example, the fact that it is an agreement between sovereignties. We
sometimes say that sovereignty inheres in the State and that all legitimate power, all power, whether legitimate (or illegitimate for that
matter) originates in the State, both the power that is delegated to county governments and municipalities and the power that is
lawfully exercised by the common agents of the States in Washington, Also, illegitimately exercised power arises from these
sovereignties, and when usurpation occurs, it is the State power that is being seized ordinarily. Sometimes (and we'll get to it in
another quotation from Judge Pine on this subject) sometimes there are encroachments by one branch on the functions of another.
But the principal problem that we are dealing with today is the overall grab for power by the agencies in Washington, most of it being
exercised by nameless and faceless bureaucrats where even the President can't find out who is exercising the power. We have a little
anecdote about that that I can regale you with if you are interested with regard to Nevada's public lands. But the first thing I'd invite your
attention to with regard to the Constitution itself would be the signatures themselves that appear at the end of the Agreement. The first
signature here, for example, is George Washington, and he is described as President. He was selected President of the
Constitutional Convention. But the rest of his title is what shows he had any authority to be there at all. And that language is, "and
Deputy from Virginia." Now if Virginia had not been willing to agree to the Constitutional Compact or agree to send a representative to
the Convention, George Washington would never have made it.
Likewise, we find in the text of the Agreement itself, in Article VII, "the ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for
the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same." In other words, unless and until they had nine states
agree to it they didn't have any Constitution. And each of the states up to that point, even those that had ratified, retained their
complete and independent sovereignty, that was recognized by the Treaty of Paris that concluded the Revolutionary War, each of
them having power to declare war; and each of them having the supreme prerogative of government, the power to issue its own
money, which many of them did, prior to the formation of this Agreement. And it was only the signature of the ninth state, the
agreement of the ninth state, that made it operable with regard to those nine. It happened, of course that the other four agreed.
However, this makes it unmistakably clear that this is an agreement between sovereignties. And when Kansas or Nevada comes in on
an equal footing with the thirteen original Nations, it means that the only entity that the Congress has authority to admit to this union is a
sovereignty. And in the constitutional sense, the term State, remember what Louis the Fourteenth said, "I etat ce moi," I am the State.
The term State means sovereignty. And, we have tended to get away from this concept some with the passage of time because we
have such free communication between the various Parties. We have lost sight of the fact that each of the Parties to the Constitutional
Compact is just that a principal under the Constitution. So, we find basically that the text that is frequently quoted, namely the Ninth
and Tenth Amendments of the Constitution, is what we lawyers sometimes refer to as mere surplusage. It doesn't add anything to
what's already there. The fact that you have an Agreement between the sovereign Parties to begin with would basically mean
everything that I have referred to in the Constitution itself. But in addition, the fact that you had representatives of the sovereignties
there drafting the agreement; and you have the individual sovereignties ratify for themselves and no one else. These things indicate
that it is an Agreement between sovereignties. It makes it (the ninth and tenth amendments make it) much more difficult for those who
don't want to be bound by this principle of limited government to pretend that those limitations aren't there.
One of the principal limitations that was incorporated into the Agreement was the limitation that, number one, it is an agreement
between Sovereignties. What the agents have as any legitimate authority, had to come from those sovereignties by specific and
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Judge David Pine is a district judge in Washington, D.C. You may remember him - he is the one who decided when Harry Truman
tried to grab the steel companies that Pine was the district judge who said, "No, you're not allowed to do that." And he was sustained
by the United States Supreme Court (by a vote of 6 to 3) but nevertheless, it shows that he gave a certain amount of attention to this
question of constitutional limitation. In a speech that was printed by the American Bar Association in November of 1954, he points out
a number of things that deal with this general subject of usurpation. He starts by quoting from Washington's Farewell Address which is
read on the floor of each House every February 22nd and regarded by most as very sound advice. (How much it is followed by the
people who are supposed to listen to it is anybody's guess.) It is nevertheless, very sound advice - particularly insofar as it deals with
the subject of usurpation. Washington says, "the spirit of encroachment, tends to consolidate all powers of governments in one and
thus to create, from whatever the form of government, a real despotism." Then Pine quotes from Madison and the Federalist Papers,
"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judicial, in the same hands whether of one, a few, or many, whether
hereditary, self-appointed or elective, may just be pronounced the very definition of tyranny." In Nevada it is a very express violation of
our Constitution - Article 3 is unmistakable in its terms. It says, if you exercise legislative authority, you may not exercise either
executive or judicial authority with such exceptions as the Constitution, and only the Constitution, may provide. These exceptions would
include such things as the Governor's legislative veto which does have something to do with the legislative power. He does have this
authority - to veto a legislative bill. It is not a complete or uncontrolled legislative authority, but is an authority that we have entrusted to
our state executive. It is nevertheless specified in the Constitution and therefore, it is lawfully exercised. However, we find in Nevada
we are doing what maybe you have done here and adopted in the State a so-called "Administrative Procedures Act."
Under the Federal Administrative Procedures Act, nameless and faceless bureaucrats, if they don't have any success in using our tax
money to lobby their bills through our legislature to give them power over us, they have another expedient. That is to stick it into the
Federal Register record. That is what the federal bureaucrats did with the duplicate mining regulations in Nevada. They were shot
down in Congress and on the 23rd of December, shortly before Christmas, here these same regulations came full blown, published
out in the Federal Register and as I mentioned, even Jimmy Carter can't find out who did it. If we find in administrative procedures that
by use of the Federal Register bureaucrats are making policy making decisions, they are exercising legislative power.
They even have such anomalous sounding offices as "administrative law judges." In those three words they have succeeded in
contradicting themselves twice. Because if it is law, it has to come from the legislature. If it's administrative, they are not allowed to
exercise it if they happen to be a member of the legislature or a member of the judiciary. And further, if they are judges, then they are
not allowed to be either administrative or policy making. Yet, they have with considerable boldness combined into one title one of the
very problems that Judge Pine is concerned with. He says,
The moral to which I said I would point before concluding my remarks is this. Follow the example of the founding fathers
and be as alertly fearful as they were of usurpation of power, and forerunner of tyranny and oppression. When you say that
that is seeing ghosts, the Constitution stands in the way - it is in no jeopardy, and is held in such high esteem and
reverence as to be immune from destruction, I agree, if you refer to a frontal attack. But what I ask you to fear are attacks
on the flanks, made in the cause of expediency and supported by vast popular demand at the moment. (Witness Davy
Crockett.)
The technique of the subverters will be the argument that the Constitution is a living thing and therefore susceptible to "growth" and
must be adaptable and flexible enough to allow for changes in the social and economic life of the country.
Judge Pine continues,
In recent years there has been a trend toward enhancement of the powers of the federal government. Now all of us are
aware of this. This has been accomplished by the expansion of what was formerly believed to be the limits of the interstate
commerce power and the taxing and spending powers and the federal government has thereby taken over the control of
great fields of activity formerly considered the province of the states. There has also been a disposition in the federal
government itself toward encroachment by one department upon the other. Particularly the executive upon the legislative
and the judicial. That is not to say that the legislative has not cast covetous eyes toward the executive nor that the judicial
has been demurely free from flirtations with the legislative powers. But at the moment, as I see it, the executive advances
predominate.
That is an interesting comment to be coming from a pretty well versed gentleman in the affairs of Washington. He concludes that, "I am
aware that the view I expressed has vocal opponents. But on consideration of their argument I detect that beneath their reasoning a
predisposition to authoritarian government. So often, such people are willing to exchange liberty for efficiency, and freedom for
temporary security or reward."
I don't think that we lawyers are completely absent in our contributions to a solution to this. More often, our reported remarks are likely
to be confined to an examination of a problem rather than an examination of a solution and that's one reason why I think this committee
is to be particularly commended for having the opportunity to inquire into this basic question of "Is regional government constitutional?"
and to possibly make some recommendations as to the course that the Kansas legislature might take in the event that they find, as a
number of other committees have found in a similar study of the subject, that there are indeed numerous and flagrant infractions of the
Constitutional Agreement.
T. David Horton, Attorney at Law, counsel, Committee to Restore the Constitution, Inc., Sweetland Building, 305 North Carson Street,
Carson City, Nevada, 89701, (702) 883-1966. Member, District of Columbia, Virginia and Nevada State Bar; member United States
9th Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia; Chairman, Executive Council, Defenders of the American Constitution, Inc;
Publisher, Square Dollar Series; Professional Witness before numerous congressional committees in matters pertaining to
constitutional inquiries; Graduate Ohio State University, Post Graduate Studies American University, Washington D.C., Catholic
University, Washington, D.C., and Hamilton College, Clinton, New York.
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An Incomparable Evil
"To demolish and reconstruct such a constitution," Alison warned, "to remove power from the hands in which it was formerly vested,
and throw it into channels where it never was accustomed to flow, is an evil incomparably greater, an experiment infinitely more
hazardous, than the total subversion of the liberties of the people by an ambitious monarch or a military usurper, because it not only
destroys the balance of power at the moment, but renders it impossible for the nation to right itself at the close of the tyranny, and
raises up a host of separate revolutionary interests, vested at the moment with supreme authority, and dependent for their existence
upon the continuance of the revolutionary regime. It is to government," Alison explained, "what a total change of landed property is to
body politic; a wound from which, as Ireland sufficiently proves, a nation can never recover."
The capability for revolutionary change of this magnitude by the Council on Foreign Relations is difficult to comprehend unless the
power behind the Rockefeller name is understood. One must visualize the interlocking relationships that exist between the corporate
royalists and the banker barons.
One example may serve to illustrate this interlock:
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CLOSER UP, 4 January issue, lists no less than eleven corporate royalist/banker barons holding similar interlocking policy-making
positions in the new federal corporation.
The parallel between the political revolution currently in progress in America and the transformation which ultimately overturned the
British system, was drawn by Sir Alison, English historian and barrister in, "Alison's Miscellaneous Essay," over one hundred years
ago. The comparisons are shockingly familiar.
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The new breed of appointed managers was conceived, nourished, trained, and placed in position by the use of funds supplied by taxexempt foundations - Ford, Rockefeller, Carnegie, Alfred P. Sloan, and others. Foundation funds are used to finance special courses
at colleges and universities where these new public managers are trained. Post-graduate courses are provided to special persons by
the Council on Foreign Relations and its branches; Henry Kissinger being such a foreign affairs trainee.
Meantime, "1313" was able to unionize and provide job placement for their domestic experts as city mangers, metro managers,
regional council officials, and other take-over positions within local governments. Big business, of course, provided top-echelon
directors for the new revolutionary government.
Thus has developed the New Federal Corporation, with its new ruling class operating through trained appointed managers.
These revolutionary programs reveal a systematic attack upon the American people. Corporate royalists and banker barons have
gained control of the federal government and employ its agencies to cancel the rights of person and property guaranteed to the
people by the Constitution.
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11): $3.95 BETSY ROSS PRESS, P.O. Box 986, Ft Collins, CO 80522.
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CREATED CHAOS
The problems Americans face today are deliberately created and exploited to produce a state of chaos which will induce the people
to demand the setting-up of a central government authority as the only solution short of total anarchy.
A rapidly deteriorating political climate may signal impending climax.
Study below, reprinted from a 1971 bulletin, Committee to Restore the Constitution, shows how a dictatorship may be established in
America in the guise of "national security."
The state of "national emergency" declared by President Nixon in August "legalized" the imposition of Executive Orders and other
socialist directives under the guise of a "time of increased international tension, and economic and financial crisis."
When published in the FEDERAL REGISTER Executive Orders without any concurring action by the Congress, become law. In
combination these documents achieve the objective of those who have long sought to dismantle the Constitution and erect a socialist
state upon the ruins of the Republic.
The implications of "national emergency" may be best understood by examining a few of the Executive Orders published in the
FEDERAL REGISTER during February and September, 1962:
EXECUTIVE ORDERS
Executive Order No. 11051 Details responsibility of the Office of Emergency Planning and gives authorization to put all Executive
Orders into effect in times of increased international tensions and economic or financial crisis.
Executive Order No. 10995 Provides for the takeover of communication media.
Executive Order No. 10997 Provides for the takeover of all electrical power, gas, petroleum, fuels, and minerals.
Executive Order No. 10998 Provides for the takeover of food resources and farms.
Executive Order No. 10990 Provides for the takeover of all modes of transportation and control of highways, seaports, etc.
Executive Order No. 11000 Provides for mobilization of civilians into work brigades under government supervision.
Executive Order No. 11001 Provides for government takeover of health, education, and welfare functions.
Executive Order No. 11002 Designates the Postmaster General to operate a national registration of all persons.
Executive Order No. 11003 Provides for the government takeover of airports and aircraft.
Executive Order No. 11004 Provides for the Housing and Finance Authority to relocate communities, build new housing with public
funds, designate areas to be abandoned, and established new locations for populations.
