Khmer Prestressed Concrete - Unknown

NPIC
I.
KMniteKal
Basic Concepts
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
ebtugmanersIusg;xaMgkgkarsgt; b:uEnmanersIusg;exSaykgkarTaj EdlenAcenaHBI 8% eTA

12% nersIusg;sgt;. edaysarersIusg;rgkarTajtUcEbbenH sameRbHEdlekItBIkarBt;nwgekIt
manenAdMNak;kaldMbUgnkardak;bnk. edIm,Ikat;bny bkarBarmineGaymansameRbHenH eKRtUv
GnuvtkMlaMgcMpit bcakpittamTisbeNayrbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgM. dUcenHkMlaMgenH)anbegInersIusg;
kgkarBt; ersIusg;kgkarkat; nigersIusg;kgkarrmYlrbs;muxkat;. bnab;mkmuxkat;GaceFVIkarCa
lkNeGLasic ehIymuxkat;manersIusg;rgkarsgt;esIrEteBjenAeBlEdlbnkTaMgGs;manGMeBI
mkelIeRKOgbgM.
eKal KMnit
T.Chhay
kMlaMgEdleKGnuvttamTisbeNayenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg (prestressing force). kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCakMlaMgsgt;tamTisbeNayrbs;Ggt;EdleFVIeGaymuxkat;rg

kugRtaMgmunnwgGgt;rgbnkefr nigbnkGefr. eKkMNt;RbePTkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;
vaedayQrelIRbePTnsMNg; RbEvgElVg nigPaBrlas; (slenderness). rUbTI 1>1 bgajBITMrg;rbs;
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgBIrRbePT.
k> eRbobeFobCamYynwgebtugGarem:
Comparison with Reinforced Concrete
EdkenAkgebtugGarem:min)anGnuvtkMlaMgrbs;vaeTAelIGgt;eT EdlpyBIGMeBIrbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMg. enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajedaykarBt;FMCagersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtug ebtugeRbkugRtaMgcab;epIm
eFVIkarCaebtugGarem:.
edayRKb;RKgbrimaNrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg eKGaceFVIrcnasm<nCa flexible b rigid eday
minman\TiBlelIersIusg;rbs;vaeT. eKBi)aknwgTTYl)annUvlkN flexible enAkgebtugGarem:Nas;
RbsinebIeKcg;TTYl)anlkNesdkicx<s;.
x> lkNesdkicrbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Economics of Prestressed Concrete
Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmankMBs;TabCagGgt;ebtugGarem:sMrab;RbEvg niglkxNnkardak;
bnkdUcKa. CaTUeTAkMBs;rbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgsitenAcenaH 65% eTA 80% nkMBs;rbs;ebtug
Garem:. dUcenHvaRtUvkarebtugticCagGgt;ebtugGarem:BI 20% eTA 35% EtkarsnSMsMcbrimaNebtugenHmantulPaBCamYynwgtMldx<s;rbs;sMParEdlmanKuNPaBlEdlRtUvkarkgkarrgeRbkugRtaMg. edaysarragFrNImaRt Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmanBum<sKsajCagebtugGarem:.
eTaHbIvamantMlbEnmCaeRcInkeday EtRbsinebIeKplitvaeRcIntMlrbs;vaminsUvCaxusKaeT.
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUvkartMEhTaMticCaeRKOgbgMebtugGarem: edaysarkarRtYtBinitKuNPaB
ebtug)anlCag nigRKwHrbs;vaRTnUvTMgn;pal;tUcCag.
enAeBlEdlFwmebtugGarem:manRbEvgFMCag 21m vanwgmanTMgn;pal;FMNas; EdleFVIeGayva
manPaBdabryeBlyUr nigsameRbHFM. dUcenHsMrab;FwmEdlmanRbEvgEvg eKniymeRbIebtugeRbkug
RtaMg edaysarFwmragFmantMlfkgkarsagsg; nigm:aeTotvaeFVIkarmin)anledaysarvargnUv
Basic Concept
NPIC
nig creep. sMrab;s<anEdlmanElVgEvgdUcCa segmental bridge b cablestayed bridge eKeRbIEtebtugeRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaH.

long-term shrinkage
2> Rbvtirbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Historical Development of Prestressing
ebtugeRbkugRtaMgminEmnCabeckeTsfIeT enAqaM 1872 visVkr P. H. Jackson EdlmkBI

California TTYl)annUvnIybRttkkmsMrab;karrkeXIjRbBneRbkugRtaMgedayeRbI tie rod edIm,I
begItFwm bFBIdMubkdac;BIKa emIlrUbTI 1>1 a. enAqaM 1888 visVkrsBaatiGaLWm:g; C. W.
Doehring TTYl)annIybRttkkmsMrab;kareRbIRbBneRbkugRtaMgenAkgkMraledayeRbI metal wire.
b:uEnsMrab;kareRbIR)as;elIkdMbUgenHminsUvTTYl)aneCaKCyeT edaysarkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgGaRsy
nwgeBl. eRkaymkenAedImstvtSTI20 J. Lund mkBI Norway nig G.R. Steiner mkBIshrd)an
BayamedIm,IedaHRsaybBaaenH EtminTTYl)anlTpleT.
kgGMLgeBldyUrCamYynwgkarvivDdtictYcedaysarminTan;rkeXIjnUvEdlersIusg;x<s;Edl
GacykQHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg R. E. Dill )anrkeXIjnUv\TiBlrbs; shrinkage nig creep
rbs;ebtugeTAelIkMhatbg;rbs;eRbkugRtaMg. dUcenHKat;)anrkeXIjnUv post-tensioning n
unbonded rod EdlGacTUTat;nwgkMhatbg;kugRtaMgGaRsynwgeBlenAkgEdk EdlekItBIkarkat;bny
RbEvgrbs;Ggt;edaysar creep nig shrinkage. enAedImTsvtS 1920 W. H. Hewett )anbegIt
nUveKalkarN_ circular prestressing EdleRbICamYynwgGagskTwk bvtravEdlmanragmUl.
visVkr)araMg Eugene Freyssinet )anesInUvkareRbIR)as; high-strength steel nig highductility steel edIm,IykQHnUvkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgkgcenaHqaM 1926 dl; 1928.
bcb,neKeRbIebtugeRbkugRtaMgsMrab;sMNg;GaKar sMNg;dI s<anEdlmanElVgEvg.l.
3> eKalKMnitnebtugeRbkugRtaMg
k> esckIepIm Introduction
Basic Concepts of Prestressing
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P EdlbMeBjlkxNragFrNImaRt niglkxNdak;bnkrbs;Ggt;RtUv)an

kMNt;edayeRbIeKalkarN_emkanik nigTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg-sac;lUteFob rUbTI 1>2. eBlxHeKRtUv
karsnt;eGayFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgCa homogeneous nigeGLasic.
eKal KMnit
T.Chhay
enAkgrUbTI 1>2 (a) bgajBIFwmctuekaNTMrsamBargnUvkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMpit P . muxkat;

FwmrgnUvkugRtaMgsgt;esIKW
f =
P
Ac
(1.1)
Edl Ac = bd CaRkLaprbs;muxkat;FwmEdlmanTTwg b nigkMBs;srub d . sBaadkRtUv)aneRbI

sMrab;kugRtaMg bkMlaMgsgt; nigsBaabUksMrab;kugRtaMg bkMlaMgTaj.
RbsinebImankMlaMgTTwgGkS (transverse load) GnuvteTAelIFwm enaHkugRtaMgEdl)anm:Um:g;
Gtibrma M EdlekItmanenAkNalElVgKW
ft =
Basic Concept
P Mc
Ac I g
(1.2a)
NPIC
nig
fb =
Edl
P Mc
+
Ac I g
(1.2b)
kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIbMput
f b = kugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkambMput
1
c = h sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN
2
ft =
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;TaMgmUl sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN = bh12

BIrUbTI 1>2 (b) eyIgeXIjfaersIusg;rgkarsgt;rbs;FwmedIm,ITb;nwgkMlaMgxageRkARtUv)ankat;
bnyedaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMpit. edIm,Ikat;bnykugRtaMgTajenAsrsxagelIbMput eKRtUvdak;
prestressing tendon BIeRkamGkSNWtsMrab;muxkat;kNalElVg rUbTI 1>2 (c) nig (d) . RbsinebIeK
dak; tendon enAcMNakpit e BITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat; eKTTYl)anm:Um:g; Pe eFobnwgGkS cgc ehIy
kugRtaMgenAkNalElVgkayCa
Ig =
nig
ft =
P Pec Mc
+
Ac
Ig
Ig
(1.3a)
fb =
P Pec Mc
+
Ac
Ig
Ig
(1.3b)
edaysarmuxkat;enARtg;TMrsamBaminrgm:Umg: ;Edl)anBIbnkTTwgGkSxageRkA enaHsrsxag

elIbMputrbs;muxkat;GacrgkugRtaMgTajFMedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpit. edIm,IkMritkugRtaMgenH
eKRtUvdak; prestressing tendon CamYynwgcMNakpittUcCagcMNakpitenAkNalElVg bGacsitenAelI
GkS cgc .
x> Basic Concept Method

enAkg basic concept method eKkMNt;kugRtaMgnsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;ebtug
eRbkugRtaMgedaypal;BIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlGnuvttambeNayGkS nigbnkTTwgGkS. RbsinebI Pi
CakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImmunkMhatbg; nig Pe CakMlaMg eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhatbg; enaH
=
Pe
Pi
Edl = emKuNeRbkugRtaMgenAsl; (residual prestress factor). edayCMnYs r 2 = I g / Ac Edl

r CakaMniclPaBnmuxkat;TaMgmUl enaHeyIg)ansmIkardUcxageRkam
a. manEtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
eKal KMnit
T.Chhay
Pi ect
1 2
Ac
r
P ec
f b = i 1 + 2b
Ac
r
ft =
b.
(1.4a)
(1.4b)
Edl ct nig cb CacMgayBITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat; (GkS cgc ) eTAsrsxagelIbMput

nig xageRkambMput erogKa.
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgrYmnwgTMgn;pal;
RbsinebITMgn;pal;rbs;FwmbegItm:Um:g; M D enARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNa smIkar 1.4a nig
1.4b kayCa
Pi ect M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = i 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(1.5a)
(1.5b)
Edl S t nig Sb Cam:UDulnmuxkat;sMrab;srsxagelIbMput nigxageRkambMput erogKa.
rUbTI 1>3 bgajBIKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. rUbTI 1>3 (a) bgajBIKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg

kgTMrg; harped EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkg pretensioned beam nigsMrab;bnkTTwkGkSmanGMeBIcMcMnuc.
rUbTI 1>3 (b) bgajBIKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgkgTMrg; draped EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkg posttensioning beam.
Basic Concept
NPIC
bnab;BIkarsagsg; nigkartMeLIgkMralehIy eRKOgbgMrgbnkGefrEdlbegIt)anCam:Um:g; M s .

CaTUeTA GaMgtg;sIueteBjeljrbs;bnkenHekItmanbnab;BIsMNg;RtUv)ansagsg;rYcral; ehIykMhat
eKal KMnit
T.Chhay
bg;GaRsynwgeBlkgebtugeRbkugRtaMgekIteLIgrYcehIy. dUcenH kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCakMlaMgeRbkug

RtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe . RbsinebIm:Um:g;srubEdlbNalBIbnkTMnajCa M T enaH
M T = M D + M SD + M L
(1.6)
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;
M SD = m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkefr
M L = m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnlGefr
ehIysmIkar 1.5 nwgkayCa
Edl
MD =
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + T
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(1.7a)
(1.7b)
rUbTI 1.4 bgajBIKMrUnkarBRgaykugRtaMgenAelImuxkat;mansabeRKaHfak;rbs;Ggt;eRbkug

RtaMg. eKminGnuBaateGaykugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugenAelIsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;FMCagkug
RtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaEdleGayedaybTdaneT dUcCa ft = 0.5 f 'c enAkg ACI Code. Rb
sinebIvaFMCagtMlGnuBaat eKRtUvdak;EdkBRgwgminEmneRbkugRtaMgeTAtamsmamaRtedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg
kMlaMgTajsrubEdlmankgeKalbMNgRKb;RKgsameRbHenAdMNak;kalrgbnkeFIVkar.
K> C-Line Method

sMrab; C-Line method b line-of-pressure concept b thrust concept FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMg
RtUv)aneKsnt;CaFwmebtugsuTeGLasic ehIyeKviPaKvaedayeRbIeKalkarN_eKalrbs;saTic. eKcat;
TukkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCakMlaMgsgt;xageRkA CamYynwgkMlaMgTajefr T enAkg tendon. eKeRbIsmIkarlMnwg H = 0 nig M = 0 edIm,IrkSalMnwgrbs;muxkat;.
rUbTI 1>5 bgajBIkareRbobeFobExSskmnkMlaMgsgt; C nigkMlaMgTaj T enAkgebtug
Garem: nigebtugeRbkugRtaMg. dXas; a sMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmantMlefr EtvaERbRbYlBIsUnenA
eBlrgeRbkugRtaMgeTAtMlGtibrmaenAeBlEdlvarg bnkxageRkAeBjeljsMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
BIdaRkamGgesrIrbs;kMNt;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 1>6 eyIg)an
M = Ca = Ta
e' = a e
(1.8)
(1.9a)
edaysar C = T / a = M / T eK)an
Basic Concept
NPIC
e' =
BIrUbeyIg)an
M
e
T
(1.9b)
ft =
C Ce' ct
Ac
Ig
(1.10a)
fb =
C Ce' cb
+
Ac
Ig
(1.10b)
b:uEnenAkg tendon kMlaMg T esInwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe dUcenH
eKal KMnit
ft =
Pe Pe e' ct
Ac
Ig
(1.11a)
fb =
Pe Pe e' cb
+
Ac
Ig
(1.11b)
T.Chhay
edaysar I c = Ac r 2 enaHeyIgGacsresrsmIkar 1.11a nig b dUcxageRkam

e' ct
1 + 2
r
P e' c
f b = e 1 2b
Ac
r
ft =
Pe
Ac
(1.12a)
(1.12b)
smIkar 1.12 a nig b nigsmIkar 1.7 a nig b RtUveGaytMlkugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkAdUcKa.
X> Load-Balancing Method

eKGacKNna nigviPaKFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayeRbI load-balancing method EdlbegIt
eday Lin. viFIenHEpkelIkareRbIR)as;kMlaMgtamTisQrrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanTMrg; draped b
harped edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnkTMnajEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt;. rUbTI 1>7 bgajBIkMlaMglMnwg (balancing
forces) sMrab;FwmebtugebkugRtaMgEdlmanEdkeRbkugRtaMgTMrg; draped nig harped. kMlaMglMnwg
Rbtikm R esInwgbgMkMlaMgbBarrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P . bgMkMlaMgedkrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P
mantMlesInwgkMlaMg P eBjEtmgsMrab;karKNnakugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtugEdlenAkNal
ElVgsMrab;FwmTMrsamBaEdlmanRbEvgEvg. sMrab;muxkat;dTeTot eKeRbIbgMkMlaMgedkrbs;kMlaMg P
Cak;Esg.
Basic Concept
10
NPIC
A. Loading-Balancing Distributed Loads and Parabolic Tendon Profile
BIrUbTI 1>8 eyIgGacsresrGnuKmn_)a:ra:bUldUcxageRkamsMrab;tMNageGayTMrg;rbs;
tendon
Ax 2 + Bx + C = y
(1.13)
sMrab; x = 0 eyIgman y = 0 dUcenH C = 0

= 0 dUcenH B = 0
ehIy dy
dx
sMrab; x = l / 2 eyIg)an y = a dUcenH A = 4l 2a
y
(1.14)
eyIgman
q =T 2
x
eFVIDIepr:g;EslBIrdgeTAelIsmIkar 1.13 ehIyCMnYs 2 y / x 2 eTAkgsmIkar 1.14
eyIg)an
2
q =T
4a
2
l
ql 2
T=
8a
ql 2
Ta =
8
2 =
8Ta
l2
(1.15a)
(1.15b)
(1.15c)
dUcenH RbsibebI tendon manTMrg;)a:ra:bUlehIykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)ansMKal;eday P enaH

balanced-load Edl)anBIsmIkar 1.15a kayCa
wb =
8 Pa
l2
(1.16)
BIrUbTI 1>9 bnkTTwgGkS wb BIrEdlmantMlesIKa TisedApyKa)anTUTat;KaGs; dUcenHmin

mankugRtaMgBt;ekIteLIgeT. edaysar T = C dUcenHeyIgGacCMnYs C eTAkg T )an. eday
sarKanm:Um:g;Bt; FwmenArkSaPaBRtg; edayminmanragekag bptenApxagelIbMput.
kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtugeBjkMBs;rbs;muxkat;EdlenAkNalElVgKW
eKal KMnit
11
T.Chhay
f bt =
P'
C
=
Ac
Ac
(1.17)
kugRtaMgenHmantMlefr ehIykMlaMg P' = P cos . rUbTI 1>10 bgajBIplbUkkugRtaMgedIm,I

TTYl)an net stress. cMNaMfakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAkg load-balancing method RtUvmanGMeBIenARtg;
TIRbCMuTMgn; (cgc) rbs;muxkat;Rtg;TMrsMrab;FwmTMrsamBa nigenARtg; cgc rbs;muxkat;cugTMenrrbs;Fwm
cantilever. eKRtUvdak;lkxNEbbenHedIm,IkarBarm:Um:g;EdlKanlMnwgcakpit (eccentric unbalanced
moment).
enAeBlEdlbnkTTwgGkSFMCag balancing load wb dUcenHbnkKanlMnwgbEnm (additional

unbalanced load) wub begIt)anm:Um:g; M ub = wubl 2 / 8 enAkNalElVg. kugRtaMgsrsxageRkA
EdlRtUvKanwgkrNIenHRtg;kNalElVgkayCa
Basic Concept
12
NPIC
f bt =
P' M ub c
m
Ac
Ig
(1.18)
eKGacsresrsmIkar 1.18 CaBIrsmIkardUcxageRkam

P' M ub
t
Ac
S
P' M ub
fb =
+
Ac
Sb
ft =
nig
(1.19a)
(1.19b)
smIkar 1.19 nwgeGaytMlkugRtaMgsrsdUcKanwgsmIkar 1.12 nigsmIkar 1.7 Edr. cMNaMfa

eKyk P' = P enARtg;muxkat;kNalElVgeRBaHkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmanTisedkenARtg;muxkat; enaH
Edl = 0 .
4>
Computation of Fiber Stresses in a Prestressed Beam by the Basic Method
]TaheN_ 1>1 rUbTI 1>11 bgajBIragFrNImaRtrbs;Fwm pretensioned dpble T 10LDT24 EdlRT
edayTMrsamBamanRbEvg 64 ft (19.51m) . vargnUvbnkTMnajefrWSD nigbnkGefrWL Edlmanpl

bnksrub 420 plf (6.13kN / m) . kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImmunkMhatbg;KW f pi 0.70 f pu = 189ksi
(1300MPa ) . ehIykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeRkaykMhatbg;KW f pe = 150ksi(1034MPa ) . KNnakugRtaMg
srsxageRkAbMputenAkNalElVgEdlbNalmkBI
a. kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImTaMgmUl nigKanbnkTMnajxageRkA
b. lkxNbnkeFVIkarcugeRkayenAeBlEdlkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgekItmanehIy.
kugRtaMgGnuBaatmandUcxageRkam
f 'c = 6ksi TMgn;Rsal (41.4 MPa )
f pu = 270ksi stress relieved (1860 MPa ) = specified tensile strength rbs; tendon
f py = 220ksi(1520MPa ) = specified yield strength rbs; tendons
f t = 12 f 'c = 930 psi (6.4MPa ) = kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtug
f 'ci = 4.8ksi(33.1MPa ) = kugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
f ci = 0.6 f 'ci = 2.88ksi(19.9MPa ) = kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
f c = 0.45 f 'c = kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugenAeBleFVIkar
snt;eRbI seven-wire-strand Ggt;pit 0.5in.(12.7mm) cMnYndb;.
Ac = 449in.2 (2897cm 2 )
eKal KMnit
13
T.Chhay
I g = 22469in.4 935346cm 4
r 2 = I g / Ac = 50.04in.2 323cm 2
cb = 17.77in.(451mm )
ct = 6.23in.(158mm )
ec = 14.77in.(375mm )
ee = 7.77in.(197.4mm )
(
)
= 3607in. (59108cm )
Sb = 1264in.3 20713cm3
St
WD = 359 plf (5.24kN / m )
dMeNaHRsay
a.
lkxNdMbUgenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
Aps = 10 0.153 = 1.53in.2 (990mm 2 )
Pi = Aps f pi = 1.53 189000 = 289170lb(1287kN )
Pe = 1.53 150000 = 229500lb(1020kN )
Basic Concept
14
NPIC
m:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnkpal;enAkNalElVg
MD =
WD l 2 359(64 )2
=
12 = 2205696in. lb(249kN .m )
8
8
BIsmIkar 1.5 nig 1.7 eyIg)an

ect M D
1 2 t
r S
289170 14.77 6.23 2205696

=
1
449
50.04
3607
ft =
Pi
Ac
= +540.3 611.5 70 psi (C )(0.5MPa )

P ec M
f b = i 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
289170 14.77 17.77 2205696

1 +
+
440
50.04
1264
= 4022.1 + 1745 2277 psi (C )(15.8MPa )

f ci = 2880 psi O.K.
b.
lkxNcugeRkayenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
m:Um:g;kNalElVgbNalmkBIbnkbEnmefr nigGefrKW
M SD + M L =
420(64 )2
12 = 2580480in. lb
8
m:Um:g;srub M T = 2205696 + 2580480 = 4786176in. lb(541kN .m)

Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
229500 14.77 6.23 4786176
=
1
449
50.04
3607
ft =
= +429 1327 = 898 psi (C )(6.3MPa )

< f c = 0.45 6000 = 2700 psi
O.K.
Pe ecb M T
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
229500 14.77 17.77 4786176
=
1 +
+
449
50.04
1264
fb =
= 3192 + 3786 = +594 psi (T )(4.1MPa )
< f t = 12 f 'c = 930 psi
eKal KMnit
O.K.
15
T.Chhay
5>
C-Line Computation of Fiber Stresses
]TahrN_ 1>2 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 1>1 sMrab;lkxNcugeRkayeBlbnkeFVIkar edayeRbI C-line

.
method
dMeNaHRsay
Pe = 229500lb
M T = 4786176in. lb
M
4786176
a= T =
= 20.85in.
Pe
229500
e' = a e = 20.85 14.77 = 6.08in.
BIsmIkar 1.12
Pe e' ct
1 + 2
Ac
r
229500 6.08 6.23
=
1 +
= 898 psi (C )
449
50.04
P e' c
f b = e 1 2b
Ac
r
229500 6.08 17.77
=
1
= +594 psi (T )
449
50.04
ft =
6>
Load-Balancing Computation of Fiber Stresses
]TahrN_ 1>3 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 1>1 sMrab;lkxNcugeRkayeBlbnkeFVIkareRkayeBlkMhat

bg; edayeRbI load-balancing method.
dMeNaHRsay
P ' = Pe = 229500lb
enAkNalElVg
enAkNalElVg a = ec = 14.77in. = 1.231 ft
eyIgman balancing load

Wb = 8
Pa
l
8 229500 1.231
64 2
= 552 plf (8.1kN / m )
dUcenHRbsinebIbnkTMnajsrubmanRtwmEt 552 plf FwmnwgrgkugRtaMg P' / Ac RbsinebIFwm

man tendon TMrg;)a:ra:bUledayminmancMNakpitenAelITMr. enHedaysarEtbnkTMnajRtUv)an
rkSalMnwgeday tendon enAkNalElVg. dUcenH
bnkTMnajsrubEdlFwmRtUvTTYl = WD + WSD + WL
= 359 + 420 = 779 plf
Basic Concept
16
NPIC
Wub = 779 552 = 227 plf

M ub =
Wub (l )2 227(64 )2
=
12 = 1394688in. lb
8
8
BIsmIkar 1.19 eyIg)an

ft =
229500 1394688
P' M ub
t =
449
3607
Ac
S
= 511 387 = 898 psi (C )

P' M ub
229500 1394688
fb =
+
=
+
Ac
Sb
449
1264
= 511 + 1104 594 psi (T )
f t = 930 psi
O.K.
eKal KMnit
17
T.Chhay
II.
sMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
Materials and Systems for Prestressing
1> ebtug Concrete

k> esckIepIm Introduction
sMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg ebtugersIusg;x<s; (high-strength concrete) CaFaturYmpSMdsMxan;
mYy. dUcenH eKRtUvFananUvKuNPaB nigRKb;RKgKuNPaBrbs;vaedIm,ITTYl)anersIusg; (strength)
nigPaBFn;ryeBlEvg (long-term endurance) enAdMNak;kalnkarplitebtug.
x> )a:ra:Em:RtEdlCH\TiBldl;KuNPaBrbs;ebtug
Parameters Affecting the Quality Concrete
ersIusg; nigPaBFn;CaKuNPaBcMbgBIrEdlmansarsMxan;enAkgeRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
\TiBlnkarxUcKuNPaBebtugryeBlEvgGackat;bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgy:agelOn nignaMeGay
eRKOgbgM)ak;edaymin)anrMBwgTuk. dUcenH eKRtUvmanviFankarht;ct;CaeRcInedIm,IRKb;RKg nigFanaKuN
PaBrbs;ebtugenAkgdMNak;kalnkarplit dMNak;kalnkarsagsg; kdUcCadMNak;kaltMEhTaM.
rUbTI 2>1 bgajBIktaCaeRcInEdlGaceGayeyIgTTYl)anebtugEdlmanKuNPaBl.
K> lkNnebtugEdlkkrwg
Properties of Hardened Concrete
eKEcklkNemkanicrbs;ebtugEdlkkrwgCaBIrRbePTKW lkNxN blkNryeBlxI

(short-term or instantaneous properties) niglkNryeBlEvg (long-term properties). lkN
ryeBlxIrYmmanersIusg;sgt; ersIusg;Taj ersIusg;kat; nigPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) Edlvas;eday
m:UDuleGLasic. lkNryeBlEvgman creep nigkarrYjmaD (shrinkage).
!> ersIusg;sgt;
Compressive Strength
GaRsynwgRbePTrbs;TWkfaMKImI lkNrbs;fbMEbk ryeBlnkarEcTaMebtug nigKuNPaBn
karEfTaMebtug eKGacTTYl)anersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugrhUtdl; 20ksi(138MPa ) bFMCagenH. CaTU
18
NPIC
eTAersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugEdlplitedaylkNesdkicCamYynwgfbMEbkFmtasitenAcenaH
4ksi (28MPa ) eTA 12ksi(83MPa ) . ebtugEdleKeRbIPaKeRcInmanersIusg;sgt; 6ksi(42 MPa ) .
ersIusg;sgt; f 'c )anmkBIsMNakKMrUsIuLaMgsg;darTMhM 15cm 30cm EdlEfTaMeRkamlkxN

BiesaFn_sg;dar nigRtUv)aneFVIBiesaFn_edayrgkMlaMgsgt;enAGayu 28 f. sg;darEdleKeRbIsMrab;BiesaFn_ersIusg;sgt;KW ASTM C-39. ersIusg;rbs;ebtugenAkgeRKOgbgMCak;EsgmindUcKanwgersIusg;
rbs;sMNakKMrUsIuLaMgedaysarlkxNnkarbgab; niglkxNnkarEfTaMxusKa.
19
T.Chhay
sMrab;karBiesaFersIusg; ACI Code kMNt;eRbInUvmFmPaKrbs;sMNakKMrUsIuLaMgBIrnsMPar

dUcKa ehIyRtUv)aneFVIkarBiesaFenAGayudUcKaEdlCaTUeTAenAGayu 28 f. sMrab;karBiesaFEdlman
lkNjwkjab; kUdkMNt;faersIusg;rbs;cMNat;fak;ebtugnImYybMeBjlkxN)ankgkrNI (1)
mFmPaKnsMnMusMNakKMrUTaMgGs;nkarBiesaFbIdgCab;RtUvFMCag besInwg f 'c EdlRtUvkar nig (2)
KankarBiesaFsMNakKMrUmgNa mFmPaKnsIuLaMgBIr tUcCag f 'c EdlRtUvkar 3.5MPa eT.
@> ersIusg;Taj
Tensile Strength
ersIusg;Taj fct rbs;ebtugmantMltUc EdltMlRbhak;RbEhlrbs;vasitenAcenaH 0.10 f 'c
nig 0.20 fct . eKBi)aknwgvas;ersIusg;TajCagersIusg;sgt;edaysarEtkarKabsMNakKMrUeTAnwgm:asIun
BiesaFn_. eKmanviFICaeRcInkgkarBiesaFersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtug EtviFIEdleKniymeRbICageKKWkar
BiesaFsgt;bMEbksIuLaMg (cylinder splitting or Brazilian test).
enAkgkarKNna eKcUlciteRbItMlrbs;m:UDuldac; f r (modulus of rupture) CagkareRbI
ersIusg;Tajedaykarsgt;bMEbk fct (tensile splitting test) sMrab;Ggt;rgkarBt;. m:UDuldac;RtUv)an
vas;edaykarBiesaFkac;bM)ak;;sMNakKMrURBIsebtugsuTedayrgbnkcMnucTIbI (third point) (ASTM C78) . sMNakKMrUenHmanmuxkat;ragkaer: EdlRCugrbs;vamanTMhM 15cm nigmanRbEvg 45cm . m:UDul
dac;rbs;ebtugmantMlFMCagersIusg;Tajedaykarsgt;bMEbk. ACI kMNt;ykm:UDuldac;esInwg
7.5 f 'c psi (0.623 f 'c MPa ) sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta.
CaTUeTA ebtugTMgn;RsalmanersIusg;TajtUcCagebtugTMgn;Fmta. xageRkamenHCakarkMNt;
m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtugTMgn;Rsal
a. RbsinebIersIusg;Tajedaykarsgt;bMEbk f ct RtUv)ankMNt;
f r = 1.09 f ct 0.623 f 'c
b.
(2.1)
RbsinebI fct minRtUv)ankMNt; eRbIemKuN 0.75 sMrab;RKb;ebtugTMgn;Rsal nig

0.85 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsalEdlplitBIxSac;. eKGaceRbI linear interpolation
sMrab;karlayedayeRbIl,ayxSac; nigfbMEbklitTMgn;Rsal.
Shear Strength
#> ersIusg;kat;
ersIusg;kat;BitCamankarBi)akkgkarkMNt;edaykarBiesaFCageK edaysarPaBBi)akkgkar
dak;eGaykugRtaMgkat;enAdac;edayELkBIkugRtaMgdT. vaCamUlehtuEdleFVIeGaymanbMErbMrYly:agFM
20
NPIC
ntMlrbs;ersIusg;kat; EdlERbRbYlBI 20% nersIusg;sgt;sMrab;kardak;bnkFmta eTAdl; 85%

nersIusg;sgt;sMrab;krNImanbnSMkMlaMgsgt; nigkMlaMgkat;edaypal;. karRtYtBinitkarKNna
eRKOgbgMedayersIusg;kat;CakrNIkMrbMput edaysarersIusg;kat;RtUv)ankMNt;edaytMltUcedIm,Ikar
BarebtugBIkar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg.
2> ExSekagkugRtaMg-bMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;ebtug
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete
cMeNHdwgBITMnak;Tng stress-train rbs;ebtugmansarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;dMeNIrkarviPaK nig

KNnaeRKOgbgMEdleFVIBIebtug. rUbTI 2>2 bgajBIExSekag stress-strain KMrUEdlTTYl)anBIkar
BiesaFedayeRbIsMNakKMrUebtugsIuLaMgEdlrgbnksgt;tamGkSeTalryeBlCaeRcInnaTI. eKGac
cat;TukEpkTImYyrbs;ExSekagRbEhl 40% nersIusg;x<s;bMput (ultimate strength) manlkN
smamaRt (linear) sMrab;RKb;karBiesaFTaMgGs;. bnab;mkRbEhl 70% nkugRtaMg)ak; (failure
stress) )at;bg;PaBrwgrbs;vay:ageRcIn edaybegInkMeNag. enARtg; ultimate load sameRbHtam
beNayTisnkardak;bnkcab;epImelcecjy:agc,as; ehIysMNakKMrUsIuLaMgPaKeRcIn elIkElg
sMNakKMrUEdlmanersIusg;tUcNas; EbkPamkgryeBldxI. rUbTI 2>3 bgajBIExSekag stressstrain rbs;ebtugEdlmanersIusg;eRcInRbePTEdleFVIeLIgeday Portland Cement Association.
21
T.Chhay
eyIgeXIjfa (1) ebtugEdlmanersIusg;kan;EttUc manbMErbMrYlrageFobkan;EtFM (2) RbEvgncMENk

smamaRtdMbUgekIneLIgCamYynwgkarkarekIneLIgnersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtug (3) PaBsVit (ductility)
RtUv)ankat;bnyCamYynwgkarekIneLIgnersIusg;.
22
NPIC
3> m:UDuleGLasic nigkarERbRbYlersIusg;sgt;CamYynwgeBl

Modulus of Elasticity and Change in Compressive Strength with Time
edaysarExSekag stress-strain EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>4 manlkNekag (curvilinear)

taMg BIdMNak;kaldMbUgnRbvtinkardak;bnkrbs;va. eKGacTTYl)anm:UDuleGLasicEtBIbnat;b:HeTA
nwgExSekagRtg;cMnuceKal. CMraldMbUg (initial slope) rbs;bnat;b:HeTAnwgExSekagRtUv)ankMNt;Ca
m:UDulb:HedIm (initial tangent modulus) ehIyeKGacsg;bnat;b:HRKb;cMnucTaMgGs;enAelIExSekag.
bnat;eRTtRtg;EdlPab;BIcMnuceKaleTAkugRtaMgEdleGay RbEhl 0.4 f 'c kMNt;nUv secant
modulus of elasticity rbs;ebtug. tMlenHbMeBjlkxNsnt;fasMParmanlkxNeGLasic
edaybMErbMrYlerogeFobEdlekItmankgGMLgnkardak;bnkrt;eTArkTItaMgedImEdlminTan;rgbnkvij
ehIybMErbMrYlerogeFobbnbnab;eTotedaykardak;bnkbEnmRtUv)ancat;TukCa creep.
ACI Code eGaysmIkarxageRkamsMrab;KNna secant modulus of elasticity rbs;ebtug/
Ec
sMrab; 90 < wc < 155lb / ft 3

Edl wc Cadg;sIuetrbs;ebtug nig f 'c CaersIusg;sgt;. sMrab;ebtugTMrg;Fmta
Ec = 57000 f 'c psi (4700 f 'c MPa )
b
Ec = 0.043w1c.5 f 'c MPa
Ec = 33w1c .5 f 'c Psi
23
T.Chhay
k> ebtugersIusg;x<s;
High-Strength Concrete
ebtugersIusg;x<s;CaebtugEdlmanersIusg;sgt;edayeRbIsMNakKMrUsIuLaMgFMCag 6ksi
(41.4MPa ) . sMrab;ebtugEdlmanersIusg;enAcenaH 42MPa 84MPa smIkarsMrab;m:UDuleGLasic
rbs;ebtugKW
1.5
w
Ec ( psi ) = 40000 f 'c + 10 6 c
145
(2.3a)
[
]
(2.3b)
sBVfenH eKGacTTYl)anersIusg;rbs;ebtugrhUtdl; 138MPa edayeRbIfbMEbkTMhM
3
in.(9.5mm ) nig pozzolamic cementitious CMnYseGaysIum:g;tdUcCa silica fume. eKGacTTYl)an
8
ersIusg;EbbenHenAkardaneRkamlkxNkarFanaKuNPaB nigkarRKb;RKgKuNPaBy:agditdl;. sMrab;
ersIusg;EdlenAcenaH 138MPa 206MPa eKRtUvbEnmsarFaturYmpSMdTeTotdUcCaEdk b carbon
fiber. sMrab;RKb;krNITaMgGs;enH eKRtUveFVIkarsakl,glayl,ayebtugCaeRcInKMrU y:agtic 5
enAkardan edayEkERbsarFatupSMedIm,ITTYl)anPaBgayRsYleFVIkar (workability) EdlRtUvkarkgkar
cak;ebtug. eKeRbIBum<sIuLaMgEdkEdlmanGgt;pit 10cm nigmankMBs; 20cm edayGnuvtkarEkERb
TMhM. tarag 2>1 raynUvsarFatupSMedIm,ITTYl)anersIusg;sgt;FMCag 18000 psi(124MPa) enAGayu
56 f EdlelxenAkgvg;RkckCatMl design mixture. rUbTI 2>5 bgajBIdaRkamersIusg;sgt;GayuedayeRbIBum< 10cm 20cm sMrab;l,ay ebtugEdl)anlaydUcbgajkgtarag 2>1. tarag 2>2
bgajBIl,ayebtugEdl)an design sMrab;ersIusg; 84MPa enAGayu 7 f. pleFob sIum:g;t / fbMEbklit / fbMEbkFM KW 1 : 1.22 : 2.06 ehIyPaBravERbRbYlcenaH 100 150mm . rUbTI 2>6 bgajBI
muxkat;FwmsmasEdleRbIRBIsebtugeRbkugRtaMgenAelIsabRtg;TMr.
tarag 2>1 l,aypSMsMrab; f 'c > 18000 psi(124MPa)
1.5
w
Ec (MPa ) = 3.32 f 'c + 6895 c
2320
Superplasticizer
W. R. Grace
fbMEbklit
xSac;
sIum:g;t
Twk
(kg )
(kg )
(kg )
(kg )
1104
1117
(1065)
687
687
(649)
565
564
(561)
128
128
(w/c=0.22)
fbMEbbFM
(9.5mm)
3
in.
8
Silica
fume
(l )
64.5
64.5
(41kg)a
Dartard
Mighty
40
150
g / 100kg
116
116
(330)
sIum:g;t
540
904
(up to 1323)
EtTMrgn;rbs; silica fume dMu. TwkEdlCaEpknl,ayTwkRtUv)andkecjBITwkEdlGnuBaatsrub.
24
NPIC
tarag 2>2 l,aypSMsMrab;

fbMEbbFM
(9.5mm)
(kg )
3
in.
8
(1)
1092
f 'c > 18000 psi(124MPa )
fbMEbklit sIum:g;tBrELn
xSac;
RbePT III
Twk
(kg )
(kg )
(kg )
(2)
649
(3)
425
(4)
170
Powder
Silica fume
force 10000
(l )
(5)
106
Liquid
Superplasticizer
(Grace)
(6)
32
x> ersIusg;sgt;edIm nigm:UDuleGLasic

Initial Compressive Strength and Modulus
edaysareKGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmuneBlebtugTTYl)anersIusg;enAGayu 28 f eKcaM)ac;
kMNt;ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtug f 'ci enAfGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg kdUcCam:UDuleGLasic Ec rbs;va
enAdMNak;kalepSgnRbvtinkardak;bnkeTAelIGgt;. smIkarTUeTAnersIusg;sgt;EdlCaGnuKmn_
GaRsynwgeBlKW
25
T.Chhay
f 'ci =
Edl
t
f'
+ t c
(2.4a)
ersIusg;sgt;enAGayu 28 f
t = ryeBlKitCaf
= emKuNGaRsynwgRbePTrbs;sIum:g;t niglkxNnkarEfTaMebtug
f 'c =
26
NPIC
sMrab;sIum:g;tRbePT I CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaysMeNIm (moist-cured type I cement)

= 2.3 sMrab;sIum:g;tRbePT III CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaysMeNIm (moist-cured type I
= 4 .0
cement)
= 1 .0
sMrab;sIum:g;tRbePT I CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaycMhayTwk
(steam-cured type I
cement)
= 0 .7
sMrab;sIum:g;tRbePT
III
CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaycMhayTwk
(steam-cured type I
cement)
emKuNGaRsynwg)a:ra:Em:RtEdlRtUvKanwgemKuN . vaesInwg 0.85 / 0.92 / 0.95 nig

0.98 erogKa.
dUcenHsMrab;ebtugEdlplitBIsIum:g;t_RbePT I CamYynwgkarEfTaMedaysMeNIm
=
f 'ci =
t
f 'c
4.0 + 0.85t
(2.4b)
m:UDuleGLasicRbsiTPaB (effective modulus) rbs;ebtugKW

E 'c =
stress
elastic strain + creep strain
(2.5)
ehIym:UDuleGLasicRbsiTPaBx<s;bMput (ultimate effective modulus) KW

Ecn =
Ec
1+ t
(2.6a)
Edl t Ca creep ratio Edl

t =
ultimate creep strain

elasticstrain
Creep ratio t
manEdnkMNt;x<s;bMput nigTabbMputsMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanKuNPaB
x<s;.
EdnkMNt;x<s;bMput
100 H
65
100 H
t = 0.75 + 0.75
50
t = 1.75 + 2.25
(2.6b)
EdnkMNt;TabbMput
(2.6c)
Edl H CasMeNImmFm (mean humidity) KitCa % .
BIsmIkarxagelI eyIgeXIjfaktaEdlCH\TiBlelItMlrbs;m:UDuleGLasicEdleRkAebIbnk
enAmansMeNImenAkgebtug pleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t_ Gayurbs;ebtug nigsItuNPaB. dUcenHsMrab;eRKOg
EdlmanlkNBiessdUcCa arches, tunnel nig Gag eKcaM)ac;kMNt;m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugBI
lTplnkarBiesaF. edaysarEtersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtugmantMltUcdUcenHeKmin)ankMNt;m:UDul
eGLasickgkarTajeT EteKsnt;m:UDuleGLasickgkarTajesInwgm:UDuleGLasickgkarsgt;.
27
T.Chhay
4>
Creep
b lateral material flow CakarekIneLIgnbMErbMrYlrageFob (strain) CamYynwgeBl

evlaEdlbNalmkBIbnkGciny_. kMhUcRTg;RTayedIm (initial deformation) EdlbNalmkBI
bnk KWbMErbMrYlrageFobeGLasic (elastic strain) cMENkbMErbMrYlrageFobbEnmEdlbNalmkBI
bnkdEdlKWCa creep strain.
rUbTI 2>7 bgajBIkarekIneLIgrbs; creep strain CamYynwgeBl. enAkgkrNI shrinkage
eyIgeXIjfa creep stain fycuHeTAtameBl. eKminGacemIleXIj creep edaypal; EteKGackMNt;
vaedaykardk elastic strain nig shrinkage strain BI total strain )an. eTaHbICa shrinkage nig creep
minEmnCa)atuPUtEdlkraCBIKakeday eKsnt;faeKGaceRbIviFItMrYtpl (superposition) sMrab;
strain )an. dUcenH
Creep
Total strain ( t ) = elastic strain ( e ) + creep( c ) + shrinkage( sh )
rUbTI 2>8 bgajKMrUkglMhrn strain bIRbePTEdlbNalBIbnksgt;Gciny_ nig

shrinkage. edaysar creep GaRsynwgeBl dUcenHGkSEkgrbs;vaKW kMhUcRTg;RTay kugRtaMg nig
eBl.
karBiesaFCaeRcIn)anbgajeGayeXIjfa creep deformation smamaRteTAnwgbnkGnuvtn_
b:uEnPaBsmamaRtenHmantMlsMrab;EtkMritkugRtaMgtUc. eKminGackMNt;EdnkMNt;x<s;bMput)any:ag
suRKiteT b:uEnvaGacERbRbYlcenaHBI 0.2 eTA 0.5 n f 'c . tMlnEdnkMNt;enHbNalmkBIkarral
daln microcrack enAeBlEdlvargbnk)anRbEhl 40% ultimate load.
28
NPIC
rUbTI 2>9a bgajBImuxkat;rbs;KMrUkglMhrenAkgrUbTI 2>8 EdlRsbeTAnwgbg;EdlmanGkSkMhUcRTg;

RTay nigGkSkugRtaMgenARtg;eBl t1 . vabgajfa TaMg elastic strain nig creep strain smamaRteTA
nwgkugRtaMgEdlGnuvt. dUcKarUbTI 2>9 b bgajmuxkat;RsbeTAnwgbg;EdlmanGkSeBl nigGkSkMhUc
RTg;RTay enARtg;kugRtaMg f1 . dUcenH vabgajnUvPaBdUcKarvagTMnak;TMngn creep nigeBl nigTMnak;
TMngn shrinkage nigeBl.
29
T.Chhay
enAkgkrNI shrinkage, kMhUcRTg;RTayedaysar creep eRkamGMeBInbnkGciny_minRtLb;

eTArkPaBedImTaMgRsugrbs;vavijeT. RbsinebIeKdkbnkBIsMNakKMrUbnab;BIryeBlrgbnkdyUr eK
TTYl)ankarRtLb;eTArkPaBedImeGLasicPamEttUcCagbMErbMrYlrageFobeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnk. kar
RtLb;eTArkPaBedImxNbnedaykarkat;bnybMErbMrYleFoby:agsnSwm EdleKeGayeQaHfa
creep recovery. karRtLb;eTArkPaBedImvijGaRsyeTAnwgGayurbs;ebtugenAeBlrgbnk ebtugkat;
EtmanGayueRcIn creep recovery kan;EtFM rUbTI 2>10.
manTMnak;TMngy:agCitsitCamYynwg shrinkage ehIytamc,ab;TUeTA ebtugEdlTb;Tl;

nwg shrinkage )an kman creep tUcEdr Edl)atuPUtTaMgBIrenHmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwg hydrated cement
paste. dUcenH creep TTYl\TiBlBIFatupSMrbs;ebtug lkxNbridan nigTMhMrbs;sMNakKMrU. b:uEnCa
eKalkarN_ creep GaRsynwgkardak;bnkEdlCaGnuKmn_nwgeBl.
eKkMNt;FatupSMrbs;sMNakKMrUebtugedaypleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t_ nigpleFobTwkelIsarFatu
m:t;pg;enAeBleKeRbITw kfaMKImI/ edayfbMEbk nigRbePTsIum:gt_/ nigedayf bMEbk nigbrimaNsIum:g;t_.
dUcenH kalNapleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t_ nigbrimaNsIum:g;t_kan;EteLIgx<s; creep nig shrinkage kan;Et
FM. kalNabrimaNfbMEbkkan;eLIgeRcIn shrinkage nig creep kan;Etkan;bny.
Creep
30
NPIC
k> Effects of Creep
dUcKanwg shrinkage Edr creep begInPaBdabrbs;Fwm nigkMralxN ehIyeFVIeGay)at;bg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. elIsBIenH cMNakpitedImrbs;ssrebtugGarem:ekIneLIgeTAtameBledaysar

creep EdleFVIeGaymankareprkMlaMgsgt;BIebtugeTAEdk.
enAeBlEdlEdk yield, ebtugnwgrgbnkbEnm. dUcenH ersIusg;rbs;ssrbnycuH ehIykMeNagrbs;ssrekIneLIg EdleFVIeGayebtugrgkugRtaMgelIs nignaMdl;kar)ak;.
x> Rheological Models
Ca]bkrN_emkanicEdlBNnaBIkMhUcRTg;RTayTUeTArbs;sMPareRkam
GMeBIrbs;kugRtaMg. Model enHpSMeLIgedayrWusreGLasic (elastic spring) nig dashpot EdlkMNt;
CakugRtaMg/ elastic strain, delayed elastic strain, irrecoverable strain nigeBl. rWusrtMNageGay
PaBsmamaRtrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFob ehIy dashpot tMNageGayPaBsmamaRtrvagkug
RtaMg nigGRtanbMErbMrYlerogeFob. rWusr nig dashpot EdltMerobCaExgbegIt)anCa Kelvin unit
kartMerobCaesrIbegIt)anCa Maxwell unit.
rUbTI 2>11 bgajBI Burgers model EdleKGacBiesaFBIkareFVIkarCaTMnak;TMngrvag kugRtaMg
-strain-eBl rbs;ebtugenARtg;EdnsmamRtCamYynwgkarkMNt;xH. Model enHBiesaFrkbMErbMrYlrag
eFobEdlGacRtLb;eTArkPaBedImxN (instantaneous recoverable strain) a / delayed recoverable elastic strain enAkgrWusr b nig irrecoverable time-dependent strain enAkg dashpot c nig
d . PaBTn;exSayrbs; model enHKWfavabnxUcRTg;RTayeRkamGRtaefrenAeBlEdlbnkRtUv)anTb;
Tl;eday Maxwell dashpot EdlkareFVIkarEbbenHminRsedogKanwgebtugeT Edl creep eTAdl;tMl
kMNt;CamYynwgeBl dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>7.
Rheological model
31
T.Chhay
EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>12 Ca model Edl)anEkERbedIm,Ilub

bM)at;PaBxVHxatrbs; Burger model. A enAkg model enHtMNageGayPaBsmamaRtn stressstrain rbs;sMPartamc,ab;hUk/ D Ca dashpot ehIy B nig C CarWusreGLasicEdlGacbBankMlaMg
Gnuvtn_ P(t ) prbs;sIuLaMgbiTCitedaykMlaMgkkit.
Ross rheological model
smIkarKNitviTamYytamry Ross model sMrab;kMNt; creep eRkamGMeBIrbs;bnkkgcenaH

ryeBl t KW
C=
t
a + bt
(2.7)
Edl a nig b CatMlefrEdlGackMNt;)anBIBiesaFn_.

Brason )ansMrYlkarvaytMlrbs; creep. eKGackMNt;bMErbMrYlrageFobbEnm cu Edl
bNalBI creep KW
cu = u f ci
(2.8)
Edl u = emKuN creep kta EdlCaTUeTAeKehAvafa specific creep

f ci = GaMgtg;sIuetkugRtaMgenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgMEdlRtUvKanwgbMErbMrYlrageFobkta cu
Ultimate creep coefficient Cu manrag
Cu = u Ec
(2.9)
btMlmFmrbs;vaKW Cu 2.35 .
emKuN creep enARKb;xN sMrab;lkxNsg;dar manrag
Ct =
bma:geTot
t =
t 0.6
10 + t 0.6
t 0. 6
10 + t 0.6
Cu
(2.10)
(2.11)
32
NPIC
Edl t CaeBlKitCaf nig t CaemKuNeBl. lkxNsg;darEdlkMNt;eday Brason KWebtugRtUvman

PaBragticCag besI 10cm nigmansMeNImbriyakas (relative humidity) 40% . RbsinebIlkxN
minsg;dar eKRtUvGnuvtemKuNEksMrYl creep eTAelIsmIkar 2.10 nig 2.11 dUcxageRkam
(a)
sMrab; moist-cured concrete EdlrgbnkenAGayu 7 f beRcInCagenH
k a = 1.25t 0.118
(b)
(2.12)
sMrab; steam-cured concrete EdlrgbnkenAGayu 1feTA 3 f beRcInCagenH

k a = 1.13t 0.095
(2.13)
sMrab; relative humidity FMCag 40% eKRtUvKuNemKuNEksMrYlxageRkameTAelIsmIkar 2.12

nig 2.13
k c1 = 1.27 0.0067 H
(2.14)
Edl H = relative humidity KitCa % .
5> karrYmmaD
Shrinkage
CaTUeTA shrinkage manBIrRbePTKW plastic shrinkage nig drying shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage ekItmankgGMLgeBlb:unanem:ageRkayeBlcak;ebtugRss;cUlkgBum<. pkMralxNgayrg
xl;stedaysarpb:Hrbs;vaFM. kgkrNIEbbenH sMeNImrbs;vahYtBIpxagelIrbs;ebtugelOnCag
clnasm<aFTwkrt;eLIgelIBIRsTab;xageRkamrbs;ebtug. cMENk Drying shrinkage ekItmaneRkay
eBlEdlebtugTTYl)an final set ehIydMeNIrkarGIuRdatkmKImIrbs;TwksIum:g;t_RtUv)anbBab;.
Drying shrinkage Cakarkat;bnymaDrbs;ebtugenAeBlEdlva)at;bg;sMeNImedaysarrMhYt.
)atuPUtEdlpynwg shrinkage CakarekInmaDtamrykarbWtTwk EdleKeGayeQaHfaehIm (swelling).
eKGacniyayma:geTotfa shrinkage nig swelling Caclnaecj cUlrbs;TwkenAkgrcnasm<nrbs;
TwksIum:g;t_nsMNakKMrUebtugEdlbNalmkBIkMritsMeNIm nigkMritEqtTwkxusKarvagsMNakKMrU nig
briyakasEdlenACMuvijvaedayminKitbnkxageRkA.
Shrinkage minmandMeNIrRtLb;eTArkPaBedImeBjeljeT. eTaHbICaeKdak;dMuebtugEdlrYm
maDRKb;RKan;RtaMTwkeGayEqt kvaminGacrIkeTArkmaDedImrbs;vavij)aneT. rUbTI 2>13 bgajBIkar
ekIneLIgbMErbMrYlrageFobedaysar shrinkage sh CamYynwgeBl. GRtankarekIneLIgenHfycuH
CamYynwgeBlsMrab;ebtugEdlmanGayueRcInEdlmanlTPaBeRcInkgkarTb;Tl;CamYynwgkugRtaMg
33
T.Chhay
dUcenHvargnUv shrinkage tictYcedaybMErbMrYlrageFobedaysar shrinkage esIrb:Hnwgbnat;GasIumtUt

EdlRsbnwgbnat;eBl.
ktaCaeRcInCH\TiBldl;TMhMrbs; drying shrinkage KW

a. fbMEbk (aggregate) fbMEbkeFVIskmPaBTb;karrYmmaDrbs;TwksIum:g;t_ dUcenHebtugEdl
manbrimaNfbMEbkeRcInRbQmnwgkarrYmmaDtictYc. elIsBIenH lkNrbs;fbMEbkCa
GkkMNt;kMritTb;Tl;karrYmmaD. fbMEbkEdlmanm:UDuleGLasickan;FM bmanpeRKImkan;
FM kan;EtmansmtPaBkgkarTb;Tl;karrYmmaDrbs;ebtug.
b. pleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t_ (water/cement ratio) pleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t_kan;EtFM kan;Etman
shrinkage FM. rUbTI 2>14 CadaRkamnTMnak;TMngrvagbrimaNfbMEbk nigpleFobTwk
elIsIum:g;t_.
34
NPIC
TMhMrbs;ebtug (size of the concrete element) TaMgGRta nigTMhMsrubrbs;karrYmmaD

fycuHCamYynwgkarekIneLIgnmaDrbs;ebtug. b:uEn eRKOgbgMEdlmanTMhMFMRtUvkarry
eBlnkarrYmmaDyUrCag edaysarvaRtUvkareBlevlasMrab; drying shrinkage eTAdl;
tMbn;xagkg. vaGacRtUvkarryeBl 1qaMsMrab;dMeNIrkar drying shrinkage cab;epImenA
CMerA 25cm BIprgsMBaF ehIyvaRtUvkarryeBl10qaMedIm,Icab;epImenACMerA 60cm BI
eRkampxageRkA.
d. lkxNbriyakasmFm (medium ambient condition) Relative humidity mFmCH
\TiBly:agxaMgdl;karrYmmaD. GRtankarrYmmaDnwgtUc enAeBl relative humidity x<s;.
sIutNPaBCaktamYyepSgeTot EdlkarrYmmaDnwgmanlMnwgenAeBlsItuNPaBTab.
e. brimaNrbs;EdkBRgwg (amount of reinforcement) ebtugBRgwgedayEdkrYmmaDticCag
ebtugsuT. PaBxusKarbs;vaCaGuKmn_nwgPaKryEdk.
f. TwkfaMKImI (admixture) \TiBlrbs;TwkfaMKImIGaRsynwgRbePTrbs;va. TwkfaMKImIBenn
karkkrwg (accelerator) dUcCa calcium chloride eFVIeGaykarrYmmaDekIneLIg. Pozzolan
kbegIn drying shrinkage Edr Et air-entraining agent man\TiBltictYcb:ueNaH.
g. RbePTsIum:g;t_ (type of cement) sIum:g;t_EdlkkrwgelOnrYmmaDxaMgCagRbePTsIum:g;t_
epSgeTot. EtsIum:g;t_EdlTUTat;karrYmmaDkat;bny blubbM)at;sameRbHedaykar rYm
maD RbsinebIeKeRbIvaCamYyEdkBRgwg.
h. Rbtikm]snkabUnic (carbonation) karrYmmaDedaysarRbtikm]snkabUnicRtUv)anbegIt
eLIgedaysarRbtikmrvag]snkabUnicEdlmanenAkgbriyakasCamYynwg]snkabUnic
EdlmanenAkgTwksIum:g;t_. brimaNnkarrYmpSMnkarrYmmaDedaysar drying nigeday
sar carbonation ERbRbYlGaRsynwgPaBjwkjab;nkarRbRBwteTArbs;va. RbsinebI)atuPUtTaMgBIrenHekIteLIgkgeBldMNalKa karrYmmaDnwgmanTMhMtUcCag. EtdMeNIrkarnkar
rYmmaDeday carbonation RtUv)ankat;bnyy:agxaMgenA relative humidity eRkam 50% .
Brason ENnaMnUvTMnak;TMngxageRkamsMrab; shrinkage strain CaGnuKmn_nwgeBlsMrab;lkxN
sMeNImbriyakassg;dar H 40%
sMrab; moist-cured concrete enAeyeBl t eRkay 7 f
c.
SH ,t =
t
( SH ,u )
35 + t
(2.15)
35
T.Chhay
Edl SH ,u = 800 106 mm / mm RbsinebIeKKanTinnykgtMbn;eTenaH

sMrab; steam-cured concrete bnab;BIGayu 1feTA 3 f
SH ,t =
t
( SH ,u )
55 + t
(2.16)
sMrab;lkxNeRkABIlkxNsg;dar eKRtUvGnuvtemKuNEttMrUveTAelIsmIkar 2.15 nig 2.16 dUc

xageRkam
sMrab; 40% < H 80%
k SH = 1.40 0.010 H
(2.17a)
z
sMrab; 80% < H 100%
6> EdkminEmneRbkugRtaMg
k SH = 3.00 0.30 H
(2.17b)
Nonprestressing Reinforcement
EdkBRgwgFmtasMrab;ebtugrYmman bar, wire nig welded wire fabric EdlvaRtUv)anplit

edayeKarBtam ASTM standard. lkNsMxan;rbs;EdkBRgwgrYmman
a. m:UDuleGLasic bm:UDulyuaMg (Youngs modulus) Es
b. ersIusg;yal (yield strength) f y
c. ersIusg;x<s;bMput (ultimate strength) f u
d. Steel grade designation
TMhM nigGgt;pitrbs; bar b wire

edIm,IbegInPaBsitrvagEdk nigebtug eK)anplitEdkEdlelcecjnUvExSvNCuMviprbs;Edk
ehIyEdkTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKehAfa deformed bar dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>15. ExSvNEdleljecj
enHRtUvbMeBjlkxN ASTM Specification A616-76 edIm,ITTYlsal;Ca deformed bar.
e.
36
NPIC
rUbTI 2>16 bgajBIExSekag stress-strain sMrab;Edk garde 40 / 60 nig 70 Edlman yield

strength 276 MPa / 345MPa nig 517 MPa erogKa nigCaTUeTAmancMnuc yield c,as;las;. sMrab;
EdkEdlminmancMnuc yield c,as;las; eKkMNt;yktMlrbs; yield strength CaersIusg;EdlRtUvKanwg
bMErbMrYlrageFob 0.005 sMrab;Edk grade 40 / 60 ehIy 0.0035 sMrab; grade 80 . ersIusg;Tajcug
eRkay (ultimate tensile strength) EdlRtUvKanwgEdk grade 40 / 60 nig 80 KW 483MPa / 621MPa
nig 690MPa erogKa. RbePTEdkxHeTotmanenAkgtarag 2>3. PaKrysac;lUtenAeBldac;Edl
ERbRbYleTAtam grade rbs;Edk/ Ggt;pitEdk/ sarFatuedIm sitenAcenaH 4.5% eTA12% elIRbEvg
Rkit 20cm .
kareRbIR)as; welded wire fabric )anekIneLIgy:agxaMgsMrab;kMralxN edaysarPaBgay

RsYlkgkartMeLIg karRKb;RKgKMlatEdk nigPaBetagebtug)anl. Fabric reinforcement RtUv)an
plitBIEdkrelag b deformed wire Edlrt;kgTisEkgKa ehIyRtUv)anpSarPab;KaRtg;kEngEdlkat;
Ka. tarag 2>5 bgajBIlkNFrNImaRtsMrab; standard wire reinforcement xH.
sMrab; mild steel PaKeRcIn kareFVIkarrbs;vaRtUv)ansnt;Ca eGLas)asic nigmanm:UDuleGLasicesInwg 200 103 MPa . tarag 2>3 bgajBI reinforcement grade nig strength nigtarag 2>4
bgajBIlkNFrNImaRtnTMhMepSgrbs;Edk.
37
T.Chhay
tarag 2>3 reinforcement grade and strength

cMnucyalGb,brma bersIusg;yal
1982 standard type

Billet steel ( A615)
Grade (40 )
Grade (60 )
Axle steel ( A617 )
Grade (40 )
Grade (60 )
Low-alloy steel ( A706 )
Grade (60 )
Deformed wire
Reinforced
Fabric
Smooth wire
Reinforced
Fabric
fy
ersIusg;x<s;bMput
fu
( psi )
(MPa )
( psi )
(MPa )
40000
60000
276
345
70000
90000
483
621
40000
60000
276
345
70000
90000
483
621
60000
345
80000
551
75000
70000
517
483
85000
80000
586
551
70000
483
80000
75000
551
65000
b 56000
448
b 386
b70000
517
b 483
tarag 2>4 TMgn; RkLap nigbrimaRtrbs; bar

Standard nominal dimensions
Bar designation
number
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
18
TMgn;kgmYyktaRbEvg Ggt;pit db
[ plf (kg / m)]
0.376 (0.56)
0.668 (0.99)
1.043 (1.55)
1.502 (2.23)
2.044 (3.04)
2.670 (3.97)
3.400 (5.06)
4.303 (6.40)
5.313 (7.91)
7.65 (11.38)
13.60 (20.24)
[in.(mm)]
0.375 (9)
0.500 (13)
0.625 (16)
0.750 (19)
0.875 (22)
1.000 (25)
1.128 (28)
1.270 (31)
1.410 (33)
1.693 (43)
2.257 (56)
RkLapmuxkat;
Ab [in.2 (mm 2 )]
[in.(mm)]
0.11 (71)
0.20 (129)
0.31 (200)
0.44 (284)
0.60 (387)
0.79 (510)
1.00 (645)
1.27 (819)
1.56 (1006)
2.25 (1452)
4.00 (2581)
1.178 (30)
1.571 (40)
1.963 (50)
2.356 (60)
2.749 (70)
3.142 (80)
3.544 (90)
3.990 (101)
4.430 (113)
5.32 (135)
7.09 (180)
brimaRt
38
NPIC
7> EdkeRbkugRtaMg Prestressing Reinforcement

k> RbePTEdkeRbkugRtaMg Type of Reinforcement
edaysarkar)at;bg;edaysar shrinkage nig creep x<s;enAkgebtug eKGacTTYlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBedayeRbIEdkersIusg;x<s;EdlmanersIusg;FMCag besI 270ksi(1862MPa) . EdkersMPar nigRbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
39
T.Chhay
sIusg;FMEbbenHGacTb;Tl;nwgkar)at;bg;enACMuvijebtug nigmankugRtaMgsl;RKb;RKan;edIm,IFananUvkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkar. TMhMnkMhatbg;kugRtaMgFmtasitenAcenaH 35ksi(241MPa ) eTA 60ksi
(414MPa ) . dUcenHkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgdMbUgKYrmanTMhMFM EdlsitenAcenaH 180ksi(1241MPa ) eTA
220ksi(1517 MPa ) .
EdkeRbkugRtaMgGacmanTMrg;Ca single wire, strand EdlpSMeLIgeday wire CaeRcInrmYlcUlKa
begIt)anCa single element nig high-strength bar. EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdleKniymeRbIKW
a. Uncoated stress-relieved or low-relaxation wire.
b. Uncoated stress-relieved strand and low-relaxation strand.
c. Uncoated high-strength steel bar.
Straightened wire b tempered wire bgajnUv relaxation loss x<s;Cag stress-relieved wire b
strand.
x> Stress-Relieved and Low-Relaxation Wires and Strand
KWCakarhUt single wire RtCak;edayeKarBtam ASTM standard A421

stress-relieved strand eKarBtam ASTM standard A416. Strand RtUv)anplitecjBI wire 7
Edl wire 6 rMurmYlCMuvij wire Rtg; 1 EdlmanTMhMFMCagbnic. eKeFVI stress-relieve eRkayeBlEdl
eKrMu wire rYc. lkNFrNImaRtrbs; wire nig strand EdlTamTareday ASTM RtUv)aneGayenAkg
tarag 2>6 nig tarag 2>7 erogKa.
edIm,IbegInRkLapEdkrbs; 7 wire-strand sMrab; nominal diameter , eKGachUt standard
wire edIm,IbegItCa compacted strand dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>17 (b). rUbTI 2>17 (a) bgajBI
standard 7 wire strand. ASTM standard A779 RtUvkarersIusg; niglkNGb,brmadUcbgajenA
kgtarag 2>8.
Stress-relieved wire
40
NPIC
rUbTI 2>18 (a) bgajBIdaRkam stress-strain sMrab;EdkeRbkugRtaMg wire nig strand. rUb
TI 2>18 (b) bgajBItMleRbobeFobrvagEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmta.
41
T.Chhay
42
NPIC
K> High-Tensile Strength Prestressing Bars
sMrab;eFVIeRbkugRtaMgGacrelag b deformed ehIyGac

man nominal diameter BI 34 in.(19mm) eTA 1 83 in.(35mm) . vaRtUveKarBtam ASTM standard
A722. karhUtRtCak;KWedIm,IbegIn yield strength nig ductility rbs;va. eKTTYl)an stress relieve
edaykardutkMedA bar b strand eRkamsItuNPaBsmRsb EdlCaTUeTAeRkam 500o C . EdkeRbkug
RtaMgRtUvmanersIusg;Tajy:agtic 150ksi(1034MPa ) CamYynwg yield strength Gb,brmaesI 80%
n ultimate strength sMrab; smooth bar nig 80% sMrab; deformed bar.
tarag 2>9 bgajBIlkNFrNImaRtrbs; prestressing bar EdlTamTareday ASTM
standard A722 nigrUbTI 2>18 bgajBIdaRkamkugRtaMg-bMErbMrYlrageFobKMrUsMrab; bar enH.
High-tensile-strength alloy steel bar
X> Steel Relaxation

enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgCakMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAeBlEdl wire b strand
RbQmnwgbMErbMrYlrageFobefr. vadUcKanwg creep enAkgebtug EtvaxusKaRtg; creep CabMErbMrYln
strain steel relaxation CakMhatbg;kugRtaMgrbs;Edk. eKGackMNt;kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation
enAkg stress-relieved sires nig strand eRkayeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgedaysmIkarxageRkam
Steel relaxation
f R = f pi
log t f pi
0.55
10 f py
(2.18)
43
T.Chhay
kgkrNIEdl f pi / f py 0.55 nig f py 0.85 f pu sMrab; stress-relieved strands nig f py

0.90 f pu sMrab; low-relaxation strand. ehIy f pi = 0.82 f py PameRkayeBlepr b:uEn f pi
0.74 f pu sMrab; pre-tensioned concrete nig f pi = 0.70 f pu sMrab; post-tensioned concrete. Ca
TUeTA f pi 0.70 f pu .
eKGackat;bnykMhatbg;edaysar stress relaxation edayeGay strand rgnUvkugRtaMgdMbUg
rbs;vaesInwg 70% n ultimate strength rbs;vaenAsItuNPaB 20o C eTA 100o C sMrab;ryeBlEdl
yUrCagkgeKalbMNgbegItsac;lUtGciny_ EdldMeNIrkarenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa stabilization.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar stress relaxation rbs; low-relaxation steel esInwg 25% nkMhat
bg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar stress relaxation rbs; stress-relieves steel.
smIkarsMrab;kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation enAkg low-relaxation prestressing steel KW
f R = f pi
log t f pi
0.55
45 f py
(2.19)
rUbTI 2>19 bgajBI relaxation loss sMrab; stress-relieved steel nig low-relaxation steel sMrab; 7wire strands EdlekItmanelIRbEvgefrenAsItuNPaB 29.5o C .
44
NPIC
g> ERcH nigkarxUcxatrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg

Corrosion and Deterioration of Strands
karkarBarRbqaMgnwgERcHsIuEdkeRbkugRtaMgmansarsMxan;CagsMrab;krNIEdkFmta edaysar
EtersIusg;rbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCaGnuKmn_nwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg bkRkLaprbs; prestressing
tendon. karkat;bnyRkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalmkBIERcHnwgkat;bny nominal moment
strength rbs;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgy:agxaMg EdlGacnaMdl;kar)ak;rbs;RbBneRKOgbgMmunGayu. sMrab;
pre-tensioned member karkarBarERcHKWpl;edayebtugEdlBTCMuvij tendon. sMrab; post-tensioned
member eKGacTTYl)ankarkarBarERcHedaykarbMeBj grout eTAkgbMBg; (duct) eRkayeBleFVIeRb
kugRtaMgehIy bedaykarlabeRbg (greasing).
TMrg;nkarxUcxatma:geTotrbs; wire b strand KW stress corrosion EdlRtUv)ankMNt;lkN
edaykarbegIteLIgn microscopic crack enAkgEdk EdlnaMeGayEdkmanPaBRsYy nigRsYldac;.
karkat;bnyersIusg;RbePTenHGacekItmanEteRkamkugRtaMgx<s;bMput EtvaminekIteLIgjwkjab;eT
ehIyeKkBi)aknwgkarBarvaNas;Edr.
8> kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;
ACI
enAkgebtug nigEdk
ACI Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Reinforcement
xageRkamenHCanimitsMxan;EdleyIgnwgeRbIjwkjab;
f py = yield strength rbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg
f y = yield strength rbs;EdkFmta
f pu = ersIusg;Taj (tensile strength) rbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg
f 'c = ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtug
f 'ci = ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugenAxNrgeRbkugRtaMgdMbUg
k> kugRtaMgebtugEdlrgkarBt;
Concrete Stresses in Flexure
kugRtaMgEdlekItmanPamenAkgebtugeRkayeBlepreRbkugRtaMg munkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
GaRsynwgeBl minKYrFMCagtMlxageRkam
!> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarsgt; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.60 f 'ci
@> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarTaj elIkElgcMnuc #> >>>>>>> 3 f 'c psi(0.25 f 'c MPa)
#> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarTajRtg;cugrbs;Ggt;TMrsamBa >>>>>> 6 f 'c psi
45
T.Chhay
RbsinebIkugRtaMgTajEdlKNnamantMlFMCagtMlxagelI eKRtUvdak; bonded auxiliary reinforcement (nonprestressed b prestressed) enAkgtMbn;TajedIm,IkarBarkMlaMgTajsrubenAkgebtugEdl

RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbImuxkat;Gt;eRbHsnt;.
kugRtaMgenAkgebtugeRkamGMeBInbnkeFVIkar bnab;BIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgTaMgGs; minKYrFM
CagtMlxageRkam
!> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarsgt;edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkefr >>>> 0.45 f 'c
@> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarsgt;edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnksrub>>> 0.60 f 'c
#> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarTajenAkgtMbn;rgkarTajEdlrgkarsgt;
dMbUg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)
$> kugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrgkarTajenAkgtMbn;rgkarTajEdlrgkarsgt;
dMbUgrbs;Ggt; elIkElgRbBnkMralxNBIrTis EdlkarviPaKQrelImux
kat;eRbHedaykarbMElg (transformed cracked section) nigenAelITMnak;
TMngPaBdab nigm:Um:g;BIrTisbgajfaPaBdabPam nigPaBdabryeBlEvg
eKrBtamtMrUvkarrbs; ACI nigtMrUvkarkMras;ebtugkarBarGb,brma >>>>> 12 f 'c psi
x> kugRtaMgEdkeRbkugRtaMg
Prestressing Steel Stresses
kugRtaMgTajenAkg tendon eRbkugRtaMgminRtUvFMCagkugRtaMg

!> EdlbNalmkBI tendon jacking force 0.94 f py
b:uEnminRtUvFMCagtMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam 0.80 f pu nigtMlGtibrmaEdl
ENnaMedayGkplit tendon eRbkugRtaMg nig anchorage eT.
@> PameRkayeBlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anepr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.82 f py
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 0.74 f pu
#> Post-tensioning tendons, enARtg; anchorage nig coupler, eRkayBI tendon anchorage
Pam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.70 f pu
9> kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;
AASHTO
enAkgebtug nigEdk
AASHTO Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Reinforcement
k> kugRtaMgebtugmunkMhatbg;edaysar creep nig shrinkage

Concrete Stresses before Creep and Shrinkage Losses
46
NPIC
kugRtaMgsgt;
Pre-tensioned members . 0.60 f 'ci
Post-tensioned members. 0.55 f 'ci
kugRtaMgTaj
tMbn;TajEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt;dMbUg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> minmankugRtaMgGnuBaatbeNaHGasn
NamYyRtUv)ankMNt;
EpkepSgeTot
enAkgtMbn;TajEdlminmaneRbIEdkFmta>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 200 psi b 3 f 'ci psi
enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajEdl)anBIkarKNnaFMCagtMlenH eKRtUvdak; bonded reinforcement edIm,IkarBarkMlaMgTajsrubenAkgebtugEdlKNnaedayeRbImuxkat;Gt;eRbHsnt;. kugRtaMgTaj
GtibrmaminRtUvFMCag >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7.5 f 'ci psi(0.623 f 'c MPa)
x> kugRtaMgebtugeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkareRkaykMhatbg;
Concrete Stresses at Service Load after Losses
kugRtaMgsgt; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.40 f 'c

kugRtaMgTajenAkgtMbn;TajEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt;dMbUg
!> sMrab;Ggt;EdleRbI bonded reinforcement >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)
sMrab;lkxNEdlGaceFVIeGaymanERcHsIuEdkFn;F dUcCaenAtMbn;eqrsmuRT 3 f 'c psi
@> sMrab;Ggt;Edlminman bonded reinforcement>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0
kugRtaMgTajenAkgkEngepSgeTotRtUv)ankMNt;edaykugRtaMgGnuBaatEdlkMNt;enAkgEpk
8>k.
!> kugRtaMgeRbH
Cracking Stresses
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7.5
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsalEdlplitBIxSac;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6.3
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsaldTeTot>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 5.5
(
f 'c psi (0.523
f 'c psi (0.457
)
f 'c MPa )
f 'c MPa )
f 'c psi 0.623 f 'c MPa
@> Anchorage-Bearing Stresses

eRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 3000 psi(21MPa)
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 0.90 f 'ci
Post-tensioned anchorage
47
T.Chhay
K> kugRtaMgEdkeRbkugRtaMg
Prestressing Steel Stresses
!> EdlbNalBI tendon jacking force >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.94 f py 0.80 f pu

@> eRkayeBlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneprPam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.82 f py 0.74 f pu
#> Post-tensioning tendons enARtg; anchorage/ eRkayeBl anchor tendon Pam 0.7 f pu
f py 0.85 f pu sMrab; low-relaxation f py = 0.90 f pu
dUcenHsMrab; tendon EdlmanersIusg;Taj 270ksi man f pi enAeBlepr = 0.70 270
= 189ksi(1300 MPa ) .
X> Relative Humidity Values
rUbTI 2>20 bgajnUvtMl relative humidity mFmRbcaMqaMsMrab;tMbn;TaMgGs;enAshrdeday

KitCaPaKry edIm,IeRbIsMrab;KNnakMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaDrbs;ebtug.
48
NPIC
10> RbBnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nig
Anchorages
Prestressing Systems and Anchorages
k> karGnuvtkugRtaMgTajCamun
Pretensioning
sMrab; pretensioned beam EdkeRbkugRtaMgrgkugRtaMgTajCamunEdlTb;eday anchorage

munnwgebtugRtUv)ancak;. Anchorage RtUv)anRTeday bulkhead y:agFM nigmanesrPaBedIm,ITb;Tl;
nwgkMlaMgy:agFMEdlGnuvteTAelI tendon nImYy. eKEtgEtGnuvtkugRtaMgTajCamunenAeragcRkplit
eRKOgbgMdMeLIg edaysarvaRtUvkarkMralebtugGarem:drwgmuaM CamYynwg anchor bulkhead bCBaaMgenA
cugsgxag. eKGacGnuvteRbkugRtaMgeTAelI strand mgmYy bmgTaMgGs;kgeBlEtmYyBI jacking
operation.
49
T.Chhay
sMrab; harped tendon profiles eKeRbI]bkrN_ hold-down dUcbgajkgrUbTI 2>21. eday

sarkMralmanRbEvgEvgeKGacplit prestressed element )aneRcInkgeBlEtmYy ehIyEdkeRbkug
RtaMgEdlenAcenaHGgt;TaMgenaHGacRtUv)ankat;enAeBlebtugmanersIusg;RKb;RKan;. rUbTI 2>22
bgajBI schema kgkarplit prestressed element eRcInelIkMralEtmYy. ehIyrUbTI 2>23 bgajBI
tendon Edl harp enAkgRbBnkMralsMrab;plit prestressed element.
50
NPIC
enAkgkarGnuvtkugRtaMgCamun strand nig single wire RtUv)an anchor edayRbBnCaeRcIndUc

bgajenAkgrUbTI 2>24. rUbTI 2>25 nig 2>26 bgajBIRbBnkMralsMrab;plit prestressed element
ehIyeKkeRbIvasMrab;karGnuvteRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay. ehIyrUbTI 2>27 TMhMlMGitsMrab;RbBnenH.
51
T.Chhay
52
NPIC
53
T.Chhay
54
NPIC
x> karGnuvtkugRtaMgTajCaeRkay
Post-Tensioning
enAkgRbBn post-tensioning eKGnuvtkugRtaMgTajeTAelI strand, wire b bar eRkayeBl

ebtugkkrwg nigmanersIusg;RKb;RKan;. eKdak; strand enAkgbMBg; (duct) EdlRtUv)antMerobenAkg
Ggt;ebtug. kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneprtamry end anchorage dUcCa Supreme Product chuck
EdlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 2>24. EdkeRbkugRtaMgminRtUv)an bonded b grouted munnwgGnuvt
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeT.
K> Jacking System
CasmasFatumYydcaM)ac;mYyn prestressing operation edayGnuvtkMlaMg

eRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvepreTAEdkeRbkugRtaMg. kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anGnuvttamry hydraulic jack
EdlmankMlaMg 10t eTA 20t nig stroke BI 6in.(15cm) eTA 48in.(120cm) GaRsynwgkarGnuvt posttensioning b pretensioning nigGaRsynwgkarGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAelIEdkeRbkugRtaMgmgmYy
bmgTaMgGs;. eKRtUvkar large-capacity jack Edlman stroke y:agtic 30in.(762mm) sMrab;kar
GnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAelIEdkeRbkugRtaMgmgTaMgGs;. tMlsMrab;kargarEbbenHBitCafCagkar
GnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAelI tendon mgmYy. rUbTI 2>28 bgajBI double acting hydraulic jack
sMrab;Taj (jack) EdkeRbkugRtaMgmgTaMgGs;kgeBlCamYyKa.
Jacking system
55
T.Chhay
X> Grouting of Post-Tensioned Tendons
edIm,Ipl;CaGciny_nUvkarkarBar post-tensioned steel nigedIm,IbegItPaBsitrvagEdkeRbkug

RtaMg nigebtugEdlBTCMuvij duct eKRtUvbMeBj prestressing duct eday)aj;bBal cement grout.
1. Grouting material
suIm:g;t_BrELnRtUvEteKarBtam specification ASTM C150

Type I, II nig III. sIum:g;t_EdleRbIsMrab; grouting RtUvmanKuNPaBl minrgGIuRdakm.
B. Twk TwkEdleRbIsMrab; grout RtUvEtCaTwkEdlGacpwk)an sat nigminmansarFatuEdl
GacCH\TiBlminldl;sIum:g;t_BrELn nigEdkeRbkugRtaMg.
C. TwkfaMKImI RbsinebIeKeRbITwkfaMKImI vaRtUvpl;nUvlkNbrimaNTwkTab/ good flow,
minimum bleed nig expansion. vaminmansarFatuKImIEdlCH\TiBlminldl;Edk
eRbkugRtaMg bsIum:g;t_. TwkfaMKImIEdlmansUlusgkr EdlsarFatukFMCag 0.5%
nTMgn;rbs;TwkfaMKImI edaysnt;TwkfaMKImI 1lb(0.45kg ) kgsIum:g;t_mYy)av eKminRtUv
eRbIsUluysgPyGr sUluysgsulpat bsUluysgGasUt. eKGaceRbIemS:A
GaluymIjmkgbrimaNsmrmNamYy bsarFatuKImIdTeTotEdlekItBI]sn
edIm,ITTYl)an karrIkmaDrbs; grout RbEhlBI 5% eTA10% .
A. Portland Cement
2. Ducts
A. Forming
z
Formed Ducts: bMBg;RtUv)anbegIteLIgedaysMbkEdlminGnuBaateGayTwk
sIum:g;t_cUl)an. vaRtUveprkugRtaMgsitdUcEdlRtUvkar nigrkSaragrbs;vaeRkamTMgn;

rbs;ebtug. Metallic sheath KYrCa ferrous metal EtvakGacCaRbePT
galvanized pgEdr.
Cored Ducts: bMBg;enHRtUv)anpliteLIgedaymanPaBTUlayEdlminpl;]bsKdl;lMhUrrbs; grout.
Grout Opening or Vents: bMBg;TaMgGs;RtUvEtman grout opening enAcugsg
xag. sMrab; draped cable cMnucx<s;TaMgGs;RtUvEtman grout vent elIkElgEtkEng
NaEdlmankMeNagtUc dUcCaenAkgkMralxNCab;. eKRtUvdak; grout vent b drain
hole enAcMnucTabRbsinebI tendon RtUv)aneRbI/ dak;kugRtaMg nig)aj;bBal grout enA
kgsItuNPaBRtCak;. Grout opening b vent TaMgGs;RtUv)anpl;nUvkarkarBarkar
ehorecj grout.
z
B.
56
NPIC
TMhMbMBg; RbsinebIeKeRbI tendon EdlpSMeLIgeday wire, bar b strand eRcIn RkLa

prbs;bMBg;RtUvEtmanTMhMy:agticesInwg neat area rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgBIrdg.
sMrab;bMBg;EdleRbICamYynwg wire, bar b strand eTal Ggt;pitrbs;bMBg;RtUvFMCag
normal diameter rbs; wire, bar b strand 1 / 4in.(6mm ) .
D. Placement of Ducts: eRkayeBlbMBg; Edk nig forming RtUv)andak;cb;sBVRKb;
eKRtUvRtYtBinitnUvTItaMgrbs;bMBg;EdlGacxusqg. eKRtUvPab;bMBg;edayKMlatCit
lmedIm,IeCosvagkarpas;TIrbs;bMBg;enAeBlcak;ebtug. eKRtUvCYsCulrn bRbehag
TaMgGs;EdlmanenAelIbMBg;munnwgcak;ebtug. eKRtUvPab; Grout opening nig vent
edaysuvtiPaBeTAnwgbMBg; nigeTABum< beTAEdkFmta edIm,IkarBarkarpas;TIkgGMLg
eBlcak;ebtug.
C.
57
T.Chhay
III.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
Partial Loss of Prestress
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
vaCakarBitEdlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImEdlGnuvtmkelIGgt;ebtugGarem:rgnUvkarkat;bnyCa
bnbnab;kgGMLgeBlRbEhlCaR)aMqaM. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARKb;dMNak;
kalnkardak;bnknImYy taMgBIdMNak;kaleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAebtug eTAdMNak;kaleRbkugRtaMg
CaeRcIneTot dUcCaeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkarrhUtdl;lkxN ultimate load. eKGacEbgEckkarkat;
bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCaBIrRkumKW
kMhatbg;eGLasicPam (immediate elastic loss) kgdMNak;kalplit EdlrYmman
elastic shortening rbs;ebtug anchorage loss nigkMhatbg;edaysarkMlaMgkkit
(frictional loss).
kMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBl (time-dependent loss) EdlmandUcCa creep, shrinkage
kMhatbg;edaysar\TiBlrbs;sItuNPaB nig steel relaxation. eKGackMNt;kMhatbg;
TaMgenHBIkugRtaMgenAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgenAsanPaBkMNt;bnkeFVIkar.
vaminEmnCakargayRsYlkgkarkMNt;TMhMrbs;kMhatbg;TaMgenH)anCak;lak;eT CaBiess
sMrab;kMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBl edaysarvaGaRsynwgmKuNEdlCab;Bak;BnKay:agsKsaj. viFIkM
Nt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaykarBiesaFmanlkNxusKaeTAtam code nigeTAtamkarENnaM dUcCa
tamviFIrbs;viTasanebtugeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressed Concrete Institute), ACI-ASCE joit
z
committee approach, AASHTO lump-sum approach, Comite Eurointernational du beton
nig FIP (Federation International de la Precontrainte). kMritlM)aknviFITaMgenHGaRsy

nwgviFIEdleRCIserIs nigeTAelIyl;RBmTTYlnkarGnuvt.
eKminRtUvkarkarkMNt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlmankMritRbesIrx<s;eT eRBaHemKuNCaeRcIn
CH\TiBldl;karkMNt;enH. dUcenH enAkgkarKNnaEdlmanlkNsarcuHsaeeLIg beRkamlkxN
mFm eKniymeRbIkarkMNt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgtamviFIplbUksrub (lump-sum approach) . tarag
3>1 bgajBItaragsegbnkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlKNnatam AASTHO lump-sum loss nig
tarag 3>2 sMrab;karKNnatam PTI (Post-Tensioning Institute). varYmbBalman elastic
(CEB),
58
NPIC
enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg/ creep nig shrinkage ehIyvaGacGnuvt)ansMrab;Et

lkxNbnksg;darEdleFVIsarcuHsareLIg/ lkxNebtugFmtaEdlmankarRtYtBinitKuNPaB. Rb
sinebIvamineKarBnUvlkxNTaMgenHeT eKRtUvKNnaedaykarviPaKEdlmanlkNlMGit.
shortening, relaxation
karsegbBIRbPBnkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgdac;edayELkBIKa nigdMNak;kalnkarekIteLIg
rbs;RtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 3>3 EdlGkSr I mannyfadMbUg (initial) nigGkSr j manyfadMNak;
kalnkardak;bnkeRkay jacking. BItaragenHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubRtUv)anKNnasMrab;Ggt;
GnuvteRbkugRtaMgCamun (pretensioned member) nig Ggt;GnuvteRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay (posttensioned member) dUcxageRkam
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
59
T.Chhay
a. Pretensioned member
f pT = f pES + f pR + f pCR + f pSH
Edl
(3.1a)
f pR = f pR (to , ttr ) + f pR (ttr + t s )
GayuenAeBl jacking
ttr = GayuenAeBlepr
t s = GayuenAeBlkMhatbg;manlMnwg
dUcenH eKRtUvGnuvtkarKNnasMrab; steel relaxation sMrab;ryeBlcenaH t1 dl; t2 n
dMNak;kalnkardak;bnkEdlRtUvKa. ]TahrN_ dMNak;kaleprKWenAGayu 18h dUcenHeyIg)an ttr =
t 2 = 18h nig to = t1 = 0 . RbsindMNak;kalnkardak;bnkbnab;sitenAcenaHeBlepr nigGayu 5 qaM
(17520h ) CaGayuEdleKKitfakMhatbg;manlMnwg enaH t2 = t s = 17520h nig t1 = 18h . bnab;mk
RbsinebI f pi kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImEdlGgt;ebtugRtUvrg nig f pJ Ca jacking stress enAkg tendon
enaH
to =
f pi = f pJ f pR (to , ttr ) f pES
(3.1b)
b. Post-tensioned member
f pT = f pA + f pF + f pES + f pR + f pCR + f pSH
(3.1c)
Edl f pES GacGnuvt)anEtenAeBleK jack tendon mgmYy minEmnmgTaMgGs;eT.

sMrab;krNI post-tensioned member karKNna relaxation loss cab;epImcenaHeBlepr t1 =
ttr nigcugbBab;ncenaHeBl t 2 EdleKBicarNa. dUcenH
f pi = f pJ f pA f pF
(3.1d)
60
NPIC
2>
Elastic Shortening of Concrete (ES)
ebtugrYjxIenAeBleKGnuvtkM;laMgeRbkugRtaMg. edaysar tendon EdlsitCab;CamYynwgebtug

rYjdMNalKa dUcenHvaxatbg;nUvkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlvaman.
k> Pretensioned Element
sMrab; pretensioned element cak;eRsc (precast) kMlaMgsgt;EdlGnuvteTAelIFwmeday

tendon TTYl)anBIkarrYjtambeNayrbs;Fwm dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>1. karrYjxIktaenAkgebtug
KW ES = ES / L dUcenH
ES =
fc
P
= i
Ec Ac Ec
(3.2a)
edaysar tendon eRbkugRtaMgrgnUvTMhMnkarrYjxIdUcKa enaH

f pES = Es ES =
Es Pi nPi
=
= nf cs
Ac Ec
Ac
(3.2b)
kugRtaMgenAkgebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgedImKW
f cs =
Pi
Ac
(3.3)
RbsinebI tendon enAkgrUbTI 3>1 mancMNakpit e kNalElVgrbs;Fwm nigeKKitm:Um:g;

Edl)anBITMgn;pal;rbs;va M D enaHkugRtaMgebtugenARtg;muxkat;kNalElVgenARtg;nIv:Urbs;EdkeRb
kugRtaMgkayeTACa
f cs =
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
Pi
Ac
e2 M De
1 + +
r2
Ic
(3.4)
61
T.Chhay
Edl Pi mantMltUcCagbnab;BIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anepr. karkat;bnytMlrbs; PJ eTA Pi tic

tYcekIteLIgedaysarkMlaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgbnab;BIkareprPamtUcCag kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
jacking edIm PJ . b:uEn edaysareKBi)akkgkarkMNt;tMlrbs; Pi EdlRtUv)ankat;bnyy:agsuRkit
nigedaysarkarGegtbgajfa karkat;bnyenHmanPaKrytictYc dUcenHeKGaceRbItMl Pi edImmun
eBlepreTAkgsmIkar 3.2 rhUtdl; 3.4 bkat;bnyva 10% RbsinebIeKcg;)ankarKNnaEdlRbesIr
Cag.
!> kMhatbg;edaysar Elastic shortening enAkgFwm pretensioned
]TahrN_ 3>1 FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMg pretensioned mYymanElVgRbEvg 50 ft (15.2m) dUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 3>2. sMrab;FwmenH
f 'c = 600 psi (41.4MPa )
f pu = 270000 psi (1862MPa )
f 'ci = 4500 psi (31MPa )
Aps = seven-wire-strand tendon
Ggt;pit 12 in. cMnYn10
= 10 0.153 = 1.53in.2
E ps = 27 106 psi(186200MPa )
KNnakugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon sMrab;muxkat;kNalElVgrbs;Fwm

nigKNnaTMhMnkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar\TiBl elastic shortening rbs;ebtug. snt;famun
nwgepreRbkugRtaMg jacking force enAelI tendon mantMlesInwg 75% f pu .
dMeNaHRsay
Ac = 15 30 = 450in.2
Ic =
15(30 )3
= 33750in.3
12
62
NPIC
r2 =
Ic
= 75in.2
Ac
Aps = 10 0.153 = 1.53in.2

ec =
30
4 = 11in.
2
Pi = 0.75 f u A ps = 0.75 270000 1.53 = 309825lb

MD
(
wl 2 15 30
50 )2
=
=
150
12 = 1757813in. lb
8
8
144
BIsmIkar 3.4 kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdknFwmenAeBlepr edaysnt;fa

Pi PJ KW
e2 M De
1 + +
r2
Ic
309825 112 1757813 11

+
1+
=
450
75
33750
f cs =
Pi
Ac
= 1799.3 + 572.9 = 1226.4 psi (8.5MPa )
ehIyeyIgkman
Eci edIm = 57000 f 'ci = 57000 4500 = 3.824 106 psi
6
pleFobm:UDuledIm n = EEs = 3.27824 10106 = 7.06
ci
Ec ersIusg;Gayu 28 f = 57000 6000 = 4.415 10 6 psi
6
pleFobm:UDulenAGayu 28 f n = 4.2741510106 = 6.12
BIsmIkar 3.2b kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar elastic shortening KW
f pES = nf cs = 7.06 1226.4 = 8659.2 psi (59.7 MPa )
RbsinebIeKeRbI Pi Edlkat;bnyedaysnt;kat;bny 10%

f pES = 0.90 8659.2 = 7793.3 psi (53.7 MPa )
PaBxusKankugRtaMgEdkRtwm 865.9 psi minFMeT RbsinebIeKeRbobeFobnwgkMhatbg;eRbkug

RtaMgsrubEdlbNalBIktaTaMgGs;EdlmantMlRbEhlBI 45000 psi eTA 55000Psi .
x> Post-Tensioned Element

enAkgFwm post-tensioned kMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening ERbRbYlBIsUn RbsinebI
tendon TaMgGs;RtUv)an jack kgeBldMNalKa eTABak;kNalntMlEdlKNnaenAkg krNI
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
63
T.Chhay
RbsinebIeKeRbICMhann jacking CaeRcIndMNak;kal dUcCa jacking tendon mgBIrkg

eBlEtmYy. RbsinebI n CacMnYnrbs; tendon ehIyeKTaj tendon mgBIr enaH
pretensioned
f pES =
1 n
f pES
n j =1
)j
Edl j CacMnYnnkarGnuvt jacking. cMNaMfa tendon EdlrgnUvkarTajcugeRkayeKminrgnUvkMhat

bg;edaysar elastic shortening eT enAeBlEdl tendon EdlrgkarTajdMbUgeKrgnUvbrimaNkMhat
bg;Gtibrma.
!> kMhatbg;edaysar Elastic shortening enAkgFwm post-tensioned
]TahrN_ 3>2 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 3>1 RbsinebIFwmCa post-tensioned ehIykarGnuvteRbkug
RtaMgdUcxageRkam
a. eKTaj tendon mgBIrkgeBlEtmYy
b. eKTaj tendon mgmYy
c. eKTaj tendon mgTaMgGs;
dMeNaHRsay
a.
BI]TahrN_ 3>1 eyIgman f pE = 8659.2 psi . eyIgdwgehIyfa tendon cugeRkayminrg

kMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysar elastic shortening eT. dUcenH manEt tendon $KUreT Edlrg
karxatbg;eRbkugRtaMg EdlKUrTImYyrgkMhatbg;GtibrmaesInwg 8659.2 psi . BIsmIkar 3.5
kMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening enAkgFwm post-tensioned KW
4 / 4 + 3 / 4 + 2 / 4 + 1/ 4
(8659.2)
5
10
(8659.2) = 4330 psi(29.9MPa )
=
20
9 / 9 + 8 / 9 + L + 1/ 9
(8659.2)
=
10
45
(8659.2) = 4330 psi(29.9MPa )
=
90
f pES =
b. f pES
enAkgkrNITaMgBIr kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAkgFwm post-tensioned esInwgBak;kNalkMhat

bg;eRbkugRtaMgenAkgFwm pretensioned.
c. f pES = 0
64
NPIC
3>
Steel Stress Relaxation (R)
rgkMhatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedaysarsac;lUtefreTAtameBl
dUc)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUk2. TMhMnkarkat;bnyeRbkugRtaMgminEmnGaRsyEtelIryeBlrkSakMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaHeT EtvaenAGaRsynwgpleFobeRbkugRtaMgedImelI yield strength rbs;Edk
f pi / f py . kMhatbg;kugRtaMgEbbenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa stress relaxation. ACI 318-99 Code
kMNt;kugRtaMgTajenAkg tendon eRbkugRtaMgdUcxageRkam
a. sMrab;kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIkMlaMgTaj tendon (jacking force) f pJ = 0.94 f py b:uEnmin
RtUvFMCagtMltUcCageKkgcMeNam 0.80 f pu nigtMlGtibrmaEdlENnaMedayGkplit
tendon nig anchorage.
b. eRbkugRtaMgEdleRkayBIeprPam f pi = 0.82 f py b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 0.74 f pu .
c. enAkg post-tensioned tendon kugRtaMgeRkayBIeprPamenARtg; anchorage nig coupler
= 0.70 f pu .
tMl f py GaRsynwgRbePTEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneGaydUcxageRkam
- Prestressing bar f py = 0.80 f pu
- Stress-relieved tendon f py = 0.85 f pu
- Low-relaxation tendon f py = 0.90 f pu
RbsinebI f pR CakugRtaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlenAsl;enAkgEdkeRkayBI relaxation smIkarxag
eRkamkMNt; f pR sMrab; stress-relieved steel:
Steel-relieved tendon
f pR
f pi
log t 2 log t1 f pi
=1
0.55
10
f py
(3.6)
enAkgsmIkarenH log t RtUvKitCaem:agedaymaneKal 10 / f pi / f py RtUvFMCag 0.55 nig t = t2 t1 .

sMrab; low-relaxation steel tYEckntY log RtUvEcknwg 45 CMnYseGay 10 vij. rUbTI 3>3 bgajBI
daRkamnsmIkar 3.3.
eKGaceGaytMlRbhak;RbEhlrbs;tY (log t2 log t1 ) esInwg log t = log(t2 t1 ) edaymin
mankMhatbg;FMEdlb:HBal;dl;PaBsuRkiteT. enAkgkrNIenH kMhatbg;edaysar stress-relaxation
kayCa
log t f ' pi
(3.7)
f pR = f ' pi
0.55
10 f
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
py
65
T.Chhay
Edl
f ' pi
CakugRtaMgedImenAkgEdkEdlGgt;ebtugRtUvrg.
RbsinebIeKcaM)ac;viPaKkMhatbg;CaCMhan eKGackMNt;kMeNInkMhatbg;enARKb;dMNak;kalCa
lkNBiesseday
log t 2 log t1 f ' pi

f pR = f ' pi
0.55
10
f py
(3.8)
Edl t1 CaeBlcab;epImTaj nig t2 CaeBlEdleKBicarNaelIkMhatbg;.
k> Relaxation Loss Computation
]TahrN_ 3>3 kMNt;kMhatbg;enAkg]TahrN_ 3>1 edaysar relaxation enAGayu 5 qaM eday
snt; relaxation loss cab;BIeBl jacking dl;karepr/ kMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening

nigkMhatbg;ryeBlEvg EdlbNalmkBI creep nig shrinkage kgGMLgeBlenaHKWesInwg 20% n
eRbkugRtaMgedIm. snt;fa f py = 230000 psi(1571MPa ) .
dMeNaHRsay BIsmIkar 3.1b sMrab;dMNak;kalenH
f pi = f pJ f pR (to , ttr )
= 0.75 270000 = 202500 psi (1396 MPa )
kugRtaMgEdlkat;bnysMrab;karKNnakMhatbg; relaxation KW
f ' pi = (1 0.20 ) 202500 = 162000 psi (1170MPa )
ryeBlndMeNIrkar stress relaxation KW

66
NPIC
5 365 24 44000
em:ag
BIsmIkar 3.7
f pR = f ' pi
log t f ' pi
0.55
10 f py
= 162000
log 44000 162000
0.55
10
230000
= 162000 0.4643 0.1543 = 11606 psi (80 MPa )
x> ACI-ASCE Method of Accounting for Relaxation Loss

viFI ACI-ASCE eRbIkarcUlrYmn elastic shortening, creep nig shrinkage dac;edayELkBIKa
sMrab;karKNna steel stress-relaxation loss edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
[
)]
f pR = K re J f pES + f pCR + f pSH C
tMlrbs; K re / J nig C RtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 3>4 nigtarag 3>5.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
67
T.Chhay
4>
Creep Loss (CR)
kargarBiesaFn_CagknHstvtSbgajeGayeXIjfakMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;sMParekItmanGaRsyeTAtameBlenAeBlEdlvargbnkefr bkugRtaMgefr. kMhUcRTg;RTay bkarrIkxagEdlbNal

mkBIkugRtaMgGciny_tambeNayenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa creep. kMhUcRTg;RTay bbMErbMrYlrag
eFobEdlekItBIkareFVIkarGaRsynwgeBlenHCaGnuKmn_nTMhMrbs;bnkGnuvtn_/ ryeBlrgbnk/
lkNrbs;ebtugrYmmansmamaRtrYmpSMrbs;va/ lkxNtMEhTaM/ Gayurbs;Ggt;enAeBlrgbnkdMbUg
niglkxNbrisan. edaysarTMnak;TMng stress-strain EdlbNalBI creep manlkNCabnat; dUc
enHeKmanPaBgayRsYlkgkarPab; creep strain CR eTAnwg elastic strain EL edIm,IkMNt;emKuN
creep Cu
Cu =
CR
EL
(3.9a)
bnab;mkeKGackMNt;emKuN creep RKb;ryeBl t EdlKitCafdUcxageRkam

Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu
(3.9b)
dUcerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 2 tMlrbs; Cu sitenAcenaH 2 nig 4 CamYynwgtMlmFm 2.35 sMrab;

ultimate creep. eKGackMNt;kMhatbg;enAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalBI creep sMrab; bonded
member tamrUbmnxageRkam
f pCR = Ct
E ps
Ec
f cs
(3.10)
Edl fcs CakugRtaMgenAkgebtugenARtg;nIv:UnTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. CaTUeTA kMhatbg;enH

CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgkugRtaMgenAkgebtugRtg;muxkat;EdlkMBugviPaK. enAkg post-tensioned nonbonded
68
NPIC
eKGacBicarNakMhatbg;manlkNesIeBlbeNayrbs;ElVg. dUcenH tMlmFmrbs;kug

RtaMgebtug f cs cenaH anchorage point EdleKGaceRbIvasMrab;KNna creep enAkg post-tensioned
members. smIkarrbs; ACI-ASCE Committee sMrab;kMNt;kMhatbg;eday creep manTMrg;dUc
KanwgsmIkar 3.10
member
f pCR = K CR
b
Edl
E ps
Ec
( f cs f csd )
f pCR = nK CR f cs f csd
(3.11a)
(3.11b)
sMrab; pretensioned member