Executive Order No. 11005 Provides for the government to take over railroads, inland waterways, public storage facilities.
Executive Order No. 11310 Published in the FEDERAL REGISTER, 11 October, 1966, grants authority to the Department of Justice
to enforce the plans set out in Executive Orders, to institute industry support, to establish judicial and legislative liaison, to control all
aliens, to operate penal and correctional institutions, and to advise and assist the President.
In all respects the Attorney General will be an all powerful commissar with live and death authority over virtually all aspects of American
life.
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WORLD GOVERNMENT
In a public speech at Casper, Wyoming, 7 March, 1969, I predicted that, "America is within two years of being taken over by an
international cartel," and, "Nixon will be the one to lead us into total world government."
"An international monetary crisis will be the tip-off to the takeover of the world by an organization of large bankers and businessmen
intent on power," I said.
Contemporary events confirm our worst apprehensions.
On 15 August, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, in Proclamation No. 4074, announced, "I hereby declare a national emergency,"
thus effecting delivery of the United States to a cabal of international money lenders and industrialists. Pressures of economic
coercion spelled out in Executive Order No. 11615 of the same date, are intended to expedite the transfer of Americans into an
Orwellian, 1984, animal farm.
The Order of "Stabilization of Prices, Rents, Wages, and Salaries," which is the title of Executive Order 11615, reveals that Arthur F.
Burns, Chairman of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, is the advisor (controller) of the "stabilization" Council.
INTERNATIONAL BANKERS
The Federal Reserve System is a private banking cartel which controls the American economy by regulating the flow of Federal
Reserve notes in circulation, by controlling interest rates, the stock market, and other facets of American life.
The Council (read Federal Reserve System) is also charged under the Order with the responsibility for developing additional policies,
mechanism, and procedures to control prices, rents, wages, and salaries "after the expiration of the 90-day period."
In consonance with the provisions of Executive Order 11310 dated 11 October, 1966, the Order of 15 August, 1971, directs the
Department of Justice to "bring actions or injunctions" whenever it appears that any person has violated the regulations set out by the
Council (F.R.S.).
It will take a little time for the loose ends to be tidied up - three months say the planners - but ultimately all of us will experience the
crunch of a controlled society.
The die is cast in Proclamation 4074 and companion Executive Order 11615.
Through these acts, and certain other Executive Orders published during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations, one man, on
behalf of hidden sponsors, has completely ignored the Constitution, the authority of Congress, and the people.
By implementing Executive Orders a dictatorship can be imposed on the American people.
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intervening hand of God, are (in the opinion of this writer) the only things which can reverse America's present free fall and
plunge into slavery. So, they must move to stamp out the remnant, the dissidents, the potential resistance - as swiftly, totally
and ruthlessly as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler and Mao did as they were rising to power in the '20s, '30s, '40s and '50s. The
government (Establishment) attacks on the remnant have begun. Groups to be targeted include the tax resistors, the gun
owners (especially the hard core ones), the pro-lifers, believers in financial privacy and cash, and 'hard core' fundamental,
evangelical Christians - especially those who believe strongly in (and defend) traditional family values and in Bible
prophecy and the so-called 'end times security' (and timetable). Government attacks against these groups are now
accelerating rapidly and can be expected to grow five to 10-fold over the next few years. Many will have their assets
seized; many will be jailed; some will be killed. Just as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler and Mao knew that they must stamp out the
resistance to their tyranny if their revolutions were to succeed, so the Liberal Eastern Establishment knows they must do
the same in America today. These potential resistors could ignite a counter-revolution which could completely expose and
derail the Establishment. They must be silenced or neutralized...The seige at Ruby Creek against the Weaver family and
Operation Waco will be seen in retrospect as watershed events in the government's escalating attacks against the
remnant." (from The McAlvany Intelligence Advisor, July , 1993. P.O. Box 84904, Phoenix, AZ 85071).
To prepare the people to become obedient, passive serfs in a Socialist America and in the New World Order, and to control, jail or kill
those who refuse to go along contentedly and happily, police state methods must be used. The Waco incident was a forerunner of
what may be expected in the future. The book, Putting People First, said to have been written by Bill Clinton and Al Gore proposes the
creation of a national police force of 100,000 members, this apparently to be drawn from the national guard. General Colin Powell,
head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has said that "the government plans to unify all the various states' National Guard under one command
to deal with national emergencies and disasters." In addition to the unified National Guard there will also be the various Federal
agencies: BATF, FBI, DEA, EPA and about a dozen other agencies that will have the power to exercise the "forfeiture scam" and
similar means that were strictly unconstitutional so long as that document was honored as "The Law of the Land." In state, county and
local police departments, officers are said to be in training to cooperate, as some did at Waco. Officers who resist this training are
allegedly being reported to resign or get fired.
It should be understood that this national police force in no way interferes with the creation of a UN global police force. The two merely
complement each other, with the UN in command of both. In this connection, the following item is important:
"In mid-June the Army formally abandoned its fighting doctrine and quietly marched into the New World Order. A new
guide, dubbed FM-105 Operations focuses on 'power projection,' the ability to move troops quickly around the world to
conduct operations other than war; on such things as peacekeeping missions (Macedonia), humanitarian assistance
(Somalia), disaster relief (Hurricane Andrew), counter-narcotics actions (South and Central America), relations with
nations in need of democratic assistance (Persian Gulf), and riot control. 'No longer focusing on battling Warsaw pact
nations in central Europe, the Army will mix and match its forces and will not operate alone.' Gen. Federal Franks is the
publication's architect. Army Chief of Staff Gen. George Sullivan said, 'It guides our approach to the future'." (from
NewsScam 7/93), P.O. Box 582, Canton, TX 75103-0582. Twelve issues, $25.00).
With the Army no longer designed to defend the United States but instead to become a UN peacemaking and peacekeeping force,
the following notice portends danger for American citizens: "The UN World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna, with US
Undersecretary of State Tim Wirth (Council on Foreign Relations member) recommending that UN peacekeeping activities include
soldiers monitoring human rights violations. This would include 'racial discrimination' and allow for UN intervention in American
domestic affairs." ...With the alleged 'collapse' of the Soviet Union, pressure mounted for drastic reduction in our military capabilities,
thereby forcing us to rely more on the UN for global peacekeeping missions. With the fragmented USSR now controlling about 13
votes rather than the earlier three votes in the UN, one can see the Soviet's 'winning by losing' strategy, and remember regarding the
Russian 'Bear' the 1898 words of Rudyard Kipling: 'When he shows at seeking quarter, with paws like hand in prayer, that is the time
of peril the time of the Truce of the Bear.'
World socialist government and economy is the goal, and World Trade (March 1993) quoted crypto-Marxist Will Swaim
opining that the new homogenized global economy "may become just the kind of grim, unthinkable place that Marx hoped
it might: The launching pad for the worldwide socialist revolution." And if Americans begin to object to the New World
Order, foreign troops here might be used to handle those situations, as newspapers in early May 1991 reported: "German
lawmakers and UN officials reacted favorably to the idea of a permanent German military presence in the US." (Dennis L.
Cuddy, Ph.D. in the 5/29/93 issue of the Manchester New Hampshire's Union Leader.)
While our federal government was busy planning ways to complete the socialization of and establish totalitarian rule over the people of
the US, planners at the global level were just as busy. The two principal groups promoting the economic and political new world order,
the Bilderbergers and the Trilateral Commissioners, had their annual spring meetings. Little is ever published concerning what actually
transpires at these secret meetings. But it is known that two new policies were adopted and sent to the G-7 governments to be
approved. So, a G-7 Summit was called, held in Tokyo July 7-9. Supposedly called to iron out long-standing difficulties that were
holding up the Uruguay Round of GATT, unreported by the media were two other very important decisions to be agreed upon by the G7 governments (US, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Canada). First was the decision that the UN would have its own army
for global peace-keeping, peacemaking and other purposes. Some time ago Secretary General Boutras Ghali of the UN wrote his
"Agenda for Peace," which calls for a UN standing army accountable only to the UN Security Council. This called for the approval by
the nations who have their own standing armies and would lose much sovereignty if a superseding military force were to be
established. So the G-7 governments dutifully approved. The text of the G-7's joint communique supports "preventive diplomacy,
peacemaking, peacekeeping, and post-conflict building in the context of the secretary-general's Agenda for Peace." This UN army
would accept volunteers from various countries and eventually would replace all national armies. These UN soldiers would be
authorized to operate within the borders of countries, arrest any individuals or groups that violate any international law (which is the
supreme law of the world). Of course, there's nothing new about such action. George Bush undertook the invasion of the sovereign
state of Somalia, and that supposedly established a precedent for such action in the future in that Bill Clinton left American soldiers
there under the command of a UN general from Turkey. More recently Clinton sent US troops to Macedonia where they are under the
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Conclusion. It has been called "a black cloud rolling across the land." By our own federal government and with the permission or
indifference of the great majority of our people were are being moved irresistibly toward a socialist police state. Strong pressure is
being brought against Constitutionalists, Christians, pro-lifers, gun owners and other resistors against slavery. We have forgotten that
this is a land where Christ is our King. And we are paying the price. Ours has become a spiritual battle and we must remember that
"We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world,
against spiritual wickedness in high places." (Ephesians 6:12).
from Don Bell Reports, 2 August 1993 issue, by Don Bell, Council member, Committee to Restore the Constitution. Published every
other Friday: $40/yr, DON BELL REPORTS, P.O. Box 2223, Palm Beach, FL 33480.
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obstacle in his career, so that suspicious and tainted personalities find it possible to rise to responsible positions ... Nobody is
shocked by the most absurd proposals, measures, and fashions, and folly rules in legislation, administration, domestic and foreign
politics ... Everybody harps upon his 'rights' and rebels against every limitation of his arbitrary desires by law or custom. Everybody
tries to escape from the compulsion of discipline and shake off the burden of duty." (3)
Published fifty-six years ago, Nordau's commentary, "The Degeneration of Classes and Peoples," is a shocking prophecy of the
mattoid-directed malaise besetting America today. The destructive social doctrines of our own time, attractive on the surface but
basically subversive, are essentially the product of unsound reasoning by unsound brains. Sociologist Nordau ably analyzed the
enormous harm done by such individuals preaching negative dogma. They lead astray vast numbers of average people whose
intelligence is not high enough to protect them against clever fallacies clothed in emotional appeal, and they arouse the degenerate
elements and primitive types in society.
In his book, "The Revolt Against Civilization," Lothrop Stoddard indicts these political madmen and suggests the manner in which
protectors of the American civilization may meet the challenge of our day.
Stoddard observed, "... Construction and destruction, progress and regress, evolution and revolution, are alike the work of dynamic
minorities. Numerically small, talented elites create and advance high civilizations; while Jacobine France and Bolshevic Russia prove
how a small but ruthless revolutionary faction can wreck a social order and tyrannize a great population. "Of course," he said, "these
dynamic groups are composed primarily of leaders - they are the officers' corps of much larger armies which mobilize instinctively
when crises arise." (4)
The profound effect which a numerically insignificant intellectual elite can have on the progress of a civilization is illustrated by the
classic Athenian example.
"In the two centuries between 500 and 300 B.C.," reported geneticist Edwin Conklin, "the small and relatively barren country of Attica,
with an area and total population about equal to that of the present State of Rhode Island, but with less than one-fifth as many free
persons, produced at least 25 illustrious men. Among statesmen and commanders there were: Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides,
Cimon, Pericles, Phocion; among poets, Aeschylus, Euripides, Sophocles, Aristophanes; among philosophers and men of science,
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Demetrius, Theophrastus; among architects and artists, Ictinus, Phidias, Praxiteles, Polygnotus; among
historians, Thucydides and Xenophon; among orators, Aeschines, Demosthenes, Isocrates, Lysias.
"In this small country," said Conklin, "in the space of two centuries there appeared such a galaxy of illustrious men as has never been
found on the whole earth in any two centuries since that time. Galton (5) concludes that the average ability of the Athenian race of that
period was, on the lowest estimate, as much greater than that of the English race of the present day as the latter is above that of the
African Negro." (6)
Eugenically, civilization has been a catastrophe to the race which has created it. Geneticist Samuel J. Holmes, Ph.D., in his book,
"The Trend of the Race," quotes from an earlier authority, Lapouge, who noted the depressing effects which selective agencies have
had on ancient and modern societies. Both of these authorities determined that robust blood lines are consumed by an advancing
culture, while those of little worth are artificially protected and, eventually, overwhelm the established order. The morbid statistics of
decline were discussed in Lapouge's work, "Les Selections Sociales," published in 1869. Lapouge described the operation of
several forms of social selection, i.e., military, political, religious, moral, legal, economic and systematic, all of which are brought into
play as a consequence of the development of civilization.
"The racial influence of civilization," concluded Holmes, "is therefore bad." (7) It will continue to be "bad" until advanced societies learn
to cope successfully with overt and covert forces inimical to the bearers of the social order.