= 1.60 sMrab; post-tensioned member
f cs = kugRtaMgenAkgebtugenARtg;nIv:Urbs;Edl cgs eRkaykareprPam
f csd = kugRtaMgenAkgebtugenARtg;nIv:Urbs;Edk cgs EdlbNalmkBIbnkefrEdlGnuvt
bEnmeRkayeBleKGnuvteRbkugRtaMgrYcral;ehIy
n = pleFobm:UDul
cMNaMfa eKkat;bny Kcr 20% sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal.
K CR = 2.0
k> KNnakMhatbg;edaysar creep
]TahrN_ 3>4 kMNt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar creep sMrab;Ggt;enAkg]TahrN_ 3>1 Edl
bnkGnuvtbEnm elIkElgTMgn;pal;rbs;Fwm eRkayeBleprKW 375 plf (5.5kN / m) .

dMeNaHRsay enAeBlersIusg;ebtugeBlelj
Ec = 57000 6000 = 4.415 106 psi (30.4 103 MPa )
n=
Es
27 106
= 6.12
=
Ec 4.415 106
375(50 )2
M SD =
12 = 1406250in. lb(158.9kN .m )
8
M e 1406250 11
f csd = SD =
= 458.3 psi (3.2MPa )
Ic
33750
BIsmIkar 3.1
f cs = 1226.4 psi (8.5MPa )
sMrab;ebtugFmtaeRbI KCR = 2.0 (pretensioned beam) dUcenHBIsmIkar 3.11a

(
f pCR = nK Cr f cs f csd
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
69
T.Chhay
= 6.12 2.0(1226.4 458.3)

= 9401.5 psi (64.8MPa )
5> kMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaD
Shrinkage Loss (SH)
dUcKanwg creep rbs;ebtug TMhMn shrinkage rbs;ebtugrgnUv\TiBlCaeRcInkta EdlrYmman

smamaRtnkarrYmpSMrbs;ebtug/ RbePTfbMEbk/ RbePTsIum:g;t_/ ryeBltMEhTaM/ ryeBlcenaHeBl
tMEhTaMcb;sBVRKb; nigkarGnuvteRbkugRtaMg/ TMhMrbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgM/ niglkxNbrisan. TMhM nigrUb
ragrbs;Ggt;kCH\TiBldl;karrYmmaDEdr. RbEhl 80% n shrinkage ekItmanenAqaMTImYynGayu
rbs;eRKOgbgM. enAkg ACI 209 R-92 Report eKykTMhMmFmrbs; ultimate shrinkage strain enA
kg moist-cured concrete nig steam-cured concrete esInwg 780 106 mm / mm . tMlmFmenHrg
\TiBledayryeBlntMEhTaMgdMbUg/ sMeNImbriyakas/ pleFobmaDelIp/ sItuNPaB nigsmamasFaturYmpSMrbs;ebtug. edIm,Iyk\TiBlTaMgenHmkKitbBalkgtMlmFmnbMErbMrYlrageFob
edaysarkarrYmmaD (shrinkage strain) eKRtUvKuNvanwgemKuNEktMrUv SH dUcxageRkam
SH = 780 10 6 SH
(3.12)
CaemKuNsMrab;lkxNbrisanEdlmanenAkg ACI Committee 435 Sec.2.

sMrab;lkxNsg;dar Prestressed Concrete Institute yktMlmFmsMrab; nominal ultimate shrinkage strain ( SH )u = 820 10 6 mm / mm . RbsinebI SH Ca shrinkage strain eRkayBI
EktMrUvsMrab; relative humidity eTAtampleFobmaDelIp V / S kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAkg pretensioned member KW
SH
f pSH = SH E ps
(3.13)
sMrab; post-tensioned member kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysarkarrYmmaDKWtUcCagsMrab; pretensioned member edaysarGgt;)anrYmmaDxHehIymuneBlrg post-tensioning. RbsinebIeKKit relative
humidity CaPaKry nigeKBicarNaBI\TiBlnpleFob V / S enaHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbNal
BIkarrYmmaDkayeTACa
V
f pSH = 8.2 10 6 K SH E ps 1 0.06 (100 RH )

S
(3.14)
Edl K SH = 1.0 sMrab; pretensioned member. tarag 3>6 eGaynUvtMl K SH sMrab; posttensioned member.
70
NPIC
eKGacTTYlkarEktMrUv shrinkage loss sMrab;lkxNsg;darCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgeBl t KitCa

f tamsmIkarxageRkam
a. Moist curing, eRkay 7f
( SH )t =
b.
t
( SH )u
35 + t
(3.15a)
Edl ( SH )u Ca ultimate shrinkage strain/ t = eBlEdlKitCaf

Steam curing, eRkayBI 1eTA 3f
( SH )t =
t
( SH )u
55 + t
(3.15b)
eyIgKYrkt;sMKal;fakarKNna creep nig shrinkage dac;edayELkBIKaenAkgCMBUkenHRtUv)an

TTYlyksMrab;karGnuvt. ehIybMErbMrYldFMEdlekIteLIgenAkgtMl creep nig shrinkage KWbNal
mkBIbMErbMrYlnsmamaRtsarFatupSMrbs;sMPar ebIeTaHbICaplitplenaHRtUv)anplitecjBIeragcRk
(pretensioned beam) keday. dUcenHeKRtUvTTYlykBtmanBIlTplBiesaFn_Cak;EsgsMrab;plitplEdlplitecjBIeragcRk/ sMrab;krNIpleFobElVgelIkMBs;mantMlFM nigsMrab;kardak;bnkFn;
minFmta.
k> KNnakMhatbg;edaysar Shrinkage
]TahrN_ 3>5 KNnakMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalmkBI shrinkage enAkg]TahrN_ 3>1 nig
3>2 enAGayu 7feRkay moist curing edayeRbITaMg ultimate K SH method EdleRbIsmIkr 3.14
nigviFIGaRsynwgeBl (time-dependent method) EdleRbIsmIkar 3.15. snt;fa relative humidity
RH = 70% nigpleFobmaDelIpesInwg 2.0 .
dMeNaHRsay
A.
viFI K SH
(a) pretensioned beam K SH = 1.0
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
71
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 3.14
f pSH = 8.2 10 6 1.0 27 106 (1 0.06 2.0 )(100 70)
= 5845 psi (40.3MPa )
(b) Post-tensioned member
BItarag 3>6 eyIg)an K SH = 0.77
f pSH = 0.77 5845 = 4500.7 psi (31.0MPa )

B.
viFIGaRsynwgeBl
BIsmIkar 3.15a
SH ,t =
t
t
SH =
780 10 6 = 130 10 6 mm / mm
35 + t
35 + t
f pSH = SH ,t Es = 130 10 6 27 106 = 3510 psi (24.0MPa )
6> kMhatbg;edaysarkarkkit
Losses Due to Friction (F)
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgekItmanenAkg post-tensioning member KWbNalmkBIkMlaMgkkitrvag

tendon nigbMBg;EdlBTCMuvijva. TMhMnkMhatbg;enHCaGnuKmn_nTMrg;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg (tendon
form or alignment) EdleKeGayeQaHfa\TiBlkMeNag (curvature effect) niglMgakecjBIKng
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg EdleKehAfa\TiBlgakcuHeLIg (wobble effect). CaerOy eKGaceFVIeGay
tMlemKuNkMhatbg;manlkNRbesIrenAeBlkMBugerobcM shop drawing edayeFVIkarERbRbYlRbePT
tendon nigkartMrg;bMBg; (duct alignment). eKGackMNt; curvature effect Camun)an Et wobble
effect CalTplEdl)anBIPaBminRtg;rbs;bMBg;edaycdn bminGaceCosvag)an EdlekIteLIg
edaysarEt karerobcMdak;bMBg;min)anl.
eyIgKYrcMNaMfakMhatbg;kugRtaMgkkitGtibrmanwgekItmanenAcugmageTotrbs;Fwm RbsinebIeK
TajEdkeRbkugRtaMgenAcugmageTot. dUcenH kMhatbg;edaysarkMlaMgkkitERbRbYlCalkNsmamaRttambeNayElVgFwm ehIyeKGaceFVI interpolation sMrab;TItaMgBiessNamYy RbsinebIeKcg;Fa
nanUvkarKNnamYyEdlmanlkNkan;EtRbesIr.
k> \TiBlkMeNag
Curvature Effect
edaysareKTaj tendon CamYynwgkMlaMg F1 enAcugmag dUcenH tendon RtUvrgnUvkMlaMgkkit

CamYynwgbMBg; EdleFVIeGaykugRtaMgenAkg tendon ERbRbYlBITItaMgEdlTajeTAcMgay L tam
beNayElVg dUcbgajkgrUbTI 3>4. RbsinebIeKykRbEvgGnntUcrbs; tendon minKitCadaRkam
72
NPIC
GgesrIdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>5 ehIyedaysnt; CaemKuNkMlaMgkkitrvag tendon nigbMBg;Edl

bNalmkBI\TiBlkMeNag enaHeyIg)an
b
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
dF1 = F1d
dF1
= d
F1
(3.16a)
73
T.Chhay
edayeFVIGaMgetRkaleTAelIsmIkarxagelIeyIgTTYl)an
log e F1 =
(3.16b)
RsbinebI = L / R enaH
F2 = F1e = F1e ( L / R )
x> \TiBlgaker
(3.17)
Wobble Effect
]bmafa K CaemKuNkMlaMgkkitrvag tendon nigbMBg;EdlbNalmkBI wobble effect b

\TiBlRbEvg (length effect). kMhatbg;edaysarkugRtaMgkkitKWekIteLIgedaysarPaBminRtg;
lrbs; tendon tamRbEvgrbs;va edayminKitfavaRtUv)aneKtMerobRtg; b draped alignment eT.
bnab;mktameKalkarN_dUcKaEdl)anerobrab;kgkarbegItsmIkar 3.16 eyIg)an
log e F1 = KL
b
F2 = F1e KL
edaybUk\TiBlTaMgBIrbBalKaeyIgTTYl)an
(3.18)
(3.19)
F2 = F1e KL
b edayKitCakugRtaMg
f 2 = f1e KL
(3.20)
bnab;mkeyIgTTYl)ankMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysarkMlaMgkkit f pF dUcxageRkam
f pF = f1 f 2 = f1 (1 e KL )
(3.21)
edaysnt;fakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcenaHcMnucab;epImkMeNag nigcMnuccugbBab;kMeNagmantMltUc Rb
Ehl 15% dUcenHvamanlkNsuRkitRKb;RKan;kgkareRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImsMrab;kMeNagTaMg
mUlenAkgsmIkar 3.21. eKGacsresrsmIkar 3.21 EdlsMrYlrYcdUcxageRkam
f pF = f1 ( + KL )
(xat US)
(3.22)
f pF = f1 ( + 3.28KL ) (xat SI)
Edl L KitCa ft b m .
edaysarpleFobkMBs;rbs;FwmelIRbEvgElVgrbs;vatUc eKGaceRbIRbEvgcMeNalrbs;
tendon )ansMrab;KNna )anedayenAEtmanlkNsuRkitRKb;RKan;dEdl. edaysnt;kMeNagrbs;
tendon manragCaFrgVg; mMupit tambeNaykMNat;kMeNagenAkgrUbTI 3>6 esInwgmMuCMralenAxagcug
rbs;kMNat;kMeNag 2dg. dUcenH
tan
m
2m
=
x/2
x
74
NPIC
1
RbsinebI
nig / 2 = 4 y / x
y m
2
= 8 y / x ra:dg;
enaH
tarag 3>7 eGaynUv design value rbs;emKuNkkitedaysarkMeNag nigemKuNkkitedaysarkargak
er bedaysarRbEvg K EdlTTYl)anBI ACI 318 Commentary.
K> karKNnakMhatbg;edaysarkarkkit
Computation of Friction Loss
]TahrN_ 3>6 snt; alignment characteristic rbs; tendon enAkg post-tensioned beam
n]TahrN_ 3>2 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>7. RbsinebI tendon EdleRbIenAkgFwmenHCa 7-wire

uncoated strand EdleRsabeday flexible metal sheathing KNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysar
kMlaMgkkitenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalmkBI curvature effect nig wobble effect.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
75
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
Pi = 309,825lb
f1 =
BIsmIkar 3.23
309,825
= 202,500 psi
1.53
8 y 8 11 / 12"
=
= 0.1467
50
x
ra:dg;
BItarag 3>7 yk K = 0.0020 nig = 0.20 . BIsmIkar 3.22 kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdl
bNalmkBIkMlaMgkkitKW
=
f pF = f pi ( + KL )
= 202,500(0.20 0.1467 + 0.002 50 )
= 202,500 0.1293 = 26,191 psi (180.6 MPa )
kMhatbg;edaysarkarkkitenHesInwg 12.93% neRbkugRtaMgedIm.
7>
Anchorage-Seating Losses (A)
ekIteLIgenAkg post-tensioned members bNalmkBIkardak;

estenAkg anchor enAeBlkMlaMg jacking RtUv)anepreTA anchorage. vakGacekItmanenAkgkMral
Bum<rbs; pretenioned member pgEdr EdlvabNalmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anepreTAkMralenaH.
eKGacedaHRsaykMhatbg;enH)ankgGMLgeBlGnuvteRbkugRtaMgedayeRbIkugRtaMgelIs. CaTUeTA
TMhMn anchorage-seating loss sitenAcenaH 1 / 4in. eTA 3 / 8in. 6.35mm eTA 9.53mm sMrab;
estBIrdMu. TMhMnkugRtaMgelIsEdlcaM)ac;GaRsyeTAelIkareRbIRbBn anchorage edayRbBnnImYy
RtUvkarkarEktMrUvBiessrbs;vaerogxn ehIyplitkr)anpl;nUvTinnynkarrGilEdlrMBwgTukEdl
Anchorage-seating losses
76
NPIC
bNalmkBIkarEktMrUv anchorage enaH. RbsinebI A CaTMhMnkarrGil/ L CaRbEvgrbs; tendon nig

E ps Cam:UDulnEdkeRbkugRtaMg enaHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysarkarrGil anchorage KW
f pA =
A
E ps
L
(3.24)
k> Computation of Anchorage-seating Loss
]TahrN_ 3>7 KNna anchorage-seating loss enAkg post-tensioned beam n]TahrN_ 3>2
RbsinebIkarrGil)a:n;sanKW 1 / 4in.(6.35mm) .
dMeNaHRsay
E ps = 27 106 psi
A = 0.25in.
0.25
f pA = A E ps =
27 106 = 11,250 psi (77.6MPa )
50 12
L
cMNaMfaPaKrykMhatbg;edaysarkarrGil anchorage mantMlFMsMrab;FwmxI dUcenHeKBi)ak

nwgeFVI post-tension elIFwmxICamYynwgPaBsuRkitx<s;)anNas;.
8> kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgbNalBIkarekagrbs;Ggt;
Change of Prestress Due to Bending of Members ( fpB )
FwmekagedaysarrgeRbkugRtaMg bbnkxageRkA. vaekag bptGaRsynwgRbePTbnk dUc

bgajenAkgrUbTI 3>8. RbsinebIbMErbMrYlrageFobsgt;ktaenAkgebtugtambeNaynIv:Urbs; tendon
KW c enaHkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAkgEdkEdlRtUvnwgbMErbMrYlrageFobenHKW
f pB = c E ps
Edl Es Cam:UDulrbs;Edk. cMNaMfa sMrab;krNITUeTA eKmincaM)ac;KitBicarNaBIkMhatbg;eday

sarkarekagNamYyeT RbsinebIeKvas;kMriteRbkugRtaMgeRkayFwmekagrYcehIy.
rUbTI 3>9 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;karkMNt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgGaRsynwgeBlCaCMhan
edayminmanPaBdab.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
77
T.Chhay
78
NPIC
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
79
T.Chhay
9> karKNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamun
Step-by-Step Computation of All Time-Dependent Losses in a
Prestensioned Member
]TahrN_ 3>8 FwmeRbkugRtaMg pretensioned EdleFVIBIebtugTMgn;Rsal nigTTYl steam-cured man
muxkat; T Dub RTedayTMrsamBamanRbEvg 70 ft (21.3m) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 3>10. FwmenHrgeRb

kugRtaMgeday 270-K grade stress-relieved strand EdlmanGgt;pit 1 / 2in(12.7mm) cMnYndb;BIr.
Tendon RtUv)an harped nigmancMNakpitenAkNalElVg 18.73in.(476mm ) nigenAxagcug 12.98in.
(330mm ) . KNnakMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;Rtg; 0.40 nElVgEdlbNalmkBI
bnkefr nig bnkefrbEnmenAeBl
a. dMNak;kalTI 1 KWeBlepr
b. dMNak;kalTI 2 KWeRkayBIeFVIkargarbegIy (topping)
c. BIrqaMeRkayBIeFVIkargarbegIyehIy
80
NPIC
snt;fakargarbegIyCaebtugTMgn;RsalEdlmankMras; 2in.(51mm) RtUv)ancak;enAGayu 30

f. elIsBIenH eKsnt;fakarepreRbkugRtaMgekItmanenA 18 em:ageRkayBITaj strand. eKeGay
f 'c = 5,000 psi TMgn;Rsal (34.5MPa )
f 'ci = 3,500 psi (24.1MPa )
ehIyxageRkamCalkNmuxkat; noncomposite
Ac = 615in.2 (3,968cm 2 )
I c = 59,720in.4 (2.49 106 cm 4 )
cb = 21.98in.(55.8cm )
c t = 10.02in.(25.5cm )
(
)
S = 5,960in .(97,670cm )
W minmankargarbegIy = 491 plf (7.2kN / m )
W kargarbegIy 2in. = 250 plf (3.65kN / m )
W = 40 psf (1,915 Pa )
minzitezr
Sb = 2,717in.3 44,520cm3
t
SD
L
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )

f py = 0.85 f pu 230,000 psi (1,589 MPa )
f pi = 0.70 f pu = 0.82 f py = 0.82 0.85 f pu 0.70 f pu = 189,000 psi (1,303MPa )
E ps = 28 106 psi 193.1 103 MPa
dMeNaHRsay
f 'ci = 3,500 psi
(
)
Ec = 1151.5 (33 5,000 ) = 2.88 106 psi
dMNak;kalTI 1 eBleprkugRtaMg
Eci = 1151.5 33 3,500 = 2.41 106 psi
(a) Elastic shortening:
tamsmtikmmuxkat;eRKaHfak;sitenAcMgay = 0.40 70 = 28 ft
e enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; = 12.98 + 0.8(18.73 12.98) = 17.58in.
m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkefrenARtg; 0.40 nElVg
M D = WD
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
X
(L X ) = 491 28 (70 28)
2
2
81
T.Chhay
= 288,708 ft lb = 3,464,496in. lb(391kN .m )
f pi = 0.70 f pu = 0.70 270,000 = 189,000 psi
snt;kMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening nigkMhatbg;edaysar steel-relaxation

18,000 psi / enaH net-steel stress f pi = 189,000 18,000 = 171,000 psi nig
Pi = Aps f pi = 12 0.153 171,000 = 313,956lb
r2 =
f cs
I c 59,720
=
= 97.11in 2
615
Ac
e2 M De
1 + +
r2
Ic
313,956 (17.58)2 3,464,496 17.58

1+
=
+
615
97.11
59.720
P
= i
Ac
= 2,135.2 + 1,019.9 = 1,115.3 psi (7.7 MPa )

E ps
28 106
=
= 11.62
n=
Eci 2.41 106
f pES = n f cs = 11.62 1,115.3 = 12,958 psi (85.4MPa )
RbsinebIeKeRbI
f pi = 189,000 psi
enaH net-steel stress
f pi = 189,000 12,958 = 176,042 psi
nigeyIgman
f cs = 2,315.2
176,042
+ 1,019.9 = 1,178.3 psi
171,000
f pES = n f cs = 11.62 1,178.3 = 13,690 psi (94MPa )
CamYynwg 12,958 psi eyIgeXIjfamanPaBxusKatictYcRbEhl 6% . dUcenHkar

snt;kMhatbg; 10% taMgBIdMbUg eday)a:n;san Pi 0.90PJ GacRKb;RKan;.
(b) Steel-Stress Relaxation:
f py = 230,000 psi
f pi = 189,000 psi
t = 18
beKGaceRbI net
f pi = 171,000 psi
em:ag
log t 2 log t1 f pi
f pR = f pi
0.55
10
f py
log 18 189,000
= 189,000
0.55
10 230,000
= 6,446.9 psi 6,447 psi
82
NPIC
f pES + f pR = 12,958 + 6,447 = 19,405 18,000 psi
karsnt; OK
(c) Creep Loss:
f pCR = 0
(d) Shrinkage Loss:
f pSH = 0
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgEdksrubsMrab;dMNak;kalTI 1KW
f pT = f pES + f pR + f pCR + f pSH
= 12,958 + 6,447 + 0 + 0 = 19,405 psi (134 MPa )
kugRtaMgrbs; strand f pi enAcugndMNak;kalTI 1 = 189,000 19,405 = 169,595 psi(1,169MPa )

EdleGay Pi = 311,376 psi .
dMNak;kalTI 2 eRkayBIeFVIkargarbegIyehIy KWenAeBlebtugmanGayu 30 f
(a) Creep Loss:
Ec = 2.88 106 psi

E ps = 28 106 psi
n=
E ps
Ec
28 106
2.88 106
= 9.72
f cs = 1,115.3 psi
m:Um:g;EdlekItBIkargarbegIy 2in.
x
28
M SD = WSD (L x ) = 250 (70 28) 12 = 1,764,000in lb(199kN .m )
2
2
M e 1,764,000 17.58
f csd = SD =
= 519.3 psi
59,720
Ic
eTaHbICaryeBl 30 fCaryeBlxIsMrab;\TiBlryeBlEvgkeday keKGacEksMrYltMlRbhak;

RbEhlRKb;RKan;enAkgdMNak;kalTI 2 edayeRbIemKuN KCR nsmIkar 3.11 edIm,IKitkgdMNak;
kalTI 3 pgEdr emIldMNak;kalTI 3 karKNna creep .
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal eRbI KCR = 2.0 80% = 1.6 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 3.10 kMhatbg;
eRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalBI creep ryeBlyUrKW
(
f pCR = nK CR f cs f csd = 9.72 1.6(1,115.3 519.3) = 9,269 psi (63.3MPa )

(b) Shrinkage Loss:
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
83
T.Chhay
snt;sMeNImbriyas (relative humidity) RH = 70% . BIsmIkar 3.14 kMhatbg;eRbkug

RtaMgEdlbNalmkBIkarrYmmaDryeBlyUrKW
V
f pSH = 8.2 10 6 K SH E ps 1 0.06 (100 RH )

S
V 615
=
= 1.69
S 364
K SH = 1.0
sMrab; pretensioned member dUcenH
f pSH = 8.2 10 6 1.0 28 106 (1 0.06 1.69 )(100 70)

= 6,190 psi (42.7 MPa )
enAGayu 30 f:
t1 = 18 em:ag
t 2 = 30 f = 30 24 = 720 em:ag
f pe = 169,595 psi )anBIdMNak;kalTI 1
(c) Steel Relaxation Loss
log 720 log 18 169,595

f pR = 169,595
0.55 = 5,091 psi (35.1MPa )
10
230,000
kMhatbg;srubenAkgdMNak;kalTI 2 KW
f pT = f pCR + f pSH + f pR = 9,269 + 6,190 + 5,091 = 20,550 psi (142MPa )
karekIneLIgkugRtaMgenAkg strand bNalmkBIkargarbegIyKW

f SD = n f csd = 9.72 519.3 = 5,048 psi (34.8MPa )
dUcenH kugRtaMgenAkg strand enAcugbBab;ndMNak;kalTI 2 KW

f pe = f ps f pT + f SD = 169,595 20,550 + 5,048 = 154,093 psi (1,062MPa )
dMNak;kalTI 3 eRkayGayu)anBIrqaM
snt;fatMlrbs; creep ryeBlyUr nig shrinkage ryeBlyUrEdl)ankMNt;enAkgdMNak;
kalTI2 minekIneLIgeRcInKYreGaykt;sMKal;eT edaysarkareRbItMlryeBlyUrrbs; KCR nig
K SH . dUcenH
f pe = 154,093 psi (1,066MPa )
f = 720 em:ag
t 2 = 2 qaM = 2 365 24 = 17,520 em:ag
t1 = 30
84
NPIC
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysar steel relaxation KW
log 17,520 log 720 154,093

f pR = 154,093
0.55 = 2,563 psi (17.7 MPa )
10
230,000
dUcenHkugRtaMgenAkug strand
f pe
enAcugbBab;ndMNak;kalTI 3 KW
f pe 154,093 2,563 = 151,530 psi (1,033MPa )
PaKrynkMhatbg;srub = 100 80.1 = 19.9% b 20% sMrab; pretensioned beam.
10> karKNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay
Step-by-Step Computation of All Time-Dependent Losses in a PostTensioned Member
]TahrN_ 3>9 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 3>8 edaysnt;faFwmrgnUveRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay. snt;fakM
hatbg;edaysar anchorage seating KW 1 / 4in. ehIy strand TaMgGs;RtUv)anTajkgeBlCamYyKa

enAkg flexible duct. elIsBIenHsnt;fakMlaMg jacking srubmuneBlekItmankMhatbg;edaysar
kMlaMgkkit nig anchorage seating KW f pi = 189,000 psi f pJ = f pi sMrab;smIkar 3.1d sMrab;krNI
enH.
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
Anchorage seating loss

1"
A = = 0.25"
4
L = 70 ft
BIsmIkar 3.24 kMhatbg;edaysarkarrGil anchorage KW

f pA =
(b)
0.25
A
E ps =
28 106 8,333 psi (40.2 MPa )
70 12
L
Elastic shortening
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
85
T.Chhay
edaysarEdkeRbkugRtaMgTaMgGs;RtUv)anTajkgeBlCamYyKa dUcenH elastic shortening

minRtUv)anKitkgGMLgeBlTajeT. CalTplKakMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysar elastic shortening
enAkg tendon eT. dUcenH f pES = 0 .
(c)
Friction loss
snt;farag)a:ra:bUlrbs; tendon Rbhak;RbEhlnwgFrbs;rgVg;. BIsmIkar 3.23

8 y 8(18.73 12.98)
=
=
= 0.0548 ra:dg;
x
70 12
BItarag 3>7 yk K = 0.001 nig = 0.25 . bnab;mk BI]TahrN_ 3>8
f pi = 189,000 psi (1,303MPa )
BIsmIkar 3.22 kMhatbg;kugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgedaysarkMlaMgkkitKW

f pF = f pi ( + KL )
= 189,000(0.25 0.0548 + 0.001 70 )
= 15,819 psi (109 MPa )
kugRtaMgEdlenAsl;enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkayBIkMhatbg;TaMgGs;KW
f pi = 189,000 8,333 0 15,819 = 164,848 psi (1,136MPa )
dUcenH net prestressing force KW

Pi = 164,848 12 0.153 = 296,762lb
Edl Pi = 311,376lb sMrab;krNI pretensioned enAkg]TahrN_ 3>8.

dMNak;kalTI 1 kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
(a)
Anchorage Seating Loss
kMhatbg; = 8,333 psi
net stress = 164,848 psi
(b)
Relaxation Loss
log 18 164,848
f pR = 164,848
0.55
10 230,000
3,450 psi (23.8MPa )
(c)
Creep Loss
f pCR = 0
(d)
Shrinkage Loss
86
NPIC
f pSH = 0
dUcenHkugRtaMgenAkg tendon
f pi
enAcugbBab;ndMNak;kalTI 1KW
f pi = 164,848 3,450 = 161,398 psi (1,113MPa )
dMNak;kalTI 2 eRkayBIeFVIkargarbegIyehIy KWenAeBlebtugmanGayu 30 f

(a)
Creep Loss
Pi = 161,398 12 0.153 = 296,327lb

e2 M De
1 + +
r2
Ic
296,327 17.582 3,464,496 17.58

1+
=
+
615
97.11
59,720
f cs =
Pi
Ac
= 2,016.20 + 1,020.00 = 996.2 psi (6.94 MPa )
dUcenH creep loss KW
f pCR = nK CR f cs f csd
= 9.72 1.6(996.2 519.3) 7,417 psi (51.2 MPa )
(b)
Shrinkage Loss
BI]TahrN_ 3>8 nigBItarag 3>6 K SH = 0.58 enAGayu 30 f enaH

f pSH = 6,190 0.58 = 3,590 psi (24.8MPa )
(c)
Steel Relaxation Loss
enAGayu 30 f
f pe = 161,398 psi
Relaxation loss
kayCa
log 720 log 18 161,398

f pR = 161,398
0.55
10
230,000
3,923 psi (27.0 MPa )
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgsrubenAkgdMNak;kalTI 2 KW
f pT = f pCR + f pSH + f pR
= 7,417 + 3,590 + 3,923 = 14,930 psi (103.0 MPa )
BI]TahrN_ 3>8 karekIneLIgkugRtaMgenAkg strand EdlbNalBIbnkbEnmrbs;kargar

begIyKW f SD = 5,048 psi(34.8MPa) . dUcenH strand stress enAcugbBab;rbs;dMNak;kalTI 2 KW
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
87
T.Chhay
f pe = f ps f pT + f SD = 161,398 14,930 + 5,048 = 151,516 psi (1,045MPa )
dMNak;kalTI 3 eRkayGayu)anBIrqaM
f pe = 151,516 psi
em:ag
t 2 = 17,520 em:ag
kMhatbg;kugRtaMgedaysar steel relaxation KW
t1 = 720
log 17,520 log 720 151,516

f pR = 151,516
0.55
10
230,000
2,284 psi (15.8MPa )
edayeRbIkarsnt;dUcKanwg]TahrN_ 3>8 sMrab; creep nig shrinkage, kugRtaMgenAkg tendon

f pe enAcugbBab;ndMNak;kalTI 3 mantMlRbhak;RbEhlnwg
f pe = 151,516 2,284 = 149,232 psi (1,029MPa )
11> karKNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMgtamviFIplbUksrub
Lump-Sum Computation of Time-Dependent Losses in Prestress
]TahrN_ 3>10 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 3>8 nig 3>9 eday approximate lump-sum method
nigeRbobeFoblTplrbs;va.
88
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
BItarag 3>1 kMhatbg;srubsMrab;]TahrN_ 3>8 tam lump-sum method KW

f pT = 45,000 psi (310MPa )
dUcenH net final strand stress KW

f pe = 189,000 45,000 = 144,000 psi (993MPa )
tMlrbs; f pe EdlKNnaCaCMhan = 151,530 psi

144,000
= 3.9%
PaKryxusKa = 151,530
189,000
BItarag 3>2 kMhatbg;srubsMrab;]TahrN_ 3>9 tam lump-sum method KW
f pT = 35,000 psi (241MPa )
dUcenH net final strand stress KW

f pe = 189,000 35,000 = 154,000 psi (1,062MPa )
tMlrbs; f pe EdlKNnaCaCMhan = 149,232 psi

149,232
= 2.5%
PaKryxusKa = 154,000
189,000
eyIgeXIjfa PaBxusKarvagviFIEdlKNnaCak;Esg KNnaCaCMhan nig approximate
lump-sum method mantMltUc EdlbBaak;fasMrab;krNIsg;dar nigFmtaeKGaceRbIviFITaMgBIrenH
CMnYsKa)an.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
89
T.Chhay
IV.
karKNnamuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;
Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
kugRtaMgBt;CalTplnbnkxageRkA nigm:Um:g;Bt;. kgkrNICaeRcIn vaCaGkkMNt;kgkar

eRCIserIsTMhMFrNImaRtrbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayminKitfavargkarTajCamun (pretensioned) brg
karTajCaeRkay (post-tensioned) eT. dMeNIrkarKNnacab;epImCamYynwgkareRCIserIsmuxkat; bzm
nigedaykarsakl,g nigkarEktMrUveKnwgTTYl)anmuxkat;cugeRkayCamYynwgTMhMlMGitrbs;muxkat;
ehIynwgTMhM nigKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. muxkat;RtUvbMeBjnUvkarkMNt;rbs;kugRtaMgBt;EdlRtUvkar
rbs;ebtug nigEdk. bnab;BIenH vaRtUv)anviPaK nigbMeBjktamYycMnYneTotdUcCa lTPaBrgkarkat;
lTPaBrgkarrmYl PaBdab nigsameRbH.
edaysarTinnysMrab;karviPaKxusKaBITinnyEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;karKNna karKNnaTaMgGs;Ca
karviPaK. dMbUgeKsnt;lkNmuxkat;FrNImaRtEdlRtUvrgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnab;mkeKcab;epmkMNt;
faetImuxkat;GacrgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigkMlaMgGnuvtn_xageRkA)anedaysuvtiPaBbkGt;. dUcenHeyIg
RtUvyl;BIeKalkarN_mUldannkarviPaK nigkarKNnamuxkat;EdlmanlkNsMrYly:agxaMgEdl)an
ENnaMkgemeronenH. dUc)aneXIjBICMBUkTI1 lkNemkanicmUldanrbs;sMPar eKalkarN_lMnwgrbs;
m:Um:g; couple xagkg nigeKalkarN_eGLasicntMrYtpl (superposition) RtUv)aneRbIenARKb;dMNak;
kalnkardak;bnk.
eKKNnamuxkat;ebtugGarem:rgkugRtaMgBt;EtkgsanPaBkMNt;nkugRtaMgenAeBl)ak;sMrab;
muxkat;EdleRCIserIs RbsinebIvabMeBjnUvtMrUvkardTeTotdUcCa serviceability, lTPaBkgkarkat;/
nigPaBsitrvagebtug nigEdk. b:uEn kgkarKNnaGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg eKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarRtYtBinit
bEnmeTotenAeBleprkMlaMg nigsanPaBkMNt;enAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar kdUcCasanPaBkMNt;enA
eBl)ak;. karRtYtBinitTaMgenHmansarsMxan;sMrab;Fanafa sameRbHedaysarbnkeFVIkarGac
ecal)an ehIyeKGacRKb;RKg)annUv\TiBlryeBlyUrrbs;PaBdab nigPaBekag.
eKeRbIsBaadkedIm,IsMKal;kugRtaMgsgt; ehIyeKeRbIsBaabUkedIm,IsMKal;kugRtaMgTajenAkg
muxkat;ebtug. ragekag (convex or hogging shape) rbs;Ggt;bgajm:Um:g;GviCman ehIyragpt
(concave or sagging) bgajmU:m:g;viCman dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>1.
90
NPIC
mindUcKaniwgkrNIGgt;ebtugGarem: kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugERbRbYleTAtamdMNak;kalepSgn
kardak;bnkefr nigbnkGefr. xageRkamCakarsegbnkardak;bnkTaMgenH
eRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm Pi kMlaMgenHRtUv)aneprBIkabeRbkugRtaMgeTAebtug.
TMgn;pal;TaMgGs; WD manGMeBIeTAelIGgt;rYmCamYynwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm RbsinebIGgt;
enaHRTedayTMrsamBa vaminmanTMrenAkNalElVg.
bnkefrbEnmTaMgGs; WSD edayrYmTaMg topping sMrab; composite action RtUv)anGnuvt
eTAelIGgt;.
kMhatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgryeBlxIbMputekItman EdlnaMeGaymankarkat;bnykMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMg Peo .
Ggt;rgnUvbnkeFVIkareBjeljCamYynwgkMhatbg;ryeBlyUrEdlbNalmkBI creep,
shrinkage nig stand relaxation EdlnaMeTAdl; net prestressing force Pe .
bnkelIsEdlmanGMeBIelIGgt;ekItmaneRkamlkxNxHEdlnaMdl;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
z
z
91
T.Chhay
rUbTI 4>2 bgajBICMhannkardak;bnk nigkarBRgaykugRtaMgelImuxkat;EdlRtUvnwgkardak;

bnktamCMhannImYy. ehIyrUbTI 4>3 bgajBIdaRkambnk-kMhUcRTg;RTay ekag bpt sMrab;
kardMNak;kalnkardak;bnktaMgBIeBlTTYl\TiBlnTMgn;pal;rhUtdl;eBl)ak;.
2> kareRCIserIslkNFrNImaRtnmuxkat;
Selection of Geometrical Properties of Section Components
k> eKalkarN_ENnaMTUeTA
General Guideline
eRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkar FwmRtUv)ansnt;famanlkNesIsac; (homogenous) nigeGLasic.

ehIyeKsnt; edaysarkarrMBwgTuk fakMlaMgsgt;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbBaneTAebtugesIreFVIeGaysrs
rgkarTajrbs;FwmekItmansameRbH dUcenHeKcat;Tukmuxkat;FwmCamuxkat;KansameRbH (uncracked
92
NPIC
. karviPaKkugRtaMgrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgeRkamlkxNTaMgenHminxusKaBIkarviPaKkugRtaMgrbs;
FwmEdk Edlkan;Etc,as;CagenH KW beam column. vaEtgEtmankMlaMgtamGkSEdlbNalBI
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTaHbICaman bKanm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbNalBIbnkpal; bbnkxageRkAdTeTotkeday.
dUc)aneXIjenAkgCMBUk1 vaCakarRbesIrEdlKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgcakpitenARtg;muxkat;
eRKaHfak; dUcCamuxkat;kNalElVgsMrab;FwmTMrsamBa nigmuxkat;elITMrsMrab;FwmCab;. RbsinebIeK
eFVIkareRbobeFobrvagmuxkat;ctuekaN muxkat;EdlmansabminsIuemRTImanRbsiTPaBCagedaykareRbI
R)as;ebtug nigkarRbmUlpMebtugenAkgtMbn;sgt;nmuxkat;EdleKRtUvkarCageK.
section)
x> m:UDulmuxkat;Gb,brma
Minimum Section Modulus
edIm,IKNna nigeRCIserIsmuxkat; CadMbUgeKRtUvkMNt;m:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkar Sb nig S t .

RbsinebI
f ci = kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprPam munnwgmankMhatbg;
= 0.60 f 'ci
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprPam munnwgmankMhatbg;
= 3 f 'ci psi (0.25 f 'ci MPa ) eKGacbegIntMlenHdl; 6 f 'ci psi (0.5 f 'ci MPa )
enARtg;TMrsMrab;Ggt;TMrsmBa
f c = kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
= 0.45 f 'c b 0.60 f 'c enAeBlGnuBaatedaykUd
f t = kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgebtugeRkayeBleprenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
= 6 f 'ci psi (0.5 f 'ci MPa ) eKGacbegIntMlenHdl; 12 f 'ci psi ( f 'ci MPa ) enA
kgRbBnmYyTis RbsinebIeKRtUvkarKNnaPaBdabryeBlyUr.
kugRtaMgsrsxageRkACak;EsgenAkgebtugminGacFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatEdl)anerobrab;xag
elIeLIy.
edayeRbImuxkat;minsIuemRTIGt;eRbH karsegbnsmIkarkugRtaMgEdl)anBICMBUk 1EpkTI 3 sM
rab;dMNak;kalnkardak;bnkepSgmandUcxageRkam
f ti =
kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
ft =
Stress at Transfer
Pi ect M D
1 2 t f ti
Ac
r S
(4.1a)
93
T.Chhay
fb =
Pi ecb M D
f ci
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
(4.1b)
Edl Pi CakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm. eKKYreRbIbgMkMlaMgedkrbs; Pi edIm,ITTYl)antMlkan;EtsuRkitCag.

EtsMrab;karGnuvtTaMgGs;eKmin)anKitdl;PaBRbesIrenHeT.
kugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhatbg;
Effective Stress after Losses
ect M D
1 2 t f t
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + D f c
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
kugRtaMgnbnkeFVIkarcugeRkay
Edl
(4.2b)
Service-load Final Stresses
Pe ect M T
1 2 t f c
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + T f t
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(4.2a)
(4.3a)
(4.3b)
M T = M D + M SD + M L
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
Pe = kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
t bgajfasrsxagelI nig b bgajfasrsxageRkam
e = cMNakpitrbs; tendon BITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;munkat;ebtug cgc (center of gravity of
concrete section) q
r 2 = kaer:nkaMniclPaB
S t / Sb = m:UDulmuxkat;srsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;muxkat;ebtug
dMNak;kalnkacuHfykMlaMgsgt; (decompression) bgajkarekIneLIgbMErbMrYlrageFob
rbs;EdkEdlbNalBIkarekIneLIgrbs;bnk taMgBIdMNak;kalEdlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe
eFVIGMeBIEtkgrhUtdl; dMNak;kalEdlbnkbEnmeFVIeGaykugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugenARtg;nIv:U cgs
kat;bnydl;sUnemIlrUb TI 4>3. enARtg;dMNak;kalenH bMErbMrYlkugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBI
decompression KW
Pi =
f decomp =
Pe
Ac
e2
1 +
r2
(4.3c)
94
NPIC
TMnak;TMngenHQrelIkarsnt;fabMErbMrYlrageFob (strain) rbs;ebtug nigEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlsitCab;

eTAnwgebtugEk,reFVIeGaykarekIneLIgnkugRtaMgEdkesInwgkarfycuHnkugRtaMgebtug.
1.
FwmEdlmancMNakpitEdkeRbkugRtaMgERbRbYl
Beam with Variable Tendon Eccentricity
FwmrgnUvkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg tendon Edl harped b draped. CaTUeTAcMNakpitGtibrmaEtgEtsitenARtg;muxkat;kNalElVgsMrab;krNIFwmTMrsamBa. edaysnt;fakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg

RbsiTPaBKW
Pe = Pi
Edl CapleFobkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlenAsl; (residual prestress ratio) kMhatbg;nkMlaMgeRb

kugRtaMgKW
Pi Pe = (1 )Pi
(a)
RbsinebIkugRtaMgsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtugCak;EsgsmmUleTAnwgkugRtaMgGnuBaat BIsmIkar 4.1a

nig b eyIgTTYl)anbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgenHeRkayeBlxatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgdUcxageRkam
M
f t = (1 ) f ti + tD
S
M
f b = (1 ) f ci + D
Sb
(b)
(c)
BIrUb 4>4 (a) edaysarm:Um:g;bnkefrbEnm M SD nigm:Um:g;bnkGefr M L manGMeBIeTAelIFwm kugRtaMg

suT (net stress) enAsrsxagelIKW
b
Net stress
f nt = f ti f t f c
M
f nt = f ti (1 ) tD f c
S
(d)
enAsrsxageRkamKW
f bn = f t f ci f b
M
b
f bn = f t f ci (1 ) D
Sb
BIsmIkar (d) nig (e) muxkat;EdlRtUveRCIserIsmanm:UDulmuxkat;dUcxageRkam
St
ehIy
Sc
(e)
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
(4.4a)
(1 )M D + M SD + ML
f t f ci
(4.4b)
95
T.Chhay
cMNakpitEdlRtUvkarrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; dUcCamuxkat;kNalElVg KW
(
ec = f ti f ci
) SP
Edl
f ci
MD
Pi
(4.4c)
CakugRtaMgrbs;ebtugenAeBleprRtg;nIv:UnTIRbCMuTMgn; cgc rbs;muxkat;ebtug ehIy

Pi = f ci Ac
dUcenH
f ci = f ti
ct
( f ti f ci )
h
(4.4d)
96
NPIC
2.
FwmEdlmancMNakpitEdkeRbkugRtaMgefr
Beam with Constant Tendon Eccentricity
FwmEdlmancMNakpitEdkeRbkugRtaMgefrCaFwmEdlman tendon Rtg; dUckgkrNIFwmeRbkug

RtaMgTMrsamBacak;eRscEdlmantMllm. edaysar tendon mancMNakpitFMenARtg;TMr vaeFVIeGay
mankugRtaMgTajFMenAsrsxagelIedayminmankarkat;bnyNamYyedaym:Um:g;bnkbEnm M D +
M SD + M L eT. beKGacniyaym:ageTotfa sMrab;FwmEbbenH muxkat;eRKaHfak;KWsitenARtg;TMr
ehIykarBRgaykugRtaMgenARtg;TMrRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>4 (b). dUcenH
ehIy
Net stress
f t = (1 )( f ti )
(a)
f b = (1 )( f ci )
(b)
enAsrsxagelI sMrab;lkxNbnkeFVIkareRkaykMhatbg;KW
f nt = f ti f t f c
f nt = f ti f cs
(c)
97
T.Chhay
Edl fcs CakugRtaMgbnkeFVIkarCak;EsgenAkgebtug.

bnkeFVIkareRkaykMhatbg;KW
Net stress
enAsrsxageRkamsMrab;lkxN
f bn = f t f ci f b
b
f bn = f t f ci
BIsmIkar (c) nig (d) muxkat;EdlRtUveRCIserIsRtUvmanm:UDulmuxkat;dUcxageRkam
M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
M + M SD + M L
Sb D
f t f ci
St
(d)
(4.5a)
ehIy
(4.5b)
cMNakpitEdlRtUvkarenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; dUcCaRtg;TMrsMrab;muxkat;EdlmanlkNRsedogKanwg
GVIEdlRtUvkaredaysmIkar 4.5a nig b KW
(
ee = f ti f ci
) SP
(4.5c)
RkaPictMNageGaym:UDulmuxkat;rbs; nominal section RtUv)anbgajenAkg rUbTI 4>5. eKGaceRbIva

kgkareRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,gdMbUgkgdMeNIrkarKNna.
98
NPIC
tarag 4>1 eGaynUvtMlm:UDulmuxkat;nmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg PCI sg;dar. tarag 4>2

eGaynUvxatxageRkAnmuxkat;GkSr T rbs; PCI sg;dar nigmuxkat;GkSr I rbs; AASTHO erogKa
kdUcCam:UDul muxkat;srsxagelInmuxkat;TaMgenaHEdlRtUvkarkgkareRCIserIsmuxkat;bzmsMrab;kar
viPaKeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkar. tarag 4>4 (a) pl;nUvxatlMGitnragFrNImaRt as built n PCI
sg;dar nigmuxkat; AASTHO ehIytarag 4>4 (b) pl;nUvlkNmuxkat;rbs; girder EdleRbIenA
kgrdepSg. lkN bulb section manenAkg]bsm<n (appendix) C.
99
T.Chhay
100
NPIC
101
T.Chhay
102
NPIC
3> ]TahrN_sMrab;karKNnaeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkar
Service-Load Design Examples
k> cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMERbRbYl
Variable Tendon Eccentricity
]TahrN_ 4>1 KNnaFwmeRbkugRtaMgmuxkat;GkSr T Dub sMrab;eFVIcMNtrfyn. FwmenHmanRbEvg
nwgRtUv)anRTedayTMrsamBa. EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbIenAkgFwmenHRtUv)an harped.

eKeRbIkugRtaMgGnuBaatrbs; ACI 318 Building code. FwmenHRtUvRTbnkeFVIkarbEnm 1,100 plf
(16.1kN / m ) nigbnkefrbEnm 100 plf (1.5kN / m ) nigminman concrete topping eT. snt;faeKeFVI
FwmenHedayeRbIebtugTMgn;Fmta (normal-weight concrete) Edlman f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
ehIykugRtaMgebtugenAeBlepr f 'ci esInwg 75% n f 'c . ehIysnt;fakMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBl
rbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImesInwg 18% nkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm ehIy ultimate strength rbs;Edk
eRbkugRtaMg f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa ) sMrab; stress-relieved tendon nig f 't = 12 f 'c psi
( f 'c MPa ) .
60 ft (18.3m )
dMeNaHRsay
= 100 18 = 82%
f 'ci = 0.75 5,000 = 3,750 psi (25.9MPa )
eRbI f 't = 12 5,000 = 849 psi(5.9MPa ) CakugRtaMgrgkarTajGtibrma ehIysnt;TMgn;xn

Rbhak;RbEhlnwg 1,000 plf (14.6kN / m).
kMNt;m:Umg;Edl)anBITMgn;pal;
MD =
wl 2 1,000(60 )2
=
12 = 5,400,000in. lb(610kN .m )
8
8
ehIym:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnkbEnmKW
M SD + M L =
(1,100 + 100)(60)2 12 = 6,480,000in. lb(732kN .m )

8
muxkat;eRKaHfak;sitenAEk,rkNalElVg CakEngEdlm:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnkefr nigbnkefr

bEnmmantMlGtibram nigedaysar tendon RtUv)an harped dUcenHkgkrNIPaKeRcInmuxkat;
eRKaHfak;RtUv)anykenARtg; 0.40L BITMr Edl L CaElVgFwm. BIsmIkar 4.4a nig b eyIg)an
St
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
(1 0.82)5,400,000 + 6,480,000 = 3,104in3 (50,860cm3 )

0.82 184 + 2,250
103
T.Chhay
Sb
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f t f ci
(1 0.82)5,400,000 + 6,480,000 = 2,766in3 45,330cm3
849 + (0.82 2,250 )
BI
eRCIserIs nontopped normal weight concrete double-T 12DT

34 168-D1 edaysarvamantMlm:UDulmuxkat;srsxageRkamEk,rtMlEdlRtUvkarCageK.
lkNmuxkat;rbs;ebtugmandUcxageRkam
PCI design handbook
Ac = 978in.2
ct = 8.23in.
I c = 86,072in.4
I
r 2 = c = 88.0in.2
Ac
cb = 25.77in.
S t = 10,458in.3
ee = 12.77in.
Sb = 3,340in.3
WD = 1,019 plf
V
= 2.39in.
S
e c = 22 . 02 in .
KNna strands nigRtYtBinitkugRtaMg

BIrUbTI 4>7 TMgn;xnEdlsnt;mantMlEk,rTMgn;xnCak;Esg.
KNnam:Um:g;Edl)anBITMgn;pal;Cak;EsgBIm:Um:g;Edl)anBITMgn;pal;snt;
MD =
1,019
5,400,000 = 5,502,600in. lb
1,000
f pi = 0.70 270,000 = 189,000 psi

f pe = 0.82 f pi = 0.82 189,000 = 154,980 psi
104
NPIC
(a)
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlepr
BIsmIkar 4.1a
ft =
bnab;mk
Pi ect M D
1 2 t f ti = 184 psi
Ac
r S
P 22.02 8.23 5,502,600
184 = i 1
978
88.0
10,458
978
Pi = (184 + 526.16)
= 655,223lb
1.06
655,223
=
= 22.66
tendon
189,000 0.153
cMnYn tendon EdlRtUvkar

edIm
EdlmanGgt;pit 1 / 2in.
sakl,g tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 16 edIm sMrab;muxkat;sg;dar
Aps = 16 0.153 = 2.448in.2 (15.3cm 2 )
Pi = 2.448 189,000 = 462,672lb(2,058kN )
Pe = 2.448 154,980 = 379,391lb(1,688kN )
(b)
viPaKkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarenAkNalElVg
Pe = 379,391lb(1,688kN )
M SD =
ML =
100(60 )212
= 540,000in. lb(61kN .m )
8
1,100(60 )212
= 5,940,000in.lb(788kN .m )
8
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L = 5,502,600 + 6,480,000

= 11,982,600in. lb(1,354kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.3a
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
379,391 22.02 8.23 11,982,600
=
1
978
88.0
10,458
= 411 1146 = 735 psi < f c = 2250 psi
ft =
(c)
O.K.
viPaKkugRtaMgRtg;muxkat;TMr
ee = 12.77in.(324mm )
f ti = 6 f 'ci = 6 3,750 367 psi
f t = 12 f 'c = 12 5,000 = 849 pis
(i)
enAeBlepr
105
T.Chhay
462,672 12.77 8.23

1
0 = +92 psi (T )
978
88.0
462,672 12.77 25.77

fb =
1 +
+ 0 = 2,240 psi (C )
978
88.0
< f ci = 2,250 psi

ft =
O.K.
RbsinebI fb > fci / eKRtUveFVIkarpas;brcMNakpit.