The decay of ancient races and civilizations may have been tolerable to man at a time when there were available evolved and
millenial-tempered races to move into the vacuum created by the fall of a preceding culture. Such reservoirs of high-quality lineage,
however, no longer exist; and none appear visible on the genetic horizon.
The attritional loss of "talented elites" has been further accelerated in our era by the introduction into society of chromosomaldamaging chemicals - a genetic horror which Lapouge and Holmes could not have imagined in their studies of agencies affecting
selection in man. Mankind's twentieth-century threat, psychedelic drugs, has the dimensions of a genocidal time bomb.
The American civilization, no less than did the Athenian, depends upon the quality of the men and women who are the bearers of it. All
the accumulations of instruments and ideas, massed and welded into marvelous structures, rest upon living foundations. Should these
living foundations decay by attrition, crumble by subversion, or be destroyed by artificial means the mightiest civilization will sag,
crack, and at last crash down in ruin.
"The revolt against civilization," said Stoddard, "goes deeper than we are apt to suppose. However elaborate and persuasive may be
the modern doctrines of rebellion, they are mere rationalizations of an instinctive, primitive urge." (8)
A factor carefully avoided in today's studies of the rise and progress of revolution is the fact that individuals or groups placed at cultural
levels above their capacities instinctively revert to lower and more congenial surroundings. Atavistic forces forever seek to disrupt
advanced societies and drag them down to more aboriginal levels. The high-placed mattoid recruits, molds, inflames, and then
unleashes these forces against the existing social order, to bring it crashing down in "ruin."
Stoddard stated a self-evident fact, to which all of us may subscribe: Revolutions do not spring from nothing. Behind the revolt against
an established society, there lies a long formative period during which the forces of chaos gather while the forces of order decline.
Revolutions thus give ample warning of their approach.
The symptoms of revolution, Stoddard observed, may be categorized in three stages: (1) destructive criticism of the existing order, (2)
revolutionary theorizing and agitation, and (3) revolutionary action. (9)
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Americans have witnessed the promotion and implementation of the first two stages of incipient revolution and now behold the
beginnings of revolutionary action aimed at toppling this social order - all the work of degenerate forces which have gained decisive
position in the social structure for the purpose of destroying it. Strong societies are not overturned by revolution. Before revolution can
succeed, the social order must be undermined and morally compromised. Subverting the existing order is a genetic compulsion of the
mattoid. Sick-brained men, occupying rarified position, have nailed the revolutionary banner of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" to the
mast of our ship of state. Behind a concealing curtain of "humanitarianism," they now direct the course of our nation to chaos, to
oblivion, to a soviet twilight zone.
The cynical program of these madmen will lead, unless reversed, to the eclipse of the American civilization.
Paul Popenow and Roswell H. Johnson, in their book, "Applied Eugenics," question the so-called "Law of Civilization and Decay."
They and other eugenics authorities suggest that a civilization might be immortal if its high-type genetic stock continues to produce an
adequate quota of superior individuals.
Stoddard declared that this has never occurred because of three destructive tendencies which have, in times past, always brought
civilizations to decline and ruin. These three tendencies, he said, are (1) the tendency to structural overloading, (2) the tendency to
biological regression, and (3) the tendency to atavistic revolt. (10)
The shock troops for the American revolution of the 1960's are the same type of congenital savage, the same kind of eugenic
degenerate, and the same rejected humanity employed to overturn the social order in France, in Russia, and in a succession of
similar national convulsions. Comprehending the emotional mechanisms which trigger the human power base of revolution is a prime
requisite to devising a counter-force. These factors are unchanging and predictable, and have been successfully exploited for
generations by those who promote rebellion.
The attitude of the unadaptable toward the civilization which rejects him is certainly one of instinctive opposition and discontent. These
feelings vary from unreasoning dislike to flaming hatred. This volcano of emotion is finally directed, not merely against imperfections in
the social order, but against the social order itself. This is a point which is rarely mentioned or understood. Nevertheless, it is the most
important issue of the whole matter.
"We must realize clearly that the basic attitude of the Under Man," Stoddard said, "is an instinctive and natural revolt against
civilization. The reform of abuses may diminish the intensity of social discontent. It may also diminish the numbers of the discontented,
because social abuses precipitate into the depths many persons who do not really belong there; persons who were innately capable
of achieving the social order if they had a fair chance. But, excluding all such anomalous cases, there remains a vast residue of
unadaptable, depreciated humanity, essentially uncivilizable and incorrigibly hostile to civilization. Every society engenders within itself
hordes of savages and barbarians, ripe for revolt and ever ready to pour forth and destroy." (11)
When a civilization falters beneath its own weight and by the genetic decay of its human foundations; when its "marvelous structures"
are shaken by war, dissension, or calamity; then the long-repressed forces of atavistic revolt are marshaled and launched in
screaming hatred against the existing social order.
When the final terror begins, when revolution is unleashed, it will then be found that the standing army which society maintains to
defend itself, i.e., policemen, soldiers, judges, legislators and other agencies of order, is neutralized, captured, subverted and
compromised. It will be found that the power structure of the civilization has been covertly transferred from the hands of those who
created it to an alien control. And, it will be found that subversion of the social order and the concealed recruitment of the legions of
revolt have been accomplished by those who pose as the benefactors and protectors of humanity.
For nothing is secret that shall not be made manifest; Neither anything hid, that shall not be known and come abroad. - LUKE 8:17.
From The Anatomy of a Revolution (1968) by Archibald Roberts, LtCol, AUS, ret. Self-documented research study traces origins of
world revolution from Adam Weishaupt to David Rockefeller. Vital to understanding forces underlying U.S. social, economic and
political convulsions. Indexed, 34 pages: $3.00, COMMITTEE TO RESTORE THE CONSTITUTION, Inc., P.O. Box 986, Ft. Collins,
CO 80522.
Footnotes
1. David O. Woodbury, "The Madmen," Manchester, N.H., Union Leader, January 17, 1966.
2. Max Nordau, "The Degeneration of Classes and Peoples," Hibbert Journal, July, 1912.
3. Ibid.
4. Lothrop Stoddard, The Revolt Against Civilization, p 224.
5. Sir Francis Galton, English anthropologist and originator of eugenics theory.
6. Edwin Grant Conklin, Heredity and Environment, p 276.
7. Samuel J. Holmes, The Trend of Race, p 3.
8. Ibid, p 125.
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9. Ibid, p 126.
10. Ibid, p 11.
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"The second day," she continued, "the men gathered around a conference table where they were given a three-hundred page
typewritten text to discuss. They didn't comment on the previous day's hearing but concentrated on the written text, changing a word to
two, but accepting the whole ball of wax that was given to them. This group was handled and manipulated just like every other
committee that is appointed to carry out a particular plan - but all of them somehow going in the same direction as though they were
guided by one brain.
The Governmental Studies Program deals with the problems of electoral process, social policy, urban governance, administrative
organizations, and intergovernmental relations.
The Advanced Study Program, significantly, provides opportunities for leaders in government, business, and the professions "to
develop increased understanding of public policy issues." The Program, says director James M. Mitchell, contributes to the
strengthening of government services at all levels and to the preparation of leaders in private life for more active and enlightened
participation in public affairs.
Under "Activities for Government Officials" the Institution conducts Executive Conferences for top-level officials "bringing to their
attention knowledge that may assist them in formulating policy and policy recommendations." Each year, says the Institution, at least
five two-week conferences are held for senior management and program executives in the federal government, and four one-week
conferences are held for top-level federal scientists, engineers, and science administrators. These conferences, allegedly, provide
opportunities for study, analysis, and discussion of major issues in public policy. "Emphasis is on the fundamental political, social, and
economic factors that affect these issues and their resolution," we are told.
Conferences for other officials, such as members of Congress and professional staff, presidential appointees to independent boards
and commissioners, general counsels, and financial management officers are held from time to time.
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A brief summary concerning Rockefeller Foundation philanthropies from the files of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial,
Rockefeller Foundation Archives, which are open for scholarly research. Original grants have little relationship to subsequent funding.
Brookings Institution
The Graduate School of Economics and Government, Washington University, St. Louis, located in Washington, D.C., in 1924 became
known as the Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government. The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1924
appropriated $40,000 for the year 1925 and $75,000 per year for each of the six following years. In 1928, the name was changed to
the Robert Brookings Institution, Inc. and the Memorial's appropriation was transferred accordingly. In April, 1928, the Memorial
appropriated $2,000,000 for the Brookings Institution, Inc., as part of its general endowment. This grant was conditional on the raising
of $4,000,000 more, but this requirement was reduced in 1931 to $2,000,000 in additional funds. The Rockefeller Foundation
appropriated funds to the Brookings Institution in the 1930's for specific purposes.
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Financial Cabal
In the intervening years, by stealth and subterfuge, the American people have been moved into the orbit of a financial/industrial cabal
who control their corporate world state through the United Nations, the U.S. Congress, and other front organizations.
The fatal steps which transformed the Republic into a dictatorship of the financial elite are set out in the following Congressional
statutes, executive orders, and proclamations which trace a seditious conspiracy of interlocking subversion in government
departments during the period 16 October, 1968 to 20 October, 1972. (Many important supplementary statutes and regulations have
been omitted for reasons of space.)
Dispossessed Majority
The "Dispossessed Majority" can, of course, eject the criminal cabal from their seats of power and restore the American society to
health and vigor - providing that the genetic will to survive has not been bred out of our people during the past four-hundred years of
nation-building on the North American continent.
The answer to that question will be revealed in the months immediately ahead.
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E.O. 11490 consolidated executive orders of previous administrations into one omnibus directive, and provided for implementation of
its powers "by an order or directive issued by the President in any national emergency type of situation."
E.O. 11490 authorizes the Office of Emergency Planning to put all controls into effect "in times of increased international tensions and
economic or financial crisis." Takeover by government agencies includes: communications media; all electrical power, gas, petroleum
fuels, and minerals; food resources and farms; all modes of transportation and control of highways, seaports, etc.; health, education,
and welfare functions; airports and aircraft. Provision is also made for the mobilization of civilians into work brigades under
government supervision. The order directs the Postmaster General to operate a national registration of all persons; permits the
Housing and Finance Authority to relocate communities, and grants authority to the Department of Justice to enforce the plans set out
in E.O. 11490, and to operate penal and correctional institutions.
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"Home Rule Powers of Local Governments", page 55 of Book 2, offers the following guidelines for transforming the Republic from a
free society to a controlled society:
"The following suggested constitutional amendments (to the state constitution) would grant all functional powers to municipalities and
counties, or selected units, that are not otherwise specifically denied in the state constitution or by law".
ACIR then thoughtfully provides a detailed model statute for adoption by the respective state legislatures. The "suggested legislation",
is titled, "An Act to Provide for the Modernized Government of Counties; Providing Optional Forms of Government, Consolidation of
County Officers, Authority to Perform Full Government Services in Both Unincorporated and Municipal Areas, and Authority to
Establish Subordinate Service Areas".
This 'home rule' bill would permit the state legislature to grant all functional powers to the municipalities and counties, or selected units
of government, that are not otherwise denied by the state constitutions.
"While freeing the bonds of local (home rule) government", ACIR suggest, "the state should, at the same time, exert greater leadership
in resolving problems that are interlocal or that affect many localities in the state".
Translation: Turn the burdensome duties of government over to ACIR sub-state regions and agencies.
ACIR objectives are clearly stated on page 66, "County Modernization", of the same book.
"The streamlining of county government is also impeded by the number of elective officers mandated by many state constitutions.
'Constitutionally protected' officers - such as the sheriff, county clerk, treasurer, auditor, coroner, attorney general, assessor, and
county judicial officials - present the voter with an overly long ballot In addition, many of these officials are virtually immune from
direction by the county chief administrative officer. Placing all county officerson a statutory rather than constitutional basis is a major
way of streamlining county structure."
Summit County Charter governance reveals how, "constitutionally protected" county officials may be 'appointed, suspended,
disciplined and removed' by the county executive officer.
ACIR claims that there are "several thousand" local jurisdictions with 'home rule' authority. Your city and/or county may be one of them.
Billions of dollars have been sent to ACIR sub-state units of government - linking towns and counties under regional governance without involving state authorities. 'Home rule' officials thus appear to hold down taxes. At the same time, however, federal taxes and
deficits skyrocket.
The scheme also gives ACIR agencies direct control over local affairs, with state governments having little or no say.
Summit County voters will, in November, decide whether they will be dictated to by Washington bureaucrats or live under constitutional
laws of Ohio.
Of vital concern to the State Auditor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, and members of the Ohio State Legislature, Summit County
campaign to repeal charter (home rule) governance has generated anxiety in adjoining counties, in Northeast Ohio Four-County
Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEFCO), Federal Region V (Chicago), and in Federal regional governmental agencies.
"This is democracy in action", said Summit County Clerk of Courts James McCarthy, head of the repeal group, as petitions were
turned in to the Election Board.
William Bantz, the Coalition's lawyer, said that the organization is confident voters will repeal the Charter.
"The tendency to one-man government in this country is against all precepts of representative government", said Bantz. "It was about
200 years ago that the colonists dissented to one-man rule of King George III. We are not about to allow a new reign of King John I to
head our county government", said Bantz referring to County Executive John Morgan.
The United States Supreme Court has, fortuitously, come to the aid of beleaguered Summit County citizens.
In the case before it, "Community Communications Company, Inc. v. City of Boulder (Colorado) S. Ct. 835, 13 January, 1982 (Case
#80-1350), the Court declared:
"We find nothing in the language of the Sherman (Anti-trust) Act or in its history which suggests that its purpose was to restrain a state
or its officers or agents from activities directed by its legislature. In a dual system of government in which, under the Constitution, the
states are sovereign, save only as Congress may constitutionally subtract from their authority, an unexpressed purpose to nullify a
state's control over its officers and agents is not lightly to be attributed to the Congress", 317 U.S., at 350-351, 63, S. Ct. at 3313-14.
and,
"Cities are not themselves sovereign; they do not receive all the federal deference of the States that create them. Parker's limitation of
the exemption to 'official action directed by the state,' is consistent with the fact that the States' subdivisions generally have not been
treated as equivalents of the States themselves. In light of the serious economic dislocation which could result if cities were free to
place their own parochial interests above the Nation's economic goals reflected in the anti-trust laws, we are especially unwilling to
presume that Congress intended to exclude anticompetative action from their reach." 435 U.S. at 412-413, 98, S. Ct., at 1136-37.
ACIR MAGAZINE, Spring, 1982, admitted the 'home rule' crisis caused by the Court's decision. In an article, "A Legal Opinion", by
Attorney Tom Madden, he stated:
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"During the five months since the Supreme Court's controversial decision in Community Communications Co. v. Boulder, speculation
about its effects on municipal (home rule) governance has run the gamut from sheer panic to relative sanguinity. To say the least, the
January 13 decision sent shock waves through the nation's localities, for the Court held in Boulder that: "Ours is a 'dual system of
government,' which has no place for sovereign cities. (Boulder's) ordinance cannot be exempt from (antitrust) scrutiny unless it
constitutes either the action of the state itself in its sovereign capacity or municipal action in furtherance or implementation of clearly
articulated and affirmatively expressed state policy'."
ACIR counsel Madden stated that the Court's decision has two significant effects. First, it appears to have reduced municipal 'home
rule' authority and consequently, altered state-local relations. Second, it opens cities, already reeling under the weight of expensive
lawsuits, to even more litigation. It is, he said, a potential pandora's box of a case. He then concluded with these revealing remarks.
"What effect the Boulder decision will have upon municipal (home rule) governance and state-local relations can only be speculated.
Despite legal uncertainty, the decision's dissenting judge, Justice Rehnquist, believes it will be devastating. Apparently, broad
blankets of granted authority such as home rule are insufficient to protect municipalities from anti-trust liability.
"In the view of Justice Rehnquist, the decision in Boulder 'effectively destroys the home rule movement in the country'."
A state that allows its municipalities to do as they please, said the Court in its decision, can hardly be said to have 'contemplated' the
specific anti-competitive actions for which municipal liability is sought (in Community Communications Co. v. Boulder). Nor can these
actions be since the term 'granted' necessarily implies an affirmative addressing of the subject by the State, said the Court.
"Indeed", charged the Court, "respondent argues that as to local matters regulated by a home rule city, the Colorado General
Assembly is without power to act Acceptance of such a proposition - that the general grant of power to enact ordinances necessarily
implies state authorization to enact specific anti-competitive ordinances - would wholly eviscerate the concepts of 'clear articulation
and affirmative expression' that our precedents require".
Vigorous pursuit of the Supreme Court decision by citizens laboring under 'home rule' governance is anticipated.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Case No. 80-1350, "Community Communications Co., Inc. v. City of Boulder,
Colorado, et al," decided January 13, 1982, published UNITED STATES REPORTS (Reporter of Decisions). Copy available from
Members of Congress, or Committee to Restore the constitution, Inc.
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What effect the Boulder decision will have upon municipal governance and state-local relations can only be speculated. Despite legal
uncertainty, the decision's dissenting judge, Justice Rehnquist, believes it will be devastating:
The Court's decision in this case...will...impede, if not paralyze, local governments' efforts to enact ordinances and
regulations aimed at protecting public health, safety, and welfare, for fear of subjecting the local government to liability
under the Sherman Act...
Indeed, the ruling does not merely influence municipal regulation of cable television. Cities, after all, routinely regulate zoning, land use,
housing, various professions, health care, sport and recreation facilities, the collection of trash - the list could go on for pages.
Certainly, if localities were unable to perform such functions it would mean the end of viable municipal government. The problems
engendered by Boulder are many and complex, but the "destruction-of-local-government" scenario seems highly unlikely. However, a
range of less heinous effects in probable. These effects, and the potential for mitigating them, were the subject of a recent meeting of
the National League of Cities (NLC).
A panel of attorneys at the NLC session first concluded that while cities probably will be flooded with lawsuits as a result of the
decision, they have, at the same time, an excellent chance of winning in many cases. Moreover, cities have been given some
assurance that the U.S. Justice Department does not intend to actively pursue municipal antitrust cases.
Just as important as the question of antitrust qua antitrust is the new twist Boulder has given state-local relations. The case exposes
some strain in those relations since 23 state attorneys general filed briefs in support of Community Communications. Although the
friction may be clear, practical reality of the situation remains somewhat opaque. Apparently, broad blankets of granted authority such
as home rule are insufficient to protect municipalities from antitrust liability. In lieu of some federal exemption, states may therefore
have to give statutory blessing to every single local decision in order to insure immunity. The latter scenario, according to former U.S.
Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti, speaking at the NLC conference, may mean that cities will have to accept "difficult trade-offs" in
exchange for state legislation.
The explanation for the Court's ruling in Boulder presumably lies in its historic concern for protection of the statutory policy favoring
competition embodied in the antitrust laws. The state action doctrine of Parker v. Brown has been narrowly construed and the
Supreme Court was certainly aware that there are several thousand local jurisdictions with home rule authority, all of whom could have
been immune from the antitrust laws if they passed a patchwork of ordinances restricting competitions. Unfortunately the decision in
Boulder appears to seriously undermine the more fundamental principle of federalism which is historical and Constitutional in nature.
This principle has allowed states to determine the fundamental and essential ways in which they structure their operations. The home
rule movement is in many respects an embodiment of that precept. In the view of Justice Rehnquist, the decision in Boulder
"effectively destroys the home rule movement in the country."
In order to avoid an antitrust liability and the very real cost of such liability, the states will be required to pass new laws, amend
constitutions, and perhaps even realign functions between state and local governments. In addition, under previous Supreme Court
rulings, it is possible a state may only be able to confer its antitrust immunity under Parker v. Brown to a city or county if the
implementation of the policy that purports to create the immunity for a city or county is "actively supervised" by the state itself. The
Supreme Court reserved its judgment on this point for subsequent decisions.
(footnotes deleted)
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AUTHORITY:
"Law repugnant to the Constitution is void." (U.S. Sup. Ct., Maybury vs. Madison. 1803, L Ed. 60; Cra. 137; ref 6
Whea:246 & Wal 601.
AUTHORITY:
"Where rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there can be no rulemaking or legislation which would abrogate
them." Key no. 73, Miranda vs. State of Arizona, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).
AUTHORITY:
"An unconstitutional statute though having the form and name of law, is in reality no law, but is wholly null and void and
ineffective for any purpose. It imposes no duty, confers no rights, creates no office, bestows no power or authority on
anyone, affords no protection and justifies no acts performed under it. No one is bound to obey an unconstitutional statute
and no courts are bound to enforce it." 16 Am Jur, 2nd Sec. 177.
Correction of federal usurpation of constitutional powers is a lawful responsibility of the State legislature acting in its highest sovereign
capacity. Each State is required, by constitutional compact, to enforce the "Supreme Law of the Land" within its borders, and to
declare null and void any ultra vires acts of its agents in Washington.
Under the federal regional concept federal agents, acting beyond their delegated powers, seek to erect a new kind of government, a
corporate state, upon the ruins of the Republic without the knowledge or consent of the State or its people.
UNITED STATES CODE, Title 18, Section 2384, defines such attempts as "Seditious Conspiracy" and provides criminal sanctions
for persons found guilty under the law:
SEDITIOUS CONSPIRACY; if two or more persons in any State or territory, or in any place subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States, conspire to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States; or to levy war
against them, or to oppose by force the authority thereof, or by force to prevent, hinder or delay the execution of any law of
the United States, or by force to seize, take, or possess any property of the United States contrary to the authority thereof,
they shall each be fined not more than $20,000.00, or be imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
AUTHORITY of the United States is the CONSTITUTION. The FORCE need not be limited to military force but can be "legal" coercion,
psychological persuasion, economic power, etc.
Persons involved in the regional governance conspiracy are unlawfully attempting to alter the form of government in the respective
States, and in the United States, and are subject to prosecution.
"The general rule is that an unconstitutional act of the legislature protects no one. It is said that all persons are presumed to
know the law, meaning that ignorance of the law excuses no one; if any person acts under a unconstitutional statute, he
does so at his peril and must take the consequence." AM JUR, 2ND SEC. 178.
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"The Indictables"
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The Indictables
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World War II, subsidizing the Nazi Government, or subsidizing the USSR.
Criminal syndicalism can also be prosecuted according to Corpus Juris Secundum 46, Insurrection and Sedition: sec. 461 c.
"Sabotage and syndicalism aiming to abolish the present political and social system, including direct action or sabotage." Thus any
program of a foundation which seeks to abolish the present political or social system of the United States can be prosecuted. Of
course every foundation program seeks to accomplish just that, and is indictable.
Not only individuals, but any corporation supporting criminal syndicalism can be prosecuted, according to Corpus Juris Secundum 46
462b. Criminal Syndicalism. "Statutes against criminal syndicalism apply to corporations as well as to individuals organizing or
belonging to criminal syndicalist society; evidence of the character and activities of other organizations with which the organization in
which the accused is a member is affiliated is admissible."
Not only can the members of the World Order be arrested and tried anywhere, since they function worldwide in their conspiratorial
activities to undermine and overthrow all governments and nations, but because their organizations are so tightly interlocked, any
evidence about any one of them can be introduced in prosecuting any member of other organizations in any part of the U.S. or the
world. Their attempts to undermine the political and social orders of all peoples make them subject to legal retribution. The People of
the U.S. must begin at once to enforce the statutes outlawing criminal syndicalist activities, and bring the criminals to justice.
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in 1965, has an analysis of the County in early American history. Important as the States are, they are not the basic unit of the
American system. The basic unit is clearly and without question the COUNTY, said Rushdoony.
Significantly, one of the first steps toward independence was taken by Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, May 31, 1775,
in order to prevent a legal vacuum ...
First, the PROPERTY TAX remained in the hands of the county, which early established its jurisdiction. The people of an
area thus controlled their tax assessor and their county supervisors, so that the taxing power was not beyond their
jurisdiction. When the power to tax leaves the county, tyranny will then begin in the United States. Socialism or communism
will be only a step away. The people of a county will be helpless as their property is taxed to the point of expropriation.
Second, CRIMINAL LAW was and is county law in essence. That was an important safeguard against tyranny and against
the political use of criminal law. Law enforcement officers, including judges, were and are officers of the county, in the
main, or of its constituent units. As T. Robert Ingram has pointed out, not too many years ago executions were also held at
the county seat. Police power and criminal law are thus matters of local jurisdiction in the American system.
The third, CIVIL LAW, is also county law to a great degree, enforced by local courts and by locally elected officials. The
American citizen is thus for the most part under county government. His basic instruments of civil government are local,
residing in the county, and the county is his historic line of defense against the encroachments of state and federal
governments. In early America, town and county elections were properly regarded as more important than state and
federal elections, and property qualifications were strict on the local level.
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Reprint of an article, "Tugwell Predicts New Regulations for Land With Federal Control," PHILLIP COUNTY NEWS, Malta,
Montana, dated Thursday, January 4, 1934. Rexford G. Tugwell, longtime propagandist for international banking interests,
authored THE NEWSTATES CONSTITUTION which seeks to "legalize" federal regionalism, reduce Americans to the status of
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economic serfs on the land which once was theirs, and erect a dictatorship of the financial elite upon the ruins of the Republic. The
Newstates Constitution, produced at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, was funded by the Ford Foundation at a
cost of $25,000,000.00.
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10. There is presently pending in the U.S. House of Representatives S 268 which was passed by the Senate on January 9, 1973.