(ii)
eRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar
379,391 12.77 8.23
1
0 = +75 psi (T )
978
88.0
379,391 12.77 25.77

fb =
1 +
+ 0 = 1.840 psi (C )
978
88.0
< f ci = 2,250 psi
ft =
O.K.
TTYlykmuxkat;sMrab;lkxNbnkeFVIkaredayeRbI strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 16

edImedaymancMNakpitenAkNalElVg ec = 22.02in.(560mm) nigcMNakpitenAcugTMr ee = 12.77in.
(324mm ) .
x> cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMERbRbYledayminmankarkMNt;kMBs;
Variable Tendon Eccentricity with No Height Limitation
]TahrN_ 4>2 KNnamuxkat;GkSr I sMrab;FwmEdlmanElVg 65 ft (19.8m) Edlmanm:UDulmuxkat;dUc
xageRkam. cUreRbInUvkugRtaMgGnuBaatdUcKaEdl)aneGayenAkg]TahrN_ 4>1.

S t EdlRtUvkar = 3,570in.3 (58,535cm3 )
Sb EdlRtUvkar = 3,780in.3 (61,940cm3 )
106
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
edaysarm:UDulmuxkat;enAsrsxagelI nigsrsxageRkamesIresIKa eKGaceRCIserIsmux

kat;sIuemRTI)an. bnab;mk viPaKmuxkat;enAkgrUbTI 4>8 EdleRCIserIsedaykarsakl,g nigEktMrUv.
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlepr
BIsmIkar 4.4d
ct
( f ti f ci )
h
21.16
(+ 184 + 2,250) 1,104 psi(C )(7.6MPa )
= +184
40
f ci = f ti
Pi = Ac f ci = 377 1,104 = 416,208lb(1,851kN )

MD =
393(65)2
12 = 2,490,638in. lb(281kN .m )
8
BIsmIkar 4.4c cMNakpitEdlRtUvkarenARtg;muxkat;m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkNalElVgKW

(
St M D
ec = f ti f ci
+
Pi
Pi
3,572
2,490,638
= (184 + 1,104 )
+
416,208 416,208
= 11.05 + 5.98 = 17.04in.(433mm )
edaysar cb = 18.84in. nigedaysnt;fakMras;ebtugkarBarEdk 3.75in. sakl,g

ec = 18.84 3.75 15.0in.(381mm )
P
416,208
Ap = i =
tendon
= 2.2in 2 14.2cm 2
f pi 189,000
RkLap
EdlRtUvkar
.2
= 14.38 edIm
cMnYn tendon = 02.153
sakl,g tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 13 edIm/ Ap = 1.99in.2 (12.8cm2 ) / ehIy
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImCak;Esg
Pi = 189,000 1.99 = 376,110lb(1,673kN )
RtYtBinitkugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtug
BIsmIkar 4.1a
Pi ect M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
376,110 15.0 21.16 2,490,638
=
1
377
187.5
3,340
ft =
107
T.Chhay
= +691.2 745.7 = 55 psi (C )
minmankugRtaMgTajenAeBlepr (O.K.)
BIsmIkar 4.1b
Pi ecb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
376,110 15 18.84 2,490,638
=
1 +
+
377
187.5
3,750
= 2,501.3 + 664.2 = 1,837 psi (C ) < f ci = 2,250 psi O.K.
fb =
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlrgbnkeFIVkar
BIsmIkar 4.3a
ft =
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
Pe = 13 0.153 154,980 = 308,255lb(1,371kN )
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L
= 2,490,638 + 7,605,000 = 10,095,638in. lb(1,141kN .m )
308,255 15.0 21.16 10,095,638
ft =
1
377
187.5
3,340
= +566.5 3,022.6 = 2,456 psi (C ) > f c = 2,250 psi
dUcenH eKRtUvdMeLIgkMBs;rbs;muxkat; beRbIebtugEdlmanersIusg;FMCag.

edayeRbI f 'c = 6,000 psi
f c = 0.45 6,000 = 2,700 psi O.K.
Pe ecb M T
308,255 15.0 18.84 10,095,638
=
1 + 2 +
+
1 +
Ac
377
187.5
3,750
r Sb
= 2,050 + 2,692.2 = 642 psi (T ) O.K.
fb =
RtYtBinitmuxkat;Rtg;TMr
kugRtaMgGnuBaati
f 'ci = 0.75 6,000 = 4,500 psi

f ci = 0.60 4,500 = 2,700 psi
sMrab;kNalElVg
f 'ci = 402 psi sMrab;elITMr
f ti = 3 f 'ci = 201 psi

f ti = 6
f c = 0.45 f 'c = 2,700 psi

f t1 = 6 f 'c = 465 psi
f t 2 = 12 f 'c = 930 psi
(a)
enAeBlepr
108
NPIC
kugRtaMgsgt;srsxageRkArbs;muxkat;elITMr
ecb
1 + 2 + 0
r
376,110 e 18.84
2,700 =
1 +
377
187.5
fb =
pi
Ac
dUcenH e = 16.98in.
dUcenHsakl,g ee = 12.49in.
ft =
376,110 12.49 21.16

1
0
377
187.5
= 409 psi (T ) > f ti = 402 psi

fb =
376,110 12.49 18.84

1 +
+0
377
187.5
= 2,250 psi < f ci = 2,700 psi
dUcenHeRbIEdkFmtaenAsrsxagelIRtg;muxkat;elITMredIm,ITTYlykkugRtaMgTajkgebtugTaMg
Gs; beRbIebtugEdlmanersIusg;FMCagsMrab;muxkat;enH bkkat;bnycMNakpit.
(b) enAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar
308,255 12.49 21.16
O.K.
1
0 = 335 psi (T ) < 930 psi
377
187.5
308,255 12.49 18.84

fb =
1 +
+ 0 = 1,844 psi (C ) < 2,700 psi O.K.
377
187.5
ft =
dUcenH eKGacTTYlykFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanmuxkat;GkSr I kMBs; 40in.(102cm)

eRbIebtugTMgn;FmtaEdlmanersIusg; 6,000 psi(41.4MPa ) CamYynwg tendon Ggt;pit
1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) EdlmancMNakpitenAkNalElVg ec = 15.0in.(381mm ) nigcMNakpitenARtg;
muxkat;xagcug ee = 12.5in.(318mm)
eKGaceRbIviFIm:ageTotsMrableFVIkaredaHRsay edaybneRbI
EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigcMNakpit.
K> cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMefr
f 'c = 5,000 psi
b:uEneFVIkarpas;brcMnYn
Constant Tendon Eccentricity
]TahrN_ 4>2 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 4>2 edaysnt;fakabeRbkugRtaMgmancMNakpitefr. eRbIebtug
TMgn;FmtaEdlmanersIusg; f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa) ehIykugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;eb

tugKW ft = 12 f 'c = 849 psi .
109
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay edaysar tendon mancMNakpitefr ehIym:Um:g;edaysarbnkefr m:Um:g;edaysarbnk

efrbEnm nigm:Um:g;edaysarm:Um:g;GefrRtg;muxkat;elITMrrbs;FwmsamBaesIsUn dUcenHeKRtUvKNna
FwmenHedayeRbImuxkat;Rtg;TMr. m:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkarenARtg;TMrEdl)anBIsmIkar 4.5a KW
M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
M + M SD + M L
Sb D
f t f ci
St
snt; WD = 425 plf . bnab;mk

MD =
425(65)2
12 = 2,693,438in. lb(304kN .m )
8
M SD + M L = 7,605,000in. lb(859kN .m )
M T = 10,298,438in. lb(1,164kN .m )
dUcenH m:Um:g;srub
ehIyeyIgkmankugRtaMgGnuBaatdUcxageRkam
f ci = 2,250 psi
f 'ci = 3,750 psi
sMrab;muxkat;elITMr
f ti = 6 f 'ci = 367 psi
f c = 2,250 psi (15.5MPa )

f t = 849 psi
= 0.82
m:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkar
(
(
)
)
sakl,gelIkTI 1 edaysar S EdlRtUvkar = 4,035.8 psi FMCag S rbs;muxkat;enA
kg]TahrN_ 4>2 dUcenHeRCIserIsmuxkat;GkSr I Edlman h = 44in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>9.
lkNmuxkat;rbs;vamandUcxageRkam
10,298,438
= 4,035.8in.3 61,947cm3
0.82 367 + 2,250
10,298,438
Sb =
= 3,823.0in.3 62,713cm3
849 + 0.82 2,250
St =
I c = 92,700in.4
r 2 = 228.9in.2
Ac = 405in.2
ct = 23.03in.
110
NPIC
S t = 4,303in.3
cb = 20.97in.
Sb = 4,420in.3
WD = 422 plf
BIsmIkar 4.5c cMNakpitEdlRtUvkarRtg;muxkat;elITMrEdlCamuxkat;eRKaHfak;KW

(
ee = f ti f ci
) SP
Edl
f ci
c
= f ti t ( f ti f ci )
h
23.03
(367 + 2,250) = 1,002 psi(6.9MPa )
= 367
44
nig Pi = Ac f ci = 405 1,002 = 405,810lb(1,805kN )

4,030
= 13.60in.(346mm )
dUcenH ee = (367 + 1,002) 405
,810
RkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkarKW
P
405,810
Ap = i =
= 2.15in.2 (14.4cm 2 )
f
189,000
pi
dUcenHeyIgsakl,geRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanGgt;pit 1 / 2in. .
cMnYn tendon EdlRtUvkarKW
111
T.Chhay
2.15 / 0.153 = 14.05
dUcenHeRbI tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 14 edIm. CalTpl

Pi = 14 0.153 189,000 = 404,838lb(1,801kN )
(a)
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBleprenARtg;muxkat;xagcug
BIsmIkar 4.1a
pi ect M D
404,838 13.60 23.03
1 2 t =
1
0
Ac
405
228.9
r S
= +368.2 psi (T ) f ti = 367

O.K.
ft =
BIsmIkar 4.2b
Pi ecb M D
404,838 13.6 20.97
=
1 + 2 +
1 +
+0
Ac
405
228.9
r Sb
= 2,245 psi (C ) f ci = 2,250 O.K.
fb =
(b)
eKkGaceRbIvatMlTaMgenHsMrab;muxkat;kNalElVgpgEdr edaysarcMNakpit e efr.

viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkarcugeRkayenARtg;TMr
Pe = 14 0.153 154,980 = 331,967lb(1,477kN )
m:Um:g;srub
BIsmIkar 4.3a
M T = M D + M SD + M L = 0
ect M T
1 2 t
r S
331,967 13.60 23.03

=
1
0 = 302 psi (T ) < f t = 849 psi O.K.
405
228.9
ft =
Pe
Ac
BIsmIkar 4.3b
Pe ecb M T
331,967 13.6 20.97
=
1 + 2 +
1 +
+0
Ac
405
228.9
r Sb
= 1,841 psi (12.2MPa )(C ) < f c = 2,250 psi
O.K.
fb =
(c)
viPaKkugRtaMgenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkarcugeRkayenAkNalElVg
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L = 10,298,438in. lb
dUcenHkugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtugEdlbNalBI M T KW
f1t =
f1b
MT
t
S
M
= T
Sb
10,298,438
= 2,555 psi (C )(17.6MPa )
4,030
10,298,438
=
= +2,330 psi (T )(16.1MPa )
4,030
dUcenH kugRtaMgsrsxageRkArbs;ebtugcugeRkayKW
112
NPIC
f t = +302 2,555 = 2,253 psi (C ) f c = 2,250 psi

f b = 1,841 + 2,330 = +489 psi (T ) < f t = 849 psi
TTYlyk)an
O.K.
dUcenH TTYlykmuxkat;sakl,gEdlmancMNakpitefr e = 13.6in.(345mm) sMrab; tendon

Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 14 srs.
4> kareRCIserIsmuxkat; niglkNrbs;FwmdRtwmRtUv

Proper Selection of Beam Sections and Properties
k> eKalkarN_ENnaMTUeTA
General Guidelines
muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmindUc steel-rolled section eT eRBaHvaminTan;manlkNsg;dar

eBjeljenAeLIy. kgkrNICaeRcIn visVkrKNnaeRKOgbgMRtUvEteRCIserIsRbePTmuxkat;edIm,IeRbI
R)as;enAkgKMeragenaH. enAkgkarKNnaFwmTMrsamBaPaKeRcIn cMgayBI cgc nigExS cgs EdleKsal;
CacMNakpit e smamaRteTAnwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkar.
CaTUeTA edaysarEteKKNnaeRcIneRbIm:Um:g;kNalElVg eRBaHvamantMlFMCageK. cMNakpit
enAkNalElVgkan;EtFM kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkarkan;EttUc ehIyvapl;nUvlkNesdkickan;Et
xaMgkgkarKNna. sMrab;cMNakpitFM eKRtUvkarRkLapebtugenAsrsxagelIFMEdr. dUcenH muxkat;
GkSr T nigmuxkat;GkSr I EdlmansabFMCamuxkat;Edlsaksm. CaTUeTA muxkat;xagcugEtgCamux
kat;tan;edIm,IeCosevogcMNakpitFMenAelIbg;m:Um:g;sUn ehIykedIm,IbegInlTPaBTb;kMlaMgkat;nmux
kat;elITMr nigkarBar anchorage zone failure.
muxkat;epSgeTotEdleKeRbIPaKeRcInEdrKW muxkat;GkSr T Dub. muxkat;enHbEnmGtRbeyaCn_
eTAmuxkat;GkSr T eTaledIm,IPaBgayRsYl nigesrPaBkgkarelIkdak; nigdMeLIg. rUbTI 4>10 bgaj
BIRbePTmuxkat;EdleKeRcIneRbICaTUeTA. muxkat;dTeTotdUcCakMralRbehagkg (hollow-core slab)
muxkat;Gt;sIuemRTI kRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTApgEdr. cMNaMfa eKeRbImuxkat;mansabCMnYseGaymuxkat; ctuekaNtan;EdlmankMBs;dUcKaedayminman)at;bg;ersIusg;rgkarBt;eT. b:uEn eKeRbImuxkat;ctuekaNCa
girder EdlmanElVgxI.
eKeRbImuxkat;GkSr I CaRbePTFwmkMralEdlmankMralxNsmascak;BIelIsMrab;eeRKOgbgMcMNt
rfynEdlmanElVgEvg. CaTUeTA eKeRcIneRbImuxkat;GkSr T EdlmansabxageRkamFn;dUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 4>10 (d) enAkgeRKOgbgMs<an. eKeRbImuxkat; T Duby:agTUlMTUlayenAkgRbBnkMralxN
113
T.Chhay
rbs;GKar kdUcCageRKOgbgMcMNtrfyn edaysarRbeyaCn_nskmPaBsmasrbs;sabFMxagelI

EdlmanTTwgBI 10 ft eTA 15 ft .
kMralRbehagkgCacMerokFwmmYyTisRbehagkgEdlGacdMeLIgCakMralxN)any:aggayRsYl.
eKGaceRbIr:tRbehagragRbGb;Car:tFwmsMrab;ElVgEvg EdleKsal;vaCaRbBnkMralkMNat;s<an
(segmental bridge deck system). kMNat;r:t (segmental girder) enHmanlTPaBTb;karrmYlFM
ehIypleFoblTPaBTb;karBt;elITMgn;xnrbs;vaFMCagRbePTmuxkat;RbBneRbkugRtaMgdTeTot.
x> RkLapTaMgmUl muxkat;bMElg nigvtmanrbs;bMBg;

Gross Area, the Transformed Section, and the Presence of Ducts
CaTUeTA RkLaprbs;muxkat;TaMgmUlrbs;muxkat;ebtug (gross cross sectional area ) KWRKb;

RKan;sMrab;eRbIenAkgkarKNna muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtMgeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkar. kgxNEdlGk
KNnaxHeBjcitnwgkarKNna EdlmanlkNsuRkitCagtamrykareRbImuxkat;bMElg. PaBsuRkit
Edl)anBIkarKitbBalkarcUlrYm nmuxkat;rbs;EdkeTAkgPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) rbs;ebtugmin
114
NPIC
RtUv)anKitfaCakarcaM)ac;enaHeT. enA kgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay (post-tensioned beam) Edl

bMBg;RtUv)ankMe)arebtug (grout), gross cross section enAEtRKb;RKan;sMrab;RKab;KNnaTaMgenH. man
EtkgkrNIs<anElVgEvg nigFwmeRbkugRtaMgEdlplitCalkN]sShkmEdlmanRkLapEdkeRbkug
RtaMgFMeT EdleKRtUveRbImuxkat;bMElg bmuxkat;ebtugsuT (net concrete area) EdlminKitbMBg;.
K> Envelope sMrab;kardak;kabeRbkugRtaMg

Envelopes for Tendon Placement
kugRtaMgTajenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtugeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkarminGacFMCagkugRtaMg
GnuBaatEdleGayeday code dUcCa ACI, PCI, AASTHO b CEB-FIP eT. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;RtUv
begItnUvtMbn;kMNt;mYyenAkgmuxkat;ebtugEdlCa envelope EdleKGacGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeday
mineFVIeGaymankugRtaMgTajenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug. BIsmIkar 4.1a eyIgman
ft = 0 =
Pi ect
1 2
Ac
r
r
e=
eK)an
ct
dUcenH cMnucslxageRkam (lower kern point)
Kb =
r2
ct
dUcKa BIsmIkar 4.1b RbsinebI fb = 0 enaHeK)an e = r 2 / cb EdlsBaadktMNageGaytMNag

eGaykarvas;eLIgelIBIGkSNWt cMNakpitviCmanCakarvas;cuHeRkam. dUcenH upper kern point KW
Kt =
r2
cb
BIkarkMNt;cMnucslxagelI nigxageRkammk eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa

(a) RbsinebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmanGMeBIenAxageRkam lower kern point vanwgekItmankugRtaMgTaj
enAsrsxagelIrbs;muxkat;ebtug.
(b) RbsinebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmanGMeBIenAxagelI upper kern point vanwgekItmankugRtaMgTaj
enAsrsxageRkamrbs;muxkat;ebtug.
eKGackMNt;cMnucslxagsaM nigxageqVgnExSsIuemRTIbBarrbs;muxkat;tamlkNdUcKa dUc
enHeKnwgTTYl)anpslsMrab;GnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAelIEdkeRbkugRtaMg. rUbTI 4>11 bgajBI
slsMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN.
115
T.Chhay
X> plRbeyaCn_nkardak;kabeRbkugRtaMgCa curved b harped

Advantages of Curved or Harped Tendons
eTaHbICaeKeRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;y:agTUlMTUlayenAkgFwmRbEvglmEdlcak;eRsckeday
kCaTUeTAeKeRbIkabeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanTMrg;ekagenAkgGgt;rgkarTajCaeRkay (post-tensioned
element) Edlcak;enAnwgkEngEdr. eKEck tendon EdlminRtg;CaBIrRbePT
(a) Draped: manTMrg;ekagdUc)a:ra:bUl RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgFwmEdlrgbnkxageRkABRgayesICa
bzm.
(b) Harped: tendon eRTtEdlminCab; tamnyKNitviTa enARtg;bg;rgbnkcMcMnuc RtUv)aneK
eRbIenAkgFwmEdlrgbnkcMcMnucTTwgGkSCabzm.
rUbTI 4>12/ 4>13 nig 4>14 bgajBI alignment, m:m:g;Bt; nigkarBRgaykugRtaMgsMrab;Fwm
EdlrgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedaykabeRbkugRtaMgRtg;/ draped/ nig harped erogKa. daRkamTaMgenHcg;
bgajBIplcMeNjEpkesdkicrbs; draped nig harped tendon elIEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;. enAkgrUbTI
4>12 Rtg;muxkat; 1-1 kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugEdleKminR)afacg;)an)anbgajenAsrsxagelI.
muxkat; 1-1 enAkgrUbTI 4>13 nig 4>14 bgajfakugRtaMgsgt;rayesIRbsinebI tendon eFVIGMeBIenA
Rtg; cgc nmuxkat;enARtg;TMr. plRbeyaCn_epSgeTotrbs; draped nig harped tendon KWvaGnuBaat
eGayFwmeRbkugRtaMgRTbnkFn; edaysar\TiBllMnwgrbs;bgMkMlaMgbBarrbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgmin
Rtg;. niyaym:ageTot kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkar Pp sMrab; parabolic tendon enAkgrUbTI 4>13
nig Ph sMrab; harped tendon enAkgrUbTI 4>14 mantMltUcCagkMlaMgEdlRtUvkarenAkg straight
116
NPIC
enAkgrUbTI 4>14. dUcenH sMrab;kMritkugRtaMgdUcKa eKRtUvkarcMnYn strand ticCagsMrab;krNI

draped b harped tendon nigeBlxHeKGaceRbImuxkat;ebtugtUcCagkgkarKNnaedayTTYl)annUv
lTplRbkbedayRbsiTPaB eRbobeFob]TahrN_ 4>2 nig 4>3 mgeTot.
tendon
117
T.Chhay
118
NPIC
119
T.Chhay
g> Limiting-Eccentricity Envelopes

eKcg;)ancMNakpitKNnarbs; tendon tambeNayElVgEdleFVIy:agNaminbegItkugRtaMg
TajenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;FwmEdleRKaHfak;. RbsinebIeKmincg;)ankugRtaMgTajtam
beNayElVgrbs;FwmenAkgrUbTI 4>15 EdleRbI draped tendon eKRtUvkMNt;cMNakpitRtg;muxkat;
tambeNayFwm. RbsinebI M D Cam:Um:g;TMgn;pal; ehIy M T Cam:Um:g;srubEdlekItBIbnkTTwgGkS
TaMgGs; enaHdXas;rbs;m:Um:g; couple EdlbegIteday center-of-pressure line (C-line) nigGkSTI
RbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg (cgs line) EdlekItBI M D nig M T KW amin nig amax erogKa dUc
bgajkgrUbTI 4>15.
Lower cgs Envelop
dXas;Gb,brmarbs; tendon couple KW

amin =
MD
Pi
(4.7a)
smIkarenHkMNt;cMgayGtibrmaenABIxageRkam bottom kern EdlCaTItaMgrbs;ExS cgs dUcenH C-line

minFak;enABIxageRkamExS bottom kern )aneT GBawgehIyvaGackarBarmineGaymankugRtaMgTajenA
srsxagelIbMput)an.
120
NPIC
dUcenH limiting bottom eccentricity KW

eb = (amin + kb )
(4.7b)
Upper cgs Envelop
dXas;Gtibrmarbs; tendon couple KW

amax =
MT
Pe
(4.7c)
smIkarenHkMNt;cMgayGb,brmaenABIxageRkam top kern EdlCaTItaMgrbs;ExS cgs dUcenH C-line

minsitenABIxagelIExS top kern )aneT GBawgehIyvaGackarBarmineGaymankugRtaMgTajenAsrs
xageRkambMput)an.
dUcenH limiting top eccentricity KW
et = (amax kt )
(4.7d)
kUdxHGnuBaateGayeRbIkugRtaMgTajkMNt;sMrab;enAeBlepr nigenAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar. enAkgkrNI

EbbenH eKGacGnuBaateGayExS cgs GacsitenAxageRkA limiting cgs envelop Edl)anbgajenA
kgsmIkar 4.7a nig c bnicbnc.
RbsineKbEnmcMNakpitbEnmenAelI cgs-line envelop enaHvanwgeFVIeGaymankugRtaMgTaj
kMNt;enAelIsrsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;ebtug. kugRtaMgxagelI nigxageRkambEnmKW
f (t ) =
Pi e'b ct
Ic
P e' c
f (b ) = e t b
Ic
(4.8a)
nig
(4.8b)
Edl t nig b tMNageGaysrsxagelI nigxageRkam erogKa. BIsmIkar 4.6 cMNakpitbEnmEdl
RtUvbEnmeTAelIsmIkar 4.7b nig d KW
e'b =
nig
e't =
f (t ) Ac kb
Pi
f (b ) Ac kt
Pe
(4.9a)
(4.9b)
EdlGnuBaatkugRtaMgkMNt;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>16. eKKYrcMNaMfa enAeBl

upper envelop enAxageRkAmuxkat; ehIykugRtaMgenAmantMlkMNt;GnuBaat enaHbgajfamuxkat;Kan
lkNesdkiceT. bMErbMrYlcMNakpit bkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeFIVeGaykarKNnakan;EtRbesI.
Envelop
121
T.Chhay
c> Envelopes EdkeRbkugRtaMg
Prestressing Tendon Envelopes
]TahrN_ 4>4 ]bmafaFwmenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 Ca post-tensioned bonded beam ehIyEdkeRbkug
RtaMgmanrag)a:ra:bUl. kMNt; limiting envelop sMrab;TItaMgrbs; tendon EdlkMritkugRtaMgsrsrbs;

ebtugminFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaat. Kitfamuxkat;Rtg;cMnuckNalElVg mYyPaKbYnnElVg nigcugFwmCa
muxkat;EdlRtUvKNna. snt;fatMlrbs;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgdUcKaenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 b:uEn
Pi = 549,423lb / Pe = 450,526lb / f 'c = 6,000 psi / ec = 13in nig ee = 6in .
dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN+_ 4>2 eyIgGacsegbm:Um:g;KNnarbs;FwmGkSr I niglkNmuxkat;Edl
RtUvkardUcxageRkam
Pi = 549,423lb(2,431kN )
Pe = 450,526lb(2,004kN )
M D = 2,490,638in. lb(281kN .m )
M SD + M L = 7,605,000in. lb(859kN .m )
M T = M D + M SD + M L = 10,095,638in. lb(1,141kN .m )
Ac = 377in.2 2,536cm 2
f 'c = 6,000 psi
r 2 = 187.5in.2 1,210cm 2
ct = 21.16in.(537mm )
cb = 18.84in.(479mm )
122
NPIC
edaysarEtm:Um:g;Bt;enAkg]TahrN_enH)anmkBIbnkBRgayesI TMrg;rbs;daRkamm:Um:g;man
ragCa)a:ra:bUl CamYynwgm:Um:g;EdlmantMlsUnenARtg;cugTMrrbs;FwmsamBa. dUcenH m:Um:g;enARtg;
mYyPaKbYnnRbEvgElVgKW
M D = 0.75 2,490,638 = 1,867,979in. lb(211kN .m )
M T = 0.75 10,095,638 = 7,571,729in. lb(856kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.6a nig b, kern point limit KW

kt =
r 2 187.5
=
= 9.95in.(253mm )
cb 18.84
kb =
r 2 187.5
=
= 8.86in.(225mm )
ct 21.16
Lower envelop
BIsmIkar 4.7a cMgayGtibrmaEdlExS cgs RtUv)andak;BIeRkam bottom kern edIm,IkarBarkug

RtaMgTajenAsrsxagelIbMputRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
(i) kNalElVg
amin =
M D 2,490,638
=
= 4.53in.(115mm )
549,423
Pi
eyIgTTYl)an e1 = kb + amin = 8.86 + 4.53 = 13.39in.(340mm)

(ii) mYyPaKbYnnElVg
amin =
eyIgTTYl)an
(iii) elITMr
1,867,979
= 3.40in.(340mm )
549,423
e2 = 8.86 + 3.40 = 12.26in.(311mm )
amin = 0
eyIgTTYl)an
e3 = 8.86 + 0 = 8.86in.(225mm )
Upper envelop
BIsmIkar 4.7b cMgayGtibrmaEdlExS cgs RtUv)andak;BIeRkam top kern edIm,IkarBarkugRtaMg

TajenAsrsxageRkambMputRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
(i) kNalElVg
amin =
M T 10,095,638
=
= 22.41in.(569mm )
450,526
Pe
123
T.Chhay
eyIgTTYl)an e1 = amax kt = 22.41 9.95 = 12.46in.(316mm)

kMras;ebtugkarBarEdk = 3.0in.
cMNaMfa e1 minGacFMCag cb ebImindUecaHeT tendon nwgenAxageRkAmuxkat;.
(ii) mYyPaKbYnnElVg
amin =
eyIgTTYl)an
(iii) elITMr
7,571,729
= 16.80in.(427mm )
450,526
e2 = 16.80 9.95 = 6.85in.(174mm )
amin = 0
eyIgTTYl)an e3 = 0 9.95 = 9.95in.( 253mm) 9.95in. sitenABIelIExS cgs

sMrab;kargarGnuvtn_ snt;fakugRtaMgsrsTajGtibrmaeRkamlkxNbnkeFVIkarsMrab;kargarbegIt
cgs envelope minRtUvFMCag f t = 6 f 'c = 465 psi sMrab;srsxagelI nigxageRkam. BIsmIkar 4.9a
cMNakpitbEnmEdlRtUvbEnmeTAelI lower cgs envelope edIm,IGnuBaateGaymankugRtaMgTajkMNt;
enAsrsxagelIKW
f (t ) Ac kb 465 377 8.86
e'b =
=
= 2.83in.(72mm )
549,423
Pi
dUcKa BIsmIkar 4.9b cMNakpitEdlRtUvbEnmeTAelI upper cgs envelop edIm,IGnuBaateGayman

kugRtagTajkMNt;enAsrsxageRkamKW
e't =
f (b ) Ac kt
Pe
465 377 9.95

= 3.87in.(98mm )
450,526
dUcenH eyIgmantaragsegbBI cgs envelope cMNkpitdUcxageRkam
124
NPIC
rUbTI 4>17 bgajBI cgs envelope sMrab;kugRtaMgTajesIsUn nigkugRtaMgTajkMNt;enAkg

ebtug.
q> karkat;bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAEk,rTMr
Reduction of Prestress Force near Support
dUc)aneXIjBI]TahrN_ 4>3 nigEpk K nig g xagelI straight tendon enAkg pretensioned

member GacbNaleGaymankugRtaMgTajFMenAsrsxageRkArbs;ebtugenARtg;TMr edaysarGvtmankugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anBITMgn;pal; nigbnkbEnm. eKmanviFIFmtaBIrkgkarkat;bnykugRtaMg
enARtg;muxkat;TMrEdlbNalmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. viFITaMgBIrenaHKW
- pas;brcMNakpitrbs;kabxHedayelIkBYkvaeLIgeTAkan;tMbn;TMrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>18
(a). viFIenHkat;bnytMlm:Um:g;.
- eRsabkabxHedaybMBg;)asiceTAkan;tMbn;TMr dUcbegIjenAkgrUbTI 4>18(b). viFIenHkat;bny
EpknkugRtaMgeprrbs;kabenAcMgayxHBImuxkat;TMrnFwmeRbkugRtaMgTMrsamBa.
cMNaMfakabEdlelIkeLIgkRtUv)aneRbIenAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMgElVgEvgEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgCa
eRkaypgEdr. eKminRtUvkarEpkminCab;rbs; tendon edaylkNRTwsI edayelIkvaeLIgelI. kMhat
bg;edaysarkMlaMgkkitbEnmedaysarExSekagbBaleTAkgkarKNna bkarviPaKmuxkat;.
125
T.Chhay
5>
End Block at Support Anchorage Zones
k> karEbgEckkugRtaMg
Stress Distribution
kugRtaMgsgt;cMcMnucdFMenAkgGkSbeNayekItmanenARtg;muxkat;TMrenAelIkMNat;dtUcnp
rbs;cugFwm TaMgenAkg pretensioned beam nig post-tensioned beam EdlbNalmkBIkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgdFM. enAkg pretensioned beam bnkeprcMcMnucrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeTAelIebtugEdl
BTCMuvijekIteLIgbnicmgrhUtdl;vakayeTACamanlkNBRgayesIelIRbEvg lt BIpnmuxkat;TMr.
enAkg post-tensioned beam karEbgEck nigkareprkMlaMgbnicmgtamrebobenHminGaceFVI
eTA)aneT edaysarkMlaMgmanGMeBIedaypal;eTAelIprbs;cugFwmtamry bearing plate nig anchors.
ehIy tendon xH bkTaMgGs;enAkg post-tensioned beam RtUv)anelIkeLIg b draped eTAkan;srs
xagelItamryEpknRTnugrbs;muxkat;ebtug.
edaysarkarpas;brkugRtaMgsgt;tamGkSBIcMcMnuceTABRgayesIminsnSwm vabegIteGayman
kugRtaMgTajTTwg (transverse tensile stress) FMkgTisbBar dUcenHehIy longitudinal bursting
cracks kekItmanenA anchorage zone. enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgFMCagm:UDulkat;rbs;ebtug end block
126
NPIC
nwgeRbHtambeNay elIkElgEteKdak;EdkbBarsmRsb. TItaMgrbs; concrete-bursting stress nig

resulting bursting crack kdUcCa surface-spalling crack KWGaRsynwgTItaMg nigkarEbgEckkMlaMg
cMcMnuctamTisedkEdlGnuvtedayEdkeRbkugRtaMgeTAelI end bearing plate.
eBlxHeKcaM)ac;begInRkLaprbs;muxkat;eTArkTMredayeFVIkarBRgIkRTnugbnicmgeGayesI
TTwgrbs;sabenARtg;TMr kgeKalbMNgedIm,IeFVIkarelIk tendon eLIgelI emIlrUbTI 4>19(a). b:uEn
karekIneLIgRkLapmuxkat;EbbenHmin)ancUlrYmkarBar bursting b spalling crack eT ehIyvakmin
man\TiBlkgkarkat;bnykMlaMgTajtamTTwgenAkgebtugEdr. tamBit TaMglTplnkarBiesaF
nigkarviPaKedayRTwsIn three-dimension stress problem bgajfakugRtaMgTajGacekIneLIg.
dUcenH eKRtUvkardak; anchorage reinforcement caM)ac;enAkgtMbn;eprkMlaMgkgTMrg;Edkkg
biTCit (closed ties b stirrup) b]bkrN_ anchorage edaydak;BTCMuvijEdkeRbkugRtaMgemTaMgGs; nig
EdkBRgwgFmtatambeNay. rUbTI 4>20 bgajBIKngkugRtaMgTaj nigKngkugRtaMgsgt;.
127
T.Chhay
x> RbEvgbgb; nigRbEvgeprenAkgGgt;rgeRbkugRtaMgCamun

nigkarKNna Anchorage Reinforcement
Development and Transfer Length in Pretensioned Members and
Design of Their Anchorage Reinforcement
edaysarkMlaMgTaj (jacking force) RtUv)anRbElgeTAelIGgt;rgeRbkugRtaMgCamun enaH

kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anepredaylkNDINamictamrypb:HrvagEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigebtugeTAeb
tugEdlBTCMuvijEdkeRbkugRtaMg. PaBsitrvagEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigebtugelIRbEvgkMNt;rbs;Edk
eRbkugRtaMgeprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMcMnucsnSwmeTAmuxkat;TaMgmUlrbs;ebtugRtg;bg;EdlecjBI end
block eTAkan;kNalElVg. RbEvgbgb;kMNt;TMhMkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlGacekItmantambeNayElVg.
RbEvgbgb;kan;EtEvg kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgkan;EtFM.
Ca]TahrN_ sMrab; 7-wire strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. EdlmanRbEvgbgb; 40in.(102cm) begIt
kugRtaMg 180,000 psi(1,241MPa ) b:uEnCamYynwgRbEvgbgb; 70in.(178cm) begItkugRtaMg 206,000 psi
(1,420MPa ) . BIrUbTI 4>21 vabgajy:agc,as;faRbEvgbgb; ld EdlbegItkugRtaMgeBjeljCabnSM
rvagRbEvgepr (transfer length) lt nigRbEvgsitedaykarBt; (flexural bond length) l f .
1 f pe
d b
(xat US)
(4.10a)
lt =
1,000 3
128
NPIC
f pe
d b
lt =
20.7
f pe
lt =
db
3000
nig
lf =
1
f ps f pe d b
1,000
xat US)
lf =
1
f ps f pe d b
6.9
xat SI)
Edl
(4.10b)
xat SI)
(4.10c)
kugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgenAeBl nominal strength

f pe = eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg;
d b = nominal diameter rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
edaybBalsmIkar 4.10b nig 4.10c eyIg)an
1
2
ld min =
(xat US)
f ps f pe d b
1,000
3
f ps =
ld min =
1
2
f ps f pe d b
6.9
3
(4.10d)
xat SI)
129
T.Chhay
smIkar 4.10d eGaynUvRbEvgbgb;caM)ac;Gb,brmasMrab;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. RbsinebIeKeRsab

EdkeRbkugRtaMgxHeq<aHeTAkan;cugFwmedIm,Ikat;bnykugRtaMgsitenAEk,rxagcug enaHkugRtaMgeprenAkg
tMbn;enaHRtUv)ankat;bny ehIyeKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarEksMrYledaybegInRbEvgbgb; ld .
!> KNnaEdktMbn;eprenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamun
Design of Transfer Zone Reinforcement in Pretensioned Beams
tamkarBiesaF Mattock et al. )anbegItsmIkarEdl)anBIkarBiesaFsMrab;rkkMlaMgEdkkg

srub F dUcxageRkam
F = 0.0106
Pi h
lt
(4.11)
Edl h CakMBs;rbs;FwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamun ehIy lt Ca transfer length. RbsinebIeKykkugRtaMg

mFmenAkgEdkkgRtwmBak;kNalkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrma f s rbs;Edk enaH F = 1 / 2( At f s ) .
edayCMnYsvacUleTAkgsmIkar 4.11 eyIgTTYl)an
Ph
At = 0.021 i
xat Us
(4.12)
f l
s t
xat IS
Edl At CaRkLapsrubrbs;Edkkg ehIy f s 20,000 psi(138MPa) sMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbH.
At = 21,000
Pi h
f s lt
@> kareRCIserIsEdkenAkgFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamun
Reinforcement Selection in Pretensioned Beams
]TahrN_ 4>5 KNna anchorage reinforcement EdlRtUvkaredIm,IkarBar bursting crack b

spalling crack
dMeNaHRsay
EdlekItmanenAkgFwmn]TahrN_ 4>2.
Pi = 376,110lb(1,673kN )
BIsmIkar 4.12 At = 0.021 Pf i lh

s t
BIsmIkar 4.10b RbEvgeprKW lt = ( f pe / 3,000)db . dUcenH edaysar
d b = 1 / 2in. eyIgman
f pe = 154,980 psi
nig
154,980
0.5 = 25.83in.(66cm )
3,000
Ph
At = 0.021 i
f s lt
lt =
dUcenH
130
NPIC
edaysar
f s 20,000 psi
/ eyIgTTYl)an
At = 0.021
376,110 40
20,000 25.83
= 0.61in.2 3.9cm 2
sakl,gEdkkgbiTCit #3
2 0.11 = 0.22in.2
Ggt;pit 9.5mm
61
= 2.78
cMnYnEdkkgGb,brma = 00..22
eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYnbIkgedIm,IhMuBTEdkembeNay. cghuMBTEdkeRbkugRtaMgCamYy helical
steel wire elIRbEvgepr lt edIm,ITTYl)ankareprEdlmanRbsiTPaBl.
K> Post-tensioned Anchorage Zones: Linear Elastic and Strut-and-Tie

Theories
eKGacKit anchorage zone CamaDebtugEdlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMcMnucenARtg; anchorage

device BRgayCalkNsmamaRttamTisTTwgeBjpTaMgmUlrbs;muxkat;ebtugtambeNayElVg.
RbEvgrbs;tMbn;enHGnuvttameKalkarN_ St. Venant EdlkugRtaMgkayCaBRgayesIenAcMgayRbhak;
RbEhlmYyBImux anchorage device esInwgkMBs; h rbs;muxkat;. RBIsTaMgmUlEdlman RbEvgepr h
Ca anchorage zone srub.
dUcenHtMbn;enHpSMeLIgedayBIrEpk
- General Zone: karraldalTUeTAntMbn;enHRsedogKanwg anchorage zone srub. dUcenH
RbEvglatsnwgtambeNayFwmesInwgkMBs;muxkat; h enAkgkrNIsg;dar.
- Local Zone: tMbn;enHCaRBIsbEnmnebtugEdlBTCMuvij nigenABIxagmux anchorage device
Pam nigBI confining reinforcement. emIlpqUtenAkgrUbTI 4>22 (c) nigTMhMrbs;vaenA
kgrUbTI 4>22 (a). rUbenHbgajBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgTaj nigkugRtaMgsgt;enAkg local
zone nig stress contour rbs;vaEdlTTYl)anBI finite element analysis rbs; Rutgers test.
RbEvgrbs; tMbn;enHCatMlFMCageKkgcMeNamTTwgGtibrma bRbEvgrbs; anchorage device.
eKeRCIserIs confining reinforcement eBj anchorage zone edIm,IkarBar bursting nig
splitting EdlekItBIkMlaMgsgt;cMcMnucFMEdlbBantamry anchorage device. elIsBIenH eKRtUvRtYt
131
T.Chhay
Binit bearing stress enAelIebtugkg local zone EdlbNalmkBIkMlaMgsgt;dFMenH edIm,IFana

favaminFMCag allowable compressive bearing stress rbs;ebtug.
132
NPIC
!> viFIKNnasMrab; General Zone Design Method for General Zone

eKmanviFIbIEdlGacKNna anchorage zone
-
Linear Elastic Stress analysis approach Including Use of Finite Element:
viFIenH
Bak;BnnwgkarKNnasanPaBlMGitrbs;kugRtaMgdUcCa linearly elastic. karGnuvtn finite

element method manPaBlM)akxHkgkarbegItKMrUrEdlmansameRbHdRtwmRtUvenAkgebtug.
Et CamYynwgkarsnt;dsmRsbmYyeKGacTTYl)annUvlTplEdlGacTTYlyk)anmYy.
- Equilibrium-Based Plasticity Approach dUcCa Strut-and Tie Method: viFI strut-and-tie
pl;nUvKngdlrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanTMrg;dUcCaeRKOgbgM truss EdlkMlaMgkgrbs;va
eKarBeTAtameKalkarN_lMnwgTUeTA. Ultimate load EdlBakrN_edayviFIenHTTYlykBI
kar)ak;nbgM strut b tie NamYy. viFIenHEtgEtpl;nUvlTplEdlmansuvtiPaBsMrab;kargar
Gnuvtn_.
- Approach Method: viFIenHGnuvtsMrab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmindac;.
@> viFIviPaK Linear Elastic sMrab;kMNt; Confining Reinforcement
Linear Elastic Analysis Method for Confining Reinforcement Determination
Anchorage zone
rgnUvkugRtaMgbIkMritdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>22
(a)
nig
stress contour
zone:
BImux anchorage device. eKRtUvkarebtugEdlmankarRtYtBinitdRtwm

RtUvedIm,IkarBarkar)ak;edaykugRtaMgsgt;nkMNat;rgkarsgt;dUcbgajenAkgRkLapqtn
rUbTI 4>22(a) nig 4>22(c).
- Extensive tensile-bursting stress enAkg tensile contour areas EdlEkgeTAnwgGkSrbs;
tendon dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>22(a) nig (b) nig enAkgrUbTI 4>23(b).
- kugRtaMgsgt;FMenAkgEdnkugRtaMg (stress field) RkLap D nig E enAkgrUbTI 4>22(a).
eKGaceRbI linear elastic stress analysis edIm,ITay)annUvTItaMgrbs;sameRbH nigpl;nUv
kar)a:n;san Rbhak;RbEhlmYyEdlGacTTYlyk)anBIrMhUrkugRtaMgeRkayeBleRbH. RkLapEdk
TajRtUv)ankMNt;edIm,ITb;Tl;kMlaMgTajsrubEdlTTYl)anBIkarRbmUlpMkugRtaMgTajenAkgebtug.
eKRtUvbEnmEdkrgkarsgt;enAkgtMbn;sgt; RbsinebIkMlaMgsgt;FM.
High bearing stress
133
T.Chhay
EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>22 pl;nUvkarKNnasan

PaBrbs;kugRtaMgenAkg anchorage zone suRkitCag. b:uEn CMhannkarKNnaRtUvkarefrevlaeRcIn
Cag nigcMNayeRcInCag. lTplRtUv)ankMNt;edaysarPaBBi)akkgkarbegItKMrUEdlmansameRbH
enAkgebtugdRtwmRtUv. eKGaceRbI nonlinear finite element analysis edIm,ITaynUv post-cracking
response.
Linearly elastic finite element analysis
134
NPIC
rUbTI 4>23 bgajBI linearly elastic end block forces. vabgajBIkMlaMg end-block
nigkugRtaMgsrsEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pi kdUcCatMlm:Um:g;Bt;sMrab;kMBs;eRbH y EdlGac
ekItmannImYy BIelI)atFwm CD . tMlm:Um:g;Gtibrma M max kMNt;TItaMgn horizontal bursting
crack. m:Um:g;enHRtUv)anTb;Tl;edaym:Um:g; couple EdlekItBIkMlaMgTaj T n vertical anchorage
zone reinforcement nigkMlaMgsgt; C Edlpl;eday end-block concrete xNEdlkMlaMgkat;tam
Tisedk V enARtg; crack spite surface RtUv)anTb;Tl;eday aggregate interlock force.
tamkarGegt Edkkg vertical anchorage zone Edlpl;kMlaMg T RtUv)anEbgEckelItMbn;Edlman
TTwg h / 2 BIpxagcugrbs;Fwm EdldUcCa X enAkgrUbTI 4>23 GacERbRbYlBI h / 5 eTA h / 4 .
BIsmIkarlMnwgrbs;m:Um:g;
T=
M max
hx
(4.13)
ehIyRkLaprbs;EdkbBarEdlRtUvkarsrubkayCa
At =
T
fs
(4.14)
EdlkugRtaMgEdk f s EdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkgkarKNnaenHminRtUvFMCag 20,000 psi(138.5MPa ) sMrab;

karRKb;RKgTTwgsameRbH.
Casegb nigCMnYseGay linear elastic finite element analysis eKGacTTYldMeNIrkar
Edl)anENnaM eTaHbICaminminsUvsuRkitdUckarKNna anchorage y:aglMGitEdlnwgpl;eGayenA
kg]TahrN_ 4>6 Epk (a) keday.
#> Strut-and-Tie Method for Confining End-Block Reinforcement
Strut-and-tie concept KWQrelI plasticity approach Edl)a:n;RbmaNkMlaMgenAkg
anchorage zone edayesrIn strut sgt;Rtg; nig tie TajRtg;EdlPab;KaRtg;cMnucmYyEdleKehAfa
node edIm,IkayeTACa truss kta. kMlaMgsgt;RtUv)anTb;Tl;eday plastic compressive strut
ehIykMlaMgTajRtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMg bedayEdkeRbkugRtaMg. Yield strength
rbs; anchorage confining reinforcement RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt;RkLapsrubrbs;EdkEdlcaM)ac;
eRbIenAkg anchorage block. rUbTI 4>24 bgajBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMpit nigcakpit P BImuxcMnucn
karGnuvtkMlaMgTaMgenHtamry anchorage device eTAkan;cugn general zone EdlkugRtaMgkayCa
rayesItameKalkarN_ St. Venatn.
135
T.Chhay
136
NPIC
137
T.Chhay
138
NPIC
eRkayBIekItmansameRbHKYreGaycab;GarmN_mk KngkugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtug)anRbmUlpM
KaeTACaExSRtg;EdlGacKitdUcCa straight compressive strut rgkMlaMgsgt;tamGkSmYy. Srut TaMg
enHnwgkayCacMENkrbs; truss ktaEdkkugRtaMgTajemRtUv)anKitCa tension tie enAkg truss kta
EdlmanTItaMgrbs; node RtUv)ankMNt;edayTisedArbs; compression strut. rUbTI 4>25 (a) bgajBI
karbegIt strut nigrUbTI 4>25(b) bgajBI truss EdlekItBI strut-and-tie sMrab; multiple anchorage
enAkgmuxkat;GkSr T. rUbTI 2>26 segbBIKMnitn strut nig tie enAkg anchorage zone. rUbTI
2>27 bgajBI standard strut-and-tie truss sMrab;krNIcMpit nigcakpitnmuxkat;tan; nigmuxkat;man
sabEdleGayeday ACI 318-99 Code.
eKsnt; tension tie enAkg truss sib,nimitmancMgay h / 2 BI anchorage device. karsnt;
enHGacGnuvteTA)anCamYynwgTItaMgrbs;kMlaMgTaj T enAkgrUbTI 4>23 n elastic stress-analysis
139
T.Chhay
. Epk (b) n]TahrN_ 4>6 bgajBIKngEdlsnt;sMrab; anchorage zone enAkg I-beam

EdleKBicarNa.
approach
a
Tburst = 0.25 Psu 1
h
d burst = 0.5(h 2e )
Edl
(4.15a)
(4.15b)
plbUknkMlaMg tendon emKuNsrub

a = kMBs;rbs; anchorage device bRkumeTaln closely-spaced device
e = cMNakpitn anchorage device bRkumn closely-spaced device BITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;mux
kat;Fwm
h = kMBs;rbs;muxkat;
eKeRbI anchorage device Ca closely-spaced device RbsinebIKMlatBIGkSeTAGkSrbs;vamin
FMCag 1.5 dgnTTwgrbs; anchorage device.
Psu =
4. Allowable Bearing Stresses
GnuBaatGtibrmaenARtg; anchorage device seating minRtUvFMCagtMl

RsedogKaBIrEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 4.16a nig 4.16b dUcxageRkam
Bearing stress
f b 0.7f 'ci
A / Ag
f b 2.25f 'ci
Edl
(4.16a)
(4.16b)
kMlaMg tendon emKuNGtibrma Pu EckCamYynwg effective bearing area Ab

f 'ci = ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugenAeBlrgkugRtaMg
A = RkLapGtibrmancMENkrbs;pEdlRTEdlmanragFrNImaRtRsedogKanwgRkLaprg
bnk ehIyRtYtsIuKa.
Ag = gross area rbs; bearing plate
Ab = effective net area rbs; bearing plate EdlRtUv)anKNnaedaydkRkLap As BIRkLa
pRbehagenAelI bearing plate.
smIkar 4.16a nig 4.16b mannyEtRbsinebIeKdak; general zone reinforcement nigRbsinebIRbEvg
nkarlatsnwgrbs;ebtugtambeNayGkSrbs; tendon BImux anchorage device esIBIrdgRbEvgn
local zone y:agtic.
fb =
140
NPIC
X> KNnaEdk End Anchorage sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMgrgkarTajCaeRkay

Design of End Anchorage Reinforcement for Post-tensioned Beams
]TahrN_ 4>6 KNna end anchorage reinforcement sMrab; post-tensioned beam enAkg]TahrN_
4>2 EdleGayTMhM RbePT nigkarBRgayEdk. eRbIebtugTMgn;Fmta f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa) .