This Act is known as the "Land Use Policy and Planning Assistance Act of 1973". It provides that a State must conform to the
future land-use guidelines of the federal government, and that it - the State's - enabling legislation must include the authority of
the State to prohibit, under State police powers, the use of land within areas which have been designated as "areas of critical
environmental concern". It further provides the definition of "areas of critical environmental concern" to be, among other things,
"such additional areas as the State determines to be of critical environmental concern."
Needless to say, the key points to remember throughout all of your studies concerning the conspiracy are: (1) The attack is always
against property. (2) There is a centralization of police power. And, (3) Rule is to be by appointed officials and controlled by the
Executive Branch of our government.
As you can see, there is no one "Act" that you can use for definite "proof". They are all being enacted to "fit into place".
S/Calvin C. Steinberger
Calvin C. Steinberger
NOTE: Though defeated in the U.S. House of Representatives, pertinent sections of the "Land Use Policy and Planning Assistance
Act of 1973 (No. 10 above), called "The Udall Bill", were surreptitiously inserted into THE FEDERAL REGISTER by Mr. Russell Train,
Director, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Land Control" thus became the law of the land in contradiction to the will of
Congress and the interest of the people. It is upon the spurious "administrative law" of Mr. Train that subsequent "land control laws"
were mandated by the respective state legislatures in violation of the prohibitions of the Fifth Amendment, United States Constitution.
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"RESPONSIBILITIES" DEFINED
With respect to the so-called "Responsibilities" defined in their new constitution, the potential dangers tend to be a more subtle: "Each
citizen SHALL participate in the processes of democracy, assisting in the selection of officials and in the monitoring of their conduct in
office". Several points even in this one sentence would merit comment, but simply consider the word "shall". THIS IS A COMMAND.
You shall participate, not that you have the discretion to participate. And if you do not do so, you would be violating the most basic law
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of the land, the new constitution. Compare the constitutions of all communist-led countries.
The Newstates are simply puppets of the federal government. "If governments of the Newstates fail to carry out fully their constitutional
duties, their officials shall be warned, and may be required by the Senate on the recommendation of the Watchkeeper, to forfeit
revenues from the Newstates of America". You have no doubt already heard of various cases in which certain localities have been
forced to forfeit their REVENUE SHARING funds because of failure to comply with federal "guidelines", so-called.
GOVERNMENT BY APPOINTEES
Given the power of the President under their new constitution, the rest would really have only whatever status their President allowed it
to have. However, the Legislative Branch would consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, but there the similarities end.
Senators would no longer be elected at all; instead they would be hand-picked appointees of the President, plus former Presidents
and Vice Presidents, and would serve for life. The House of Representatives would have 400 members, but there would only be 100
congressional districts. Each district would elect 3 representatives, who would serve for 3-year terms. These would be expected to
compete with one another instead of speaking with one voice, so this device would effectively undermine local representation at the
national level. There would also be 100 representatives elected "at large", from the nation as a whole instead of individual district. The
"at-large" members would form the backbone of what little is left to the House: they would serve for 9-year terms, and would be the
ones eligible to become committee chairmen.
The Judicial Branch would be presided over by a Principal Justice, chosen by the President's hand-picked or rubber-stamp Senate.
He would be a judicial "czar", controlling the entire judicial system of the nation with the aid of a Judicial Council and Judiciary
Assembly. The Judicial Council would be the originator of all constitutional amendments, and would have the duty to consider
amending their constitution to legalize unconstitutional steps taken by the government from time to time.
The new Regulatory Branch is foreshadowed by many current developments. But, the most notable feature of this Branch, aside from
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its grip on the nation's enterprises generally, is the blessing given to cartel arrangements called "Authorities". It states "Member
enterprises of an Authority shall be exempt from other regulation", it says "Nonmembers shall be required to maintain the same
standards as those prescribed for members". The "Standards" prescribed would be those agreed upon by the cartel members, and
nonmembers would not be allowed even to exceed those standards if they wanted to for competitive reasons.
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The law involved is the fundamental law of agency: Actions of an agent are not binding on the principal if those actions are not
authorized by the principal. Constitutionally, States are Principals and federal departments are Agents of the State.
To escape the "New World Order" being prepared for us by the Council on Foreign Relations and the aristocracy of finance.
Americans must demand that their State lawmakers investigate the illegal actions of federal agents who attempt to abridge the U.S.
Constitution in violation of their oath of office.
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fair and the total may not exceed the amount for this purpose held in the National Sharing Fund.
SECTION 11. Education shall be provided at public expense for those who meet appropriate tests of eligibility.
SECTION 12. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. No property shall be taken without
compensation.
SECTION 13. Legislatures shall define crimes and conditions requiring restraint, but confinement shall not be for punishment; and,
when possible, there shall be preparation for return to freedom.
SECTION 14. No person shall be placed twice in jeopardy for the same offense.
SECTION 15. Writs of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in declared emergency.
SECTION 16. Accused persons shall be informed of charges against them, shall have a speedy trial, shall have reasonable bail, shall
be allowed to confront witnesses or to call others, and shall not be compelled to testify against themselves; at the time of arrest they
shall be informed of their right to be silent and to have counsel, provided, if necessary, at public expense; and courts shall consider the
contention that prosecution may be under an invalid or unjust statute.
B. Responsibilities
SECTION 1. Each freedom of the citizen shall prescribe a corresponding responsibility not to diminish that of others: of speech,
communication, assembly, and petition, to grant the same freedom to others; of religion, to respect that of others; of privacy, not to
invade that of others; of the holding and disposal of property, the obligation to extend the same privilege to others.
SECTION 2. Individuals and enterprises holding themselves out to serve the public shall serve all equally and without intention to
misrepresent, conforming to such standards as may improve health and welfare.
SECTION 3. Protection of the law shall be repaid by assistance in its enforcement; this shall include respect for the procedures of
justice, apprehension of lawbreakers, and testimony at trial.
SECTION 4. Each citizen shall participate in the processes of democracy, assisting in the selection of officials and in the monitoring
of their conduct in office.
SECTION 5. Each shall render such services to the nation as may be uniformly required by law, objection by reason of conscience
being adjudicated as hereinafter provided; and none shall expect or may receive special privileges unless they be for a public
purpose defined by law.
SECTION 6. Each shall pay whatever share of governmental costs is consistent with fairness to all.
SECTION 7. Each shall refuse awards or titles from other nations or their representatives except as they be authorized by law.
SECTION 8. There shall be a responsibility to avoid violence and to keep the peace; for this reason the bearing of arms or the
possession of lethal weapons shall be confined to the police, members of the armed forces, and those licensed under law.
SECTION 9. Each shall assist in preserving the endowments of nature and enlarging the inheritance of future generations.
SECTION 10. Those granted the use of public lands, the air, or waters shall have a responsibility for using these resources so that, if
irreplaceable, they are conserved and, if replaceable, they are put back as they were.
SECTION 11. Retired officers of the armed forces, of the senior civil service, and of the Senate shall regard their service as a
permanent obligation and shall not engage in enterprise seeking profit from the government.
SECTION 12. The devising or controlling of devices for management or technology shall establish responsibility for resulting costs.
SECTION 13. All rights and responsibilities defined herein shall extend to such associations of citizens as may be authorized by law.
ARTICLE II
The Newstates
SECTION 1. There shall be Newstates, each comprising no less than 5 percent of the whole population. Existing states may continue
and may have the status of Newstates if the Boundary Commission, hereinafter provided, shall so decide. The Commission shall be
guided in its recommendations by the probability of accommodation to the conditions for effective government. States electing by
referendum to continue if the Commission recommend otherwise shall nevertheless accept all Newstate obligations.
SECTION 2. The Newstates shall have constitutions formulated and adopted by processes hereinafter prescribed.
SECTION 3. They shall have Governors, legislatures, and planning, administrative, and judicial systems.
SECTION 4. Their political procedures shall be organized and supervised by electoral Overseers; but their elections shall not be in
years of presidential election.
SECTION 5. The electoral apparatus of the Newstates of America shall be available to them, and they may be allotted funds under
rules agreed to by the national Overseer; but expenditures may not be made by or for any candidate except they be approved by the
Overseer; and requirements of residence in a voting district shall be no longer than thirty days.
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SECTION 6. They may charter subsidiary governments, urban or rural, and may delegate to them powers appropriate to their
responsibilities.
SECTION 7. They may lay, or may delegate the laying of, taxes; but these shall conform to the restraints stated hereinafter for the
Newstates of America.
SECTION 8. They may not tax exports, may not tax with intent to prevent imports, and may not impose any tax forbidden by laws of the
Newstates of America; but the objects appropriate for taxation shall be clearly designated.
SECTION 9. Taxes on land may be at higher rates than those on its improvements.
SECTION 10. They shall be responsible for the administration of public services not reserved to the government of the Newstates of
America, such activities being concerted with those of corresponding national agencies, where these exist, under arrangements
common to all.
SECTION 11. The rights and responsibilities prescribed in this Constitution shall be effective in the Newstates and shall be
suspended only in emergency when declared by Governors and not disapproved by the Senate of the Newstates of America.
SECTION 12. Police powers of the Newstates shall extend to all matters not reserved to the Newstates of America; but preempted
powers shall not be impaired.
SECTION 13. Newstates may not enter into any treaty, alliance, confederation, or agreement unless approved by the Boundary
Commission hereinafter provided.
They may not coin money, provide for the payment of debts in any but legal tender, or make any charge for inter-Newstate services.
They may not enact ex post facto laws or ones impairing the obligation of contracts.
SECTION 14. Newstates may not impose barriers to imports from other jurisdictions or impose any hindrance to citizens' freedom of
movement.
SECTION 15. If governments of the Newstates fail to carry out fully their constitutional duties, their officials shall be warned and may be
required by the Senate, on the recommendation of the Watchkeeper, to forfeit revenues from the Newstates of America.
ARTICLE III
The Electoral Branch
SECTION 1. To arrange for participation by the electorate in the determination of policies and the selection of officials, there shall be
an Electoral Branch.
SECTION 2. An Overseer of electoral procedures shall be chosen by majority of the Senate and may be removed by a two-thirds vote.
It shall be the Overseer's duty to supervise the organization of national and district parties, arrange for discussion among them, and
provide for the nomination and election of candidates for public office. While in office the Overseer shall belong to no political
organization; and after each presidential election shall offer to resign.
SECTION 3. A national party shall be one having had at least a 5 percent affiliation in the latest general election; but a new party shall
be recognized when valid petitions have been signed by at least 2 percent of the voters in each of 30 percent of the districts drawn for
the House of Representatives. Recognition shall be suspended upon failure to gain 5 percent of the votes at a second election, 10
percent at a third, or 15 percent at further elections.
District parties shall be recognized when at least 2 percent of the voters shall have signed petitions of affiliation; but recognition shall
be withdrawn upon failure to attract the same percentages as are necessary for the continuance of national parties.
SECTION 4. Recognition by the Overseer shall bring parties within established regulations and entitle them to common privileges.
SECTION 5. The Overseer shall promulgate rules for party conduct and shall see that fair practices are maintained, and for this
purpose shall appoint deputies in each district and shall supervise the choice, in district and national conventions, of party
administrators. Regulations and appointments may be objected to by the Senate.
SECTION 6. The Overseer, with the administrators and other officials, shall:
a. Provide the means for discussion, in each party, of public issues, and, for this purpose, ensure that members have adequate
facilities for participation.
b. Arrange for discussion, in annual district meetings, of the President's views, of the findings of the Planning Branch, and such other
information as may be pertinent for enlightened political discussion.
c. Arrange, on the first Saturday in each month, for enrollment, valid for one year, of voters at convenient places.
SECTION 7. The Overseer shall also:
a. Assist the parties in nominating candidates for district members of the House of Representatives each three years; and for this
purpose designate one hundred districts, each with a similar number of eligible voters, redrawing districts after each election. In these
there shall be party conventions having no more than three hundred delegates, so distributed that representation of voters be
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approximately equal.
Candidates for delegate may become eligible by presenting petitions signed by two hundred registered voters. They shall be elected
by party members on the first Tuesday in March, those having the largest number of votes being chosen until the three hundred be
complete. Ten alternates shall also be chosen by the same process.
District conventions shall be held on the first Tuesday in April. Delegates shall choose three candidates for membership in the House
of Representatives, the three having the most votes becoming candidates.
b. Arrange for the election each three years of three members of the House of Representatives in each district from among the
candidates chosen in party conventions, the three having the most votes to be elected.
SECTION 8. The Overseer shall also:
a. Arrange for national conventions to meet nine years after previous presidential elections, with an equal number of delegates from
each district, the whole number not to exceed one thousand.
Candidates for delegates shall be eligible when petitions signed by five hundred registered voters have been filed. Those with the
most votes, together with two alternates, being those next in number of votes, shall be chosen in each district.
b. Approve procedures in these conventions for choosing one hundred candidates to be members-at-large of the House of
Representatives, whose terms shall be coterminous with that of the President. For this purpose delegates shall file one choice with
convention officials. Voting on submissions shall proceed until one hundred achieve 10 percent, but not more than three candidates
may be resident in any one district; if any district have more than three, those with the fewest votes shall be eliminated, others being
added from the districts having less than three, until equality be reached. Of those added, those having the most votes shall be chosen
first.
c. Arrange procedures for the consideration and approval of party objectives by the convention.
d. Formulate rules for the nomination in these conventions of candidates for President and Vice-Presidents when the offices are to fall
vacant, candidates for nomination to be recognized when petitions shall have been presented by one hundred or more delegates,
pledged to continue support until candidates can no longer win or until they consent to withdraw. Presidents and Vice-Presidents,
together with Representatives-at-large, shall submit to referendum after serving for three years, and if they are rejected, new
conventions shall be held within one month and candidates shall be chosen as for vacant offices.
Candidates for President and Vice-Presidents shall be nominated on attaining a majority.
e. Arrange for the election on the first Tuesday in June, in appropriate years, of new candidates for President and Vice-Presidents,
and members-at-large of the House of Representatives, all being presented to the nation's voters as a ticket; if no ticket achieve a
majority, the Overseer shall arrange another election, on the third Tuesday in June, between the two persons having the most votes;
and if referendum so determine he shall provide similar arrangements for the nomination and election of candidates.
In this election, the one having the most votes shall prevail.
SECTION 9. The Overseer shall also:
a. Arrange for the convening of the national legislative houses on the fourth Tuesday of July.
b. Arrange for inauguration of the President and Vice-Presidents on the second Tuesday of August.
SECTION 10. All costs of electoral procedures shall be paid from public funds, and there shall be no private contributions to parties or
candidates; no contributions or expenditures for meetings, conventions, or campaigns shall be made; and no candidate for office may
make any personal expenditures unless authorized by a uniform rule of the Overseer; and persons or groups making expenditures,
directly or indirectly, in support of prospective candidates shall report to the Overseer and shall conform to his regulations.
SECTION 11. Expenses of the Electoral Branch shall be met by the addition of one percent to the net annual taxable income returns of
taxpayers, this sum to be held by the Chancellor of Financial Affairs for disposition by the Overseer.
Funds shall be distributed to parties in proportion to the respective number of votes cast for the President and Governors at the last
election, except that new parties, on being recognized, shall share in proportion to their number. Party administrators shall make
allocations to legislative candidates in amounts proportional to the party vote at the last election.
Expenditures shall be audited by the Watchkeeper; and sums not expended within four years shall be returned to the Treasury.
It shall be a condition of every communications franchise that reasonable facilities shall be available for allocations by the Overseer.
ARTICLE IV
The Planning Branch
SECTION 1. There shall be a Planning Branch to formulate and administer plans and to prepare budgets for the uses of expected
income in pursuit of policies formulated by the processes provided herein.
SECTION 2. There shall be a National Planning Board of fifteen members appointed by the President; the first members shall have
terms designated by the President of one to fifteen years, thereafter one shall be appointed each year; the President shall appoint a
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Chairman who shall serve for fifteen years unless removed by him.
SECTION 3. The Chairman shall appoint, and shall supervise, a planning administrator, together with such deputies as may be
agreed to by the Board.
SECTION 4. The Chairman shall present to the Board six- and twelve-year development plans prepared by the planning staff. They
shall be revised each year after public hearings, and finally in the year before they are to take effect. They shall be submitted to the
President on the fourth Tuesday in July for transmission to the Senate on September 1 with his comments.
If members of the Board fail to approve the budget proposals by the forwarding date, the Chairman shall nevertheless make
submission to the President with notations of reservation by such members. The President shall transmit this proposal, with his
comments, to the House of Representatives on September 1.
SECTION 5. It shall be recognized that the six-and twelve-year development plans represent national intentions tempered by the
appraisal of possibilities. The twelve-year plan shall be a general estimate of probable progress, both governmental and private; the
six-year plan shall be more specific as to estimated income and expenditure and shall take account of necessary revisions.
The purpose shall be to advance, through every agency of government, the excellence of national life. It shall be the further purpose to
anticipate innovations, to estimate their impact, to assimilate them into existing institutions, and to moderate deleterious effects on the
environment and on society.
The six- and twelve-year plans shall be disseminated for discussion and the opinions expressed shall be considered in the formulation
of plans for each succeeding year with special attention to detail in proposing the budget.
SECTION 6. For both plans an extension of one year into the future shall be made each year and the estimates for all other years shall
be revised accordingly. For nongovernmental activities the estimate of developments shall be calculated to indicate the need for
enlargement or restriction.
SECTION 7. If there be objection by the President or the Senate to the six- or twelve-year plans, they shall be returned for restudy and
resubmission. If there still be differences, and if the President and the Senate agree, they shall prevail. If they do not agree, the Senate
shall prevail and the plan shall be revised accordingly.
SECTION 8. The Newstates, on June 1, shall submit proposals for development to be considered for inclusion in those for the
Newstates of America. Researches and administration shall be delegated, when convenient, to planning agencies of the Newstates.
SECTION 9. There shall be submissions from private individuals or from organized associations affected with a public interest, as
defined by the Board. They shall report intentions to expand or contract, estimates of production and demand, probable uses of
resources, numbers expected to be employed, and other essential information.
SECTION 10. The Planning Branch shall make and have custody of official maps, and these shall be documents of reference for future
developments both public and private; on them the location of facilities, with extension indicated, and the intended use of all areas
shall be marked out.
Official maps shall also be maintained by the planning agencies of the Newstates, and in matters not exclusively national the National
Planning Board may rely on these.
Undertakings in violation of official designation shall be at the risk of the venturer, and there shall be no recourse; but losses from
designations after acquisition shall be recoverable in actions before the Court of Claims.
SECTION 11. The Planning Branch shall have available to it funds equal to one-half of one percent of the approved national budget
(not including debt services or payments from trust funds). They shall be held by the Chancellor of Financial Affairs and expended
according to rules approved by the Board; but funds not expended within six years shall be available for other uses.
SECTION 12. Allocations may be made for the planning agencies of the Newstates; but only the maps and plans of the national
Board, or those approved by them, shall have status at law.
SECTION 13. In making plans, there shall be due regard to the interests of other nations and such cooperation with their intentions as
may be approved by the Board.
SECTION 14. There may also be cooperation with international agencies and such contributions to their work as are not disapproved
by the President.
ARTICLE V
The Presidency
SECTION 1. The President of the Newstates of America shall be the head of government, shaper of its commitments, expositor of its
policies, and supreme commander of its protective forces; shall have one term of nine years, unless rejected by 60 percent of the
electorate after three years; shall take care that the nation's resources are estimated and are apportioned to its more exigent needs;
shall recommend such plans, legislation, and action as may be necessary; and shall address the legislators each year on the state of
the nation, calling upon them to do their part for the general good.
SECTION 2. There shall be two Vice-Presidents elected with the President; at the time of taking office the President shall designate
one Vice-President to supervise internal affairs; and one to be deputy for general affairs. The deputy for general affairs shall succeed
if the presidency be vacated; the Vice-President for internal affairs shall be second in succession. If either Vice-President shall die or
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be incapacitated, the President, with the consent of the Senate, shall appoint a successor. Vice-Presidents shall serve during an
extended term with such assignments as the President may make.
If the presidency fall vacant through the disability of both Vice-Presidents, the Senate shall elect successors from among its members
to serve until the next general election.
With the Vice-Presidents and other officials the President shall see to it that the laws are faithfully executed and shall pay attention to
the findings and recommendations of the Planning Board, the National Regulatory Board, and the Watchkeeper in formulating national
policies.
SECTION 3. Responsible to the Vice-President for General Affairs there shall be Chancellors of External, Financial, Legal, and
Military Affairs.
The Chancellor of External Affairs shall assist in conducting relations with other nations.
The Chancellor of Financial Affairs shall supervise the nation's financial and monetary systems, regulating its capital markets and
credit-issuing institutions as they may be established by law; and this shall include lending institutions for operations in other nations or
in cooperation with them, except that treaties may determine their purposes and standards.
The Chancellor of Legal Affairs shall advise governmental agencies and represent them before the courts.
The Chancellor of Military Affairs shall act for the presidency in disposing all armed forces except militia commanded by governors;
but these shall be available for national service at the President's convenience.
Except in declared emergency, the deployment of forces in far waters or in other nations without their consent shall be notified in
advance to a national security committee of the Senate hereinafter provided.
SECTION 4. Responsible to the Vice-President for Internal Affairs there shall be chancellors of such departments as the President
may find necessary for performing the services of government and are not rejected by a two-thirds vote when the succeeding budget
is considered.
SECTION 5. Candidates for the presidency and the vice-presidencies shall be natural-born citizens. Their suitability may be
questioned by the Senate within ten days of their nomination, and if two-thirds of the whole agree, they shall be ineligible and a
nominating convention shall be reconvened. At the time of his nomination no candidate shall be a member of the Senate and none
shall be on active service in the armed forces or a senior civil servant.
SECTION 6. The President may take leave because of illness or for an interval of relief, and the Vice-President in charge of General
Affairs shall act. The President may resign if the Senate agree; and, if the term shall have more than two years to run, the Overseer
shall arrange for a special election for President and Vice-President.
SECTION 7. The Vice-Presidents may be directed to perform such ministerial duties as the President may find convenient; but their
instructions shall be of record, and their actions shall be taken as his deputy.
SECTION 8. Incapacitation may be established without concurrence of the President by a three-quarters vote of the Senate,
whereupon a successor shall become Acting President until the disability be declared, by a similar vote, to be ended or to have
become permanent. Similarly the other Vice-President shall succeed if a predecessor die or be disabled. Special elections, in these
contingencies, may be required by the Senate.
Acting Presidents may appoint deputies, unless the Senate object, to assume their duties until the next election.
SECTION 9. The Vice-Presidents, together with such other officials as the President may designate from time to time, may constitute
a cabinet or council; but this shall not include officials of other branches.
SECTION 10. Treaties or agreements with other nations, negotiated under the President's authority, shall be in effect unless objected
to by a majority of the Senate within ninety days. If they are objected to, the President may resubmit and the Senate reconsider. If a
majority still object, the Senate shall prevail.
SECTION 11. All officers, except those of other branches, shall be appointed and may be removed by the President. A majority of the
Senate may object to appointments within sixty days, and alternative candidates shall be offered until it agrees.
SECTION 12. The President shall notify the Planning Board and the House of Representatives, on the fourth Tuesday in June, what the
maximum allowable expenditures for the ensuing fiscal year shall be.
The President may determine to make expenditures less than provided in appropriations; but, except in declared emergency, none
shall be made in excess of appropriations. Reduction shall be because of changes in requirements and shall not be such as to impair
the integrity of budgetary procedures.
SECTION 13. There shall be a Public Custodian, appointed by the President and removable by him, who shall have charge of
properties belonging to the government, but not allocated to specific agencies, who shall administer common public services, shall
have charge of building construction and rentals, and shall have such other duties as may be designated by the President or the
designated Vice-Presidents.
SECTION 14. There shall be an Intendant responsible to the President who shall supervise Offices for Intelligence and Investigation;
also an Office of Emergency Organization with the duty of providing plans and procedures for such contingencies as can be
anticipated.
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The Intendant shall also charter nonprofit corporations (or foundations), unless the President shall object, determined by him to be for
useful public purposes. Such corporations shall be exempt from taxation but shall conduct no profitmaking enterprises.
SECTION 15. The Intendant shall also be a counselor for the coordination of scientific and cultural experiments, and for studies within
the government and elsewhere, and for this purpose shall employ such assistance as may be found necessary.
SECTION 16. Offices for other purposes may be established and may be discontinued by presidential order within the funds allocated
in the procedures of appropriation.
ARTICLE VI
The Legislative Branch
(The Senate and the House of Representatives)
A. The Senate
SECTION 1. There shall be a Senate with membership as follows: If they so desire, former Presidents, Vice-Presidents, Principal
Justices, Overseers, Chairmen of the Planning and Regulatory Boards, Governors having had more than seven years' service, and
unsuccessful candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency who have received at least 30 percent of the vote. To be appointed
by the President, three persons who have been Chancellors, two officials from the civil services, two officials from the diplomatic
services, two senior military officers, also one person from a panel of three, elected in a process approved by the Overseer, by each
of twelve such groups or associations as the President may recognize from time to time to be nationally representative, but none shall
be a political or religious group, no individual selected shall have been paid by any private interest to influence government, and any
association objected to by the Senate shall not be recognized. Similarly, to be appointed by the Principal Justice, two persons
distinguished in public law and two former members of the High Courts or the Judicial Council. Also, to be elected by the House of
Representatives, three members who have served six or more years.