snt;facugFwmCabkctuekaNEdllUtcUleTAkgElVg 40in.(104cm) BIeRkay anchorage
device bnab;mkkat;bnykMras;RTnug 6in. . edaHRsaybBaaedayeRbI (a) linear elastic stress
analysis method, (b) plastic strut-and-tie method. KUrKMrU truss Edl)ankMNt;.
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsayeday linear elastic stress method

!> begItKMrUn tendon edaymancMNakpit ee = 12.49in.(317mm) BI]TahrN_ 4>2.
(a)
cb = 18.84in.
dUcenHcMgayBIsrsxageRkamrbs;Fwm = cb ee = 6.35in.(161mm)
sMrab;cMgayTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 13 edIm = 6.35in. BIsrsxageRkamFwm
sakl,gkartMerobCaCYredkdUcxageRkam
CYredkTI 1 5 tendon enAcMgay 2.5in
CYredkTI 2 5 tendon enAcMgay 7.0in.
CYredkTI 3 3 tendon enAcMgay 11.5in.
O.K.
cMgaynTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon = 5 2.5 + 5 137.0 + 3 11.5 6.35in.
@> Ultimate forces enAkgCYredkn tendon nig bearing capacity rbs;ebtug
kMlaMg Pu1 CYredkTI 1 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
kMlaMg Pu 2 CYredkTI 2 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
#> Elastic analysis nkMlaMg
EckkMBs;FwmCacMerokEdlmankMBs; 4in. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>28(a) nigsnt;fakugRtaMg
ebtugrbs;cMeroknImYyesInwgkugRtaMgenARtg;GkSrbs;cMerokenaH. bnab;mkKNnakMeNInm:Um:g;Edl
bNalBIkugRtaMgxagkg nigkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgxageRkA Pi eFobnwgbg;edknImYyedIm,IkMNt; net
moment enAelImuxkat;. Net moment GtibrmanwgkMNt;TItaMgrbs; potential horizontal bursting
crack nigEdkEdlRtUvdak;edIm,IkarBarsameRbHEdlnwgekItmanenaH. edayeRbIsBaabUk (+) sMrab;
141
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;vilRsbRTnicnaLika. BI]TahrN_ 4>2 kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImmuneBlxatbg;KW Pi = 376,110lb

(1,673kN ) . BIrUbTI 4>28 m:Um:g;xagkgebtugenARtg;bg; 4in. BIsrsxageRkamKW
M c 4 = 2,117 4 18 (2in.) = 304,848in. lb
= 0.3 10 6 in. lb(34.4kN .m )
nigenARtg;bg; 8in. BIsrsxageRkamKW

M c8 = 2,117 4 18 (6in.) + 1,851 4
18 + 10
(2in.)
2
= 1,121,856in. lb = 1.12 10 6 in. lb(127 kN .m )
m:Um:g;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;bg; 8in. BIsrsxageRkamKW

M c8 = 376,110 (8 6.35) = 620,582in. lb
= 0.62 10 6 in. lb(70.1kN .m )
KW = 1.12 106 0.62 106 = 0.50 106 in. lb(56.6kN .m)

tamrebobdUcKa eyIgGacrk net moment sMrab;cMerokdTeTot ehIytMlrbs;vaRtUv)anerobdak;enA
kgtarag 4>5. BItaragenH net moment GtibrmaKW + M max = +0.75 106 in. lb(84.6kN .m)
enARtg;bg;edk 6.35in. BIsrsxageRkamrbs;Fwm (bursting potential crack effect) ehIy
Net moment
142
NPIC
M max = 0.20 106 in. lb
enARtg;bg; 24in.(64cm) BIxagelIsrsxageRkamrbs;Fwm (spalling
potential crack effect)
$> KNna anchorage reinforcement

BIsmIkar 4>11 nigedaysnt;vaGkSrbs;kMlaMgTajbBar T KWenARtg;cMgay x 15in.
eyIgTTYl)an
T=
M max 0.75 106

=
= 30,000lb(133kN )
40 15
hx
edayGnuBaatkugRtaMgEdkGtibrma
Bursting zone reinforcement KW
At =
f s = 20,000 psi
Tb 30,000
=
= 1.50in 2 968mm 2
f s 20,000
kUdGnuBaat 0.60 f y = 36,000 psi
dUcenH sakl,gEdkkgbiTCit #3 (As = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 )

cMnYnEdkkgEdlRtUvkar = 10..50
= 6.82 kg
22
eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYn 6 kg bEnmBIelIEdkkgsMrab;Tb;nwgkMlaMgkat;.
143
T.Chhay
Spalling zone force

0.2 106
= 8,000lb
40 15
T
8,000
= 0.40in.2 250mm 2
As = s =
f s 20,000
Ts =
(
)
dUcenH
dUcenH eyIgman
cMnYnEdkkg #3 EdlRtUvkar = 00..40
= 1.82 kg
22
eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYnBIrkgbEnmeTot.
dUcenH cMnYnEdkkgsrub = 6.82 + 1.82 + 4 = 12.64 kg
eRbIEdkkgbiTCit #3 cMnYn 12 kg. dak;EdkkgbBaleTAkgtMbn;sgt;enAkgrUbTI 4>23.
dak;Edkkg #3 KMlatBIKa 3in. edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS edayEdkkgTImYycab;epImCamYynwgKM
lat 3in. BIcugFwm. ehIy dak;Edk #3 RbEvg 10in. cMnYn 4 edImEdlmanKMlatBIKa 3in. KitBIGkSeTA
GkS nigmanKMlat 2in. BIpxagcugRtg;TItaMg anchorage edaysarsameRbHGacekItmantamTis
bBar nigTisedk. RbsinebImantMrUvkarrbs;plitkr eKRtUvbEnm spiral reinforcement BIxageRkam
anchor.
edaHRsayeday plastic Strut-and-tie method
!> begItKMrUn tendon EdlmancMNakpit ee = 12.49in.(317mm)
BI]TahrN_ 4>2 cb = 18.84in. dUcenHcMgayBIsrsrbs;Fwm = cb ee = 6.35in.(161mm)
sMrab;cMgayTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 13 edImEdlesInwg 6.35in BIsrs
xageRkamrbs;Fwm sakl,gkartMerob tendon CaCYredkEdlmancMgayBIsrsxageRkamdUcteTA
CYredkTI 1 5 tendon enARt;g 2.5in.
cMgaynTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon = 5 2.5 + 5 137.0 + 3 11.5 6.35in. O.K.
@> Ultimate force enAkgCYredkrbs; tendon nig bearing capacity rbs;ebtug
kMlaMg Pu 2 CYredkTI 2 5 0.153 270,000 = 206,550lb(919kN )
(b)
144
NPIC
kMlaMgsgt; ultimate srub = 206,550 + 206,550 + 123,930 = 537,830lb(2,389kN )

RkLapsrubrbs; rigid bearing plate EdlRT Supreme 13-chucks anchorage device
= 14 11 + 6 4 = 178in.2 (113cm 2 )
537,380
Bearing stress Cak;Esg f b =
= 3020 psi(20.8MPa )
178
BIsmIkar 4.16(a) nig (b), bearing pressure GnuBaatGtibrmaenAelIebtugKW
f b 0.7f 'ci
A / Ag
f b 2.25f 'ci
snt;fa ersIusg;ebtugdMbUgenAeBlEdlrgkugRtaMgKW
f 'ci = 0.75 f 'c
= 0.75 5,000 = 7,750 psi
RkLapcMpit A rbs;ebtugEdlman bearing plate 18 14 + 10 7 = 322in.2

322
Bearing stress GnuBaat f b = 0.70 0.90 3,750
= 3,178 psi > 3,020 psi
178
Bearing stress BIsmIkar 4.14(b) Gt;lub.
O.K.
#> KUr strut-and-tie model

RbEvgcMgaysrub a enAkgrUbTI 4>25 rvagkMlaMg Pu1 nig Pu3 = 11.5 2.5 = 9.0in.
dUcenHcMgay a / 2 BImux anchorage = 9.0 / 2 = 4.5in.
sg; strut-and-tie edaysnt;vadUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>29.
TMhMFrNImaRtsMrab;rkbgMkMlaMgedkBI tie 1 2 nig 2 3 EdlmantMlkUtg;sg; 26.5 / 15.5
nig 13.0 / 15.5 erogKa. BIsaTic viPaK truss enAkgrUbTI 4>29 edayTTYl)ankMlaMgGgt;dUcxag
eRkam
26.5
tie 1 2 = 123,930
= 211,982lb(942kN ) rgkarTaj
15.5
13
tie 2 3 = 206,550
= 173,235lb(728kN ) rgkarTaj
15.5
eRbItMlEdlFMCagkgcMeNamtMlTaMgBIredIm,IeRCIserIsEdkkgbiTCitEdlrgkarTaj.
sakl,gEdkkg #3 Edlman tensile strength kgmYykg = f y Av
= 0.90 60,000 2(0.11) = 11,880lb
211,982
=
= 17.8
11,880
cMnYnEdkkgEdlRtUvkar
145
T.Chhay
sMrab;EdkkgrgkarTaj a b c enAkgrUbTI 4>29 eRbIkMlaMg Pu = 173,235lb edIm,Idak;EdkkgbBar

#4 BIxagmux anchorage device. cab;epImEdkkgTImYyenAcMgay 1 12 in. BIxagcug rigid steel plate
EdleprkMlaMgBI anchorage device eTAebtug.
,235
= 8.0
cMnYnEdkkg = 0.9 60173
,000 2(0.20)
eRbIEdkkg #4 cMnYn 8 kgEdlmancMgayBIKa 1 14 in. BIGkSeTAGkS 12.7mm @ 32mm Edl
manEdkkgTImYycab;epImenAcMgay 1 12 in. BIxagmux anchorage device.
eKRtUvkarEdkkgEt 13 CMnYseGay 17.8 Edl)anBIkarKNna edaysarEpkrbs;tMbn;RtUv)an
Tb;Tl;edayEdkkg #4 . eRbIEdkkg #3 cMnYn 13 EdlmanKMlatBIKa 2 12 in. BIGkSeTAGkS 12.7mm
@ 57 mm bnab;BIEdkkg #4 EdlmancMgaysrubTaMgGs; 40in.(104cm ) .
cMNaMfaviFIenHRtUvkar confining tie eRcInCag elastic solution kgEpk (a). rUbTI 4>30
bgajBI anchorage zone confining reinforcement lMGitEdl)anBI strut-and-tie analysis.
146
NPIC
6> KNnaFwmsmasrgkarBt;
Flexural Design of Composite Beams
muxkat;smas FmtaCaeRKOgbgMeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab;EdlenABIelIva kMralxNRtUv)ancak;enA

kardan ehIyvaeFVIkarCamYyKa rUbTI 4>31. eBlxH eKTl; prestressed element kgGMLgeBlcak;
nigEfTaM situ-cast top slab. kgkrNIEbbenH TMgn;kMralxNeFVIGMeBIEtelImuxkat;smas Edlmanm:U
Dulmuxkat;FMCagmuxkat;cak;Rsab;. dUcenH karKNnakugRtaMgebtugRtUv)anykmkKitenAkgkarKNna.
karEbgEckkugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIGMeBIsmasRtUv)anbgajenAkugrUbTI 4>32.
k> krNIkMralxNminmanTl;
Unshored Slab Case
BIsmIkar 4.2a nig b smIkarkugRtaMgsrsebtugxageRkAbMputmuncak;kMralxagelIKW

ft =
Pe ect M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
(4.17)
147
T.Chhay
P ec M + M SD
nig
(4.18)
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
Ac
Sb
r
Edl S t nig Sb Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;Etb:ueNaH ehIy M SD Cam:Um:g;dak;BIelIbEnm
dUcCaebtugkMral.
eRkayeBlkMralcak;enAnwgkEngkkrwg ehIyvaGaceFVIkarlkNsmasmk vaGacmanm:UDul
muxkat; Sct nig Scb FMCagmun CamYynwgkarrMkileLIgelIeTArksrsxagelIrbs;ExS cgc. kugRtaMg
srsebtugcUlrYmCamYynwgsmIkar 4.17 nig 4.18 sMrab;srsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Epkcak;
Rsab;rbs;muxkat;smas nIv:U AA enAkgrUbTI 4>32(e) KW
ect M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
r
St
S ct
P ec M + M SD M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2t + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
ft =
Pe
Ac
(4.19a)
(4.19b)
nig
Edl M CSD Cabnkefrsmasdak;BIelIbEnmeRkayeBldMeLIg dUcCaenAeBleFVIkar. ehIy Sct nig
Scb Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;smasenAnIv:UnsrsxagelI nigxageRkam erogKa rbs;muxkat;cak;
Rsab;.
kugRtaMgenAnIv:UsrsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;kMralcak;enAnwgkEng nIv:U BB nig AA rbs;mux

kat; 4>32 (e) KW
f ts =
M CSD + M L
t
S cb
(4.20a)
148
NPIC
M
+ ML
f bs = CSD
nig
(4.20b)
Sbcb
Edl M CSD + M L Cam:Um:g;bEnmEdlekIneLIgeRkayeBlekItmanskmPaBsmas ehIy Scbt nig Sbcb
Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;smassMrab;srsxagelI nigxageRkam AA nig BB erogKa enAkgrUbTI
4>32(e).
x> krNIkMralxNTl;eBj
Fully Shored Slab Case
kgkrNIkMralcak;enAkEngRtUv)anRTeBjrhUtdl;ekItmanskmPaBsmas kugRtaMgsrs
ebtugmuneBlRT nigmuneBlcak;ebtugkMralxagelIEdlkayBIsmIkar 4.18 nig 4.19KW
ect M D
1 2 t
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
(4.21a)
(4.21b)
nig
eRkayeBlkMralxagelIcak;rYc ehIyskmPaBsmasekItmanenAeBlebtugkkrwg smIkar 4.19a nig b
sMrab;FwmEdlRtUv)anRTeRkayeBldMeLIgnwgkayeTACa
ect M D M SD + M CSD + M L
1 2 t
r S
S ct
P ec M
M + M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2b + D + SD
Ac
S cb
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
(4.22a)
(4.22b)
nig
cMNaMfaeKRtUveFVIkarRtYtBinitsMrab;kugRtaMgkat;tamTisedkEdlekItmanenARtg;pb:HrvagebtugEdl
cak;enAnwgkEng CamYynwgFwmcak;Rsab; nwgbgajenAkgCMBUk 5.
K> TTwgsabRbsiTPaB
Effective Flange Width
149
T.Chhay
edIm,IkMNt;skmPaBsmastamRTwsIEdlTb;Tl;kugRtaMgBt; eKRtUveFVIkarkMNt;TTwgkMralxN
EdlGaccUlrYmy:agmanRbsiTPaBenAkgekIneLIgPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) EdlTTYl)anBIskmPaB
smas.
rUbTI 4>33 nigtarag 4>6 eGaynUvtMrUvkarrbs; ACI nig AASTHO sMrab;kMNt;TTwgsabxag
elIRbsiTPaB (effective top slange width) rbs;muxkat;smas. RbsinebIersIusg;rbs;ebtugEdlcak;
BIxagelIxusBIersIusg;rbs;muxkat;cak;eRsc eKRtUvEktMrUvTTwg b edayKitBIm:UDuleGLasicxusKarbs;
ebtugTaMgBIr edIm,IFanafabMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;sMParTaMgBIrenARtg;pb:HdUcKa. TTwgEksMrYlrbs;
kMralxagelIsMrab;KNnam:Um:g;niclPaBsmas I cc KW
bm =
Ect
(b ) = ncb
Ec
(4.23)
m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugEdlcak;BIxagelI
Ec = m:UDuleGLssicrbs;ebtugcak;Rsab;
enAeBlEdlkMNt;TTwgEksMrYl bm rYcehIy eKRtUvBicarNaersIusg;ebtugrbs;muxkat;smasTaMgmUlCa
ersIusg;EdlFMCag.
Edl
7>
Ect =
Summary of Step-by-Step Trial-and Adjustment Procedure

for the Service-Load Design of Prestressed member
!> eGaynUvGaMgtg;sIuetbnkefrEdldak;BIelIbEnm WSD / GaMgtg;sIuetbnkGefr WL / RbEvg

kMNt; nigkMBs;kMNt;/ ersIusg;sMPar f pu / f 'c / RbePTebtug nigeBlxHRbePTeRbkug
RtaMg dUcCaTajCamun bCaeRkay.
150
NPIC
@> snt;TMhMrbs;bnkpal; WD nigKNnam:Um:g; M D / M SD nig M L

#> KNna f pi / fci / fti / ft nig fc Edl f pi = 0.70 f pu / fci = 0.60 f 'ci / fti = 6 f 'ci
sMrab;muxkat;elITMr/ fc = 0.45 f 'c b 0.60 f 'c tamkarGnuBaat/ ft = 6 f 'c eTA12 f 'c
$> KNnakMhatbg;kugRtaMg f pT = f pES + f pR + f pSH + f pCR + f pE + f pA + f B
tamRbePTeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbI. kMNt;kugRtaMgsuT (net stress) f pe = f ps f pT
%> rkm:UDulmuxkat;tMrUvkarGb,brmanmuxkat;Gb,brmaedIm,IKNnakugRtaMgebtugenAsrsxag
elI nigxageRkam.
(a) sMrab; harped b draped tendon eRbImuxkat;kNalElVg
St
Sb
(b)
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f ti f c
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f t f ci
Edl = PPe
i
sMrab; tendon Rtg;eRbImuxkat;elITMrxagcug
M D + M DS + M L
f ti f c
M + M SD + M L
Sb D
f t f ci
St
^> eRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,gEdlmanm:UDulmuxkat;Ek,rnwgm:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkar edIm,IRtYt

BiinitsMrab;tMrUvkarkugRtaMgsrsmuxkat;smasenAeBleRkay.
&> sMrab; (a) muxkat;EdlsikSasitenAkgElVg CaTUeTAkNalElVg b 0.40 nElVg/ (b)
muxkat;EdlsikSasitenARtg;TMr nig (c) muxkat;dTeTottambeNayElVgsMrab;kareRbI
tendon Rtg; nig draped tendon/ viPaKkugRtaMgsrsebtugrMBwgTukenAmuneBleprkug
RtaMgPam
Pi ect M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = i 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
RbsinebIkugRtaMgFMCagtMlGnuBaat eKRtUvBRgIkmuxkat; beFVIkarpas;brcMNakpit ec b

ee bkTaMgBIr.
*> viPaKkugRtaMgsrsebtugsMrab;lkxNbnkeFIVkar dUckgCMhanCMBUk &
151
T.Chhay
Pe ect M T
1 2 t
Ac
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + T
Ac
r sb
ft =
Edl M T = M D + M SD + M L / RbsinebIkugRtaMgFMCagtMlGnuBaat eKRtUvBRgIkmuxkat;

beFVIkarpas;brcMNakpit ec b ee bkTaMgBIr.
(> sMrab;krNIEdleKeRbI strand eRcIn/ begIt envelop EdlkMNt;cMNakpitsMrab;kugRtaMgTaj
sUn eb = (kb amin ) nig et = (amax kt ) / Edl amin = M D / Pi nig amax = M T / Pe .
RbsinebIeKeRbIeKeRbIkugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugenAkgkarKNna bEnm
e'b =
f (t ) Ac kb
Pi
f (b ) Ac kt
e't =
Pe
nig
eTAelI envelop xageRkam nigxagelI erogKa/ Edl f(t ) nig f(b) CakugRtaMgsrsxag
eRkArbs;ebtugEdlKNnaedIm,IeRbIenAkgebtug
!0> GegtkugRtaMg end-block anchorage zone/ nigKNnaEdkcaM)ac;edIm,IkarBar bursting b
spalling crack. kMNt;RbEvgbgb;Gb,brma
1
2
ld =
f ps f pe d e xat US
1,000
3
1
2
f ps f pe d b
6.9
3
f pe
lt =
db
(
3,000
f pe
lt =
db
(
20.7
ld =
nigRbEvgepr
xat SI)
xat US)
xat SI)
Post-tensioned anchrage
KNnaEdl anchorage block. eRbI strut-and-tie plastic truss unit edim,IKNna

kMlaMgTaj ultimate enAkg tie edIm,IeCIserIs confining reinforcement.
Pretensional Prestress Transfer Zone
Ph
At = 0.021 i
US
f s lt
Ph
At = 21,000 i
IS
f s lt
xat
xat
152
NPIC
!!> kMNt;kugRtaMgskmPaBsmas nigeRCIserIsmuxkat;eLIgvij RbsinebIkugRtaMgFMCagkug

RtaMgsrsebtugGnuBaatGtibrmaTaMgenAkgmuxkat;cak;Rsab; nigkMralxagelIcak;enAnwg
kEng. eRbITTwgRbsiTPaBEksMrYl bm = (Ect / Ec )b sMrab;sabsmasxagelI enAeBl
KNnam:UDUlmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;smas.
(a) krNIkMralxNminTl;
muneBlcak;ebtugkMralxagelIenAnwgkEng
Pe ect M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
ft =
eRkayeBlkMralxagelIRtUv)ancak; nigTTYlkarEfTaMedIm,IeGayekItmanskmPaB
smaseBj kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Epkcak;Rsab;nmuxkat;
smasnwgkayCa
Pe ect M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
Ac
r
St
S ct
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
ft =
Edl Sct nig Scb Cam:UDulmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;smasenAnIv:UsrsxagelI nigxageRkam

rbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;. M L rYmbBalTaMg M I RbsinebImankugRtaMgTgic.
kugRtaMgsrsenAnIv:UsrsxagelI nigxageRkamnkMralcak;enAnwgkEngKW
f ts =
f bs
M CSD + M L
t
S cb
M
+ ML
= CSD
Sbcb
Edl Scbt nig Sbcb Cam:UDulmuxkat;nmuxkat;smasenAnIv:UsrsxagelI nigxageRkam

rbs;kMralcak;enAnwgkEng.
(b) krNIkMralxNTl;eBj
muneBlTl; nigeRkayeBlcak;ebtugkMralxagelIenAnwgkEng
ect M D
1 2 t
r S
P ec M
f b = e 1 + 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
153
T.Chhay
eRkayeBlkMralxNcak;enAkEngRtUv)anEfTaM nigskmPaBsmaseBjekItman
ect M D M SD + M CSD + M L
1 2 t
r S
S ct
P ec M
M + M CSD + M L
f b = e 1 + 2b + D + SD
Ac
S cb
r Sb
ft =
Pe
Ac
kMNt;TTwgRbsiTPaBrbs;sabxagelIrbs;muxkat;smastam ACI b AASTHO

specification
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;nGgt;cak;Rsab;/ M SD = m:Um:g;Edl
bNalBIkMralxNcak;Rsab; nigbnksagsg;dTeTot ehIy M CSD = m:Um:g;Edl
bNalBIbnkdak;bEnmBIelI.
!@> bnkMNt;ersIusg;rbs;muxkat;sMrab;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak; nigkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl.
rUbTI 4>34 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;karKNnaFwmeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt;eRkamlkxN
bnkeFVIkar.
MD =
154
NPIC
155
T.Chhay
156
NPIC
8> KNnamuxkat;smasTMrsamBaeRbkugRtaMgrgkarTajCaeRkay
Design of Composite Post-Tensioned Prestressed Simply
Supported Section
]TahrN_ 4>7
s<anTMrsamBaBIrpv (two-lane) EdlmanElVgRbEvg 64 ft (19.5m) KitBIGkSeTA

GkSn bearing. TTwgs<anEdlKitBIFwmxageRkAmanRbEvg 28 ft (8.54m) EdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS.
KMlatrbs;FwmxagkgKW 7 ft KitBIGkSeTAGkS. KNnaFwmTMrxagkgeRbkugRtaMgrgkarTajCaeRkay
EdlmankMrals<anminTl;kgGMLgeBlsagsg; edIm,IRTkardak;bnk AASTHO HS20-44. kMNt;
cMNakpit nig tendon envelop. KNna anchorage block nig confining reiforcement. smtikm
ebtug
ebtugcak;Rsab;man f 'c = 5,000 psi CaebtugTMgn;Fmta
ebtugcak;kMrals<ankMras; 5.75in man f 'c = 3,000 CaebtugTMgn;Fmta
Supported Section
f 'ci = 4,000 psi(27.6MPa )

f ci = 0.55 f 'ci = 2,200 psi (15.2MPa )
f c = 0.40 f 'c = 2,000 psi(13.8MPa )
f ti = 212 psi = 3 f 'c
f t = 6 f 'c = 424 psi
EdkeRbkugRtaMg
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
f py = 0.90 f pu = 243,000 psi(1,675MPa )
f pi = 0.70 f pu = 189,000 psi(1,303MPa )
eRkaykMhatbg; = 0.80 f pi = 151,200 psi(1,043MPa)

kMNt; nigKUrnUvkarEbgEck tendon TaMgenAmuxkat;kNalElVg nigmuxkat;xagcug. eRbItMlm:U
m:g;bnkGefrEdlrYmbBalTaMgkMlaMgTgicEdlbNalBIkardak;bnktam AASTHO HS20-44 sMrab;
FwmxagkgEdlmanElVg 64 ft (19.5m) = 9,300,000in. lb(1,051kN .m) .
f pe
dMeNaHRsay
m:Um:g;Bt; nigkugRtaMgGnuBaat CMhan1-4

157
T.Chhay
edaysareKsal;KMlatFwm nigRbEvgElVg eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;Edl)anBIkMralcak;enAnwgkEng

nig diaphragm. Clear distance rvagRTnugrbs;FwmKW 7 ft 6in = 6 ft 6in. . snt;fakMrals<anEdl
mankMras; 5.75in.(14.6cm) pSMBIkMralbnHcak;Rsab; 1.75in. CamYynwgkMralcak;BIelIkMras; 4in. nig
diaphragm kMras; 8in.(20cm ) enAkNalElVg nigkMBs; 45in.(122cm ) cak;rYmKaCamYynwgkMrals<an.
eyIgman
45
TMgn; diaphragm = 128 12
6.5 150 = 2,500lb(11.6kN )
TMgn;kMralcak;Rsab;kMras; 1.75in. = 112.75 7 150 = 153 plf (2.2kN / m)
TMgn;kMralcak;BIelIenAnwgkEngkMras; 4in. = 124 7 150 = 350 plf (5.1kN / m)
153(64 )2
12 = 940,032in. lb
8
M SD1 =
M CSD =
bnkefrdak;BIelIbEnm = 0
PL WSD L2
+
4
8
2,500 64 12 350(64 )212
=
+
4
8
M SD 2 =
= 499,200 + 2,150,400 = 2,649,6500in. lb
srub = 940,032 + 2,649,000 = 3,589,632in. lb(406kN .m)

M CSD = 0 enAkgkrNIenH
m:UDulmuxkat;Gb,brma nigkareRCIserIsmuxkat;sakl,g CMhan 1-5
M SD
151,200
= 0.80
189,00
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
St
fti fc
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
Sb
ft f ci
snt;faFwmcak;Rsab;manTMgn;pal;RbEhl 583 plf (8.5kN / m) .
583(64)2 12
= 3,581,952in. lb(405kN .m )
8
(1 0.80)3,581,952 + 3,589,632 + 9,300,000 = 6,271in.3 103,222cm3
S t min =
0.80(212) ( 2,000)
(1 0.80)3,581,952 + 3,589,632 + 9,300,000 = 6,229in.3 102,075cm3
Sb min =
424 0.80( 2,200)
MD =
158
NPIC
CaTUeTA m:UDulmuxkat;Cak;EsgEdlrMBwgTuksMrab;srsxagelIEtgEtFMCagm:UDulmuxkat;sMrab;
srsxageRkamrbs;muxkat;smas. dUcenHeRCIserIsGgt;cak;Rsab;edayQrelI Sb = 6,229in.3 .
edaysar AASTHO type IV manm:UDulmuxkat;FMCagm:UDulmuxkat;EdlRtUvkarxaMgeBk dUcenH
eyIgeRCIserIs AASTHO type III rUbTI 4>35 Camuxkat;sakl,gEdlmantMlEk,r Sb = 6,229in.3
CageK.
(
)
Sb = 6,186in.3 (101,370cm3 )
I c = 125,390in.4 (5.2 106 cm 4 )
Ac = 560in.2 (3,613cm 2 )
r = 223.9in (1,445cm )
S t = 5,070in.3 83,082cm3
ct = 24.73in.(62.8cm)
cb = 20.27in.(51.5cm)
WD = 583 plf (8.2kN / m )
sakl,g 7-wire stress-relieved tendon Ggt;pit 0.5in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 22 edIm.

kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
M T = 3,581,952 + 3,589,632 + 9,300,000 = 16,471,584in. lb(1,861kN .m )
Aps = 22 0.153 = 3.366in.2 21.7cm 2
159
T.Chhay
Pi = Aps f pi = 3.366 0.70 270,000 = 636,174lb(2,830kN )

Pe = 0.80 Pi = 0.80 636,174 = 508,940lb(2,264kN )
kt =
r 2 223.91
=
= 11.05in.(28.1cm)
cb
20.27
r 2 223.91
=
= 9.05in.(23.0cm)
ct
24.73
M
3,581,952
amin = D =
= 5.63in.
Pi
636,174
M
16,471,584
= 32.36in. Upper envelop
amax = T =
Pe
508,940
kb =
sitenAxageRkAmuxkat; dUcenH
eyIgRtUveFVIkarEksMrYlmuxkat;
eb = amin kb = 5.63 + 9.05 = 14.68in.

et = amax kt = 32.36 11.05 = 21.31in.
dUcenH eRbIcMNakpitrbs; tendon kat;bny

ec = 16.27in.(413mm )
(a)
ee = 10in.(254mm )
muxkat;kNalElVg
Pi ec ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
636,174 16.27 24.73 3,581,952
=
1
560
223.91
5,070
= 905.4 706.5 = 198.9 psi (T ) < 212 psi
P ec M
f b = i 1 + c 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
O.K.
636,174 16.27 20.27 3,581,952

1 +
+
560
223.91
6,186
= 2,809.3 + 579.0 = 2,230.3 psi(C )(15.4 MPa ) f ci = 2,200 psi
=
(b)
muxkat;Rtg;TMr
Pi ee ct
636,174 10 24.73
1 2 =
1
560
223.91
Ac
r
= +118.7 psi (T ) < 212 psi
O.K.
P ec
636,174 10 20.27
f b = i 1 + e 2b =
1 +
560
223.91
Ac
r
= 2,164.4 psi (C ) < 2,200 psi O.K.
ft =
lkNmuxkat;smas
160
O.K.
NPIC
Ec (topping ) 57,000 3,000

=
= 0.77
Ec (precast ) 57,000 5,000
TTwgsabRbsiTPaB = 7 ft = 84in.(213cm)
TTwgsabRbsiTPaBEksMrYl = 0.77 84 = 65in.(165cm)
(5.75 65)(47.875) + (560 20.27 ) = 31.32in.

(5.75 65) + 560
65(5.75)3
= 125,390 + 560(31.32 20.27 )2 +
+ 65 5.75(16.56 )2
c'b =
I 'c
12
= 297,044in.4
r 2 = 318.12in.2
S cb = 9,490in.3
cak;Rsab; = 45 31.32 = 13.68in.

297,044
S ct =
= 21,714in.3 enARtg;srsxagelIrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;
13.68
c t kMralxagelI = 13.68 + 5.75 = 19.43in.
297,044
t
S cs
=
= 15,288in.3 enARtg;srsxagelIrbs;kMral
19.43
297,044
Sbcs =
= 19,251in.3 enARtg;srsxageRkamrbs;kMral
(19.43 4)
kugRtaMgeRkayeBldMeLIgkMralcak;Rsab;kMras; 1.75in. EdlmanTMgn; WSD CakMral CMhan 11a
muneBlcak; diaphragm nigkMral
(a) muxkat;kNalElVg
ct
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
M D + M SD = 3,581,952 + 940,032 = 4,521,984in. lb

ft =
508,904 16.27 24.73 4,521,984

1
560
223.9
5,070
= +724.3 891.9 = 167.6 psi (C )
minEmnrgkarTaj
ec cb M D + M SD
1 + 2 +
Sb
r
508,940 16.27 20.27 4,521,984

=
1 +
+
560
223.9
6,186
= 2,247.4 + 731.0 = 1,516.4 psi (C ) < 2,000 psi
fb =
(b)
O.K.
Pe
Ac
O.K.
muxkat;elITMr
161
T.Chhay
508,904 10 24.73
1
= 94.9 psi(T ) < f t = 424 psi
560
223.9
508,940 10 20.27
fb =
1 +
= 1,731.6 psi(11.9MPa )(C )
560
223.9
< 2,000 psi
O.K.
ft =
O.K.
kugRtaMgeRkayeBlcak;ebtugkMralxagelIPam ebtugkMralminTan;kkrwg
muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
M D + M DS = 4,521,984 + 2,649,600 = 7,171,584in. lb

508,940 16.27 24.73 7,171,584
1
560
223.9
5,070
= 724.3 1,414.5 = 690.2 psi (C ) < 2,000 psi

P e c M + M SD
f b = e 1 + c 2b + D
Ac
Sb
r
ft =
O.K.
508,940 16.27 20.27 7,171,584

1 +
+
560
223.9
6,186
= 2,247.4 + 1,159.3 = 1,088.1 psi (C ) < 2,000 psi (7.5MPa < 13.8MPa ) O.K.
kugRtaMgenAeBlrgbnkkargar CMhan 11 edaybEnm\TiBlrbs; M SD2 EdlbNalBIkMral

Gt;manTl;
(a) muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
Ac
r
St
S ct
M D + M SD = 7,171,584in. lb
M CSD + M L = 0 + 9,300,000 = 9,300,000in. lb
BIdMNak;kalelIkmun f t = 690.2 psi(C )/ fb = 1088.1 psi(C ) .

kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;nmuxkat;smasKW
9,300,000
= 690.2 428.3 = 1,118.5 psi(C ) < 2,000 psi O.K.
21,714
9,300,000
= 1088.1 +
= 1088.1 + 979.8 = 108.3 psi(C )
9,492
f ct = 690.2
f bc
pleFobm:UDulEdl)anBImunmkKW
n = 0.77
kugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIrbs;kMraleRkayeBlebtugkkrwgKW
162
NPIC
f cst =
9,300,000
0.77 = 468 psi(C )
15,288
kugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkamrbs;kMralKW
f bcs =
(b)
9,300,000
0.77 = 372 psi(C )
19,251
muxkat;elITMr
karKNnadUcKanwgkarKNnaenACMhanxagelI. lTplKW
f b = 1,731.6 psi(C ) .
f t = +94.9 psi (T )
nig
Tendon Envelope
(a)
muxkat;kNalElVg
amax = 32.36in.
amin = 5.63in.
(b)
muxkat;Rtg;mYyPaKbYn
M D = 2,686,464
M
amin = D = 4.22in.
Pi
M T = 12,355,248
M
amax = T = 24.28in.
Pe
emIlrUbTI 4>36 sMrab; tendon envelope nigrUbTI 4>37 sMrab;karEbgEckkugRtaMg.

rUbTI 4>38 bgajBIkugRtaMgtMbn; anchorage nig net moment tamkMBs;rbs;muxkat;Fwm.
KNna End-Block Anchorage
(a) edaHRsaytam linear elastic method
163
T.Chhay
Pi = 636,174lb
ee = 10in.
f t = +119 psi (T )
f b = 2,164 psi(C )
164
NPIC
(i)
Bursting Crack Reinforcement

h = 45in.
eRbI
x = h / 3 = 15in.
M max 2.15 106

=
= 71,670lb(316kN )
hx
45 15
T
71,670
As = b =
= 3.58in.2 23.1cm 2
f s 20,000
Spalling Crack Reinforcement
M
0.04 106
Tsp = max =
= 1,330lb
hx
45 15
Tsp
1,330
As =
=
= 0.07in.2
20,000 20,000
Tb =
(ii)
Edksrub = 3.58 + 0.07 = 3.65in.2 (23.5cm2 )

sakl,gEdkbBar #4 Ggt;pit (12.7mm)
cMnYnRtUvkar = 0.320.65 2 = 9.13
kartMerob strand
eRbIRkLa (grid) 2in. 2in.(25mm 25mm) sMrab;tMerobkarBRgay strand.
cMNakpitKW
165
T.Chhay
ec = 16.27in.(41.3cm)
ee = 10.0in.(25.4cm)
kartMerob strands edIm,ITTYlnUvcMNakpit tendon EdlRtUvkarRtUv)anbgaj

enAkgrUbTI 4>39 (a).
m:Um:g;tMbn; anchorage enAelIbg;epSgEdlmanKMlat 5in. tamkMBs;rbs;mux
kat;RtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 4>7.
166
NPIC
(b)
edaHRsaytam Plastic Strut-and-tie Method

(1)
KNnacMgayTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; tendon
=
(2)
4(2 ) + 6(4) + 4(6) + 3(5.17 ) + 2(20.27 ) + 3(27.77 )

= 10.27in.
22
KNna bearing capacity rbs;ebtugenARtg;bg; anchorage device

kMlaMgtamCYredk Pu1 / Pu3 = 4(0.153)(270,000) = 165,240lb
Pu 2 = 6(0.153)(270,000) = 247,860lb
Pu 4 Pu 6 = 8(0.153)(270,000) = 123,930lb
Pu 5 = 2(0.153)(270,000) = 82,620lb
kMlaMgsgt; ultimate srub = 165,250(2) + 247,860 + 123,930(2) + 82,620

= 908,820lb
RkLaprbs; rigid bearing plates EdlRT anchorage chucks

Ab = 16 12 + 8 16 = 320in.2
908,820
fb =
= 2,840 psi
320
BIsmIkar 4.16 a nig b, bearing pressure GnuBaatGtibrmaenAelIebtugKW

f b 0.7f 'ci
A / Ag
f b 2.25f 'ci
snt;faersIusg;edImrbs;ebtugenAeBlrgkugRtaMgKW
f 'ci = 0.75 f 'c = 0.75 5,000 = 3,750 psi
RkLapcMpit A rbs;ebtugEdlman bearing plate = 18 16 + 10 18 = 468in.2

468
Bearing stress GnuBaat f b = 0.7 0.90 3,750
320
= 2,860 psi > 2,840 psi
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.14b Gt;lub.

KUrKMrU strut-and tie nigeRCIserIs anchorage reinforcement
eRCIserIscMgay a dUcenAkgrUbTI 4>39(b) cenaHkMlaMgBIr Pu5 Pu6 = 7.5in.
dUcenH kMBs; a / 2 BIxagmux anchorage = 72.5 = 3.75in. yk 4in.
sg; strut-and-tie edaysnt;vamanTMrg;dUckgrUbTI 4>39(b). Tension tie
mankMlaMgcenaH 33,495lb nig 102,024lb . edayeRCIserIs tie Edlman
Bearing stress
(3)
167
T.Chhay
kMlaMgFMCageKKW 102,024lb nigedayeRbIEdkkg confining reinforcement

GkSr U biTCit #3 enAkgtMbn; anchorage
ersIusg;TajkgmYykg = f y Av
= 0.90 60,000 2(0.11) = 11,880lb
102,024
=
= 8.59
11,880
cMnYnEdkkgEdlRtUvkar
eRbIEdkkgGkSr U biTCit #3 cMnYn 9 kg.
edaysakl,gEdkkgGkSr U biTCit #4 enAkgtMbn;sgt;Ek,rbg;

anchorage device kgkrNIenH eKkGacsnt;eRbIkMlaMgRbhak;RbEhknwg
102,024lb .
ersIusg;Tajrbs; confining tie #4 mYy = 0.9 60,000 20(0.20) = 21,600lb
168
NPIC
,024
cMnYn tie = 102
= 4.7
eRbIEdkkgGkSr U biTCit #4 cMnYn 5
21,600
edayeRbobeFobdMeNaHRsay (a) nig (b) eyIgTTYlyk confining reinforcement
enAkgtMbn; anchorage elIRbEvg h = 45in. BIcugFwmdUcxageRkam
eRbIEdkkg #4 cMnYn 5 kgedaycab;epImenARtg; 1.5in. BIbg; anchorage
device nigmanKMlatBIKa 1.5in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS. bnab;mkbnCamYynwgEdkkg
cMnYn 9 kg edaymanKMlatBIKa 5in. elIcMgay 40in. . cMNaMfa RbsinebIeKsnt;cMnYn
ExSKng compression strut kan;Ettic kMlaMg tenion tie nwgeFVIeGay confining
reinforcement kan;EteRcIn.
9> KNnamuxkat;rgkarBt;eRkamlkxN Ultimate Strength

Ultimate Strength Flexural Design
k> m:Um:g;eRbH
Cracking-Load Moment
dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 1 PaBxusKadsMxan;mYyrvagebtugeRbkugRtaMg nigebtugGarem:

KW karcakqayCabnbnab;rbs; compressive C-line enAkgFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgBI tensile cgs line enA
eBlEdlbnkkan;EtekIneLIg. eKGacniyayma:geTotfa dXas;rbs; couple xagkgekIneLIgeTA
tamkarekIneLIgrbs;bnkedaymineFVIkarpas;brkugRtaMg f pe enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg. m:Um:g;Bt;enAEt
bnekIneLIgenAeBlEdlbnkefr nigbnkGefrEdldak;bEnmBIelImanGMeBI ehUtdl;kugRtaMgsgt;rbs;
ebtugenAsrsxageRkamRtg;nIv:UEdkrbs;FwmTMrsamBaesInwgsUn. eKehAdMNak;kalnkugRtaMgenHfa
sanPaBbnykugRtaMgsgt; (limit of decompression). bnkbEnmxageRkA bbnkelIseFVIeGayekIt
mansameRbHenApxageRkam EdlkugRtaMgTajekItBIm:Um:g;eRbH (cracring moment) EdlbNalmkBI
bnkeRbHdMbUg (first cracking load) eTAdl;m:UDuldac; (modulus of rupture) f r . enAdMNak;kalenH
EdkekInkugRtaMgPam ehIykugRtaMgTajRtUv)aneprBIebtugeTAEdk.
rUbTI 4>40 bgajBIbnk nigkugRtaMgEdkenAdMNak;kalepSgnkardak;bnk. vaminRtwmEt
bgajBIExSekagbnk-kMhUcRTg;RTay EdlrYmmankarpas;brCMraly:agrhsenAeBlrg first cracking
load b:ueNaHeT vaEfmTaMgbgajBIkarpas;TItaMgrbs;ExSekageRkayBIrg decompression enAkg
bonded prestressed beam. bnab;BIcMnucpas;TIenH eKminGacKitfaFwmeFVIkarCalkNeGLasiceT
169
T.Chhay
ehIykarrt;eLIgelIrbs; compressive C-line sitenAnwg befrEdleFIVeGaymuxkat;cab;epImeFVIkarCa

muxkat;ebtugGarem:EdlmandXas;m:Um:g;efr.
eKcaM)ac;RtUvKNna first cracking load edaysarmankarkat;bnyPaBrwgRkajrbs;muxkat;

(section stiffness) dUcenHehIyeKRtUvBicarNaBIkarekIneLIgrbs;PaBdab. elIsBIenH eKRtUvRtYt
BinitBITMhMTTwgsameRbHedIm,IkarBarERcHsIuEdk.
kugRtaMgsrsrbs;ebtugenARtg;prgkarTajKW
fb =
Pe ecb M cr
= fr
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
Edl m:UDuldac; f r = 7.5

+ M L ) . BIsmIkar 4.24
f 'c
(4.24)
nigm:Um:g;eRbH M cr Cam:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs; (M D + M SD
r2
M cr = f r Sb + Pe e +
cb
(4.25)
cMNaMfatY r 2 / cb CatMl upper kern rbs; kt dUcenH Per 2 / cb Cam:Um:g;eGLasicEdlRtUvkaredIm,I

dMeLIg C-line BInIv:UEdkeRbkugRtaMgeTAcMnuc upper kern edaymankugRtaMgTajesIsUnenAsrsxag
170
NPIC
eRkam. dUcenHtY f r Sb Cam:Um:g;bEnmEdlRtUvkaredIm,IeFVIeGaymansameRbHdMbUgenAsrsrgkarTaj

xageRkAedaysarGMeBInbnkelIs (overload) dUcCaenAsrsxageRkamnmuxkat;kNalElVgrbs;
FwmTMrsamBa.
x> eRbkugRtaMgedayEpk
Partial Prestressing
Bak partial prestressing CaBakEdleKminTan;)ankPaBKaenAeLIyeT edaysarEteKmin

cg;ehAFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgedayEpkeT EdleKGaceFVIeGayeKRcLM. Partial prestressing BiBNnaBIFwm
eRbkugRtaMgEdleKeRbIEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMgbEnmedIm,IRKb;RKgkarrIkral nigTMhMTTwgrbs;sameRbH
nigkarrYmcMENkrbs;vaeTAkg ultimate flexural moment strength. GtRbeyaCn_dsMxan;BIrrbs;
partial prestessting KWkareRbIR)as;sMParrYmpSMTaMgGs;y:agmanRbsiTPaB nigkarRKb;RKgkMeNag
elIslb;EdlbNalBI long-term creep rbs;ebtugeRkamkugRtaMgsgt;. eKEtgEtKNnaFwmebtug
Garem:Ca underreinforced edIm,IFana ductile failure edayeGayEdkeFVIkardl; yield mun. eKGac
KNnaFwmeRbkugRtaMgCa uderreinforcement edayeRbIPaKryEdkFmtaticEdlnaMeGayEdkrgkar
Tajdac;enAeBl)ak; bkKNnaCa overreinforced edayeRbIPaKryEdkFmtaeRcInEdleFVIeGayebtug
EbkenARtg;srsrgkarsgt;xagelIEdlvamanlkN ductile ticCag.
RbePTnkar)ak;ma:geTotekItmanenARtg;nIv:U first cracking load Edl M cr Rbhak;RbEhl
nwg nominal moment strength M n rbs;muxkat;. RbePTnkar)ak;enHGacekItmanenAkgGgt;Edl
rgeRbkugRtaMg nigBRgwgedayEdkCamYynwgbrimaNEdktic bekItmanenAkgGgt;EdlrgeRbkugRtaMgcM
pitCamYynwgbrimaNEdktic benAkgGgt;muxkat;Rbehag.
CaTUeTA eKENnaMeGayKNnabrimaNm:Um:g;eRbH M cr edIm,IkMNt;ersIusg; nigEdnkMNt;rbs;
overload Edlmuxkat;KNnaman.
K> karkMNt;m:Um:g;eRbH
Cracking Moment Evaluation
]TahrN_ 4>8 KNnam:Um:g;eRbH M enAkgFwmmuxkat;GkSr In]TahrN_ 4>2 ehIykMNt;TMhMrbs;

cr
EdlFwmGacTb;Tl;)anenAeBlm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug. ehIyKNnaemKuNsuvtiPaB
EdlFwmGacRbqaMgnwgsameRbHEdlbNalBI overload. eKeGay f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 5,000
= 530 psi (3.7 MPa ) .
overload moment
171
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN_ 4>2

Pe = 308,225lb(1,371kN )
r 2 / cb = 187.5 / 18.84 = 9.95in.(25.3cm)
Sb = 3,750in.3 61,451cm3
ec = 14in.(35.6cm)
M D + M SD = 2,490,638in. lb(281kN .m )
M L = 7,605,000in. lb(859kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.25
r2
M cr = f r Sb + Pe e + = 530 3,750 + 308,255(14 + 9.95)
cb
= 9,370,207in. lb
M T = M D + M SD + M L = 2,490,638 + 7,605,000
= 10,095,638in. lb(1,141kN .m )
overload moment = M T M cr = 10,095,638 9,370,207
= 725,431in. lb(83kN .m )
edaysarEt M T > M cr FwmmansameRbHedaysarkugRtaMgTajenAeBlrg service load

dUckarsnt;kgkarKNnaenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2. emKuNsuvtiPaBRbqaMgnwgsameRbHKW
M cr 9,370,207
=
= 0.93
M T 10,095,638
RbsinebIm:Um:g;edaysarbnkeFVIkar M T tUcCag M cr emKuNsuvtiPaBRbqaMgnwgsameRbHnwgFM

Cag 1 dUcenAkg nonpartially prestressed member.
cMNaMfa enAeBleKeRbI nonprestressed member edIm,IbegIt partially prestressed
section m:Um:g;emKuNsrub M n 1.2 M cr dUckarTamTareday ACI Code.
10> emKuNbnk nigemKuNersIusg;

Load and Strength Factors
k> PaBTukcit nigsuvtiPaBrbs;eRKogbgM<ebtug

Reliability and structural safety of Concrete Components
viFIEdl)anbegIteLIgcMnYnbIenAkgTsvtSr_fIman\TiBly:agxaMgeTAelIdMeNIrkarKNnana
172
NPIC
eBlbcb,n kdUcCanaeBlGnaKtKW karekIneLIgy:ageRcInnkarKNnaGgt;ebtugtamkarBiesaF nig

karviPaK/ viFIRbU)ablIetedIm,IBiBNnaBIkareFVIkarrbs;Ggt;ebtug/ nigkareRbIRbBnkMuBTrsMrab;viPaKBI
suvtiPaB nigPaBTukcitnRbBn. rhUtdl;eBlfIenH emKuNsuvtiPaBPaKeRcInkgkarKNnaKWQrelI
karBiesaF. edaysarbTBiesaFn_bEnmrYmnwgcMeNHdwgBIkar)ak;kdUcCakarsuaMCamYynwglkNrbs;eb
tug emKuNsuvtiPaBRtUv)anEksMrYl EdlPaKeRcInRtUv)ankat;bny.
enAkgqaM 1956/ Baker )anesInUvviFIdgayRsYlmYynkarkMNt;emKuNsuvtiPaB dUcbgaj
enAkgtarag 4>8 edayQrelIkarvaytMltamRbU)ablIet. viFIenHKitfaTMgn;RbePTepSgKaKYreRbIem
KuNsuvtiPaBxusKaEdlman\TiBldl;karKNna. \TiPBl)ak;lMeGog (weight failure effect) Wt
sMrab;ktaepSgn workmanship, lkxNnkardak;bnk/ lTplnkar)ak;/ niglTPaBTb;Tl;
RtUv)aneerobcMdak;enAkg tarag.
emKuNsuvtiPaBRbqaMgnwgkar)ak;KW
S .F . = 1.0 +
Wt
10
(4.26)
EdltMllMeGogsrubGtibrmarbs;)a:ra:Em:RtTaMgGs;Edlman\TiBleTAelIkareFVIkaresInwg 10.0 .
niyayma:geTot emKuNsuvtiPaBsMrab;karbnSMlkxNEdlGaRkk;bMputEdlman\TiBlelIkareFVIkar
rbs;eRKOgbgM S.F . = 2.0 .
173
T.Chhay
viFIma:geTotCamYynwgcMnYn)a:ra:Em:RtRbU)ablIetEdledaHRsayCamYynwgbnk nigersIusg;tUc
Cag. CaTUeTA viFIenHmanlkNRsedogKasMrab;eRKOgbgMEdk nigeRKOgbgMebtug. TaMg load-andresistance-factor-design method (LRFD) nig first-order second-moment method (FOSM) esI
nUvdMeNIrkarEdlTukcitCaTUeTAsMrab;vaytMllkNvinicynkarKNnabnkemKuNEdlQrelIRbU)a:blIet (probability-based factored load design criteria).
snt;fa i tMNageGayemKuNersIusg;rbs;Ggt;ebtug ehIy i CaemKuNbnksMrab;RbePT
epSgrbs;bnk. RbsinebI Rn CaersIusg;Fmta (nominal resistance) rbs;Ggt;ebtug nig Wi Ca
\TiBlbnksMrab;RbePTepSgnbnkdak;BIelI
i Rn iWi
(4.27)
Edl i Cabnk dUcCabnkefr/ bnkGefr/ bnkxl; b\TiBlGaRsynwgeBl>>>

rUbTI 4>41(a) nig (b) bgajBIkarEbgEck frequency dac;edayELkBIKanbnkCak;Esg W
nigersIusg; R EdlmantMlmFm R nig W . rUbTI 4>41(c) bgajBIkarRtYtelIKankarEbgEck
TaMgBIr ehIykat;KaRtg;cMnuc C .
eRKOgbgMnwgmansuvtiPaB nigGacTukcit)anenAeBlEdlbnk W sitenAxageqVgcMnuc C elI
ExSekag W ehIyersIusg; R sitenAxagsaMcMnuc C elIExSekag R . m:agvijeTot eRKOgbgMnwg)ak;
RbsinebIbnk bersIusg;sitenAkgpqUtenAkgrUbTI 4>41(c). RbsinebI CasnsSn_suvtiPaB
(safety index) enaH
=
R +W
R2 + W2
(4.28)
Edl R nig W Ca standard deviation nersIusg; nigbnk erogKa.

daRkamrbs; safety index sMrab;RbBneRKOgbgMEdlsnt;RbqaMgnwgRbU)ablIetnkar)ak;
rbs;RbBnRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>42. eKGacsegteXIjfaRbU)ablIetenHfycuHenAeBlEdl
PaBxusKan R nig W ekIneLIg bPaBERbRbYlnersIusg;Edlvas;eday standard deviation R nig
W RtUv)ankat;bny EdleFIVeGaypqUtenAxageRkamcMnuc C enAkgrUbTI 4>41(c) rYmtUc.
karbegInPaBxusKan R W bkarkat;bny R b W RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayBicarNaelI
lkNesdkic. eKGacTTYl)annUvlkxNsuvtiPaBedaykareRCIserIstMl safety index tamry
kareRCIserIs Rn nigWi dsmRsbedayeRbIemKuNersIusg; i nig emKuNbnk i smrm enAkgsmIkar
174
NPIC
. eKesInUvtMl safety index enAcenaH 1.75 eTA 3.2 sMrab;eRKOgbgMebtug EdltMltUcbMput

sMrab;karBarbnSMbnkEdlmanxl; nigrBaydI.
4.27
175
T.Chhay
RbsinebI U i CabnkxageRkAemKuN enaH iW = U i sMrab;karbnSMbnkepSg. kgkrNIbnSM

bnkEdlminmanvtmanRBwl nigsMBaFxag tMl U i EdlENnaMenAkg ASCE-7 Standard nig IBC
2000 sMrab; U i GtibrmaedIm,IeRbIenAkgsmIkar 4.2 Edl i Rn iWi U i max KW
U = i Rn = max[1.2 D + 1.6 L ]
(4.29)
11> emKuNbnkACI nigkMritsuvtiPaB

ACI Load Factors and Safety Margins
k> eKalkarN_TUeTA
General Principles
emKuNbnk nigemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; eGaynUvemKuNsuvtiPaBTaMGs;EdlQrelI

RbePTbnukEdl
S .F . =
1D + 2 L 1
D+L
(4.30)
Edl CaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; ehIy 1 nig 2 CaemKuNbnksMrab;bnkefr D nigbnkGefr L

erogKa. CaTUeTA eKeRbIemKuNEtmYysMrab;bnkefr nigemKuNmYyepSgeTotsMrab;bnkGefr. emKuN
176
NPIC
kat;bnyersIusg;ERbRbYleTAtamRbePTkugRtaMg. eKRtUvbEnmemKuNeTAelIbnkeFVIkarEdl)an)a:n;
sanedayKuNnwgemKuNbnkdUcCa 1.2 sMrab;bnkefr nig 1.6 sMrab;bnkGefr EdlbnSMbnkeKal
bnkTMnajCaplbUkrvagbnkefr nigbnkGefr. edaysarbnkGefrRtUv)an)a:n;sanedayeRbITMgn;n
bnkminzitezr dUcCamnusS nigeRKOgsgarwm dUcenHeKBi)aknwg)a:n;santMlrbs;va)ansuRkitdUcbnk
efrNas;. edaysarmUlehtuenHehIyeTIbemKuNrbs;bnkGefrFMCagemKuNbnkefr.
x> smIkaremKuNbnk ACI
ACI Load Factors Equations
sMrab;eRKOgbgMebtugCa international code. dUcenHvaGnueLameTA

tam International Building Code, IBC 2000, IBC 2003 ehIyvaRsbeTAtam ASCE-7 Standard
on Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. sg;darTaMgBIrmantMlRbU)a:blIetdUcKasMrab;emKuNersIusg;suvtiPaBEdlrMBwgTuk i Rn Edl CaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;Edl
GaRsynwgRbePTrbs;kugRtaMgEdlBicarNaenAkgkarKNna EdlrYmmandUcCa karBt;begag karkat;
bkarsgt;.l.
dUcenH bnkKNna bbnkemKuN (design load or factored load) ACI fI U RtUvmantMl
y:agehacNas;esInwgtMlEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 4.31(a) dl; (g). eRKOgbgMTaMgGs;kMrnwgrgEtGMeBI
bnkefr nigGefrNas; dUcenHeKRtUveFVIkarGegtBIGMeBIrbs;\TiBlbnkmYy beRcIneFIVkarkgeBlEt
mYy. smIkarxageRkambgajBIbnSMbnksMrab;sanPaBEdlmanKitbBalxl; rBaydI bsMBaFxag
EdlbNalBIdIbMeBj bTwk
ACI 318 Building Code
Edl
U = 1 .4 ( D + F )
(4.31a)
U = 1.2(D + F + T ) + 1.6(L + H ) + 0.5(Lr or S or R )
(4.31b)
U = 1.2 D + 1.6(Lr or S or R ) + (1.0 L or 0.8W )
(4.31c)
U = 1.2 D + 1.6W + 0.5 L + 1.0(Lr or S or R )
(4.31d)
U = 1 .2 D + 1 .0 E + 1 .0 L + 0 .2 S
(4.31e)
U = 0.9 D + 1.6W + 1.6 H
(4.31f)
U = 0 .9 D + 1 .0 E + 1 .6 H
(4.31g)
bnkefr/ E = bnkrBaydI/ F = bnksMBaFxagrbs;Twk

H = bnkEdl)anBITMgn; nigsMBaFxagrbs;dI nigTwkenAkgdI
L = bnkGefr/ Lr = bnkdMbUl/ R = bnkTwkePg/ S = bnkRBwl/ W = bnkxl;
D=
177
T.Chhay
krNIelIkElg
(a) eKGnuBaateGaykat;bnyemKuNbnkrbs; L enAkgsmIkar 4.31(c) eTAdl; 4.31(e)
mkRtwm 0.5 elIkElgyandan/ kEngsMrab;saFarN nigTIkEngEdlmanbnkGefr
FMCag 100lb / ft 2 (4.79kN / m2 )
(b) Code GnuBaateGayeRbI 1.3W CMnYseGay 1.6W enAkgsmIkar 4.31(d) nig 4.31(f)
sMrab;bnkxl;Edlmin)ankat;bnyedayemKuNTisedA (directionaly factor).
(c) eKKYreRbI 1.4 E CMnYseGay 1.0 E enAkgsmIkar 4.31(e) nig4.31(g) enAeBlEdlbnk
TMnaj E RtUv)ankMNt;edayQrelI service-level seismic forces.
(d) eKeGayemKuNrbs; H esInwgsUnenAkgsmIkar 4.31(f) nig 4.31(g) RbsinebIGMeBIEdl
bNalBI H RtUv)anRbqaMgedayGMeBIEdlbNalBI W b E . eKminRtUvKitbBalsMBaF
xagrbs;dIEdlpl;ersIusg;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIrbs;bnkepSgeToteTAkg H eT EteKRtUvKit
bBalvaeTAkgersIusg;KNna (design resistance).
eKRtUveFVIbnSMbnkeRcInRbePTedIm,IkMNt;lkxNKNnaEdleRKaHfak; CaBiessenAeBlEdl
ersIusg;GaRsynwg\TiBlbnkeRcInCagmYy dUcCaersIusg;sMrab;bnSMkarBt; nigbnktamGkS bersIusg;
kat;enAkgGgt;EdlmanrgbnktamGkS.
!> karkat;bnybnkGefr Reduction in Live Loads
sMrab;pFM eKmanehtuplnwgsnt;faGaMgtg;sIuetnbnkGefrTaMgGs;minGacRKbdNb;elIp
eBj)aneT. dUcenH Ggt;Edlmanprg\TiBl (influence area) cab;BI 400 ft 2 (37.2m2 ) eLIgeTAeK
GaceRbIsmIkarxageRkamedIm,IKNnabnkGefrkat;bny
15
(xat US)
AI KitCa ft 2
(4.32a)
L = Lo 0.25 +
A
I
4.57
L = Lo 0.25 +
AI
Edl
xat SI)
AI
KitCa m2
(4.32b)
bnkGefrKNnakat;bny
Lo = bnkGefrKNnaEdlminkat;bny
AI = Influence area . sMrab;eRKOgbgMepSgeRkABI cantilevered construction AI Caprg
sMBaFsMrab;ssr. AI CaprgsMBaFsMrab;Fwm bRkLapEdlesInwgkMralxNBIrTis.
L=
178
NPIC
bnkKNnakat;bnyminGactUcCag 50% nbnkGefr Lo sMrab;eRKOgbgMEdlmanmYyCan;

nigminRtUvtUcCag 40% nbnkGefr Lo sMrab;eRKOgbgMEdlmaneRcInCagmYyCan;. eKminRtUveFVIkar
kat;bnybnkGefreT sMrab;bnkGefrEdlmanTMhMtUcCagbesInwg 100lb / ft 2 (4.79kN / m 2 ). sMrab;
yandanEdlmanrfynBIreKGackat;bnyy:ageRcInRtwm 20% .
K> ersIusg;KNna nigersIusg;Fmta emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;

Design Strength vs Nominal Strength: Strength-Reduction Factor
ersIusg;rbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgMEdlKNnaedayeRbIkarbnSMbnkxagelICa nominal strength.

Ca]TahrN_ sMrab;FwmersIusg;m:Um:g;nmuxkat;EdlKNnaedayeRbIsmIkarlMnwg niglkNrbs;ebtug
nigEdkRtUv)aneKehAfa nominal strength moment M n edIm,IKitBIPaBminsuRkitkgkarsagsg; dUcCa
TMhM bTItaMgrbs;Edk bbMErbMrYlrbs;lkN. ersIusg;kat;bnyrbs;Ggt;RtUv)ankMNt;Ca design
strength rbs;Ggt;.
sMrab;Fwm ersIusg;m:Um:g;KNna (design moment strength) M n KYrmantMlesI EtCakar
RbesIrKYrmantMlFMCagm:Um:g;emKuNxageRkA (external factore moment) M u bnicbnc sMrab;lkxNEdlGaRkk;nbnkemKuN U . emKuN ERbRbYleTAtamRbePTepSgnkareFVIkar (behavior)
rbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgM nigERbRbYleTAtamRbePTrbs;eRKOgbgM. ]TahrN_ sMrab;FwmrgkarBt; = 0.9 .
sMrab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgFmtargbnksgt;CaeKal emKuN = 0.65 . mUlehtuEdlersIusg;kat;bnyersIusg;rbs;ssrmantMltUcCagedaysarssrCaeRKOgbgMsMxan;EdlRTeRKOgbgMsrub

179
T.Chhay
nigedIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarrlMCabnbnab; nigkar)ak;edayRsYyEdlminmanRbkasGasnCamun. m:ageTot

FwmRtUv)anKNnaedayeGayrgnUvPaBdabFMmunnwg)ak;. dUcenH lTPaBrbs;FwmsMrab;karRbkasGasn
muneBl)ak;GnuBaateGayeRbIemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;FMCag.
tarag 4>9 segbemKuNersIusg; sMrab;Ggt;eRKOgbgMepSgEdlpl;eGayeday ACI Code.
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;rbs; AASHTO AASTHO Strength-Reduction Factors
karBt;begag = 1.0 sMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab;EdlplitenAeragcRk
= 0.95 sMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgTajCaeRkayEdlcak;enAkardan
karkat; nigkarrmYl = 0.90 sMrab;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg
emIlemKuNepSgeTotrbs; LRFD nig Standard AASTHO enAkgCMBUkTI 12.
12>
Limit State in Flexure at Ultimate Load in Bonded Members:

Decompression to Ultimate Load
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgcab;epImeFVIkardUcFwmebtugGarem:enAeBlEdltMlrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;enAqayBI
m:Um:g;eRbH M cr nigm:Um:g;bnkeFIVkarsrub M T . sameRbHcab;epImekItmanenAeBlkugRtaMgTajenAkg
ebtugenARtg;srsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;FMCagkugRtaMgGtibrma f r 7.5 f 'c . munnwg
eTAdl;kugRtaMgenH overload begItkugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugenARtg;nIv:Urbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgedIm,Ikat;
bnyCabnbnab;rhUtdl;vaesInwgsUn EdleKeGayeQaHfa decompression load. kMritkugRtaMgenA
kg tendon RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa decompression stress emIlrUbTI 4>3 nig 4>43.
GkGegtxHkMNt; decompression load CabnkEdlsameRbHTImYyelceLIgenARtg;srs
xageRkAnmuxkat;eRKaHfak; dUcCasrsxageRkamrbs;muxkat;kNalElVgnFwmTMrsamBa. PaB
xusKatictYcekItmanenAkgkarviPaKedayeRbIkarkMNt;niymnyrbs; decompression load enH.
edIm,IeFVItamsanPaBnkardak;bnkCaCMhan snt;faeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe eRkamGMeBI
bnkeFVIkarEdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs;begIt)anCabMErbMrYlrageFob (strain) 1 dUcxageRkam
1 = pe =
f pe
E ps
(4.33a)
180
NPIC
eRkamGMeBI decompression, enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgsgt;enACMuvijebtugenARtg;nIv:UEdkeRbkugRtaMgman

tMlesIsUnedaysarkugRtaMgTajEdlbNalBI overload enaH decompression strain decomp = 2
pl;lTpldUcxageRkam
2 = decomp =
Pe
Ac Ec
e2
1 +
r2
(4.33b)
rUbTI 4>43 nigrUbTI 4>44 bgajBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgenAeBlrg nigeRkayeBlrg decompression

EdlFwmeRbkugRtaMgcab;epImeFVIkarRsedognwgFwmebtugGarem:.
edaysarbnkxiteTACitsanPaBcugeRkay bMErbMrYlrageFobbEnm 3 enAkgEdkbnBIkarEbg
EckkugRtaMgragRtIekaNdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>44(b) Edl compressive strain Gtibrma enARtg;
srsrgkarsgt;xageRkAKW c = 0.003mm / mm . enAkgkrNIEbbenH karekIneLIgnbMErbMrYlrag
eFobrbs;Edkedaysar overload EdlbEnmBIelI decompression load KW
d c
3 = c
(4.33c)
Edl c CakMBs;GkSNWt. dUcenH bMErbMrYlrageFobsrubenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;dMNak;kalenH

kayCa
s = 1 + 2 + 3
(4.33d)
eKGacTTYl)ankugRtaMg f ps enARtg; nominal strength y:aggayRsYlBIdaRkamkugRtaMg-bMErbMrYl

rageFobrbs;EdkEdlpl;eGayedayplitkr.
181
T.Chhay
182
NPIC
x> bkctuekaNsmmUl nigersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmta

The Equivalent Retangular Block and Nominal Moment Strength
vamansarsMxan;Nas;EdleKGackMNt;ersIusg;EdlbMrugTukenAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMgmunnwg)ak;
dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 1. dUcenH eKKYrbBalersIusg;m:Um:g;nmuxkat;eRbkugRtaMgeTAkgkar
KNnasrubsMrab;karRtYtBinitGMeBIrbs;bnkeFVIkar Edlmanerobrab;lMGitenAkgEpkTI1 dl;TI7 n
CMBUkenH. karsnt;xageRkamRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IkMNt;BIlkNeFIVkarrbs;muxkat;eRkamGMeBI ultimate
load.
!> snt;fakarEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFobmanlkNbnat; bsmamaRt (linear). karsnt;enHKW
QrelI Bernoullis hypothesis Edlfamuxkat;erobesIenAEterobesImuneBlrgkarBt;
ehIyEkgeTAnwgGkSNWteRkayeBlrgkarBt;.
@> bMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;Edk nigebtugEdlenACMuvijEdkmuneBlebtugeRbH b Edk yield dUcKa
eRkayeBlebtugeRbH bEdk yield.
#> ebtugexSaykgkarTaj. vaeRbHenAdMNak;kaldMbUgnkardak;bnkKWenARbEhlCa 10% n
ersIusg;rgkarsgt;kMNt;rbs;va. dUcenH eKminKitmuxkat;ebtugenAkgtMbn;TajsMrab;kar
viPaK nigkarKNnamuxkat;rgkarBt; ehIyeKsnt;EdkTajTTYlykkMlaMgTajTaMgGs;.
edIm,IbMeBjlkxNlMnwgnkMlaMgedk kMlaMgsgt; C enAkgebtugRtUvesInwgkMlaMgTaj T enA
kgEdk. Edl
C =T
(4.34)
nimitsBaaenAkgrUbTI 4>44 RtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam

b = TTwgrbs;FwmenARCugsgt;
d = kMBs;rbs;FwmEdlvas;BIsrssgt;xageRkAbMputeTAkan;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;RkLapEdk
h = kMBs;srubrbs;Fwm
K> viFIbMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt;sMrab;karviPaK nigkarKNnamuxkat;

Strain Limits Method for Analysis and Design
!> eKalkarN_TUeTA General Principles

eBlxHeKeGayeQaHviFIenHfa unified method. muxkat;ebtugGaceTAdl;ersIusg;Bt;Fmta
(nominal flexural strength) enAeBlEdlbMErbMrYlrageFobedaykarsgt;suT (net compressive
183
T.Chhay
enAsrssgt;xageRkAbMput xiteTArkEdnkMNt;rbs; ACI Code KW 0.003mm / mm . enA

eBlEdlbMErbMrYlrageFobedaykarTajsuT (net tensile strain) t mantMlFMRKb;RKan;EdltMlenaH
FMCag besInwg 0.005mm / mm enaHkareFVIkarrbs;vamanlkNsVit (ductile). eKkMNt;lkNrbs;
muxkat;FwmCamuxkat;rgkarTaj (tension-controlled) CamYynwgkarRbkasGasnBIkar)ak;edaybgaj
nUvsameRbHeRcIn nigPaBdabFM.
RbsinebI net tensile strain enAsrsrgkarTajxageRkAbMput t mantMltUcdUcenAkgGgt;
rgkarsgt; EdltUcCag besInwg compression-controlled strain limit enaHeKrMBwgfavanwg)ak;eday
lkNRsYy (brittle) edaymankarRbkasGasntictYcbMputmunnwg)ak;. CaTUeTA Ggt;rgkarBt;Ca
Ggt; tention-controlled Ggt;rgkarsgt;CaGgt; compression-controlled. b:uEn sMrab;muxkat;xH
dUcCamuxkat;EdlrgbnktamGkStUcEtrgm:Um:g;Bt;FM net tensile strain t enAelIsrsTajxageRkA
nwgmantMlcenaHsanPaBkMNt;bMErbMrYlrageFobBIrKW compression-controlled strain limit t =
f y / Es = 60,000 / 29 106 = 0.002 nig tension-controlled strain limit t = 0.005 . rUbTI 4>45
bgajBItMbn;TaMgbIenH kdUcCabMErbMrYlnemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;EdlGacGnuvt)anenAkgcMNat;fak;
srubnkareFVIkarrbs;Ggt;.
strain)
184
NPIC
sMrab; tension-controlled state, bMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt; (strain limit) t = 0.005 RtUvnwg

pleFobEdk (reinforcement ratio) / b = 0.63 Edl b CapleFobEdklMnwg (balanced reinforcement ratio) sMrab;bMErbMrYlrageFoblMnwg (balanced strain) t = 0.005 . Net tensile strain
t = 0.005 sMrab; tensioned-controlled state CatMleTalEdlGacGnuvteTAkgRKb;RbePTEdk
edayminKitfavaCaEdkFmta bEdkeRbkugRtaMgeT. pleFobEdkx<s;EdlbegIt net tensile strain tUc
Cag 0.005 eFVIeGaytMlemKuN tUcCag 0.9 EdleFVIeGaymuxkat;minsUvmanlkNesdkic. dUc
enH eKKYrEtEfmEdkrgkarsgt; (compression reinforcement) RbsinebIcaM)ac; bdMeLIgkMBs;muxkat;
edIm,IeFVIeGay strain enARtg; extreme tension reinforcement t 0.005 .
bMErbMrYlrbs; CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgbMErbMrYlrageFob
eKGackMNt;tMl sMrab; strain cenaH t = 0.002 nig t = 0.005 tam linearly interpolation dUcbgajenAkgsmIkarxageRkam
sMrab;muxkat;EdleRbIEdkkgFmta (tied sections)
0.65 [ = 0.48 + 83 t ] 0.90
(4.35a)
sMrab;muxkat;EdleRbIEdkkgvN (spirally-reinforced sections)

0.70 [ = 0.57 + 67 t ] 0.90
(4.35b)
bMErbMrYlrbs; CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgpleFobkMBs;GkSNWtelIkMBs;RbsiTPaB c / dt
eKGacsMEdgsmIkar 4.35(a) nig 4.35(b) edayeRbIpleFobkMBs;GkSNWt c elIkMBs;RbsiTPaB dt nRsTab;EdkEdlenACitpTajnmuxkat;CageKdUcxageRkam
sMrab;muxkat;EdleRbIEdkkgFmta (tied sections)
0.25
0.65 = 0.23 +
0.90
c / dt
(4.36a)
sMrab;muxkat;EdleRbIEdkkgvN (spirally-reinforced sections)
0.20
0.70 = 0.37 +
0.90
c / dt
(4.36b)
sMrab; balanced strain EdlEdkenARtg;xagTaj yield ehIykgeBlCamYyKaebtugEbkenA

Rtg;psgt; ( f s = f y ) eKGackMNg;pleFobkMBs;GkSNWt sMrab; t = 0.002 dUcxageRkam
c
87,000
=
(xat US)
(4.37)
d
87,000 + f
t
185
T.Chhay
c
600
=
d t 600 + f y
xat SI)
Casegb enAeBlEdl net tensile strain enAkg extreme tension reinforcement FMRKb;RKan;
FMCag besI 0.005 muxkat;RtUv)ankMNt;Ca tension-controlled EdlmankarRbkasGasnnkar)ak;
CamYynwgPaBdabFM.
X> karEbgEckm:Um:g;GviCmaneLIgvijenAkgFwmCab;
Negative Moment Distribution in Continuous Beams
GnuBaatkat;bnym:Um:g;eGLasicGviCman (negative elastic moment) enARtg;TMrrbs;

FwmCab;edayGRtatUcCag [1000 t ] PaKry edaymantMlGtibrmaRtwm 20% . mUlehtuKWedaysar
fa ductile members/ tMbn;snak;)asic (plastic hinge region) ekItmanenARtg;cMnucm:Um:g;Gtibrma
nigeFVIeGaymankarpas;brdaRkamm:Um:g;eGLasic. kgkrNICaeRcIn lTplKWkarkat;bnym:Um:g;GviCman ehIyekIneLIgm:Um:g;viCmanedaytMlRtUvKa. tamkarGnuBaatrbs; code eKGaceFVIkarEbgEckm:U
m:g;GviCmaneLIgvij)anEt kgkrNI t 0.0075 Rtg;muxkat;Edlm:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;bny. eKminGac
GnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijkgkrNIRbBnkMralEdlkMNt;smamaRteday direct design method
(DDM) )aneT.
Code
rUbTI 4>46 bgajBIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGnuBaatsMrab;ersIusg;Gbrma. eKGacRbdUcbMEr

bMrYlrageFobGb,brma 0.0075 enARtg;prgkarTajeTAnwgkrNIEdlpleFobEdksMrab;bnSMEdkeRb
186
NPIC
kugRtaMg nigEdkFmtamansnsSn_Edk (reinforcement index) minFMCag 0.241 dUcEdnx<s;bMput

sMrab;karKNnaedaylkNsVit (ductile design). eKRbdUcbMErbMrYlrageFobGtibrma 0.005 sMrab;
tension-controlled state eTAnwg reinforcement index p = 0.32 1 b T = 0.36 1 dUckarBNna
enAkg Code commentary.
ACI 318 Code ykemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;Gtibrma = 0.90 sMrab; tension-controlled
bending edIm,IeRbIenAkgkarKNnaersIusg;rbs;Ggt;rgkarBt;. vaRtUvnwgpleFobkMBs;GkSNWt
c / d t = 0.375 sMrab;bMErbMrYlrageFob t = 0.005 eKENnaMpleFob c / d t tUcCagenH. sMrab;karEbg
Eckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenAkgFwmCab; eKENnaMeGayykpleFobkMBs;GkSNWttUc. sMrab; net tensil
strain EdlmantMl t = 0.0075 eKeGaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij 7.5% nigsMrab; t = 0.020
eKyk 20% sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>46. Tensile strain enARtg;Edk
rgkarTajxageRkAbMputmantMl
dt
t = 0.003
(4.38a)
Ca]TahrN_ RbsinebI dt = 20in. ehIykMBs;GkSNWt c = 5.1in.

dt
20
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.0088in. / in. > 0.0075in. / in.
5.1
c
t = 0.003
eKGnuvttMlGb,brmasMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijedaylkN inelastic.
enAkgkrNIenH karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGnuBaatGtibrma = 1000 t = 8.8%
tMlm:Um:g;GviCman = (100 8.8) = 91.2%
karEbgEckm:Um:g;Gtibrma 20% mantMlRbhak;RbEhl = 0.241 dUcenAkg code BIxagedIm.
eKGacbgajEdnkMNt;enHedayTMnak;TMng reinforcement index sMrab; bonded prestressed
concrete members dUcxageRkam
p +
d
( ') 0.241
dp
(4.38b)
eTaHbICa code GnuBaatkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGnuBaatGtibrma 20% b [1000 t ]% k

eday EteKKYrkMNt;PaKryEbgEcgm:Um:g;eLIgvijenHRtwmRbEhl 10% 15% CakarRbesIr. Cakar
segb ACI 318-02 code ENnaMfa karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenARtg;TMrrbs;FwmCab;minRtUvFMCag
[1000 t ] PaKry CamYynwgtMlGtibrma 20% dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>46 ehIyeKRtUvdMeLIgm:Um:g;
viCmanenAkNalElVg. b:uEn eKKYreFVIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijtamlkN inelastic EtenAeBlEdl
187
T.Chhay
Rtg;muxkat;Edlm:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;bny. karEktMrUvelIElVgmYykGacGnuvteTAelIElVg
dTepSgeTotTaMgGs;EdlrgkarBt; kMlaMgkat; nigmuxkat;EdlEdkRtUv)anbBab;.
eKKYrcMNaMfa brimaNsrubrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmtaRtUvmantMlRKb;RKan;edIm,IRT
bnkemKuNEdly:agehacesInwg 1.2 dgnm:Um:g;EdleFVIeGayeRbH (cracking load) EdlKNnaeday
QrelIm:UDuldac; f r . eKmineRbIkarpl;eGayrbs; ACI 318 enHsMrab; (a) kMralxNBIrTis unboded
post-tensioned slab nig (b) Ggt;rgkarBt;EdlmanersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;y:agticesI
nwgm:Um:g;eRbHdMbUg (first cracking moment) M cr .
t 0.0075
g> ersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmtarbs;muxkat;ctuekaN
Nominal Moment Strength of Rectangular Sections
karEbgEckkugRtaMgsgt;Cak;EsgenAkgmuxkat;enAeBl)ak;manTMrg;Ca)a:ra:bUlekIn dUcbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 4>44(c). eKRtUvkarcMNayeBleRcInedIm,IKNnamaDrbs;bkkugRtaMgsgt; RbsinebIvaman
rag)a:ra:bUl. eKGaceRbIbkkugRtaMgctuekaNsmmUleday Whitney y:aggayRsYledayminman)at;
bg;PaBsuRkitkgkarKNnakMlaMgsgt; kdUcersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;rbs;muxkat;. bkkugRtaMgsmmUlman
kMBs; a nigersIusg;sgt;mFm 0.85 f 'c . dUcEdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 4>44(d) tMlrbs; a = 1c
RtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIemKuN 1 EdleFVIeGayRkLaprbs;bkctuekaNsmmUlmantMlRbhak;
RbEhlnwgbkkugRtaMg)a:ra:bUl Edlpl;nUvkMlaMgsgt; C mantMlRsedogKakgkrNITaMgBIr.
tMl 0.85 f 'c sMrab;kugRtaMgmFmnbkkugRtaMgsmmUlQrelIlTplBiesaFn_ebtugenAGayuy:agtic 28 f. QrelIkarBiesaF bMErbMrYlrageFobGnuBaatGtibrma 0.003 EdlTTYlykeday
ACI CatMlkMNt;suvtiPaB. eTaHbICamankaresIeLIgnUvTMrg;bkkugRtaMgdUcCaragctuBaykeday keK
TTYlykbkragctukaNsmmUlCaragbksg;darkgkarviPaK nigKNnamuxkat;rbs;ebtugGarem:. Edk
RtUv)ansnt;faeFVIkarCalkN elastoplastic.
edayeRbInUvkarsnt;BIxagedImTaMgGs; daRkamEbgEckkugRtaMgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>44
(c) GacRtUv)anKUreLIgvijdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>44(d). eKGacsresrkMlaMgsgt; C = 0.85 f 'c ab
EdlmaDnbksgt;enARtg; benAEk,r ultimate enAeBlEdlEdkTaj yield ( s > y ) . eKGacsresr
kMlaMgTaj T = Aps f ps . dUcenH eyIgGacsresrsmIkarlMnwg 4.34 EdleGay C = T eLIgvijdUc
xageRkam
Aps f ps = 0.85 f 'c ab
(4.39)
188
NPIC
a = 1c =
Aps f ps
(4.40)
0.85 f 'c b
eKTTYl)anersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmta (nominal moment strength) edayKuN C b T CamYynwgd

Xas;m:Um:g; (d p a / 2) eyIgTTYl)an
a
M n = A ps f ps d p
2
(4.41a)
Edl d p CacMgayBIsrssgt;eTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. PaKryEdk p = Aps / bd p

eGaysMrab;EtersIusg;FmtanEdkeRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaH
f ps
M n = p f ps bd 2p 1 0.59 p
f 'c
(4.41b)
(4.41c)
RbsinebI p Ca reinforcement index = p ( f ps / f 'c ) enaHsmIkar 4.41b kayCa

M n = p f ps bd p2 1 0.59 p
eKkRtUvGnuvtdUcKasMrab;karcUlrYmrbs;EdkTajFmta dUcenHkMBs; a nbksgt;KW

a=
Aps f ps + As f y
0.85 f 'c b
(4.42a)
RbsinebI c = a / 1 enaHbMErbMrYlrageFobenARtg;nIv:UEdkFmta rUbTI 4>44 KW

d c
3 = c
(4.42b)
sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEdkTajFmtaEtminKitbBalEdksgt; smIkar 4.41b nwgkayCa

f ps
f
+ f y bd 2 1 0.59 y
M n = p f ps bd 2p 1 0.59 p
f 'c
f 'c
(4.43a)
beKGacsresrm:ageTot
dp
d
+ As f y 1 0.59 p +
M n = Aps f ps 1 0.59 p +
d p
(4.43b)
Edl = ( f y / f 'c ) enaH
a
a
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d
2
2
(4.43c)
eKGacKitbBalkarcUlrYmrbs;Edksgt;RbsinebIva yield enaH

a=
Aps f ps + As f y A's f y
0.85 f 'c b
(4.44)
Edl b CaTTwgmuxkat;npsgt;rbs;Fwm.
189
T.Chhay
Kitm:Um:g;Rtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;bksgt;enAkgrUbTI 4>47 enaHersIusg;m:Um:g;FmtaenAkgsmIkar

4.43b nwgkayCa
a
a
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d + A's f y d '

2
2
(4.45)
!> ersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmtarbs;muxkat;Edlmansab
Nominal Moment Strength of Flanged Sections
enAeBlEdlkMras;sabsgt; h f tUcCagkMBs;GkSNWt c nigkMBs;bkctuekaNsmmUl a enH

eKGacKitmuxkat;enHCamuxkat;mansabdUcenAkgrUbTI 4>48.
190
NPIC
BIrUbeyIg)an
T p + Ts = T pw + T pf
Edl
(4.46)
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgsgt; = Aps f ps
Ts = Ultimate force enAkgEdkFmta = As f y
T pw = EpknkMlaMgsrubenAkgEdkrgkarTajEdlRtUvkarsMrab;RTnug = Apw f ps
Apw = RkLapEdksrubEdlRtUvnwgkMlaMg T pw
T pf = EpknkMlaMgsrubenAkgEdkTajEdlRtUvkarsMrab;sab C f = 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f
Tp =
C w = 0.85 f 'c bw a
edayCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar 4.46 eyIgTTYl)an
T pw = Aps f ps + As f y 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f
(4.47)
eFVIplbUkkMlaMgTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkgrUbTI 4>48 (c) nig 4>48 (d) eyIg)an

T pw + T pf = C w + C f
enaH
a=
A pw f ps
0.85 f 'c bw
Aps f ps + As f y 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f
(4.48a)
b
(4.48b)
a=
0.85 f 'c bw
eKGacsresrsmIkar 4.45 sMrab;FwmEdlmanEdksgt;eLIgvijedIm,ITTYl)anersIusg;m:Um:g;FmtasMrab;
muxkat;mansabEdlGkSNWtsitenAxageRkAsab a > h f dUcxageRkam edayKitm:Um:g;eFobTIRbCMuTMgn;
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
hf
M n = Apw f ps d p + As f y d d p + 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f d p

2
2
(4.49a)
m:Um:g;KNna (design moment) enAkgkrNIenHKW

M u = M n
(4.49b)
Edl = 0.90 sMrab;karBt;

edIm,IkMNt;fa GkSNWtsitenAxageRkAsab EdlTamTarkarKNnamuxkat;mansab eKRtUv
kMNt;kMlaMgsgt;srub Cn nigkMlaMgTajsrub Tn ehIyeRbobeFobtMlrbs;va. RbsinebI Tp + Tn
enAkgrUbTI 4>48 FMCag C f enaHGkSNWtsitenAxageRkAsab ehIymuxkat;RtUv)anKitCamuxkat;man
sab. RbsinebImindUecaHeT vaRtUv)anKitCamuxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanTTwg b Casabrgkarsgt;.
viFIm:ageTotkgkarkMNt;famuxkat;GacKItCamuxkat;mansabedayKNNatMlkMBs;bkctuekaNsmmUl a BIsmIkar 4.48b bnab;mkeyIgGackMNt;kMBs;GkSNWt c = a / 1 .
191
T.Chhay
@> karkMNt;kugRtaMg)ak;Fmtarbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
f ps
Determination of Prestressing Steel Nominal Failure Stress f ps
eKGackMNt;kugRtaMg f ps rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAeBl)ak;edayeRbIbMErbMrYlrageFobRtUvKa
(strain compatibility) tamrydMNak;kalnkardak;bnkepSgrhUtdl;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
eKRtUvkardMeNIrEbbenHRbsinebI
f pe =
Pe
< 0.50 f pu
Aps
ACI 318 building code

f pe =
(4.50a)
GnuBaateGayeRbIkarKNnaEdlmantMlRbhak;RbEhl RbsinebI
Pe
0.50 f pu
Aps
(4.50b)
CamYynwgsmIkardac;edayELksMrab; bonded nig unbonded members.

Bonded Tendons
smIkarEdl)anBIkarBiesaFsMRab; bonded member KW

p
f pu
d
(
+
')
f ps = f pu 1
p
f 'c d p
1

(4.51)
Edl reinforcement index sMrab;EdkFmtargkarsgt;KW ' = ' ( f y / f 'c ) . RbsinebIeKKitEdksgt;

enAeBlKNna f ps edaysmIkar 4.51 tY [ p ( f pu / f 'c ) + (d / d p )( ')] minRtUvtUcCag 0.17
ehIy d ' minRtUvFMCag 0.15d p . ehIy
p = 0.55 sMrab; f py / f pu EdlmintUcCag 0.80 sMrab; high-strength prestressing bar
p = 0.40 sMrab; f py / f pu EdlmintUcCag 0.85 sMrab; stress-relieved strands
p = 0.28 sMrab; f py / f pu EdlmintUcCag 0.90 sMrab; low-relaxation strands
Bonded Tendons
sMrab;pleFobElVgelIkMBs;tUcCag besI 35
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f ps = f pe + 70 +
Edl
f 'c
100 p
xat US
(4.52a)
xat SI
f 'c
100 p
minRtUvFMCag f py b ( f pe + 60,000)psi b ( f pe + 420)MPa .

sMrab;pleFobElVgelIkMBs;FMCag 35
f 'c
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
xat US
300
f ps
(4.52b)
192
NPIC
f ps = f pe + 70 +
f 'c
300 p
xat SI
minRtUvFMCag f py b ( f pe + 30,000)psi b ( f pe + 210)MPa . rUbTI 4>49 bgaj seating

losses sMrab;RbePT unbonded tendons.
cMNaMfa smIkar AASTHO sMrab;ersIusg;KNna ultimate f ps xusBIsmIkar 4.51 nig 4.52.
Edl
f ps
#> tMlkMNt;rbs;snsSn_Edk
Limiting Values of the Reinforcement Index
snsSn_Edk p CargVas;PaKryEdkenAkgmuxkat; EdlGackMNt;dUcxageRkam

p =
Aps f ps
bd p f 'c
= p
f ps
f 'c
(4.53)
EdkGb,brma
RbsinebIPaKryEdktUcEmnETn muxkat;ebtugnwgexSaykgkarTb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajeRkay
eBlmansameRbH ehIymuxkat;nwgeFVIkaresIrEtdUcCamuxkat;ebtugsuT (plain section). dUcenHeKRtUv
BinitPaKryEdkGb,brma min CamYynwg p min enAkgkarKNnamuxkat;edIm,IkarBarkar)ak;EbbenH.
brimaNsrubrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmtaEdlTamTareday ACI minRtUvtUcCagGVIEdlTamTar
sMrab;begItm:Um:g; M u = M n eT dUcenH
M u 1.2 M cr
(4.54a)
As min = 0.004 A
(4.54b)
Edl M cr QrelIm:UDuldac; f r = 7.5 f 'c psi(0.623 f 'c MPa). EtelIkElgcMeBaHGgt;rgkarBt;

EdlmanersIusg;Bt; nigersIusg; kat;y:agticesInwgBIrdgnbnkemKuNenAkgsmIkar 4.31. dUcKaRkLapGb,brmarbs; bonded nonprestressing reinfocement enAkgFwmEdleKarBtam ACI Code KW
Edl A CaEpkrbs;muxkat;cenaHprgkarTajedaykarBt; nigTIRbCMuTMgn; cgc rbs; gross section.
EdkenHRtUvEbgEckesIkg precompressed tensile zone EdlsitenAEk,rsrsrgkarTaj.
enAkgkMralxN flat plate BIrTis EdlkugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarFMCag
2 f 'c psi (0.17 f 'c MPa ) RkLap bonded nonprestressed steel EdlRtUvkarKW
As =
Edl
Nc
0.5 f y
(4.55a)
f y 60,000 psi (420MPa )

Nc =
kMlaMgTajenAkgebtugEdlbNalBIplbUkbnkefr nigbnkGefr (D + L)
193
T.Chhay
194
NPIC
enAkgtMbn;m:Um:g;GviCmanrbs;kMralxNenARtg;TMrssr RkLapGb,brmarbs;EdkFmtatam
TisnImYyKW
As = 0.00075hl
(4.55b)
kMras;kMralxNsrub
l = RbEvgElVgtamTisRsbnwgEdkEdlkMBugKNna
eKEbgEck As enAkgTTwgkMralxNenAcenaHExSEdlsitenAxageRkAprbs;TMrssr 1.5h .
eKRtUvdak;Edk (bars or wire) y:agticbYntamTisnImYy nigmanKMlatminFMCag 12in.(30cm) .
Edl
h=
EdkGtibrma
RbsinebIPaKryEdkFMeBk muxkat;ebtugnwgeFVIkarCalkN everreinforced Edl nonductile
failure nwgekIteLIgenAeBlebtugEbkdMbUgenARtg;srssgt; EtEdkenAxagTajminTan;eFVIkardl;
yield. eKEtKNnamuxkat;FwmebtugGarem:CalkN underreinforced CamYynwgbMErbMrYlrageFob
t = 0.005 dUcEdl)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
b:uEn sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMg eKminGacGnuvtEtkgkrNI underreinforced )aneT. kMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMg Pi nig Pe enAeBlepr nigenAeBlrg service load RKb;RKgtMlnRkLapEdkTajEdlcaM)ac;
edayrYmbBalTaMgEdkFmtapg. elIsBIenH tMlrbs; yield strength nigtMlrbs; yield strain
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgminRtUv)ankMNt;eT. dUcenH eKKNnaFwmeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IbMeBjRKb;tMrUvkarbnk
eFVIkarEdlGaceFVIkarCa underreinforcement b overreinforcement enAsanPaBkMNt;n ultimateload design CaBiessRbsinebIvaCa partially prestressed beam.
edIm,IFanakareFVIkarCalkNsVit (ductility), ACI code kMNt;PaKryrbs;EdkedaymineGay
reinforcement index p minRtUvFMCag 0.361 cMNaMfaeKGacRbdUc 0.321 eTAnwg 0.005 .
0.05( f 'c 4,000)
1 = 0.85
0.65
xat US
(4.56)
1,000
0.05( f 'c 28)
1 = 0.85
0.65
xat SI
7
dUcerobrab;enAkg Code commentary sMrab;muxkat;EdlmanEtEdkeRbkugRtaMg
p = p
f ps
f 'c
0.321
(4.57a)
sMrab;muxkat;EdlmanEdkTaj nigEdksgt;Fmta
195
T.Chhay
Edl
nig
' =
d
( ') 0.361
p +
dp
As f y
(4.57b)
bdf 'c
A's f y
bdf 'c
sMrab;muxkat;mansab
d
(w 'w ) 0.361
pw +
dp
(4.57c)
Edl pw / w nig 'w RtUv)anKNnatamrebobdUcKanwgsmIkar 4.57a, b EteKeRbITTwgRTnug bw enA

PaKEbgnsmIkarTaMgenH. cMNaMfa tY p / [ p + (d / d p )( ')] nig [ pw + (d / d p )(w 'w )]
KWesInwg 0.85a / d p Edl a CakMBs;rbs;bkebtugsgt;ctuekaNsmmUl.
(a) enAkgmuxkat;ctuekaN nigenAkgmuxkat;mansabEdl a h f
A
f
f
f
d
( ') = ps ps + d As y A's y
p +
dp
bd p f 'c d p bd f 'c bd f 'c

A ps f ps + As f y A's f y 0.85 f 'c ab 0.85a
=
=
=
bd p f 'c
bd p f 'c
dp
(b)
enAkgmuxkat;mansabEdl a > h f / yk CF CakMlaMgsgt;pbrbs;ebtugenAkgsab

(
A f C
f
f
d
(w 'w ) = ps ps F + d As y A's y
pw +
dp
d p bw d f 'c bw d f 'c
bw d p f 'c
A ps f ps + As f y A's f y C F
=
bw d p f 'c
=
(4.57d)
compression force in web

bwd pf '
c
0.85 f 'c bw a 0.85a

=
=
bw d p f 'c
dp
smIkar 4.57a, b nig c RtUv)anelIkElg RbsinebIersIusg;m:Um:g;KNnaminFMCagersIusg;Edl

QrelIEpksgt;nm:Um:g; couple. m:ageToteKGacniyayfa luHRtaEteKGnuvt strain compatibility
analysis eTIbeKkMNt; overreinforced prestressed beam moment strength BIsmIkarEdl)anBIkar
BiesaFdUcxageRkam
sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN
196
NPIC
M n = 0.25 f 'c bd 2
sMrab;muxkat;mansab
(4.58a)
M n = 0.25 f 'c bw d 2 + 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f d 0.5h f
(4.58b)
eKGacEkERbsmIkarTaMgenHdUcxageRkam
(a) sMrab; overreinforced rectangular section
(4.59a)
M n = f 'c bd 2p (0.68 1 0.08 12 )
(b) sMrab; overreinforced flanged section
M n = f 'c bw d 2p (0.36 1 0.08 12 ) + 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f (d p 0.5h f ) (4.59b)
$> sanPaBkMNt;rgkarBt;eRkamGMeBI ultimate Load enAkg Unbonded Tendons
Limit State in Flexure at Ultimate Load in Nonbonded Tendons
Edlmin grouted bk asphalt coated Ca nonbonded tendons. Ca

vi)ak enAeBlbnkEdldak;BIelIbEnmmanGMeBIeTAelIFwm PaBrGilekItmanrvag tendon nigebtugEdl
BTCMuvijva EdlGnuBaateGayekItmankMhUcRTg;RTayesItambeNayRbEvgTaMgmUlrbs; tendon eRb
kugRtaMg. edaysarsameRbHekItmanenARtg;tMbn;Edlmanm:Um:g;FM karekIneLIgnkugRtaMgTajrbs;
Edkmin)anRbmUlpMenARtg;kEngsameRbHeT EtvaRtUv)anEbgEcgesItambeNay tendon EdlrGil
edayesrI. CalTpl karekIneLIg strain nigkugRtaMg enAkgkrNI nonbonded tUcCagenAkgkrNI
bonded tendon dUcbnkbnekIneLIgrhUtdl; ultimate. dUcenH cMnYnsameRbHticCag EtmanTMhMFM
Cag ekItmanenAkg nonbonded prestressing. kugRtaMgcugeRkayenAkg prestressed tendons eRkam
GMeBI ultimate load KYrEtmantMlFMCageRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe .
edIm,IFanafaeRKOgbgMEdlmankareFVIkar (serviceability perfomace) l eKKYreRbIPaKryEdk
Fmtasmrm. EdkFmtaRKb;RKgsameRbHEdlekItBIkarBt; nigRKb;RKgTMhMrbs;va ehIycUlrYmkar
ekIneLIgnersIusg;m:Um:g; M n rbs;muxkat;. vargnUvbMErbMrYlrageFobFMCag yield strain rbs;va eday
sarkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;vaenARtg;tMbn; postelastic RtUvEtRtUvKanwgkMhUcRTg;RTayenAEk,r EdkeRbkug
RtaMg. dUcenH kugRtaMgenAkgEdkFmtaEtgEtFMCag yield strength rbs;vaeRkamGMeBI ultimate load.
rUbTI 4>50 bgajBIRbePTdaRkamkugRtaMg-bMErbMrYlrageFobsMrab; 270k 7-wire 1 / 2in. prestressing
strand cMENkrUbTI 4>51 bgajBIdaRkamnkugRtaMgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmta CamYynwg
seating losses.
Post-tensioned tendon
197
T.Chhay
tamkarerobrab;xagelI eyIgGacsnidan)anfaeKGaceRbIsmIkarsMrab;KNna M n rbs;ersIusg;

FmtasMrab; bonded beam dUcKasMrab; nonbonded beam. cMNaMfa eBlxHenAeBleKENnaMeGay
grout the post-tensioned tendon, EtvaminEmnCakargayRsYlkgkareFVIy:agdUcenaHeT. ]TahrN_
enAkgRbBnkMralxNBIrTis b shallow-box element EdlkMras;ebtugesIg. dUcKa eKRtUvBicarNaBI
tMlnsMBaFrbs; grouting kgkrNIEdlman tendon eRcIn.
198
NPIC
13>
Preliminary Ultimate-Load Design
RbsinebIkarKNnadMbUgcab;epImenAeBlrg ultimate load m:Um:g;KNnaEdlRtUvkar M u = M n

y:agehacNas;kRtUvesInwgm:Um:g;emKuN M u . kMBs;sakl,gdMbUgRtUvEtQrelIpleFobElVgelIkMBs;
smrm ehIyTTwgsabxagelIrbs;muxkat;RtUv)ankMNt;eTAtamRbePTeRKOgbgM dUcCaeKcUlciteRCIs
erIs double-T-section b hollow-box shaloow section sMrab;kMralGKar bcMNtrfyn ehIyeKcUl
cit I-section sMrab;eRKOgbgMs<an.
kMBs;mFmrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgKWRbEhl 75% nkMBs;rbs;FwmebtugGarem:EdlRTbnkesIKa.
eKalkarN_ENnaMepSgeTotsMrab;kareRCIserIsdMbUgKWeRbIkMBs; 0.6in(15mm) sMrab;ElVg 1 ft (300mm) .
enAeBlEdleKeFVIkareRCIserIskMBs;sakl,grYcehIy eKGaccab;epImkMNt;lkNFrNImaRtrbs;mux
kat;.
snt;faTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgsitenARbEhl 0.85 / h BIBak;kNalkMBs;rbs;sab.
ehIydXas;rbs;m:Um:g; couple KW jd 0.80h . dUcKa snt;fa nominal strength rbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMgKW f ps 0.90 f pu . ehIyRkLaprbs; Aps rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
b
Aps =
Mu /
0.90 f pu (0.80h )
(4.60a)
Aps =
Mn
0.72 f pu h
(4.60b)
RbsinebIkMBs;bksgt; a esInwgkMras;sab h f maDrbs;bksgt;nrUbTI 4>44(d) edayeRbItYnRkLa

p ba = A'c KW
C = 0.85 f 'c A'c
T = 0.90 f pu Aps =
Mu
0.8h
BIsmIkarlMnwgrbs;kMlaMg C = T . dUcenHRkLaprbs;sabsgt;KW
A'c =
Mn
Mn
=
0.85 f 'c (0.8h ) 0.68 f 'c h
(4.61)
enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIsTTwgsabsMrab;karsakl,gdMbUg ehIyeKsal;kMBs;Fwm eKGaceRCIs

erIskMras;RTnugEdlQrelItMrUvkarkMlaMgkat;Edlnwgerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 5. bnab;mk edaykarsak
l,g nigEktMrUv eKGaceFVIkareRCIserIsmuxkat;dls Mrab;lkxNtMrUvkarKNna nigviPaKbnelIkugRtaMg
sMrab;lkxNbnkeFVIkar.
199
T.Chhay
14>
Summary Step-By-Step Procedure for Limit-State-At-Failure