Vacancies shall be filled as they occur.
SECTION 2. Membership shall continue for life, except that absences not provided for by rule shall constitute retirement, and that
Senators may retire voluntarily.
SECTION 3. The Senate shall elect as presiding officer a Convener who shall serve for two years, when his further service may be
discontinued by a majority vote. Other officers, including a Deputy, shall be appointed by the Convener unless the Senate shall object.
SECTION 4. The Senate shall meet each year on the second Tuesday in July and shall be in continuous session, but may adjourn to
the call of the Convener. A quorum shall be more than three-fifths of the whole membership.
SECTION 5. The Senate shall consider, and return within thirty days, all measures approved by the House of Representatives (except
the annual budget). Approval or disapproval shall be by a majority vote of those present. Objection shall stand unless the House of
Representatives shall overcome it by a majority vote plus one; if no return be made, approval by the House of Representatives shall be
final.
For consideration of laws passed by the House of Representatives or for other purposes, the Convener may appoint appropriate
committees.
SECTION 6. The Senate may ask advice from the Principal Justice concerning the constitutionality of measures before it; and if this
be done, the time for return to the House of Representatives may extend to ninety days.
SECTION 7. If requested, the Senate may advise the President on matters of public interest; or, if not requested, by resolution
approved by two-thirds of those present. There shall be a special duty to note expressions of concern during party conventions and
commitments made during campaigns; and if these be neglected, to remind the President and the House of Representatives that
these undertakings are to be considered.
SECTION 8. In time of present or prospective danger caused by cataclysm, by attack, or by insurrection, the Senate may declare a
national emergency and may authorize the President to take appropriate action. If the Senate be dispersed, and no quorum available,
the President may proclaim the emergency, and may terminate it unless the Senate shall have acted. If the President be not available,
and the circumstances extreme, the senior serving member of the presidential succession may act until a quorum assembles.
SECTION 9. The Senate may also define and declare a limited emergency in time of prospective danger, or of local or regional
disaster, or if an extraordinary advantage be anticipated. It shall be considered by the House of Representatives within three days
and, unless disapproved, may extend for a designated period and for a limited area before renewal.
Extraordinary expenditures during emergency may be approved, without regard to usual budget procedures, by the House of
Representatives with the concurrence of the President.
SECTION 10. The Senate, at the beginning of each session, shall select three of its members to constitute a National Security
Committee to be consulted by the President in emergencies requiring the deployment of the armed forces abroad. If the Committee
dissent from the President's proposal, it shall report to the Senate, whose decision shall be final.
SECTION 11. The Senate shall elect, or may remove, a National Watchkeeper, and shall oversee, through a standing committee, a
Watchkeeping Service conducted according to rules formulated for their approval.
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With the assistance of an appropriate staff the Watchkeeper shall gather and organize information concerning the adequacy,
competence, and integrity of governmental agencies and their personnel, as well as their continued usefulness; and shall also suggest
the need for new or expanded services, making report concerning any agency of the deleterious effect of its activities on citizens or on
the environment.
The Watchkeeper shall entertain petitions for the redress of grievances and shall advise the appropriate agencies if there be need for
action.
For all these purposes, personnel may be appointed, investigations made, witnesses examined, postaudits made, and information
required.
The Convener shall present the Watchkeeper's findings to the Senate, and if it be judged to be in the public interest, they shall be
made public or, without being made public, be sent to the appropriate agency for its guidance and such action as may be needed. On
recommendation of the Watchkeeper the Senate may initiate corrective measures to be voted on by the House of Representatives
within thirty days. When approved by a majority and not vetoed by the President, they shall become law.
For the Watchkeeping Service one-quarter of one percent of individual net taxable incomes shall be held by the Chancellor of
Financial Affairs; but amounts not expended in any fiscal year shall be available for general use.
B. The House of Representatives
SECTION 1. The House of Representatives shall be the original lawmaking body of the Newstates of America.
SECTION 2. It shall convene each year on the second Tuesday in July and shall remain in continuous session except that it may
adjourn to the call of a Speaker, elected by majority vote from among the Representatives-at-large, who shall be its presiding officer.
SECTION 3. It shall be a duty to implement the provisions of this constitution and, in legislating, to be guided by them.
SECTION 4. Party leaders and their deputies shall be chosen by caucus at the beginning of each session.
SECTION 5. Standing and temporary committees shall be selected as follows:
Committees dealing with the calendaring and management of bills shall have a majority of members nominated to party caucuses by
the Speaker; other members shall be nominated by minority leaders. Membership shall correspond to the parties' proportions at the
last election. If nominations be not approved by a majority of the caucus, the Speaker or the minority leaders shall nominate others
until a majority shall approve.
Members of other committees shall be chosen by party caucus in proportion to the results of the last election. Chairmen shall be
elected annually from among at-large members.
Bills referred to committees shall be returned to the house with recommendations within sixty days unless extension be voted by the
House.
In all committee actions names of those voting for and against shall be recorded.
No committee chairman may serve longer than six years.
SECTION 6. Approved legislation, not objected to by the Senate within the alloted time, shall be presented to the President for his
approval or disapproval. If the President disapprove, and three-quarters of the House membership still approve, it shall become law.
The names of those voting for and against shall be recorded. Bills not returned within eleven days shall become law.
SECTION 7. The President may have thirty days to consider measures approved by the House unless they shall have been submitted
twelve days previous to adjournment.
SECTION 8. The House shall consider promptly the annual budget; if there be objection, it shall be notified to the Planning Board; the
Board shall then resubmit through the President; and, with his comments, it shall be returned to the House. If there still be objection by
a two-thirds majority, the House shall prevail. Objection must be by whole title; titles not objected to when voted on shall constitute
appropriation.
The budget for the fiscal year shall be in effect on January 1. Titles not yet acted on shall be as in the former budget until action be
completed.
SECTION 9. It shall be the duty of the House to make laws concerning taxes.
1. For their laying and collection:
a. They shall be uniform, and shall not be retroactive.
b. Except such as may be authorized by law to be laid by Authorities, or by the Newstates, all collections shall be made by a national
revenue agency. This shall include collections for trust funds hereinafter authorized.
c. Except for corporate levies to be held in the National Sharing Fund, hereinafter authorized, taxes may be collected only from
individuals and only from incomes; but there may be withholding from current incomes.
d. To assist in the maintenance of economic stability, the President may be authorized to alter rates by executive order.
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e. They shall be imposed on profitmaking enterprises owned or conducted by religious establishments or other nonprofit
organizations.
f. There shall be none on food, medicines, residential rentals, or commodities or services designated by law as necessities; and there
shall be no double taxation.
g. None shall be levied for registering ownership or transfer of property.
2. For expenditures from revenues:
a. For the purposes detailed in the annual budget unless objection be made by the procedure prescribed herein.
b. For such other purposes as the House may indicate and require the Planning Branch to include in revisions of the budget; but,
except in declared emergency, the total may not exceed the President's estimate of available funds.
3. For fixing the percentage of net corporate taxable incomes to be paid into a National Sharing Fund to be held in the custody of the
Chancellor of Financial Affairs and made available for such welfare and environmental purposes as are authorized by law.
4. To provide for the regulation of commerce with other nations and among the Newstates, Possessions, Territories; or, as shall be
mutually agreed, with other organized governments; but exports shall not be taxed; and imports shall not be taxed except on
recommendation of the President at rates whose allowable variation shall have been fixed bylaw. There shall be no quotas, and no
nations favored by special rates, unless by special acts requiring two-thirds majorities.
5. To establish, or provide for the establishment of, institutuions for the safekeeping of savings, for the gathering and distribution of
capital, for the issuance of credit, for regulating the coinage of money, for controlling them edia of exchange, and for stabilizing prices;
but such institutions, when not public or semipublic, shall be regarded as affected with the public interest and shall be supervised by
the Chancellor of Financial Affairs.
6. To establish institutions for insurance against risks and liabilities, or to provide suitable agencies for the regulation of such as are
not public.
7. To ensure the maintenance, by ownership or regulation, of facilities for communication, transportation, and others commonly used
and necessary for public convenience.
8. To assist in the maintenance of world order, and, for this purpose, when the President shall recommend, to vest jurisdiction in
international legislative, judicial, or administrative agencies.
9. To develop with other peoples, and for the benefit of all, the resources of space, of other bodies in the universe, and of the seas
beyond twelve miles from low-water shores unless treaties shall provide other limits.
10. To assist other peoples who have not attained satisfactory levels of well-being; to delegate the administration of funds for
assistance, whenever possible, to international agencies; and to invest in or contribute to the furthering of development in other parts
of the world.
11. To assure, or to assist in assuring, adequate and equal facilities for education; for training in occupations citizens may be fitted to
pursue; and to reeducate or retrain those whose occupations may become obsolete.
12. To establish or to assist institutions devoted to higher education, to research, or to technical training.
13. To establish and maintain, or assist in maintaining, libraries, archives, monuments, and other places of historic interest.
14. To assist in the advancement of sciences and technologies; and to encourage cultural activities.
15. To conserve natural resources by purchase, by withdrawal from use, or by regulation; to provide, or to assist in providing, facilities
for recreation; to establish and maintain parks, forests, wilderness areas, wetlands, and prairies; to improve streams and other
waters; to ensure the purity of air and water; to control the erosion of soils; and to provide for all else necessary for the protection and
common use of the national heritage.
16. To acquire property and improvements for public use at costs to be fixed, if necessary, by the Court of Claims.
17. To prevent the stoppage or hindrance of governmental procedures, or of other activities affected with a public interest as defined
by law, by reason of disputes between employers and employees, or for other reasons, and for this purpose to provide for conclusive
arbitration if adquate provision for collective bargaining fail. From such finding there may be appeal to the Court of Arbitration Review;
but such proceedings may not stay the acceptance of findings.
18. To support an adequate civil service for the performance of such duties as may be designated by administrators; and for this
purpose to refrain from interference with the processes of appointment or placement, asking advice or testimony before committees
only with the consent of appropriate superiors.
19. To provide for the maintenance of armed forces.
20. To enact such measures as will assist families in making adjustment to future conditions, using estimates concerning population
and resources made by the Planning Board.
21. To vote within ninety days on such measures as the President may designate as urgent.
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SECTION 10. The Regulator shall make rules for and shall supervise marketplaces for goods and services; but this shall not include
security exchanges regulated by the Chancellor of Financial Affairs.
SECTION 11. Designation of enterprises affected with a public interest, rules for conduct of enterprises and of their Authorities, and
other actions of the Regulator or of the Board may be appealed to the Court of Administrative Settlements, whose judgments shall be
informed by the intention to establish fairness to consumer and competitors and stability in economic affairs.
SECTION 12. Responsible also to the Regulator, there shall be an Operations Commission appointed by the Regulator, unless the
Senate object, for the supervision of enterprises owned in whole or in part by government. The commission shall choose its chairman,
and he shall be the executive head of a supervisory staff. He may require reports, conduct investigations, and make rules and
recommendations concerning surpluses or deficits, the absorption of external costs, standards of service, and rates or oprices
charged for services or goods.
Each enterprise shall have a director, chosen and removable by the Commission; and he shall conduct its affairs in accordance with
standards fixed by the Commission.
ARTICLE VIII
The Judicial Branch
SECTION 1. There shall be a Principal Justice of the Newstates of America; a Judicial Council; and a Judicial Assembly. There shall
also be a Supreme Court and a High Court of Appeals; also Courts of Claims, Rights and Duties, Administrative Review, Arbitration
Settlements, Tax Appeals, and Appeals from Watchkeeper's Findings. There shall be Circuit Courts to be of first resort in suits
brought under national law; and they shall hear appeals from courts of the Newstates.
Other courts may be established by law on recommendation of the Principal Justice with the Judicial Council.
SECTION 2. The Principal Justice shall preside over the judicial system, shall appoint the members of all national courts, and, unless
the Judicial Council object, shall make its rules; also, through an Administrator, supervise its operations.
SECTION 3. The Judicial Assembly shall consist of Circuit Court Judges, together with those of the High Courts of the Newstates of
America and those of the highest courts of the Newstates. It shall meet annually, or at the call of the Principal Justice, to consider the
state of the Judiciary and such other matters as may be laid before it.
It shall also meet at the call of the Convener to nominate three candidates for the Principal Justiceship whenever a vacancy shall
occur. From these nominees the Senate shall choose the one having the most votes.
SECTION 4. The Principal Justice, unless the Senate object to any, shall appoint a Judicial Council of five members to serve during
his incumbency. He shall designate a senior member who shall preside in his absence.
It shall be the duty of the Council, under the direction of the Principal Justice, to study the courts in operation, to prepare codes of
ethics to be observed by members, and to suggest changes in procedure. The Council may ask the advice of the Judicial Assembly.
It shall also be a duty of the Council, as hereinafter provided, to suggest constitutional amendments when they appear to be
necessary; and it shall also draft revisions if they shall be required. Further, it shall examine, and from time to time cause to be revised,
civil and criminal codes; these, when approved by the Judicial Assembly, shall be in effect throughout the nation.
SECTION 5. The Principal Justice shall have a term of eleven years; but if at any time the incumbent resign to be disabled from
continuing in office, as may be determined by the Senate, replacement shall be by the senior member of the Judicial Council until a
new selection be made. After six years the Assembly may provide, by a two-thirds vote, for discontinuance in office, and a successor
shall then be chosen.
SECTION 6. The Principal Justice may suspend members of any court for incapacity or violation of rules; and the separation shall be
final if a majority of the Council agree.
For each court the Principal Justice shall, from time to time, appoint a member sho shall preside.
SECTION 7. A presiding judge may decide, with the concurrence of the senior judge, that there may be pretrial proceedings, that
criminal trials shall be conducted by either investigatory or adversary proceedings, and whether there shall be a jury and what the
number of jurors shall be; but investigatory proceedings shall require a bench of three.
SECTION 8. In deciding on the concordance of statutes with the Constitution, the Supreme Court shall return to the House of
Representatives such as it cannot construe. If the House fail to make return within ninety days the Court may interpret.
SECTION 9. The Principal Justice, or the President, may grant pardons or reprieves.
SECTION 10. The High Courts shall have thirteen members; but nine members, chosen by their senior justices from time to time, shall
constitute a court. The justices on leave shall be subject to recall.
Other courts shall have nine members; but seven, chosen by their seniors, shall constitute a court.
All shall be in continuous session except for recesses approved by the Principal Justice.
SECTION 11. The Principal Justice, with the Council, may advise the Senate, when requested, concerning the appropriateness of
measures approved by the House of Representatives; and may also advise the President, when requested, on matters he may refer
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for consultation.
SECTION 12. It shall be for other branches to accept and to enforce judicial decrees.
SECTION 13. The High Court of Appeals may select applications for further consideration by the Supreme Court, of decisions
reached by other courts, including those of the Newstates. If it agree that there be a constitutional issue it may make preliminary
judgment to be reviewed without hearing, and finally, by the Supreme Court.
SECTION 14. The Supreme Court may decide:
a. Whether, in litigation coming to it on appeal, constitutional provisions have been violated or standards have not been met.
b. On the application of constitutional provisions to suits involving the Newstates.
c. Whether international law, as recognized in treaties, United Nations agreements, or arranagements with other nations, has been
ignored or violated.
d. Other causes involving the interpretation of constitutional provisions; except that in holding any branch to have exceeded its powers
the decision shall be suspended until the Judicial Council shall have determined whether, in order to avoid confrontation, procedures
for amendment of the Constitution are appropriate.
If amendatory proceedings are instituted, decision shall await the outcome.
SECTION 15. The Courts of the Newstates shall have initial jurisdiction in cases arising under their laws except those involving the
Newstate itself or those reserved for national courts by a rule of the Principal Justice with the Judicial Council.
ARTICLE IX
General Provisions
SECTION 1. Qualifications for participation in democratic procedures as a citizen, and eligibility for office, shall be subject to
repeated study and redefinition; but any change in qualification or eligibility shall become effective only if not disapproved by the
Congress.
For this purpose a permanent Citizenship and Qualifications Commission shall be constituted, four members to be appointed by the
President, three by the Convener of the Senate, three by the Speaker of the House, and three by the Principal Justice. Vacancies shall
be filled as they occur. The members shall choose a chairman; they shall have suitable assistants and accommodations; and they may
have other occupations. Recommendations of the commission shall be presented to the President and shall be transmitted to the
House of Representatives with comments. They shall have a preferred place on the calendar and, if approved, shall be in effect.
SECTION 2. Areas necessary for the uses of government may be acquired at its valuation and may be maintained as the public
interest may require. Such areas shall have self-government in matters of local concern.
SECTION 3. The President may negotiate for the acquisition of areas outside the Newstates of America, and, if the Senate approve,
may provide for their organization as Possessions or Territories.
SECTION 4. The President may make agreements with other organized peoples for a relation other than full membership in the
Newstates of America. They may become citizens and may participate in the selection of officials. They may receive assistance for
their development or from the National Sharing Fund if they conform to its requirements; and they may serve in civilian or military
services, but only as volunteers. They shall be represented in the House of Representatives by members elected at large, their number
proportional to their constituencies; but each shall have at least one; and each shall in the same way choose one permanent member
of the Senate.
SECTION 5. The President, the Vice-Presidents, and members of the legislative houses shall in all cases except treason, felony, and
breach of the peace by exempt from penalty for anything they may say while pursuing public duties; but the Judicial Council may make
restraining rules.
SECTION 6. Except as otherwise provided by this Constitution, each legislative house shall establish its requirements for
membership and may make rules for the conduct of members, including conflicts of interest, providing its own disciplines for their
infraction.
SECTION 7. No Newstate shall interfere with officials of the Newstates of America in the performance of their duties, and all shall give
full faith and credit to the Acts of other Newstates and of the Newstates of America.
SECTION 8. Public funds shall be expended only as authorized in this Constitution.
ARTICLE X
Governmental Arranagements
SECTION 1. Officers of the Newstates of America shall be those named in this Constitution, including those of the legislative houses
and others authorized by law to be appointed; they shall be compensated, and none may have other paid occupation unless they be
excepted by law; none shall occupy more than one position in government; and no gift or favor shall be accepted if in any way related
to official duty.
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No income from former employments or associations shall continue for their benefits; but their properties may be put in trust and
managed without their intervention during continuance in office. Hardships under this rule may be considered by the Court of Rights
and Duties, and exceptions may be made with due regard to the general intention.
SECTION 2. The President, the Vice-Presidents, and the Principal Justice shall have households appropriate to their duties. The
President, the Vice-President, the Principal Justice, the Chairman of the Planning Board, the Regulator, the Watchkeeper, and the
Overseer shall have salaries fixed by law and continued for life; but if they become members of the Senate, they shall have senatorial
compensation and shall conform to senatorial requirements.
Justices of the High Courts shall have no term; and their salaries shall be two-thirds that of the Principal Justice; they, and members of
the Judicial Council, unless they shall have become Senators, shall be permanent members of the Judiciary and shall be available for
assignment by the Principal Justice.
Salaries for members of the Senate shall be the same as for Justices of the High Court of Appeals.
SECTION 3. Unless otherwise provided herein, officials designated by the head of a branch as sharers in policymaking may be
appointed by him with the President's concurrence and unless the Senate shall object.
SECTION 4. There shall be administrators:
a. for executive offices and official households, appointed by authority of the President;
b. for the national courts, appointed by the Principal Justice;
c. for the Legislative Branch, selected by a committee of members from each house (chosen by the Convener and the Speaker), three
from the House of Representatives and four from the Senate.
Appropriations shall be made to them; but those for the Presidency shall not be reduced during his term unless with his consent; and
those for the Judicial Branch shall not be reduced during five years succeeding their determination, unless with the consent of the
Principal Justice.
SECTION 5. The fiscal year shall be the same as the calendar year, with new appropriations available at its beginning.
SECTION 6. There shall be an Officials' Protective Service to guard the President, the Vice-Presidents, the Principal Justice, and
other officials whose safety may be at hazard; and there shall be a Protector appointed by and responsible to a standing committee of
the Senate. Protected officials shall be guided by procedures approved by the committee.
The service, at the request of the Political Overseer, may extend its protection to candidates for office; or to other officials, if the
committee so decide.
SECTION 7. A suitable contingency fund shall be made available to the President for purposes defined by law.
SECTION 8. The Senate shall try officers of government other than legislators when such officers are impeached by a two-third vote of
the House of Representatives for conduct prejudicial to the public interest. If Presidents or Vice-Presidents are to be tried, the Senate,
as constituted, shall conduct the trial. Judgments shall not extend beyond removal from office and disqualification for holding further
office; but the convicted official shall be liable to further prosecution.
SECTION 9. Members of legislative houses may be impeached by the Judicial Council; but for trials it shall be enlarged to seventeen
by Justices of the High Courts appointed by the Principal Justice. If convicted, members shall be expelled and be ineligible for future
public office; and they shall also be liable for trial as citizens.
ARTICLE XI
Amendment
SECTION 1. It being the special duty of the Judicial Council to formulate and suggest amendments to this Constitution, it shall, from
time to time, make proposals, through the Principal Justice, to the Senate. The Senate, if it approve, and if the President agree, shall
instruct the Overseer to arrange at the next national election for submission of the amendment to the electorate. If not disapproved by
a majority, it shall become part of this Constitution. If rejected, it may be restudied and a new proposal submitted.
It shall be the purpose of the amending procedure to correct deficiencies in the Constitution, to extend it when new responsibilities
require, and to make government responsible to needs of the people, making use of advances in managerial competence and
establishing security and stability; also to preclude changes in the Constitution resulting from interpretation.
SECTION 2. When this Constitution shall have been in effect for twenty-five years the Overseer shall ask, by referendum, whether a
new Constitution shall be prepared. If a majority so decide, the Council, making use of such advice as may be available, and
consulting those who have made complaint, shall prepare a new draft for submission at the next election. If not disapproved by a
majority it shall be in effect. If disapproved it shall be redrafted and resubmitted with such changes as may be then appropriate to the
circumstances, and it shall be submitted to the voters at the following election.
If not disapproved by a majority it shall be in effect. If disapproved it shall be restudied and resubmitted.
ARTICLE XII
Transition
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SECTION 1. The President is authorized to assume such powers, make such appointments, and use such funds as are necessary to
make this Constitution effective as soon as possible after acceptance by a referendum he may initiate.
SECTION 2. Such members of the Senate as may be at once available shall convene and, if at least half, shall constitute sufficient
membership while others are being added. They shall appoint an Overseer to arrange for electoral organization and elections for the
offices of government; but the President and Vice-Presidents shall serve out their terms and then become members of the Senate. At
that time the presidency shall be constituted as provided in this Constitution.
SECTION 3. Until each indicated change in the government shall have been completed the provisions of the existing Constitution and
the organs of government shall be in effect.
SECTION 4. All operations of the national government shall cease as they are replaced by those authorized under this Constitution.
The President shall determine when replacement is complete.
The President shall cause to be constituted an appropriate commission to designate existing laws inconsistent with this Constitution,
and they shall be void; also the commission shall assist the President and the legislative houses in the formulating of such laws as
may be consistent with the Constitution and necessary to its implementation.
SECTION 5. For establishing Newstates boundaries a commission of thirteen, appointed by the President, shall make
recommendations within one year. For this purpose the members may take advice and commission studies concerning resources,
population, transportation, communication, economic and social arranagements, and such other conditions as may be significant. The
President shall transmit the commission's report to the Senate. After entertaining, if convenient, petitions for revision, the Senate shall
report whether the recommendations are satisfactory but the President shall decide whether they shall be accepted or shall be
returned for revision.
Existing states shall not be divided unless metropolitan areas extending over more than one state are to be included in one Newstate,
or unless other compelling circumstances exist; and each Newstate shall possess harmonious regional characteristics.
The Commission shall continue while the Newstates make adjustments among themselves and shall have jurisdiction in disputes
arising among them.
SECTION 6. Constitution of the Newstates shall be established as arranged by the Judicial Council and the Principal Justice.
These procedures shall be as follows: Constitutions shall be drafted by the highest courts of the Newstates. There shall then be a
convention of one hundred delegates chosen in special elections in a procedure approved by the Overseer. If the Constitution be not
rejected it shall be in effect and the government shall be constituted. If it be rejected, the Principal Justice, advised by the Judicial
Council, shall promulgate a Constitution and initiate revisions to be submitted for approval at a time he shall appoint. If it again be
rejected he shall promulgate another, taking account of objections, and it shall be in effect. A Constitution, once in effect, shall be valid
for twenty-five years as herein provided.
SECTION 7. Until Governors and legislatures of the Newstates are seated, their governments shall continue, except that the President
may appoint temporary Governors to act as executives until suceeded by those regularly elected. These Governors shall succeed to
the executive functions of the states as they become one of the Newstates of America.
SECTION 8. The indicated appointments, elections, and other arrangements shall be made with all deliberate speed.
SECTIONN 9. The first Judicial Assembly for selecting a register of candidates for the Principal Justiceship of the Newstates of
America shall be called by the incumbent Chief Justice immediately upon ratification.
SECTION 10. Newstates electing by referendum not to comply with recommendations of the Boundary Commission, as approved by
the Senate, shall have deducted from taxes collected by the Newstates of America for transmission to them a percentage equal to the
loss in efficiency from failure to comply.
Estimates shall be made by the Chancellor of Financial Affairs and approved by the President; but the deduction shall not be less than
7 percent.
SECTION 11. When this Constitution has been implemented the President may delete by proclamation appropriate parts of this
article.
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