Design of the Prestressed Members
!> eRCIserIs partial prestressing bkGt; edaykareRbIPaKryRbsiTPaBrbs;EdkFmta. eRCIs

erIskMBs;sakl,g h edayQrelIGRtapleFobkMBs;elIElVg 1 / 20 bk 75% nkMBs;Edl
RtUvkarsMrab;muxkat;ebtugGarem:eRkayeBlKNnaersIusg;FmtaEdlRtUvkar M n = M u / .
@> eRCIserIskMras;sabsakl,gedayeGayRkLapebtugsrubrbs;sab A'c M n / 0.68 f 'c h
EdlQrelIkareRCIserIsTTwgsabEdltMrUvedaykarerobcM nigKMlatrbs;Fwm. eRCIserIsRkLa
pdMbUgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg Aps = M n / 0.72 f pu h .
#> eRbItMlsmrmsMrab;kugRtaMgEdk f ps enAeBl)ak;sMrab;karsakl,gdMbUg. RbsinebI f pe
< 0.5 f pu enaHeKRtUvkar strain compatibility analysis. kMNt;faetI tondon Ca bonded
b unbonded. eRbItMleRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe BI service-load analysis RbsinebI
eK)aneFVIkarKNnarYcehIy. RbsinebI f pe > 0.5 f pu eRbItMlRbhak;RbEhldUcxageRkam
(a) Bonded tendons
p
f ps = f pu 1
f pu
d
( ')
+
p
f 'c d p
pleFobElVgelIkMBs; 35
f 'c
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
xat US
100
(b) Nonbonded tendons,
f ps = f pe + 70 +
xat SI
f 'c
100 p
pleFobElVgelIkMBs; > 35
f 'c
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
xat US
300
(c) Nonbonded tendons,
f ps = f pe + 70 +
cMNaMfa
12.
f ps
f 'c
300 p
xat SI
EdleGayeday AASHTO xusBIsmIkarxagelI ehIyRtUv)anENnaMenACMBUkTI
200
NPIC
$> kMNt;fa etIeKKYrBicarNamuxkat;CaragctuekaN bmuxkat;mansabedaykMNt;TItaMgrbs;

GkSNWt c = a / 1 .
RbsinebImuxkat;ctuekaN
a=
0.85 f 'c b
RbsinebImuxkat;mansab
a=
A pw f ps
0.85 f 'c bw
Edl Apw f ps = Aps f ps + As f y 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f

%> RbsinebI h f FMCag c nig a viPaKGgt;Camuxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEdkeTal (singly
reinforced) bEdkDub (double reinforced).
^> kMNt;snsSn_Edk (reinforcement index) p / nig ' sMrab;krNI a < h f GkSNWt
sitenAkgsab dUcenHeRbImuxkat;ctuekaN
(a)
muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEtEdkeRbkugRtaMg
T = p = p
(b)
f ps
f 'c
Aps
bd p
f ps
f 'c
muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEdksgt;bEnmBIelIEdkTajFmta
T = p +
d
( ')
dp
RbsinebIsnsSn_srubenAkg (a) b (b) tUcCag besInwg 0.361 enaHersIusg;m:Um:g;KW

a
a
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d + A's f y d '

2
2
&> kMNt;snsSn_Edk (reinforcement index) pw / w nig 'w sMrab;krNI a > h f GkS

NWtsitenAeRkAsab EdlmansnsSn_Edksrub
T = pw +
d
(w 'w )
dp
eKKNnasnsSn_EdkedayQrelITTwgrbs;RTnug bw .
201
T.Chhay
RbsinebI snsSn_Edksrub T < 0.361 enaH

hf

2
2
A pw f ps
Edl a = 0.85 f ' b

c w
nig Apw f ps = Aps f ps + As f y 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f
RbsinebIsnsSn_Edksrub T > 0.361 / muxkat;Ca overreinforced ehIyersIusg;Fmta

(nominal strength) KW
M n = f 'c bw d 2p (0.361 0.0812 ) + 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f (d p 0.5h f )
*> RtYtBinitEdktMrUvkarGb,brma As > 0.004 A .
dUcKa RtYtBinitfaetI M u 1.2M cr bGt; edIm,IFananUvPaBRKb;RKan;nkareRbIEdkFmta
CaBiessenAkg nonbonded tendon.
(> eRCIserIsTMhM nigKMlatrbs;EdkTajFmta (nonprestressed tension reinforcement)
nigEdksgt; (compression reinforcement) sMrab;kEngNaEdlRtUvkarva.
!0> epgpat;fa m:Um:g;KNna (design moment) M u = M n FMCag besInwgm:Um:g;emKuN
(factored moment) M u . RbsinebImindUecaHeT eKRtUvEktMrUvkarKNnaeLIgvij.
rUbTI 4>52 bgayBI flowchart sMrab;sresrkmviFIKNnaedaykMuBTredIm,IdMeNIrkarviPaK
nominal flexural strength rbs;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgmansab nigmuxkat;ctuekaNedayyk d p Ca
kMBs; cgs rbs; tendon mYyRsTab;. dUcKa rUbTI 4>53 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;viPaK nominal
flexural strength rbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgedayeRbI strain compatability analysis EdlmankMBs; strain
eRcInRsTab; d p1 rhUtdl; d pn . Flowchart TaMgBIrRtUv)anGnuBaateGayeRbIsMrab; fully prestressed
beam EdlminmaneRbIEdkFmta nigminmankugRtaMgTajenAkgebtug ehIy flowchart TaMgBIrenHk
RtUv)anGnuBaateGayeRbIsMrab; partially prestressed beams EdlkugRtaMgTajkMNt;RtUv)anGnuBaat
eGayekItmanenAkgebtugrhUtdl;kareRbIEdkFmta. kmviFIkMuBTrEdlQrelI flowchart TaMgBIrenH
GacRtUv)aneRbIdUcKasMrab;kMBs;RbsiTPaBeTal d p n cgs tendon profile.
202
NPIC
203
T.Chhay
204
NPIC
15>
Ultimate Strength Design of Prestressed Simply Supported

Beam by Strain Compatibility
]TahrN_ 4>9 sikSaKNna bonded beam enAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 eday ultimate-load theory eday
eRbIEdkFmtaedIm,IRTcMENkxHrbs;bnkemKuN. eRbI strain compatibility edIm,IkMNt; f ps Edlmux

kat;EktMrUvRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>54 CamYynwgkMralxNsmasxagelIEdlmankMras; 3in. (76mm)
nig
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
f py = 0.85 f pu
sMrab; stress-relieved strands
f y = 60,000 psi(414MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
eRbI 7-wire 1 / 2in. dia tendon. EdkFmtaRtUv)andak;edaymankMras;ebtugkarBarEdk (clear cover)
1.5in.(38mm ) ehIyeKminKitbBalEdksgt;eT. elIsBIenHeKminKitxl; nigrBaydIeT.
f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa )
dMeNaHRsay BI]TahrN_ 4>2
bnkeFVIkar WL = 1,100 plf (16.1kN / m)

bnkeFVIkar W SD = 100 plf (1.46 kN / m )
205
T.Chhay
bnksnt; WD = 393 plf (5.74kN / m)

ElVgFwm = 65 ft (19.8m)
!> m:Um:g;emKuN CMhanTI1
WU = 1.2(WD + WSD ) + 1.6WL
= 1.2(100 + 393) + 1.6(1,100 ) = 2352 plf (34.4kN / m )
m:Um:g;emKuNRtUv)aneGayeday
Mu =
Wu l 2 2,352(65)212
=
= 14,905,800in lb(1684kN .m )
8
8
ersIusg;m:Um:g;FmtaRtUvkar (requirement nominal moment strength)

Mn =
Mu
14,905,800
= 16,562,000in. lb(1871kN .m )
0.9
@> CMerIsmuxkat;dMbUg CMhanTI2

edaysnt;kMBs;FwmedayGaRta 1 / 20 nElVg
eyIgGacmankMBs;muxkat;sakl,g h = 6520 12 = 39in. yk 40in.(102cm)
bnab;mksnt;EdkFmta 4#6 = 4 0.44 = 1.76in.2 (11.4cm2 )
BIsmIkar 4.61
Mn
16,562,000
A'c =
=
= 121.8in.2 (786cm 2 )
0.68 f 'c h 0.68 5,000 40
snt;TTwgsabesInwg 18in.
kMras;sabmFm = 121.8 / 18 7.0in.(178mm)
dUcenH ]bmakMras;RTnug bw = 6in.(152mm) edIm,Iepgpat;tMrUvkarersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
BIsmIkar 4.60b
Mn
16,562,000
Aps =
=
= 2.13in.2 (13.3cm 2 )
0.72 f h 0.72 270,000 40
pu
cMnYn 1 / 2in. stress-relieved wire strands = 2.13 / 0.153 = 13.9

dUcenHsakl,g 1 / 2in. tendon cMnYn 13
Aps = 13 0.153 = 1.99in.2 (12.8cm 2 )
#> KNnakugRtaMg f ps enAkg tendon eRbkugRtaMgEdlmanersIusg;FmtaedayeRbI straincompatibility approach CMhanTI 3
206
NPIC
lkNFrNImaRtrbs;muxkat;mantMlEk,rnwgTMhMsnt;dUcCa kMBs; h nigTTwgsab b .

dUcenHeRbITinnyxageRkam
Ac = 377in.2
ct = 21.16in.
d p = 15 + ct = 15 + 21.16 = 36.16in.
r 2 = 187.5in.2
enAkNalElVg
e = 15in.
e 2 = 225in.2
e 2 / r 2 = 225 / 187.5 = 1.20
Ec = 57,000 5,000 = 4.03 106 psi 27.8 103 MPa
(
)
bMErbMrYlrageFobsgt;GnuBaatGtibrma enAeBl)ak; = 0.003
snt;faeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarKW f 155,000 psi(1,069MPa)
E ps = 28 106 psi 193 103 MPa
pe
(a)
1 = pe =
f pe
E ps
155,000
28 10 6
= 0.0055
Pe = 13 0.153 155,000 = 308,295lb
kMeNInbMErbMrYlrageFobEdkeRbkugRtaMgkdUcebtugRtUv)an decompressed edaykar

ekIneLIgbnkxageRkA emIlrUbTI 4>3 nigsmIkar 4.3c RtUv)aneGayeday
2 = decomp =
=
(b)
Pe
Ac Ec
308,295
377 4.03 10 6
e2
1 +
r2
(1 + 1.20) = 0.0004
snt;fakugRtaMg f ps 205,000 psi Cakarsakl,gelIkTImYy. ]bmaGkSNWtenAkg

sabEdlmankMras; h f = 3 + 4.5 + 3.5 / 2 = 9.25in. . dUcenHBIsmIkar 4.41a
a=
Aps f ps + As f y
0.85 f 'c b
1.99 205,000 + 1.76 60,000

0.85 5,000 18
= 6.71in.(17cm ) < h f = 9.25in.
dUcenH bksgt;smmUlsitenAkgsab ehIymuxkat;RtUv)anBicarNaCamuxkat;ctuekaN

dUcenHsMrab;ebtug 5,000 psi
1 = 0.85 0.05 = 0.8
207
T.Chhay
c=
6.71
= 8.39in.(22.7cm )
0.80
(
)
kMeNInn strain EdlbNalBI overload rhUtdl; ultimate BIsmIkar 4.37c KW
5
d = 40 1.5 + 0.5in. for stirrup + 16
in. for bar 37.6in.
d c
37.6 8.39
= 0.0104 >> 0.005 O.K.
= 0.003
c
8.39
3 = c
ehIybMErbMrYlrageFobsrubKW
ps = 1 + 2 + 3
= 0.0055 + 0.004 + 0.0104 = 0.0163
BI stress-strain diagram enAkgrUbTI 4>50 eyIg)an

KW 230,000 psi .
sakl,gelIkTIBIrsMrab;tMl
f ps
EdlRtUvnwg ps = 0.0163
f ps
snt;
f ps = 229,000 psi
1.99 229,000 + 1.76 60,000
= 7.34in.
0.85 5,000 18
7.34
c=
= 9.17in.
0.80
37.6 9.17
3 = 0.003
= 0.0093
9.17
a=
BicarNamuxkat;CaragctuekaN
bMErbMrYlrageFobsrubKW ps = 0.0055 + 0.0004 + 0.0093 = 0.0152

BIrUbTI 4>50 f ps = 229,000 psi(1,579MPa) eRbI
As = 4#6 = 1.76in.2
$> ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman CMhanTI6 dl;TI 10

BIsmIkar 4.43c RbsinebIGkSNWtsitenAkgsab
7.34
7.34
M n = 1.99 229,000 36.16

+ 1.76 60,000 37.6
2
2
= 14,806,017 + 3,583,008 = 18,389,025in. lb(2,078kN .m )
EdlRtUvkar = 16,562,000in. lb O.K.

karkat;bnyRkLapEdkFmtaGaceFVIeGaymuxkat;kan;EtmanRbsiTPaB edaysarersIu
sg;EdlGacmanFMCagersIusg;m:Um:g;RtUvkarRbEhl 11% .
%> RtYtBinitEdkGb,brma nigEdkGtibrma CMhanTI6 nigTI9
> Mn
208
NPIC
(a) As min = 0.004 A
Edl A CaRkLapnEpkrbs;muxkat;EdlsitenAcenaHmuxkat;rgkarTaj nig cgc.

BImuxkat;nrUbTI 4>8
1.375
2
A = 377 18 4.125 +
6(21.16 5.5) 201in.
2
As min = 0.004 201 = 0.80in.2 < 1.76

(b)
EdleRbI
O.K.
snsSn_EdkGtibrmaEdl)anBIsmIkar 4.57b KW
d
( ') 0.361 < 0.29 sMrab; 1 = 0.80
p +
d
p
ehIysnsSn_EdksrubCak;EsgKW
1.99 229,000
37.6 1.76 60,000
+
18 36.16 5,000 36.16 18 37.6 5,000

= 0.14 + 0.03 = 0.17 < 0.29
O.K.
T =
^> eRCIserIsmuxkat;sMrab; ultimate load CMhanTI11

BICMhanTI1 dl;TI5 nkarKNna/ muxkat;enAkg]TahrN_4>2 CamYynwgmuxkat;EkERb
EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 4>54 manersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmta M n EdlGacRTbnkemKuN RbsinebIeK
eRbIEdkFmta #6 cMnYn 4 enAprgkarTajCa partially prestressed section.
dUcenH eKGacTTYlykmuxkat;enHkarBt; edaysarvakbMeBjnUvtMrUvkar service-load
flexural stress TaMgenAkNalElVg nigenARtg;TMr. cMNaMfa muxkat;GacbegItEtersIusg;FmtatMrUvkar
M n = 16,562,000in. lb edaykarbEnmEdkFmtaenAprgkarTajedIm,ITb;Tl;EpkxHnersIusg;
m:Um:g;RtUvkarsrub. cMNaMfa muxkat;enHRKb;RKan;sMrab;ebtug f 'c = 5,000 psi cMENkmuxkat;enA
kg]TahrN_4>2 ebtugmanersIusg; f 'c = 6,000 psi edIm,IkMueGayFMCag allowable service-load
concrete stresses. dUcenH karKNnaeRkamGMeBI ultimate load KWmanlkNcaM)ac;kgkarKNna
ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IFanafa Ggt;GacRTRKb;bnkemKuN nigCaEpkTaMgmUlnkarKNnasrub.
16>
Strength Design of Bonded Prestressed Beam Using

Approximate Procedure
]TahrN_ 4>10 sikSaKNnaFwmenAkg]TahrN_ 4>9 Ca partially prestressed beam edayeRbI ACI

approxiamate procedure
RbsinebIeKGnuBaat. eRbImuxkat;sg;darEdleRbIenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2
209
T.Chhay
CamYy (a) bonded prestressed streel nig (b) nonbonded prestressed steel. minKitBicarNakar
cUlrYmrbs;Edksgt;Fmta.
dMeNaHRsay
!> lkNmuxkat; CMhan1 nig2

TTwgsabxagelIrbs;muxkat;enAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 KW b = 18in. ehIykMras;mFmrbs;va
Edl)anBIrUbTI 4>8 KW
h f = 4.5 +
3.5
= 6.25in.
2
sakl,gEdkTajFmta #6(dia.12.7mm) cMnYn 4 bEnmBIelIEdkeRbkugRtaMg.

@> kugRtaMg f ps enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkamersIusg;Fmta (nominal strength) CMhanTI3
BI]TahrN_ 4>9
f pe 155,000 psi
0.5 f pu = 0.5 270,000 = 135,000 psi
f pe > 0.5 f pu
dUcenH eyIgGaceRbI ACI approximate procedure edIm,IkMNt;
f ps
(A) Bonded case
RbsinebIeKminsal;TItaMgGkSNWt dMbUgeKRtUvviPaKvaCamuxkat;ctukaNsin. BIsmIkar 4.51

p
f pu
d
(
+
')
f ps = f pu 1
p
f 'c d p
1

f py 229,500
=
= 0.85
p = 0.40
f pu 270,000
eRbI
Aps = 13 0.153 = 1.99in.2

As = 4 0.44 = 1.76in.2
Aps
1.99
p =
=
= 0.0032
bd p 18 36.16
As f y
1.76
60,000
0.00132
bd f 'c 18 37.6 5,000
sMrab; ' = 0 /
0.40
270,000 37.6
(0.0132)
0.0032
f ps = 270,0001
+
5,000
36.16
0.80
= 270,000 0.897 = 242,190 psi (1,670 MPa )
210
NPIC
a=
1.99 242,190 + 1.76 60,000

= 7.68in. > h f = 6.25in.
0.85 5,000 18
dUcenH GkSNWtsitenAxageRkAsab ehIyeKRtUvviPaKvaCamuxkat;mansab GkSr T. eday

eRbITTwgRTnug bw .
p =
w =
Aps
bw d p
1.99
= 0.0092
6 36.16
fy
As
1.76
60,000
= 0.0936
bw d f 'c 6 37.6 5,000
0.40
270,000 37.6
(0.0936 0)
0.0092
f ps = 270,0001
+
5,000
36.16
0.80
= 189,793 psi (1,309 MPa )
Apw f ps = Aps f ps + As f y 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f

= 1.99 189,793 + 1.76 60,000 0.85 5,000(18 6 ) 6.25
= 377,688 + 105,600 318,750 = 164,538lb

164,538
a=
= 6.45in.(16.4cm )
0.85 5,000 6
#> ersIusg;m:Um:g;FmtaEdlGacman CMhanTI4 dl;TI8

hf

2
2
6.45
= 164,538 36.16
+ 1.76(60,000)(37.6 36.16 )
2
6.25
+ 0.85(5,000 )(18 6) 6.25 36.16

= 16,071,226in. lb(1,816kN .m )
2
EdlRtUvkar = 16,562,000in. lb(1,871kN .m)

dUcmuxkat;enHminRKb;RKan;eT.
bnkarsakl,g nigEktMrUvmYyeTotedayeRbIEdkFmtaeRcInCagmun. sakl,g #8(dia. 25mm)
cMnYn 4 / As = 3.16in.2 (25cm2 ). eyIgman
< Mn
w =
edayeGay
3.16
60,000
= 0.17
6 37.6 5,000
f ps = 179,068 psi
a=
nig Apw f ps = 227,195lb(1010kN ) / dUcenH
227,195
= 8.9in.(22.6cm )
0.85 5,000 6
211
T.Chhay
8.9
M n = 227,195 36.16
+ 3.16(60,000 )(37.6 36.16)
2
6.25
+ 0.85(5,000)(18 6) 6.25 36.16

dUcenH eRbIEdkFmta 4#8 enAsrsxageRkam ehIyTTYlykkarKNnasMrab;krNI bonded.
= 18,007,283in. lb(2035kN .m ) > M n
(b) Nonbonded Case
pleFobElVgelIkMBs; = 6540 12 = 19.5 < 35

dUcenH BIsmIkar 4.52a
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
5,000
= 155,000 + 10,000 +
100 1.99 / (6 36.16 )
100 p
= 170,451 psi (1,175MPa )
cMNaMfa enATIenHeKeRbI bw = 6in. sMrab; p edaysareKdwgehIyfamuxkat;eFVIkarCalkN

muxkat;mansab edaysarGkSNWtsitenAxageRkamsab. dUcenH
f ps = 170,451 psi (1,175MPa )
!> eRCIserIsEdkFmta
sakl,gEdkFmta 4#8 edIm,ITb;Tl;EpkxHrbs;m:Um:g;emKuN
As = 4 0.79 = 3.16in.2 (19.8cm 2 )
Apw f ps = 1.99 170,451 + 3.16 60,000 0.85 5,000(18 6)6.25
= 210,047lb
Apw f ps
210,047
a=
=
= 8.24in.(20.9cm )
0.85 f 'c bw 0.85 5,000 6
@> ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman CMhanTI4 dl;TI8

BIsmIkar 4.48,
8.24
M n EdlGacman = 210,047 36.16

+ 3.16 60,000(37.6 36.16)
2
6.25
+ 0.85 5,000(18 6) 6.25 36.16
= 17,537,057in. lb(1981kN .m )
< Mn
212
NPIC
RtYtBintkarkMNt;rbs;Edk
!> EdkGb,brma
BIsmIkar 4.25 m:Um:g;eRbH M cr RtUv)aneGayeday
(c)
M cr
r 2
= f r Sb + Pe e +
cb
BI]TahrN_ 4>2/ f r = 7.5 5,000 = 530.3 psi(3.7MPa) . edaysar Sb = 3,750in.3 /

e = 15in. / r 2 / cb = 187.5 / 18.84 = 9.95in. nig Pe = 308,255lb(1,371kN ) eyIgTTYl)an
M cr = 530.3 3,750 + 308,255(15 + 9.95)
= 9,680,585in. lb(1,090kN .m )
1.2 M cr = 1.2 9,680,585 = 11,616,702in. lb(1,313kN .m )

M u = M n = 0.90 18,026,667
= 16,224,000in. lb(1,833kN .m )
cugeRkay BIsmIkar 4.54a

M u > 1.2M cr
dUcenH tMrUvkarEdkGb,brmaRtUv)anbMeBjsMrab;krNI bonded nig nonbonded.

@> snsSn_EdkGnuBaatGtibrma (maximum allowable reinforcement index)
Max. Allow. p = 0.36 1 = 0.36 0.80 = 0.288
bMErbMrYlrageFobGb,brma t = 0.005 RtUvKanwg 0.321

170,451
p Cak;Esg = p ( f ps / f 'c ) = 0.0032
= 0.109
5,000
3.96
60,000
Cak;Esg = ( f y / f 'c ) =
= 0.0702
18 37.6 5,000
dUcenH p + = 0.109 + 0.0702 = 0.1862 < 0.288 O.K.
dUcenH TTYlykkarKNnaEdleRbImuxkat;ebtugenAkg]TahrN_ 4>2 edaydak;bEnmEdk
Fmta 4#8 enAEpkrgkarTaj. cMNaMfa non-bonded section EdlmanRkLapEdkFmtadUcKaman
ersIusg;m:Um:g;tUcCag bonded section EdldUckarrMBwgTuk.
RbsinebI eKeRbI f 'c = 6,000 psi sMrab;karKNnaenAkg]TahrN_enH eKnwgRtUvkarEdkFmta
ticCag.
213
T.Chhay
V.
karKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;kMlaMgrmYl
Shear and Torsion Strength Design
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
CMBUkenHnwgBNnaBIdMeNIrkarsikSaKNnamuxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedIm,ITb;Tl;kMlaMgkat; nigkM
laMgrmYlEdlekItBIkMlaMgGnuvtn_xageRkA. edaysarersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtugexSayCagersIusg;sgt;
rbs;va karsikSaKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlkayCaerOgsMxan;sMrab;RKb;RbePTeRKOgbgM
ebtugTaMgGs;.
karEbgEckrvagkar)ak;rbs;FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBIkMlaMgkat; bbnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkM
laMgrmYl KWxusBIkar)ak;eRkamGMeBIkMlaMgBt;begag. va)ak;y:agelOnedaymin)anRbkasGsnCamun
RKb;RKan; ehIysameRbHGgt;RTUgEdlekItmanmanTMhMFMCagsameRbHedaysarGMeBIkMlaMgBt;begag.
TaMgkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlbegItCakugRtaMgkat;. kugRtaMgenHGacegItCakugRtaMgTajem (principal
tensile stress) enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;EdlGacnwgmantMlFMCagersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtug. cMNaMfa
bg;ekagrgkar)ak;edaykarrmYlKWbNalmkBIm:Um:g;rmYlEdl)ak;bEnmBIelI. kugRtaMgenAkgFwmFmta
minRtwmEtekIteLIgedaysarkMlaMgkat;edaypal; (direct shear) bkMlaMgrmYlsuT (pure torsion)
b:ueNaHeT b:uEnvakekIteLIgedaysarbnSMnkMlaMg nigm:Um:g;xageRkA. kMlaMgTaMgenaHbegIteGayman
kugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUg (diagonal tension stress) bkugRtaMgTajedaysarkarbegag (flexural shear
stress) enAkgGgt;. kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edaypal; bkugRtaMgrmYlsuTekItmanEtenAkgRbBneRKOg
bgMxHb:ueNaH dUcCakrNI corbel b bracket EdlBak;BnnwgkMlaMgkat;edaypal; b cantilever
balcony EdlTak;TgCaBiessnwgkMlaMgrmYlsuTenAelIFwmTMr.
2> kareFVIkarrbs;Fwm
homogeneous
eRkamGMeBIkMlaMgkat;
Behavior of Homogeneous Beams in Shear
BicarNaFatuGnntUcBIr A1 nig A2 rbs;FwmctuekaNenAkgrUbTI 5>1 (a) EdlplitBIsMPar

EdlmanlkNsac;mYy (homogeneous), lkNesIsac; (isotropic) nig linearly elastic. rUbTI
5>2 (b) bgajBIkarBRgaykugRtaMgBt; nigkarBRgaykugRtaMgkat;elIkMBs;rbs;muxkat;. kugRtaMg
214
NPIC
TajEkg (tensile normal stress) ft nigkugRtaMgkat; v CatMlenAkgFatu A1 enAelIkat;bg; a a

Rtg;cMgay y BIGkSNWt.
BIeKalkarN_ classical emkanic eKGacsresrkugRtaMgEkg (normal stress) f nigkugRtaMg

kat; v sMrab;Fatu A1 dUcxageRkam
My
I
VA y VQ
=
v=
Ib
Ib
f =
nig
Edl
(5.1)
(5.2)
nig V = m:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;enARtg;muxkat; a a

A = RkLaprbs;muxkat;enARtg;bg;Edlkat;tamTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Fatu A1
y = cMgayBIFatuGnntUceTAGkSNWt
y = cMgayBITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; A eTAGkSNWt
215
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;
Q = m:Um:g;saTicrbs;RkLapmuxkat;EdlenABIxagelI bBIxageRkamGkSNWt
b = TTwgrbs;Fwm
rUbTI 5>2 bgajBIkugRtaMgxagkgEdlmanGMeBIelIFatuGnntUc A1 nig A2 . edayeRbIrgVg;m:
(Mohrs cicle) enAkgrUbTI 5>2(b) kugRtaMgemsMrab;Fatu A1 enAkgtMbn;TajxageRkamGkSNWtkayCa
I=
f t (max)
f
f
= t + t + v2
2
2
2
f c (max ) =
nig
tan 2 max
ft
f
t + v2
2
2
v
=
ft / 2
kugRtaMgTajem
(5.3a)
kugRtaMgsgt;em
(5.3b)
216
NPIC
3> kareFVIkarrbs;FwmebtugGarem:CalkNminEmnsac;mYy
Behavior of Concrete Beams as Nonhomogeneous Sections
kareFVIkarrbs;FwmebtugGarem: nigFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgxusBIFwmEdk EdlersIusg;Tajrbs;

ebtugmantMlRbEhlmYyPaKdb;nersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtug. ersIusg;sgt; fc enAkgFatu A2 nrUbTI
5>2(b) EdlenAxagelIGkSNWtkarBareRbH edaysarkugRtaMgemGtibrmaenAkgFatuGnntUcCakugRtaMg
sgt;. sMrab;Fatu A1 EdlenAxageRkamGkSNWt kugRtaMgemGtibrmaCakugRtaMgTaj dUcenHnwgekItman
217
T.Chhay
sameRbH. edaysarm:Um:g;Bt; dUcKanwgkugRtaMgTajfycuH ehIykugRtaMgkat;ekIneLIgkgTisedAeTArk

TMr enaHkugRtaMgTajem ft (max ) nwgeFVIGMeBIelIbg;RbEhl 45o Rtg;muxkat;Ek,rTMr dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI
5>3. edaysarersIusg;Tajrbs;ebtugtUc sameRbHGgt;RTUgekItmantambg;Ekgnwgbg;nkugRtaMg
Tajem ehIysameRbHenHeKeGayeQaHfa sameRbHGgt;RTUgTaj (diagonal tension crack). edIm,I
karBarsameRbHEbbenHBITIkEngcMh (opening) eKRtUvdak;EdkTajGgt;RTUgBiess.
RbsinebIeKsnt; ft EdlenAEk,rTMrnrUbTI 5>3 esIsUn enaHFatuGnntUcnwgesIrkayeTACa
sanPaBnkugRtaMgkat;suT ehIykugRtaMgTajemEdleRbIsmIkar 5.3a nwgesInwgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; v
enAelIbg; 45o . vaCakugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUgEdlbgeGaymansameRbHeRTt.
karyl;y:agc,as;las;BI correct shear mechanism enAkgebtugGarem:enAminTan;RKb;RKan;
enAeLIgeT. b:uEn viFIn ACI-ASCE Joint Committee 426 pl;nUveKalkarN_mUldanEdl)anBI
lTplnkarBiesaFy:ageRcInsnwksnab;.
4> FwmebtugEdlKanEdkTajGgt;RTUg
Concrete Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement
enAkgtMbn;nm:Um:g;Bt;FM sameRbHekItmanesIrEtEkgnwgGkSrbs;Fwm. sameRbHTaMgenHman

eQaHfa sameRbHBt;begag (flexural crack). enAkgtMbn;kMlaMgkat;FMedaysarkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
sameRbHeRTtekItmanbnBI flexural crack ehIyRtUv)aneKehAfasameRbHkMlaMgkat;begag (flexural
shear crack). rUbTI 5>4 bgajBIRbePTsameRbHEdlrMBwgnwgekItmanenAkgebtugGarem:edayman b
KanEdkTajGgt;RTUgRKb;RKan;.
218
NPIC
enAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMg muxkat;esIrEtrgkugRtaMgsgt;TaMgGs;eRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar (service

load). BIrUbTI 5>2 (c) nig (d) kugRtaMgemsMrab;Fatu A2 KW
f
f t (max ) = c + ( f c / 2)2 + v 2
kugRtaMgTajem
(5.4a)
2
f
kugRtaMgsgt;em
(5.4b)
f c (max ) = c ( f c / 2)2 + v 2
2
v
nig
tan 2 max =
f /2
c
k> KMrU)ak;rbs;FwmEdlKanEdkTajGgt;RTUg
Modes of Failure of Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement
pleFobElVgkat;elIkMBs; (slenderness ratio) rbs;FwmkMNt;nUvKMrU)ak;rbs;Fwm. rUbTI 5>5

bgajBIkar)ak;sMrab;EdnkMNt;n slenderness ratio epSg. RbEvgElVgkMlaMgkat; (shear span) a
sMrab;bnkcMcMnucCacMgayrvagcMnucnkarGnuvtbnk nigpnTMr. sMrab;bnkBRgay shear span lc Ca
clear beam span. CaeKalkarN_ KMrUnkar)ak;manbIEbbKW kar)ak;edaykarbegag (flexural failure),
kar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg (diagonal tension failure) nigkar)ak;edaybnSMkarkat; nigkarsgt;
(shear compression failure or web shear). Fwmkan;EtRsav kareFVIkarrbs;vakan;EtxiteTArklkN
begagdUckarerobrab;xageRkam.
219
T.Chhay
x> kar)ak;edaykarBt;begag
Flexural Failure [F]
sMrab; flexural failure sameRbHeRcInEtQrelIRbEvgmYyPaKbIEpkkNalrbs;Fwm ehIyEkg

eTAnwgExSnkugRtaMgem. sameRbHenHekItBIkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; v tUc nigkugRtaMgBt; f FM EdlbegIt
nUvkugRtaMgem ft (max ) esIrEtedk. enAkgKMrU)ak;EbbenHsameRbHbBartUcb:unsrssk;cab;epImekIt
manenAtMbn;kNalElVgeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnkRtwm 50% n failure load. edaysarbnkxageRkAekIn
eLIg sameRbHbEnmekItmanenAtMbn;kNalrbs;ElVg ehIysameRbHdMbUgrIkFM ehIymanTisedAeq<aH
eTArkGkSNWt CamYynwgkarekIneLIgPaBdabrbs;FwmKYreGaykt;sMKal;. RbsinebIFwmenHCa underreinforced member kar)ak;rbs;vaekIteLIgkglkN ductile eday longitudinal flexural reinforcement eFVIkareTAdl; yield. kareFVIkarRbePTenHpl;nUvkarRbkasGasnnkarrlMrbs;Fwm.
pleFobElVgkat;elIkMBs;sMrab;kareFVIkarenHmantMlFMCag 5.5 sMrab;krNIbnkcMcMnuc nigFMCag 16
sMrab;bnkBRgay.
K> kar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
Diagonal Tension Failure [Flexure shear, FS]
kar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgekItmanRbsinebIersIusg;kMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgrbs;FwmtUcCag
ersIusg;Bt;begagrbs;va. pleFobElVgkat;elIkMBs;mantMlkNalEdlERbRbYlcenaH 2.5 eTA 5.5
sMrab;krNIbnkcMcMnuc. eKKitFwmEbbenHCa intermidate slenderness. sameRbHcab;epImCamYykar
ekIteLIgn flexural crack bBaresIgenAkNalElVg nigbnedaykar)at;bg;PaBsitrvagEdkCamYy
nwgebtugEdlBTCMuvijvaenARtg;TMr. bnab;mkeTot edayminmankarRbkasGsnRKb;RKan;BIkarekItman
kar)ak; sameRbHGgt;RTUgBIr bbIekItmanenARtg;RbEhl 1.5d eTA 2d ncMgayBIpnTMrkgkrNIFwm
ebtugGarem: nigCaTUeTAekItmanRtg;RbEhlmYyPaKbYnnElVgkgkrNIFwmeRbkugRtaMg. enAeBlEdl
vaenAzitezr sameRbHGgt;RTUgmYykgcMeNamenaHrIkhMkayCasameRbHTajGgt;RTUgem ehIylat
snwgeTArksrssgt;xagelIrbs;Fwm dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>5(b) nig 5>5(c). cMNaMfa flexural
crack minlatrIkraleTArkeTArkGkSNWtenAkgkrNIKrM U)ak;RsYyEbbenHeT. KMrU)ak;enHmanPaBdab
tUcCagKMrU)ak;elIkmunenAeBl)ak;.
eTaHbICakMlaMgkat;xageRkAGtibrmaenARtg;TMrkI TItaMgeRKaHfak;rbs;kugRtaMgTajemGtibrma
minsitenARtg;TMreT. vaRtUv)ankat;bnyenARtg;mxu kat;enaH edaysarkMlaMgsgt;FMrbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMgbEnmBIelIkMlaMgsgt;bBarnRbtikmrbs;FwmenARtg;TMr. vaCamUlehtuEdlsameRbHGgt;RTUg
220
NPIC
EdlenAzitezrmanTItaMgqaycUlmkkgElVgRbEhlmYyPaKbYnnElVgsMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMgEdlman
sab ehIyTItaMgenHGaRsynwgTMhMnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigPaBERbRbYlrbs;cMNakpit. CarYm
diagonal tension failure CalTplnbnSMrbs;kugRtaMgBt; nigkugRtaMgkat; edayKitnUvkarcUlrYmrbs;
bgMbBarrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigRtUv)ankt;sMKal;edaysameRbHbegag nigsameRbHGgt;RTUg.
CakarRbesIr eKehAvafa flexure shear sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMg ehIyvamanlkNgayRsYlBnl;Ca
web shear Edlnwgerobrab;enAeBlbnab;.
221
T.Chhay
X> kar)ak;edaybnSMkarkat; nigkarsgt;

Shear Compression Failure [Web Shear, WS]
FwmEdlRbQm shear compression failure EtgmanpleFobElVgkat;elIkMBs; 2.5 sMrab;

krNIbnkcMcMnuc nigtUcCag 5.0 sMrab;bnkBRgay. dUckgkrNIkar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg
sameRbHedaysarkarBt;esIgmYycMnYncab;epImekItmanenAkNalElVg ehIybBab;karrIkral
edaysarkar)at;bg; PaBsitrvagEdkbeNayCamYynwgebtugEdlBTCMuvijvaenARtg;TMr. bnab;mk
sameRbHeRTtEdlmanlkNecaTCagsameRbHkgkrNIkar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgekIteLIg
Pam nigbnrIkraleq<aHeTArkGkSNWt. GRtankarrIkralrbs;vaRtUv)ankat;bnyedaysarkarEbk
rbs;ebtugenAelIsrssgt;xagelI nigkarEbgEckkugRtaMgeLIgvijenAkgtMbn;xagelI. kar)ak;Pam
ekIteLIgedaysarsameRbHGgt;RTUgemrYmpSMngw tMbn;ebtugEbk dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>5(c). eKKit
fakar)ak;RbePTenHmanlkNminsUvRsYydUckar)ak;edaysar diagonal tension failure edaysar
karBRgaykugRtaMgeLIgvij. CakarBit vaCaRbePTnkar)ak;EdlmanlkNRsYyedaymankarRbkas
GasnEdlmanEdnkMNt; ehIyeKRtUveCosvagkarsikSaKNnaEbbenHdac;xat.
FwmebtugminmanlkNsac;mYy (homogeneous) ehIyCaTUeTAkarBRgayersIusg;rbs;ebtug
enAelIElVgTaMgmUlmanlkNminesIKaeT. dUcenH eKminGacrMBwgBIkarekIteLIgnsameRbHGgt;RTUg
enAelIcugTaMgsgagrbs;Fwm)aneT. ehIyedaysarlkNTaMgenH karbnSMCan;Kankar)ak;edaykar
Bt; nigkar)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg CamYynwgkar)ak;edaysarkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg nigkar)ak;
edaybnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgsgt;GacekItmanenAeBlpleFobElVgkat;elIkMBs;Can;Ka. RbsinebI
eKdak;EdkkMlaMgkat; (shear reinforcement) smrm eKGackat;bnykar)ak;edaylkNRsYyrbs;
Ggt;edkCamYynwgfvikarbEnmtictYc.
kar)ak;PaKeRcInEtgEt)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg EdlCabnSMn\TiBlrbs;karBt;begag
nigkarkat;. RbePTnkar)ak;edaybnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgsgt; CalTplnkarEbknpsgt;xag
elIrbs;ebtug nigkar)at;bg;lTPaBTb;Tl;kMlaMgBt; naMdl;karEbgEcksabrgkarTajecjBIRTnug
sMrab;muxkat;mansabedaysarsameRbHeRTtlatsnwgeTArkTMr. karEbknFwmrbs;muxkat;eFVIeGay
FwmeFVIkardUcnwgF (tied arch). CakarRbesIr eKKYrehARbePTnkar)ak;enHCa kar)ak;kMlaMgRTnug
(web-shear failure) sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMg eKcaM)ac;kMNt;lTPaBnbnSMkMlaMgBt; nigkMlaMgkat; nig
lTPaBkMlaMgkat;RTnugrbs;muxkat;Rtg;TItaMgeRKaHfak;edIm,IkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;muxkat;ebtug.
222
NPIC
karEbgEckkugRtaMgkat;tamTisedkGtibrmaenAkgmuxkat;eRbHrbs;muxkat;mansabRtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>6. edaysarkarpas;brTTwgmuxkat;y:agrhsenARtg;RCug A dUcenHeKcaM)ac;
RtYtBinitlTPaBrbs;muxkat;enARtg;TItaMgeRKaHfak;tambeNayElVg CaBiesssMrab;kar)ak;edaysar
kMlaMgkat;RTnug (web-shear failure).
5> kugRtaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgemenAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMg

Shear and Principal Stresses in Prestressed Beams
dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgEpk 4/ flexure shear enAkgFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgrYmbBalTaMg\TiBlnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgsgt;EdlGnuvtBIxageRkA. bgMkMlaMgbBarrbs;kMlaMgEdkeRbkugRtaMgkat;

bnykugRtaMgbBarEdlekIteLIgedaybnkTTwgGkSxageRkA (external transverse load) ehIy net
transverse load EdlFwmRtUvTTYlmantMltUcKYreGaykt;sMKal;sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMgCagsMrab;Fwm
ebtugGarem:.
elIsBIenH kMlaMgsgt;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg eTaHbIenAkgkrNI straight tendon kat;bny
\TiBlrbs; tensile flexural stresses y:ageRcIn dUcenHkarrIkraldaln flecural cracking nigTMhMn
flexural cracking enAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)ankat;bny. CalTpl kMlaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgemenA
kgFwmeRbkugRtaMgmantMltUcCagkMlaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgemenAkgFwmebtugGarem:xaMgNas;. dUcenH
smIkarmUldanEdlbegIteLIgsMrab;kMlaMgkat;enAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMgmanlkNdUcKanwgsmIkarmUl
danEdlbegIteLIgsMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg. rUbTI 5>7 bgajBIkarcUlrYmrbs;bgMbBarrbs;kMlaMgeRb
kugRtaMgenAkgEpkEdlminmanlMnwg bkMlaMgkat;bBar V PaKeRcInEdlekItedaybnkTTwgGkSxag
eRkA. kMlaMgkat;suT (net shearing force) Vc EdlTb;Tl;edayebtugKW
Vc = V V p
(5.5)
223
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 5.2 kugRtaMgkat;ktasuT v enARtg;kMBs;Nakedayrbs;muxkat;KW

vc =
Vc Q
Ib
(5.6)
karEbgEckkugRtaMgsrssgt; fc EdlbNalBIm:Um:g;Bt;xageRkAKW
fc =
Pe Pe ec M T c
m
Ac
Ic
Ic
(5.7)
ehIyBIsmIkar 5.4a kugRtaMgTajemKW

f 't =
k>
( f c / 2)2 + vc2
fc
2
(5.8)
Flexural-Shear Strength
edIm,IsikSaKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat; eKcaM)ac;kMNt;faetI flexural shear b web shear lubedIm,I

eFVIkareRCIserIsersIusg;kat; Vc rbs;ebtug. sameRbHeRTtEdlmanlMnwg (inclined stabilized crack)
enAcMgay d / 2 BI flexural crack EdlekItmanenAeBlrg first cracking load enAkgkrNI flexure
shear RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>8. RbsinebI kMBs;RbsiTPaBCa d p kMBs;BIsrssgt;eTATIRbCMu
TMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgbeNay bMErbMrYlm:Um:g;rvagmuxkat; @ nig # KW
M M cr
V=
Vd p
M cr
M /V d p / 2
(5.9a)
(5.9b)
224
NPIC
Edl V CakMlaMgkat;enARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNa. lTplnkarBiesFCaeRcInbgajfaeKRtUvkar

kMlaMgkat;bBarbEnmEdlmanTMhM 0.6bwd p f 'c sMrab;xat US nig bwd p f 'c / 20 sMrab;xat SI
edIm,IeFVIeGaymansameRbHeRTtenAkgrUbTI 5>8 eBjelj. dUcenH kMlaMgkat;bBarsrubEdleFVIGMeBI
enARtg;bg;elx @ rbs;rUbTI 5>8 KW
M cr
Vci =
+ 0.6bw d p f 'c + Vd
xat US (5.10)
M /V d / 2
p
Vci =
bw d p f 'c
M cr
+
+ Vd
20
M /V d p / 2
xat SI
225
T.Chhay
Edl Vd CakMlaMgkat;bBarEdlbNalBITMgn;pal;. bgMbBar V p rbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgminRtUv)an

KitbBalenAkgsmIkar 5.10 eT edaysarvamanTMhMtUctambeNaymuxkat;ElVgEdlEdkeRbkugRtaMg
minecatxaMg.
tMlrbs; V enAkgsmIkar 5.10 KWCakMlaMgkat;emKuN Vi enARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNaEdl
bNalBIbnkxageRkAEdlekIteLIgtMNalKaCamYynwgm:Um:g;Gtibrma M max EdlekIteLIgenARtg;mux
kat;enaH
Vi
(M cr ) 1.7 f 'c bwd p xat US (5.11)
Vci = 0.6 f 'c bw d p Vd +
M
max
Vci =
f 'c bw d p
20
Vd +
5.0 f 'c bw d p
f 'c bw d p
Vi
(M cr )
7
M max
xat SI
xat US
0.42 f 'c bw d p
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta
= 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.70 sMrab; all-lightweight concrete
Vd = kMlaMgkat;Rtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkefrEdlKanemKuN
Vci = ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength) Edlpl;eGayedayebtugenAeBl
EdlsameRbHkMlaMgTajekItBIbnSMnkMlaMgkat;bBar nigm:U:m:g;
Vi = kMlaMgkat;emKuNRtg;muxkat;EdlbnkxageRkAekIteLIgenAeBlCamYyKanwg M max
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal = f ct / 6.7 f 'c sMrab;xat US nig = fct / 0.556 f 'c sMrab;xat
SI RbsinebIeKsal; tensile splitting strength f ct . cMNaMfatMlrbs; f 'c minKYrFMCag 100 psi
(0.69MPa ) .
smIkarsMrab; M cr m:Um:g;EdlbegIt flexural cracking EdlbNalBIbnkxageRkA RtUv)an
eGayeday
I
M cr = c (6 f 'c + f ce f d )
xat US
(5.12)
y
Edl
= 1 .0
M cr
I
= c 0.5 f 'c + f ce f d
yt
enAkg ACI Code eKeRbI
f pe
CMnYseGay
xat IS
f ce
226
NPIC
Edl
ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhatbg;enARtg;
srsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;EdlkugRtaMgTajRtUv)anbgeLIgedaybnkxageRkA.
enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn; fce = f c .
f d = kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuNenARtg;srsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;Edl
bNalEtBIbnkpal;EdlkugRtaMgTajRtUv)anbgedaybnkxageRkA.
yt = cMgayBIGkSTIRbCMuTMgn;eTAsrsrgkarTajxageRkA
ehIy M cr = EpkxHrbs;m:Um:g;nbnkxageRkAEdlbgeGaymansameRbH. CakarsMrYl eKGacCMnYs
Sb CMnYseGay I c / yt .
rUbTI 5>9 bgajBIdaRkamrbs;smIkar 5.10 CamYynwgTinnynkarBiesaF.
f ce =
cMNaMfa eKeRbIkarsikSaKNnadUcKaEdlGnuvtsMrab;muxkat;cak;Rsab; sMrab;karsikSaKNna

kMlaMgkat;nmuxkat;smas. BIeRBaHkarsikSaKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;KWQrelIsanPaBkMNt;edA
eBl)ak;eRkamGMeBIbnkemKuN. eTaHbICa muxkat;TaMgmUlrbs;muxkat;smasTb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgkat;
smasdUcmuxkat;Edlcak;kgeBlEtmYy (monolithic section) keday kkarKNnaersIusg;kMlaMg
227
T.Chhay
kat; Vc KYrQrelIlkNrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab; edaysarersIusg;kMlaMgkat;PaKeRcInpl;eGayeday

RTnugrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;. dUcenH fce nig f d enAkgsmIkar 5.12 RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIragFrNI
maRtrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;.
x> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;RTnug
Web-Shear Strength
sameRbHkMlaMgkat;RTnug (web-shear crack) enAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMgekIteLIgedaysarkugRtaMg

EdlminGackMNt;)an (indeterminate stress) EdlCakarRbesIreKKYrKNnavaedaykugRtaMgTajemenA
Rtg;bg;eRKaHfak;BIsmIkar 5.8. eKGaccat;TukkugRtaMgkat; vc CakugRtaMgkat;RTnug vcw nigmantMl
GtibrmaenAEk,rTIRbCMuTMgn; cgc nmuxkat;EdlsameRbHGgt;RTUgCak;EsgekItman dUckarBiesaFeTA
dl;kar)ak;CaeRcIn)anbgaj. RbsinebIeKCMnYs vc sMrab; vcw nig fc sMrab; f c EdlCakugRtaMgebtug fc EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;nIv:U cgc enAkgsmIkar smIkarEdleGaykugRtaMg
TajemenAkgebtugesInwgersIusg;Tajpal; (direct tensile strength) kayCa
( f c / 2) + vcw2 f2c
(5.13)
Edl vcw = Vcw / (bwd p ) CakugRtaMgkat;enAkgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs;EdleFVIeGayman
f 't =
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;bBarFmta Vcw enAkgRTnug. edaHRsayrk vcw enAkgsmIkar 5.13

vcw = f 't 1 + f c / f 't
(5.14a)
edayeRbI f 't = 3.5 f 'c psi(0.3 f 'c MPa) CatMldsmrmsMrab;kugRtaMgTajedayQrelIlTpl

nkarBiesaFCaeRcIn smIkar 5.14(a) kayCa
vcw = 3.5 f 'c 1 + f c / 3.5 f 'c
xat US
(5.14b)
vcw = 0.3 f 'c 1 + f c / 0.3 f 'c

xat SI
EdleyIgGacsMrYl)andUcxageRkam
vcw = 3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c
xat US
(5.14c)
vcw = 0.3( f 'c + f c )
xat SI
enAkg ACI Code eKeRbI f pc CMnYseGay f c . nimitsBaaEdleRbIenATIenHKWcg;bBaak;favaCakugRtaMg
enAkgebtugminEmnenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeT. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta Vcw EdleGayedayebtugenA
eBlsameRbHGgt;RTUgekItBIkugRtaMgTajemdFMenAkgRTnugkayCa
Vcw = (3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c )bw d p + V p
xat US
(5.15)
228
NPIC
(
)
xat SI
Edl V p = bgMbBarnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;muxkat;BiessEdlcUlrYmnwgersIusg;
FmtabEnm
= 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta nigmantMltUcCagenHsMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal
d p = cMgayBIsrssgt;xageRkAeTATMRbCMuTMng;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg b 0.8h edayykmYy
NaEdlFMCag
ACI Code yktMl f c CakugRtaMgsgt;pbrbs;ebtugenARt;gTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat; bRtg;
kEngEdlkat;KarvagRTnug nigsabenAeBlEdlTIRbCMuTMgn;sitenAkgsab. enAkgkrNImuxkat;smas
eKKNna f c edayQrelIkugRtaMgEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigm:Um:g;EdlTb;Tl;eday
Ggt;cak;Rsab;EdleFVIkarEtg. daRkamnTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMgkat;RTnugFmta (nominal web
shear stress) vcw nigkugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugRtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;RtUv)aneGayenAkgrUbTI 5>10. cMNaMfa
PaBdUcKarvagExSekagnsmIkar 5.14b nig c bgajfasmIkar 5.14c RtUv)anEktMrUvBIsmIkar 5.14b
edIm,IeGaymanlkNbnat;. Code GnuBaateGayeRbIemKuN 1.0 CMnYseGayemKuN 0.3 sMrab;tYTIBIr
nsmIkar 5.15.
Vcw = 0.3 f 'c + f c bw d p + V p
229
T.Chhay
K> karRtYtBinittMlrbs;V nigV sMrab;KNnaersIusg;ebtugRTnugV

ci
cw
Controlling Values of Vci and Vcw for the Determination of the

Web Concrete Strength Vc
ACI Code
mansmIkarbEnmsMrab;kMNt;Vci nig Vcw edIm,IeRCIserIstMl Vc EdlRtUvkarenA
kgkarKNna
(a)
enAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgEdlmuxkat;enAcMgay h / 2 BIpnTMrenAEk,rcugnGgt;CagRbEvgepr
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg enaHeKRtUvBicarNatMleRbkugRtaMgkat;bnyenAeBlKNna Vcw . tMl
Vcw enHRtUv)anKitCaEdlGtibrmarbs; Vc enAkgsmIkar
Vu d p
bw d p 2 f 'c bw d p
Vcw = 0.6 f 'c + 700
M u
5 f 'c bw d p
xat US
(5.16)
Vu d p
bw d p 0.2 f 'c bw d p
Vcw = 0.05 f 'c + 5
M
u
0.4 f 'c bw d p
(b)
(c)
(d)
xat SI
tMl Vu d p / M u minGacFMCag 1.0 eT.

enAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgEdl bonding rbs; tendon xHmin)anBntdl;cugrbs;Ggt; enaHeKRtUv
KiteRbkugRtaMgkat;bnyenAeBlkMNt; Vc edayeRbIsmIkar 5.16 beRbItMltUcCageKkg
cMeNamtMl Vc EdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 5.11 nigBIsmIkar 5.15. dUcKa tMlrbs; Vcw Edl
KNnaedayeRbIeRbkugRtaMgkat;bnyRtUvyktMlGtibrmansmIkar 5.16.
eKGaceRbIsmIkar 5.16 kgkarkMNt; Vc sMrab;Ggt;EdlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBmintUc
Cag 40% nersIusg;Tajrbs;EdkrgkarBt; (flexural reinforcement) ebImindUcenaHeT luH
RtaEteKGnuvtkarviPaKlMGitedayeRbIsmIkar 5.11 sMrab; Vci nigsmIkar 5.15 sMrab; Vcw
ehIyedayeRCIserIsyktMltUcCageKntMlTaMgBIrCatMlkMNt; Vc edIm,IeRbICaersIusg;
rbs;RTnugkgkarKNnaEdkRTnug.
bg;dMbUgsMrab;ersuIsg;kat;FmtaEdlRtUvkarsrub (total required nominal shear strength)
Vn = Vu / EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;KNnaEdkRTnugksitenARtg;cMgay h / 2 BIprbs;TMr.
230
NPIC
6> EdkkMlaMgkat;RTnug Web-Shear Reinforcement

k> Web Steel Planar Truss Analogy
edIm,IkarBarsameRbHGgt;RTUgenAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMg eTaHbIekIteLIgedaysar flexuralshear b web-shear action keday eKRtUvdak;EdkBRgwgtamTMrg;nExSditEdlBNnaBIKngrbs;kug
RtaMgTajenAkgrUbTI 5>3. b:uEndMeNaHRsayEbbenHRtUv)anRcanecal ehIyTMrg;epSgeTotrbs;Edk
RtUv)ancRbDiteLIgedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajenARtg;bg;)ak;edaysarkMlaMgkat;eRKaHfak; (critical
shear failure plane).
231
T.Chhay
232
NPIC
KMrUnkar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;eFVIeGayFwmman stimulated arched section rgkarsgt;enAEpk

xagelI ehIyRtUv)ancgPab;KaenAEpkxageRkamedayEdkTaj dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>11(a). Rbsin
ebIeKBinitEtFatusgt;EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>11 (b) eKGacKitvaCaGgt;sgt; enAkg truss RtIekaN
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>11 (c) EdlmanBhuekaNnkMlaMg Cc / Tb nig Ts EdltMNageGaykMlaMg
EdlmanGMeBIeTAelIGgt;rbs; truss dUcenHeKGacehAvafa truss analogy. kMlaMg Cc kMlaMgsgt;enA
kg simulated concrete strut, kMlaMg Tb CakMeNInkMlaMgTajnEdkTaj beNayem ehIy Ts CakMlaMg
enAkgEdkBt; (bent bar). rUbTI 5>12 (a) bgajBI analogy truss sMrab; krNInkareRbIEdkkgbBar
(vertical stirrup) CMnYseGayEdkeRTt CamYynwgBhuekaNkMlaMgEdlmankMlaMgTajbBar Ts CMnYs
eGaykMlaMgTajeRTtenAkgrUbTI 5>11 (c).
EdkkMlaMgkat;mantYnaTIsMxan;bYn
- vaTb;Tl;EpkxHnkMlaMgkat;emKuNxageRkA Vu
- vaRKb;RKgkarrIkFMnsameRbHGgt;RTUg
- vaeFVIeGayEdkbeNayemsitcMTItaMg dUcenHeKGacdak;Edk dowel EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IRT
flexural load
- vapl;nUv confinement xHdl;ebtugenAkgtMbn;sgt; RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgkgTMrg;biTCit
x> Web Steel Planar Resistance

RbsinebI Vc ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;FmtanRTnugebtugsuT mantMltUcCagkMlaMgbBarsrub
Fmta Vu / = Vn eKRtUvdak;EdkRTnugedIm,ITb;Tl;nUvPaBxusKankMlaMgTaMgBIr. dUcenH
Vs = Vn Vc
(5.17)
enATIenH Vc CatMltUcCageKn Vci nig Vcw . eKGackMNt; Vc BIsmIkar 5.11 b 5.15 ehIyeKkMNt;
Vs BIsmIkarlMnwgenAkg analogous triangular truss. BIsmIkar 5.11(c)
Vs = Ts sin = Cc sin
(5.18a)
Edl Ts CakMlaMgpbnEdkkgRTnugTaMgGs;EdlEkgnwgbg;sameRbHGgt;RTUg ehIy n CacMnYnnKM

lat s . RbsinebI s1 = ns enAkgGgt;rgkarTajxageRkamrbs; analogous truss enaH
s1 = jd (cot + cot )
snt;fa dXas;
nwgkayCa
jd d
(5.18b)
/ kMlaMgEdkkgkgmYyktaRbEvgBIsmIkar 5.18a nig b Edlman s1 = ns
233
T.Chhay
Ts Ts
V
1
=
= s
s1 ns sin d (cos + cos )
(5.18c)
RbsinebIeKmanEdkkgeRTtcMnYn n Edlman analoguos truss chord RbEvg s1 ehIyRbsin

ebI Av CaRkLapnEdkkgeRTtmYy enaH
Ts = nAv f y
dUcenH
nAv =
(5.19a)
Vs ns
d sin (cot + cot ) f y
(5.19b)
b:uEnGacsnt;fa enAkgkrNI)ak;edaykMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg (diagonal tension failure) Ggt;RTUgrgkar

sgt;manmMu = 45o dUcenHsmIkar 5.19b nwgkayCa
Vs =
Av f y d
s
Av f y d
[sin (1 + cot )]
(sin + cos )
b
Vs =
s
edaHRsayrk s edayeRbI Vs = Vu Vc
s=
Av f y d
Vu Vc
(sin + cos )
(5.20a)
(5.20b)
RbsinebIEdkRTnugeRTtpMeLIgedayEdkeTal bRkumnEdkeTalEdlEdkTaMgenARtUv)anBt; nigRtUv)an

dak;enAcMgaydUcKaBIpnTMr enaH
Vs = Av f y sin 3.0 f 'c bw d
xat US
Vs = Av f y sin 0.25 f 'c bw d
xat SI
RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgbBar mMu nwgesInwg 90o enaHeK)an
Vs =
Av f y d
s
Av f y d
(5.21a)
Avf y d
b
s=
=
(5.21b)
(Vu / ) Vc Vu Vc
enAkgsmIkar 5.21a nig b/ d p CacMgayBIsrssgt;xageRkAbMputeTAkan;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkug
RtaMg ehIy d CacMgayBIsrssgt;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkFmta. tMlrbs; d p min
RtUvtUcCag 0.80h eT.
234
NPIC
K> EdlkMNt;nTMhM nigKMlatrbs;Edkkg

Limitation on Size and Spacing of Stirrups
smIkar 5.20 nig 5.21 eGaynUvTMnak;TMngRcasKarvagKMlatEdkkg nigkMlaMgkat; bkugRtaMg

kat;EdlvaRtUvTb;Tl;. enAeBlEdl s fycuH (Vu Vc ) nwgekIneLIg. edIm,IeGayEdkkgbBarTb;Tl;
sameRbHGgt;RTUg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>11 (c) eKRtUvGnuvtEdnkMNt;KMlatGtibrmasMrab;Edkkg
bBardUcxageRkam
(a) smax 34 h 24in.(60cm) Edl h CakMBs;srubrbs;muxkat;
(b) RbsinebI Vs > 4 f 'c bw d p xat US Vs > f 'c bw d p / 3 xat SI eKRtUvkat;
bnyKMlatGtibrmarbs; (a) Bak;kNal smax 83 h 12in.(30cm)
(c) RbsinebI Vs > 8 f 'c bw d p xat US Vs > 2 f 'c bw d p / 3 xat SI
eKRtUvBRgIkmuxkat;.
(d) RbsinebI Vu = Vn > Vc / 2 / eKRtUvdak;EdkkMlaMgkat;Gb,brma. eKKNnaRkLap
EdkGb,brmaenHedaysmIkar
b s
50bw s
b
edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag
Av = 0.75 f 'c w
Av =
f
f
y
RbsinebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe FMCag besInwg 40% nersIusg;Tajrbs;EdkBt;

(flexural reinforcement) enaH
Av =
A ps f pu s
dp
80 f y d
bw
(5.22b)
Edlvapl;nUv Av Gb,brmaRtUvkartUcCag ehIyEdleKGaceRbIvaCMnYs)an.

(e) edIm,IRbsiTPaB EdkRTnugRtUvEtmanRbEvgbgb; (development lengt) RtUvkareBjelj.
enHmannyfaEdkkgRtUvBntcUleTAkgEpkrgkarsgt; nigEpkrgkarTajrbs;muxkat;/
RtUvkarkMras;ebtugkarBarEdk (clear concrete cover) tUc nigeKGaceRbITMBk; 90o b
135o enAkgtMbn;sgt;.
rUbTI 5>13 bgajBIdaRkamnkardak;EdkkgRTnugeTAtamtMbn;nRbEvgElVgrbs;FwmeRbkug
RtaMgEdlrgGMeBInbnkBRgayesI. pqUtCakMlaMgkat;elIs Vs EdlRtUvkarEdkRTnug.
235
T.Chhay
7> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edkenAkgeRKOgbgMsmas
Horizontal Shear Strength in Composite Construction
snt;fakMlaMgkat;tamTisedkepreBjeljRtg;pb:HnkEngEdlCYbKa.
k> eRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar
Service-Load Level
eKGackMNt;kugRtaMgkat;tamTisedkGtibrma vh BIeKalkarN_mUldanrbs;emkanic
vh =
Edl
VQ
I c bv
(5.23)
kugRtaMgkat;KNnaKanemKuN (unfactored design vertical shear) EdleFVIGMeBIelImux

kat;smas
Q = m:Um:g;RkLapeFob cgc nkMNt;muxkat;EdlenABIxagelI bBIxageRkam cgc
I c = m:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;smasTaMgmUl
bv = TTwgRtg;kEngb:Hrbs;muxkat;RTnugnGgt;cak;Rsab; bTTwgnmuxkat;EdleKKNna
kMlaMgkat;edk
V=
236
NPIC
eKGacsMrYlsmIkar 5.23 dUcxageRkam

vh =
V
bv d pc
(5.24)
Edl d pc CakMBs;RbsiTPaBBIsrssgt;xageRkAnmuxkat;smaseTATIRbCMuTMgn; cgc rbs;EdkeRbkug

RtaMg.
x> Ultimate-Load Level

Direct Method: sMrab;kar)ak;enAkgsanPaBkMNt; eKGacEkERbsmIkar 5.24 edayCMnYs V
eday Vu dUcenHeyIgTTYl)an
vuh =
Vu
bv d pc
(5.25a)
b sMrab;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;bBarFmta Vn
vnh =
Vu /
V
= n
bv d pc bv d pc
(5.25b)
Edl = 0.75 / RbsinebI Vnh CaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edkFmta enaH Vu Vnh ehIyersIusg;kMlaMgkat;

FmtasrubKW
Vnh = vnhbv d pc
(5.25c)
kMNt; vnh Rtwm 80 psi(0.55MPa ) RbsinebIeKmineRbIEdkEdkrgcaM (dowel) bEdkkgbBar

ehIyp b:HmanlkNeRKIm bRbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgbBarGb,brma b:uEnpb:HminmanlkNeRKIm.
vnh GaceTAdl; 500 psi (3.45MPa ) EteKRtUveRbI friction theory CamYynwgkarsnt;xageRkam
(a)
enAeBlEdlminmanEdkkgbBar b:uEnpb:HnGgt;cak;Rsab;manlkNeRKIm
enaHeKeRbI
ACI Code
Vnh 80 Ac 80bv d pc
(b)
(5.26a)
Edl Ac CaRkLaprbs;ebtugEdlTb;Tl;kMlaMgkat; = bv d pc
enAeBlEdleKeRbIEdkkgGb,brma Edl Ac = 50(bws ) / f y b:uEnpb:Hrbs;Ggt;cak;
Rsab;minmanlkNeRKIm
vnh 80bv d pc
(c)
RbsinebIpb:Hrbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab;manlkNeRKImEdlmankMBs; 1 / 4in.(6mm) ehIy

EdkbBarGb,brmaenAkg (b) RtUv)andak; enaHeKeRbI
Vnh 500bv d pc
(5.26b)
237
T.Chhay
(d)
RbsinebIkMlaMgkat;emKuN Vu > (500bv d pc )/ eKGaceRbI shear friction theory edIm,I

KNnaEdk dowel. enAkgkrNIenH kMlaMgkat;edkTaMgGs;RtUv)anKitedaybg;EkgEdl
Vnh = Avf f y
(5.27)
Edl Avf = RkLapn shear-friction reinforcement/ in.2

f y = design yield strength/ minRtUvelIs 60,000 psi (414 MPa )
= emKuNkkit
= 1.0 sMrab;ebtugEdlcak;elIpebtugEdlmaneRKIm
= 0.6 sMrab;ebtugEdlcak;elIpebtugEdlminmaneRKIm
= emKuNsMrab;RbePTebtug
enAkgkrNITaMgGs; ersIusg;kat;Fmta Vn 0.20 f 'c Acc 800 Acc Edl Acc CaRkLapb:Hrbs;
ebtugEdlTb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgkat;epr (shear transfer). cMNaMfa enAkgkrNICaeRcIn kugRtaMgkat; vuh
EdlTTYl)anBIkMlaMgkat;emKuNGt;FMCag 500 psi(3.45MPa ) eT. dUcenH eKmincaM)ac;RtUvkareRbIEt
shear friction theory kgkarKNnaEdkrgcaM (dowel) sMrab;skmPaBsmas (composite action)
enaHeT.
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmanEdkrgcaM (dowel) b tie sMrab;kMlaMgkat;edkKWtMltUcCageKkg
cMeNam 4 dgnTMhMtUcCageKnmuxkat;TMr nig 24in.(60cm) .
Basic Method: ACI Code GnuBaateGayeRbIviFIepSgeTotEdlkMlaMgkat;edkRtUv)anGegt
edayKNnabMErbMrYlCak;EsgnkMlaMgsgt; bkMlaMgTajenAkgbg;NamYy nigedayeprkMlaMgkat;edk

enaHeTAGgt;EdlCaTMr. eKCMnYsRkLapb:H Acc sMrab; bv d pc enAkgsmIkar 5.25b nig c enaHeK
TTYl)an
Vnh = vnh Acc
(5.28)
Edl Vnh Fh / kMlaMgkat;edk ehIyy:agehacNas;vaRtUvesInwgkMlaMgsgt; C bkMlaMgTaj T enA

kgrUbTI 5>14. emIlsmIkar 5.30 sMrab;tMlrbs; Fh
eKGackMNt;RkLapb:H Acc dUcxageRkam
Acc = bv lvh
(5.29)
Edl lvh CaRbEvgkMlaMgkat;edk (horizontal shear length) EdlkMNt;enAkgrUbTI 5.15(a) nig (b)
sMrab;Ggt;TMrsamBa nigsMrab;Ggt;TMrCab; erogKa.
238
NPIC
239
T.Chhay
K> karKNnaEdkrgcaMskmsmas
Design of Composite-Action Dowel Reinforcement
Edk tie sMrab;kMlaMgkat;edkGacpSMeLIgBIr)arEdkeTal (single bars or wires)/ BIEdkkgeCIg

eRcIn (multiple leg stirrup) bBI vertical legs of welded wire fabric. KMlatrbs;vaminGacFMCagbYn
dgnTMhMEdltUcCageKnGgt;TMr b 24in.(60cm) edayykmYyNaEdltUcCageK. RbsinebI Ca
emKuNkMlaMgkkit enaHeKGackMNt;kMlaMgkat;edkFmta Fh enAkgrUbTI 5>14 dUcxageRkam
Fh = Avf f y Vnh
(5.30)
tMl ACI rbs; KWQrelIersIusg;kkit-kMlaMgkat;kMNt; (limit shear-friction strength) 800 psi

(5.5MPa ) vaCatMlEdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBbnicEdlbgajedaykarBiesaF. viTasanebtugeRb
kugRtaMg (Prestressed Concrete Institute) ENnaM e = 2.9 CMnYseGay = 1.0 sMrab;ebtug
Edlcak;elIpebtugeRKIm ehIykMlaMgkat;KNnaGtibrma (maximum design shear force)
Vu 0.252 f 'c Ac 1,0002 Acc
(5.31a)
CamYynwgRkLapcM)ac;rbs;Edkkkit-kMlaMgkat; (shear-friction steel)

b
Avf =
Vuh
f y e
(5.31b)
Avh =
Vnh
F
= h
e f y e f y
(5.31c)
edayeRbItMl PCI EdlminsUvsuvtiPaB smIkar 5.31c kayCa

Fh e Avf f y Vnh
(5.32)
CamYynwg e = 1,000F bv I vh 2.9

h
Edl bvlvh = Acc / EdkGb,brmaKW
2
Av =
50bv s 50bv lvh

=
fy
fy
(5.33)
8> CMhanKNnaEdkRTnugsMrab;kMlaMgkat;
Web Reinforcement Design Procedure for Shear
xageRkamCakarsegbBICMhannkarKNnaEdkRTnugsMrab;kMlaMgkat;
!> kMNt;tMlersIusg;kMlaMgkat;FmtaEdlRtUvkar Vn = Vu / enARtg;cMgay h / 2 BIpnTMr Edl
= 0.75 .
240
NPIC
@> KNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength) Vc EdlRTnugmanedayeRbIviFImYy

kgcMeNamviFIBIrxageRkam
(a)
ACI conservative method RbsinebI f pe > 0.40 f pu
700Vu d p
bw d p xat US
Vc = 0.60 f 'c +
M
u
f 'c
V d
Vc =
+ 5 u bw d p
20
M u
Edl 2
Vu d p
(b)
sMrab;xat US
f 'c bw d p sMrab;xat SI
f 'c bw d p Vc 5 f 'c bw d p
f 'c bw d p / 5 Vc 0.4
Mu
xat SI
1.0
ehIyeKKNna Vu enARtg;muxkat;dUcKasMrab;karKNna M u .
RbsinebIersIusg;eRcokTajmFm (average tensile splitting strength) fct sMrab;
ebtugTMgn;Rsal enaH = fct / 6.7 f 'c sMrab;xat US b = fct / 0.556 f 'c
sMrab;xat SI CamYynwg f 'c Gt;FMCag 100 psi(0.67MPa ) .
Detailed analysis Edl Vc CatMltUcCageKkgcMeNam Vci nig Vcw
xat US
1.7 f 'c bw d p Vci = 0.60 f 'c bw d p + Vd +
xat SI
xat US
xat SI
f 'c bw d p
7
Vci =
f 'c bw d p
20
+ Vd +
Vi
(M cr ) 5.0 f 'c bwd p
M max
Vi
M max
Vcw = 3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c bw d p + V p
(
)
edayeRbItMlNaEdlFMCageKkgcMeNam d p nig 0.8h
xat US
Edl M cr = (I c / yt )(6 f 'c + fce f d )
M cr = (I c / yt )(0.5 f 'c + f ce f d )
xat SI
xat US
b M cr = Sb (6 f 'c + fce f d )
M cr = Sb (0.5 f 'c + f ce f d )
xat SI
Vi = kMlaMgkat;emKuNEdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_BIxageRkAEdlekItmankg
eBldMNalKaCamYynwg M max
Vcw = 0.3 f 'c + f c bw d p + V p
241
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugeRkayekItmankMhatbg;TaMgGs;enARtg;
srsxageRkArbs;muxkat;EdlbnkxageRkAbgeGaymankugRtaMgTaj.
f ce kayCa f c sMrab;kugRtaMgenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;.
#> RbsinebI Vu / Vc / 2 vaminRtUvkarEdkRTnugeT. RbsinebI Vc / 2 < Vu / < Vc vaRtUvkar
EdkGb,brma. RbsinebI Vu / > Vc nig
RbsinebI
Vs = Vu / Vc 8 f 'c bw d p
xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc 2 f 'c bw d p / 3 xat SI
eKRtUvKNnaEdkRTnug.
RbsinebI
Vs = Vu / Vc > 8 f 'c bw d p b Vs > (Vc + 8 f 'c bw d p ) xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc > 2 f 'c bw d p / 3 xat SI
eKRtUvtMeLIgmuxkat;.
$> KNnaEdkRTnugGb,brmaEdlRtUvkar. KMlatKW s 0.75h b 24in.(60cm) edayykmYyNa
EdltUcCageK.
b s
50bw s
Av min = 0.75 f 'c w b Av min =
US edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag
f
f
f ce =
Av min =
RbsinebI
cMeNam
f 'c
bw s
16 f y
b Av min = 50fbws SI edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag
f pe 0.40 f pu Av min
Av =
A ps f pu s
dp
80 f y d p
bw
Edl d p 0.80h
CamYynwg Av min = 0.75
Av min =
f 'c
EdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBticCagCatMltUcCageKkg
f 'c
bw s
fy
bw s
16 f y
b Av min = 50fbws US
y
b Av min = 50fbws SI
y
%> KNnaTMhM nigKMlatEdkRTnugEdlRtUvkar. RbsinebI

xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc f 'c bw d p / 3
xat SI
enaHKMlatEdkkg s EdlRtUvkarKWesInwgtMlEdlKNnaedaysmIkarEdleGayenAkgCMhan ^.
Vs = (Vu / Vc ) 4 f 'c bw d p
242
NPIC
EtRbsinebI
xat US
Vs = Vu / Vc > f 'c bw d p / 3
xat SI
enaHKMlatEdkkg s EdlRtUvkarKWesInwgBak;kNalntMlEdlKNnaedaysmIkarEdleGay
enAkgCMhan ^.
^> s = (VAvf)ydVp = VAv f ydVp 0.75h 24in.(60cm) s Gb,brmaEdl)anBICMhan $
u
c
u
c
&> sg; shear envelope enAelIElVgFwm nigKUsbBaak;tMbn;EdlRtUvkarEdkRTnug
*> KUrBRgayEdkRTnugtambeNayElVgedayeRbIEdkkgTMhM #3 b #4 tamEdlcUlcit b:uEnEdk
kgminRtUvmanTMhMFMCag #6 eT.
(> KNnaEdkrgcaM (dowel reinforcement) bBarkgkrNImuxkat;smas
(a) Vnh 80bv d pc sMrab;TaMgpb:HeRKImedayKanEdkrgcaM bEdk tie bBar nigsMrab;TaMgpb:H
EdlmineRKImb:uEneRbIEdk tie bBarGb,brma. eRbI
Vs = (Vu / Vc ) > 4 f 'c bw d p
Av =
50bw s 50bv I vh
=
fy
fy
sMrab;peRKImEdlmanecjk,alfkMBs; 1 / 4in.(6mm)
(c) sMrab;krNIEdl Vnh > 500bw d pc / KNnaEdk tie bBarsMrab; Vnh = Avf f y
Edl Avf = RkLaprbs;EdkrgcaMEdlmanlkNkkit (frictional steel dowel)
= emKuNkkit = 1.0 sMrab;pEdlmanlkNeRKIm Edl = 1.0 sMrab;
ebtugTMgn;Fmta. sMrab;RKb;krNITaMgGs; Vn Vnh 0.2 f 'c Acc
800 Acc Edl Acc = bv lvh .
viFIepSgeTotnkarKNnaRkLapEdkrgcaM Avf KWedayKNnakMlaMgedk Fh enARtg;pkkit
rbs;ebtugEdl
(b) Vnh 500bw d pc
Fh e Avf f y Vnh
Edl
e =
1,0002bv lvh
2.9
Fh
rUbTI 5>16 bgajBICMhanKNnaEdl)anerobrab;xagelICaTMrg; flowchart.
243
T.Chhay
244
NPIC
9> kugRtaMgTajemenAkgmuxkat;mansab nigKNnaEdkrgcaMbBarenA

kgmuxkat;smas
Principal Tensile Stresses in Flanged Sections and Design of
Dowel-Action Vertical Steel in Composite Sections
]TahrN_ 5>1 FwmeRbkugRtaMgmuxkat;GkSr T mankarBRgaynkugRtaMgeFVIkarsgt;dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 5>17. kMlaMgkat;bBarxageRkAKNnaEdlKanemKuN V = 120,000lb(554kN ) ehIykMlaMg

kat;emKuN Vu = 190,000lb(845kN ) .
(a) KNnakugRtaMgTajemenARtg;GkSTIRbCMuTMgn; cgc nigenARtg;cMnucRCugEkg A nkEngkat;Ka
rvagsab nigRTnug nigKNnakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkGtibrmaeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarsMrab;TI
taMgTaMgenH.
(b) KNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edkFmtaEdlRtUvkarenARtg;pGnrkm A A rvagRTnugEdlcak;
Rsab; nigsabEdlcak;enAnwgkEng nigKNnaEdkrgcaM bEdk tie bBarcaM)ac;edIm,IkarBarkar
rGildac;enARtg; A A EdlFanaskmPaBsmaseBjelj. eRbI ACI direct method nig
snt;fapb:HmanlkNeRKIm. smtikmmandUcxageRkam
f 'c sMrab;RTnug = 6,000 psi ebtugTMgn;Fmta (normal-weigth concrete)
f 'c sMrab;sab = 3,000 psi ebtugTMgn;Fmta (normal-weigth concrete)
TTwgsabRbsiTPaB bm = 60in.(152.4cm)
Edl bm CaTTwgEktMrUvEdl)anKitbBalPaBxusKanm:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugpkEdlcak;
Rsab; nigEpkxagelIEdlcak;enAnwgkEng.
245
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;eFVIkaredk
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkGtibrma
vh =
Edl
VQ
Ibv
Q A = 60 12(19.32 6 ) = 9,590in.3 157,172cm3
Qcgc = 60 12(19.32 6 ) +
12 (7.32 )2
= 9,912in.3 162,429cm.3
2
dUcenHkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkarKW
9,590
enARtg;cMnuc A / vh = 120408,000
= 235 psi (1.6MPa )
,240 12
9,912
enARtg; cgc / vh = 120408,000
= 243 psi (1.7 MPa )
,240 12
BIsmIkar 5.13 kugRtaMgTajemEdlRtUvKaKW
enARtg; A /
f
f
f 't = cA + vh2 cA
2
2
2
2,160
2,160
2
= 25 psi (111Pa )
=
+ (235)
2
2
2
2 1,831
nigenARtg; cgc / f 't = 1,831
= 32 psi (221Pa )
+ (235)
2
2
dUcenH kugRtaMgTajemmantMltUc nigminbgeGaymansameRbHeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkareT.
eKRtUvRtYtBinitkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edk vh = 235 psi enARtg;pb:H A A edIm,Iepg
pat;favasitenAkgEdnkMNt;EdlGacTTYlyk)an. GnuelameTAtam AASTHO kugRtaMg
GnuBaatGtibrmaKW 160 psi(1.1MPa ) < 235 psi(1.6MPa ) dUcenHkarpl;eGayCaBiesssMrab;
EdkrgcaM bEdk tie bBarbEnmRtUv)aneFVIRbsinebIeKGnuvttamtMrUvkarrbs; AASTHO.
KNnaEdkrgcaM (Dowel Reinforcement Design)

Vu = 190,000lb
Vnh
EdlRtUvkar = Vu = 1900.,75000 = 253,333lb(1126kN )
bv = 12in.(30.5cm )
d pc = 57in.(145cm )
BIsmIkar 5.26b
246
NPIC
EdlGacman = 500bv d pc = 500 12 57 = 342,000lb(1520kN )253,333lb

BIsmIkar 5.22 a/ 0.75 f 'c = 0.75 6,000 = 58 > 50 dUcenHeRbI 58 enAkgsmIkarenaH
Av
58bv 58 12
kt
a
Gb,brma
=
=
= 0.0116in.2 / in tambeNayElVg
l
f
60,000
Vnh
vh
dUcenHeRbIEdkkgbBar #3 Edlman Av = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 ehIy s = 0.22 / 0.0116

= 18.9in.(48cm ) EdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS < 24in. dUcenHKWTTYlyk)an (O.K.). EdkRTnugbBarsMrab;
kMlaMgkat;enAkgRTnugKYrRtUvkarKMlattUcCagenH. dUcenH BntEdkkgRTnugTaMgGs;eTAkgkMralxN
xagelIEdlcak;enAnwgkEng.
10> KNnaEdkrgcaMsMrab;skmPaBsmas
Dowel Steel Design for Composite Action
]TahrN_ 5>2 edayeRbI (a) emKuNkkit ACI nig (b) emKuNkkit PCI cUrKNnaEdkrgcaM (dowel
n]TahrN_ 5>1 sMrab;skmPaBsmaseBjelj (full composite action) edayviFI

epSgeTot (alternative method). edaysnt;ElVgRbsiTPaBrbs;FwmTMrsamBaesInwg 65 ft.(19.8m) .
dMeNaHRsay BIrUbTI 5>14 nig 5>17
Atop = 60 12 = 720in.2 (4,645cm 2 )
reinforcement)
Cc = 0.85 f 'c Atop = 0.85 3,000 720 = 1,836,000lb(8,167kN )
snt; Aps f ps > Cc enAeBlEdleKmineGaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. enaH

Fh = 1,836,000lb
65 12
lvh =
= 390in.
2
bv = 12in.
80bv lvh = 80 12 390 = 374,400lb(1,665kN ) < 1,836,000lb
dUcenH eKRtUvkarEdk tie bBar.

sMrab;peRKImEdlmanecjk,alfkMBs; 1 / 4in.(6mm) nigmanEdkGb,brma
Vnh = 500bv d = 50 12 57 = 342,000
Vu
190,000
=
= 253,333lb < Vnh = 342,000
0.75
EdlRtUvkar
< Fh
EdlGacman = 1,836,000lb
247
T.Chhay
eRbI Fh = 253,333lb sMrab;kMNt;EdkskmPaBsmasEdlRtUvkar (required composite

action reinforcement).
(a)
edayeRbItMl rbs; ACI

BIsmIkar 5.27 nig = 1.0 CamYynwg lvh = 390in.
253,333
= 4.2in.2 (26.3cm 2 )
Avf srub =
1.0 60,000
Avf
390
Gb,brma = 50bfvlvh = 50 6012,000
= 3.90in.2 (25.1cm 2 )
y
BI]TahrN_ 5>1 Avf Gb,brma = 0.0116in.2 / in. = 0.139in.2 / 12in. / lub. dUcenHsakl,g
Edkkg #3 eyIgTTYl)an Av = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 enaH
l A
390 0.22
s = vh v =
= 20.42 BIGkSeTAGkS < 24in. < tMlGnuBaatGtibrma 4 12 = 48in.
A
4.2
vf
dUcenHeRbIEdk tie GkSr U #3 EdlmanKMlat 20in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS.

(b) edayeRbItMl e rbs; PCI
= 1 .0
1,0002bv lvh
2.9
e =
Fh
1,000 1 12 390
=
= 2.55 < 2.9
1,836,000
dUcenHeRbI e = 2.55 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 5.32

253,333
Avf tMrUvkar =
= 1.66in.2 < Avf Gb,brma = 3.90in.2 lub
2.55 60,000
dUcenHeRbIEdk tie GkSr U #3 EdlmanKMlat 20in. EdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS Ggt;pit 9.5mm
KMlat 55cm
11>
Dowel Steel Design for Composite Action in an Inverted T

Beam
]TahrN_ 5>3 FwmGkSr T bRBaasEdlRTedayTMrsamBamanElVgRbsiTPaB 24 ft (7.23m) . mux
kat;rbs;FwmenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>18 edaymankMralxagelIEdlcak;enAnwgkEngkMras; 2in.

(5.1cm) enAelIpGt;eRKIm. KNnaEdkkgrgcaMcaM)ac;edIm,IbegItskmPaBsmaseBjelj (full
248
NPIC
edaysnt;fakMlaMgkat;emKuN Vu EdlFwmRtUvrgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;KW
160,000lb(712kN ) . smtikmmandUcxageRkam
f 'c cak;Rsab; = 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa ) / ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'c kMralxagelI = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa ) / ebtugTMgn;Fmta
EdkeRbkugRtaMg tendon 270k Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 12
composite behavior)
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )

f ps = 242,000 psi (1,669 MPa )
rbs;Edk tie = 60,000 psi(414MPa )

edayeRbITaMg ACI direct method nig alternative method CamYynwg e RbsiTPaBsMrab;karKNna.
fy
dMeNaHRsay
d p = 2 + 2 + 10 + 12 3 = 23in.
Aps = 12 0.153 = 1.836in.2
Tn = Aps f ps = 1.836 242,000 = 444,312lb(1,976kN )
bv = 12in.
24 12
lvh =
= 144in.
2
Atop = 2 48 + 2 12 = 120in.2
Cc = 0.85 f 'cc Atop = 0.85 3,000 120 = 306,000lb(1,316kN )
< Tn = 444,312lb
249
T.Chhay
dUcenH eRbI Fh = 306,000lb(1,361kN ) . bnab;mk sMrab;pmineRKIm

Vnh EdlGacman = 80bv lvh = 80 12 144 = 138,240lb(615kN )
< Cc = 306,000lb
dUcenH Edk tie EdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;begItskmPaBsmaseBjeljedayeRbI = 1.0 .

(a) ACI Direct Method
tMrUvkar = Vu = 1600.,75000 = 213,333lb(949kN )

eRbI = 1.0 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 5.26a CamYynwgEdkrgcaM (dowel reinforcement)
eyIgman
Vnh EdlGacman = 80bv d pc = 80 12 23 = 22,000lb << Vnh tMrUvkar
BIsmIkar 5.27 sMrab;pEdlmineRKIm = 0.6 = 0.60 . bnab;mk
V
213,333
Avf srubtMrUvkar = n =
= 5.93in.2
0.60 60,000
f
Vnh
BIsmIkar 5.22(a)/ 0.75 f 'c = 0.75 6,000 = 58 > 50 dUcenHeRbI 58 enAkgsmIkar

58bv lvh 58 12 144
Avf Gb,brmatMrUvkar =
=
= 1.67in.2 < 5.93in.2
f
60,000
y
dUcenHeRbI Avf = 5.23in.2 (33.7cm2 ) ehIysakl,gEdk tie GkSr U pab; #3 . bnab;mk

Avf = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 (1.4cm 2 ) nigmanKMlat
s=
lvh Av 144 0.22

=
= 5.34in.(13.7cm )
Avf
5.93
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaKW s = 4(2 + 2) = 16in. b 0.75h = 0.75 26 = 19.5in. < 24in. .

dUcenHeRbIEdk tie GkSr U pab; #3 KMlat 5in.(13cm) KitBIGkSelIGkSelIElVgTaMgmUl.
(b) Alternativ Method
edayeRbI e
Fh = 306,000lb
e =
1,0002bv lvh 1,000 1.0 12 144

=
= 5.65 > 2.9
306,000
Fh
dUcenHeRbI e = 2.9 bnab;mk BIsmIkar 5.31c eyIgTTYl)an

F
306,000
Avf tMrUvkar = h =
= 1.76in.2
2.9 60,000
f
e y
250
NPIC
Gb,brmatMrUvkarEdl)anBI (a) = 1.67in.2 < 1.76in.2

dUcenHeRbI Avf = 1.76in.2 enaHKMlatKW
l A 144 0.22
s = vh v =
= 18in. BIGkSeTAGkS
A
1.76
Avf
vf
ehIyKMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaKW
s = 4(2 + 2 ) = 16in. < 24in.
dUcenH eRbIEdk tie GkSr U pab; #3 manKMlat 16in. KitBIGkSeTAGkSelIElVgTaMgmUl.
12>
Shear Strength and Web-Shear Steel Design in a Prestressed

Beam
]TahrN_ 5>4 KNna bonded beam n]TahrN_ 4>2 edIm,IeGaymansuvtiPaBRbqaMgnwgkar)ak;

edaykMlaMgkat; ehIyKNnaEdkRTnugtMrUvkar.
dMeNaHRsay
Tinny nigkarkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (data and nominal shear strength determination)

f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )
f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa )
f pe = 155,000 psi (1,069MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
Aps = tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) Edlman wire 7 cMnYn 13
= 1.99in.2 = (12.8cm 2 )
As = 4#6 = 1.76in.2 (11.4cm 2 )
RbEvgElVg = 65 ft (19.8m)
bnkeFVIkar WL = 1,100 plf (16.1kN / m)
bnkeFVIkar WSD = 100 plf (1.46kN / m)
bnkeFVIkar WD = 393 plf (5.7kN / m)
f 'c = 5,000 psi
h = 40in.(101.6cm )
d p = 36.16in(91.8cm )
d = 37.6in(95.5cm )
251
T.Chhay
bw = 6in.(15cm )
ec = 15in.(38cm )
ee = 12.5in.(32cm )
I c = 70,700in.4 18.09 106 cm 4
Ac = 377in.2 2,432cm 2
r 2 = 187.5in.2 1,210cm 2
cb = 18.84in.(48cm )
ct = 21.16in.(54cm )
Pe = 308,255lb(1.371kN )
bnkemKuN Wu = 1.2D + 1.6L

= 1.2(100 + 393) + 1.6 1,100 = 2,352 plf
kMlaMgkat;enARtg;pTMr Vu = Wu L / 2
= (2,352 65) / 2 = 76,440lb
Vn
tMrUvkar = Vu / = 76,440 / 0.75 = 101,920lb enARtg;TMr
bg;enARtg; 12 d p BIpnTMr
!> ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear strength) Vc rbs;RTnug CMhanTI2 nigTI3
1
36.16
dp =
1.5 ft
2
2 12
[(65 / 2) 1.5] = 97,216lb
Vn = 101,920
65 / 2
1
Vu
d p = 0.75 97,216 = 72,912lb
2
enARtg;
f pe = 155,000 psi
0.40 f pu = 0.40 270,000 = 108,000 psi (745MPa )
< f pe = 155,000 psi (1,069 MPa )
eRbI ACI alternate method

edaysar d p > 0.8h / eRbI d p = 36.16in. edaysnt;faEdkeRbkugRtaMgxHRtg;rhUtdl;TMr.
BIsmIkar 5.16
252
NPIC
Vu d p
bw d p 2 f 'c bw d p 5 f 'c bw d p
Vc = 0.60 f 'c + 700
M u
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal
Wu (1.5)2
M u enARtg; d / 2 BIp = Rbtikm 1.5
2
= 1 .0
= 76,440 1.5
2,352(1.5)2
= 112,014 ft lb
2
= 1,344,168in. lb
Vu d p
Mu
72,912 36.16
= 1.96 > 1.0
1,344,168
dUcenHeRbI Vu d p / M u = 1.0 enaH

Vc Gb,brma = 2 f 'c bw d p = 2 1.0 5,000 6 36.16 = 30,683lb
Vc Gtibrma = 5 f 'c bw d p = 76,707lb(341kN )
Vc = (0.60 1.0 5,000 + 700 1.0 )6 36.16
= 161,077lb > Vc Gtibrma = 76,707lb
bnab;mk Vc = 76,707lb / lub. dUcKa Vu / > Vc / 2 dUcenH eKRtUvkarEdkRTnug.
Vs =
Vu
Vc = 97,216 76,707 = 20,509lb
8 f 'c bw d p = 8 1.0 5,000 6 36.16 = 122,713lb(546kN )

> Vs = 20,509lb
dUcenHkMBs;rbs;muxkat;RKb;RKan;.
@> EdkRTnugGb,brma CMhanTI4
BIsmIkar 5.22b
A ps f pu d p
Av
=
Gb,brma
s
80 f d
b
y p
1.99 270,000
36.16
= 0.0076in.2 / in.
80 60,000 36.16
6
#> EdkRTnugtMrUvkar CMhanTI5 nigTI6

BIsmIkar 5.21b
s=
Av f y d p
0.75h 24in.
Vu / Vc
Av
V
20,509
= s =
= 0.0095in.2 / in.
s
f y d p 60,000 36.16
253
T.Chhay
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgKWRtUvFMCag 0.4 ersIusg;Taj

EdkRTnugkMlaMgkat; (web-shear steel) EdlRtUvkarGb,brma Av / s = 0.0095in.2 / in. .
dUcenHsakl,gEdkkgGkSr U #3 / Av = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 . enaHKMlatGtibrma
s=
0.22
= 23.2in.(59cm )
0.0095
nig 4 f 'c bwd p = 4 1.0 5,000 6 36.16 = 61,366lb > Vs

dUcenH eyIgminRtUvkareRbI 12 s . \Lv
0.75h = 0.75 40.0 = 30.0in.
dUcenH eRbI web-shear reinforcement #3 KMlat 22in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS EdkkgGgt;pit

9.5mm KMlat 62cm KitBIGkSeTAGkS
bg;EdlminRtUvkarEdkkg
snt;fabg;enHsitenAcMgay x BITMr. tamRtIekaNdUc
b
1
76,707
65 / 2 x
= 101,920
Vc =
2
2
65 / 2
65
76,707 65
x=
2
101,920 4
x = 20.3 ft (6.11m ) 244in.
dUcenHeRbIEdkkgGkSr U #3 KMlat 22in KitBIGkSeTAGkSelIRbEvgRbEhl 244in. edayEdk

kgTImYycab;epImenARtg; 18in. BIpnTMr. BRgayEdkkgeTAdl;kNalElVgRbsinebIeKRtUvkarskmPaBsmas.
13>
Web-Shear Steel Design by Detailed Procedures
]TahrN_ 5>5 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 5>4 edaydMeNIrlMGitEdlkMNt;tMlrbs; V CatMltUcCageK

c
n flexure shear Vci nig web shear Vcw . snt;fa tendon RtUv)an harp enAkNalElVg. ehIy
snt;fa f 'c = 6,000 psi .
dMeNaHRsay Profile rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtuv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>19.
bgenARtg; d / 2 BIprbs;TMr
BI]TahrN_ 5>4/ Vn = 97,216lb
!> Flexure-shear cracking, Vci CMhanTI2
254
NPIC
BIsmIkar 5.11
Vci = 0.60 f 'c bw d p + Vd +
BIsmIkar 5.12
M cr =
Ic
6 f 'c + f ce f d
yt
Vi
M max
Edl I c / yt = Sb edaysar yt CacMgayBITMRbCMuTMgn;eTAsrsTajxageRkA.

eyIgman
I c = 70,700in.4
cb = 18.84in.
Pe = 308,255lb
Sb = 3,753in.3
r 2 = 187.5in.2
dUcenHBIsmIkar 4.3b kugRtaMgebtugenARtg;srsxageRkambMputEdlbNalmkEtBIeRbkug

RtaMgKW
f ce =
Pe ecb
1 + 2
Ac
r
ehIycMNakpitEdkeRbkugRtaMgenARtg; d p / 2 1.5 ft BIprbs;TMrKW

e = 12.5 + (15 12.5)
1.5
= 12.62in.
65 / 2
308,255 12.62 18.84
=
1 +
1,855 psi (12.8MPa )
377
187.5
dUcenH
f ce
BI]TahrN_ 4>2/ bnkefrKanemKuNEdlbNalBITMgn;pal; WD = 393 plf (5.7kN / m) KW
Md /2 =
WD x(l x ) 393 1.5(65 1.5) 12

=
= 224,600in. lb(25.4kN .m )
2
2
255
T.Chhay
ehIykugRtaMgEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuNenARtg;srsebtugxageRkAbMputEdlkugRtaMg
TajRtUv)anbegItedaybnkxageRkAKW
M d / 2cb 224,600 18.84
=
= 60 psi
Ic
70,700
fd =
ehIy
M cr = 3,753 6 1.0 6,000 + 1,855 60
= 8,480,872in. lb(958kN .m )
l
65
Vd = WD x = 393 1.5 = 12,183lb(54.2kN )

2
WSD = 100 plf

WL = 1,100 plf
WU = 1.2 100 + 1.6 1,100 = 1,880 plf
kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkAEdlekIteLIgtMNalKaCa
mYynwg M max KW
nig
dUcenH
65
Vi = WU x = 1,880 1.5 = 58,280lb(259kN )

2
W x
1,880 1.5(65 1.5)
M max = U (l x ) =
12 = 1,074,420in. lb(122kN .m )
2
2
58,280
(8,480,872)
Vci = 0.6 1.0 6,000 6 36.16 + 12,183 +
1,074,420
= 482,296lb(54.5kN .m )
1.7 f 'c bw d p = 1.7 1.0 6,000 6 36.16 = 28,569lb(127kN )

< Vci = 482,296lb
dUcenH
@>
Vci = 482,296lb(214.5kN )
Web-shear cracking, Vcw
CMhanTI2
BIsmIkar 5.15
(
)
f c = kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugRtg; cgc
Vcw = 3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c bw d p + V p
=
Vp =
Pe 308,255
=
818 psi (5.6 MPa )
Ac
377
bgMbBarrbs;eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;muxkat;
= Pe tan
Edl CamMurvag tendon eRTtCamYynwgbg;edk. dUcenH

256
NPIC
V p = 308,255
(15 12.5) = 1,976lb(8.8kN )

65 / 2 12
dUcenH Vcw = (3.5 6,000 + 0.3 818) 6 36.16 + 1,976 = 114,038lb(507kN )

enAkgkrNIenH web-shear cracking manlkNlub Edl Vc = Vcw = 114,038lb(507kN )
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;KNnaEdkRTnug. eRbobeFobtMlenHCamYynwg Vc = 76,707lb(341kN )
EdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 5.4 eday alternative method EdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBCag.
BIsmIkar 5>4
Vs =
Vu
Vc = (97,216 114,038)lb
dUcenHeKminRtUvkarEdkkgeT elIkElgEt Vu / > 12 Vc . dUcenH eyIgKNnatYxageRkaydUc

xageRkam
1
114,038
Vc =
= 57,019lb(254kN ) < 97,216lb(432kN )
2
2
edaysar Vu / > 12 Vc b:uEn < Vc dUcenHeRbIEdkkgGb,brmaenAkgkrNIenH

#> EdkkgGb,brma CMhanTI4
BI]TahrN_ 5>4
Av
tM
r
U
v
kar
= 0.0077in.2 / in.
s
dUcenH sakl,gEdkkg #3 /
eyIgTTYl)an Av = 2 0.11 = 0.22in.2 ehIy
s=
0.22
= 28.94in.(73cm )
0.0077
bnab;mkeyIgRtYtBinit Av Gb,brmaEdlCatMltUcCageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgBIrxageRkam
nig
Av =
50bw s
fy
Av =
A ps f pu s
dp
80 f y d p
bw
dUcenHKMlatGnuBaatGtibrma 0.75h 24in. . eRbIEdkkgGkSr U #3 EdlmanKMlat 22in.

KitBIGkSeTAGkSelIRbEvg 84in. BIprbs;TMrdUcenAkg]TahrN_ 5>4.
muxkat;sMrab;karerobEdk CMhanTI8 RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>20.
257
T.Chhay
14>
Design of Web Reinforcement for a PCI Double T-Beam
]TahrN_ 5>6 Fwm T DubTMrsamBa PCI 12 DT 34 manElVg 70 ft (21.3m) . varg service dead
edayrYbbBalTaMgkMralBIelIbEnm nig service live load WL = 720 plf .

KNnaEdkkgEdlRtUvkaredIm,IkarBar shear cracking enARtg;muxkat;mYyPaKbYnnElVg 17 ft 6in.
(5.3m ) BITMr edayKNna nominal web-shear strength Vc tam detailed design method. ehIy
KNna dowel reinforcement RbsinebIcaM)ac; edaysnt;fapxagelIrbs;Fwm T cak;Rsab;Gt;eRKIm.
lkNmuxkat;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>21 CamYynwgTinnyxageRkam
load 200 plf (29.kN / m )
258
NPIC
TinnyepSgeTot
f 'c ebtugcak;Rsab; = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'cc ebtugsMrab;cak;kMralxagelI = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ci = 4,000 psi (27.6MPa )
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa ) low-relaxation steel

f ps = 240,000 psi (1,655MPa )
f pe = 148,000 psi (1,020MPa )
ee = 11.38in.(28.3cm )
ec = 21.77in.(57.2cm )
Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 18

f yv sMrab;Edkkg = 60,000 psi (414 MPa )
eRbItMlsMrab;RbEvgRbsiTPaB d p sMrab;muxkat;kNalElVgkdUcCamuxkat;epSgeTot. cMNaMfa bw
sMrab;RTnugTaMgBIr = 2(4.75 + 7.75) / 2 = 12.5in.(32cm) .
Aps = strand
dMeNaHRsay
Wu = 1.2(200 + 1,091) + 1.6 720 2,615 plf (38.15kN / m )

2,615 70
Vu
=
= 91,525lb
2
(35 17.5)
1
Vn
17 ft 6in.
=
91,525
0.75
35
enARtg;prbs;TMr
enARtg;
BIprbs;TMr
= 61,017lb(271kN )
259
T.Chhay
!> Flexure-shear cracking Vci CMhanTI2

d p = 34 25.77 + 21.77 = 30.0in.(76cm )
Pe = 18 0.153 148,000 = 407,592lb(18,176kN )
17.5
e
17 ft 6in.
= 11.38 + (21.77 11.38)
= 16.58in.
35
enARtg;
BITMr
eRbIlkNmuxkat;cak;Rsab;sMrab;KNna
f ce =
f ce
nig f d dUcerobrab;enAkgEpkTI 5
Pe ecb
407,592 16.58 25.77
1 + 2 =
1 +
Ac
978
88.0
r
= 2,440 psi (16.8MPa )
eRbIkugRtaMgsgt;srsxageRkAGnuBaatdUcxageRkam
(a)
eRbkugRtaMg + bnkGciny_ fc = 0.45 f 'c
(b)
eRbkugRtaMg + bnksrub edayGnuBaatedayekIneLIg 33% EdlbNalBI transient
load f c = 0.60 f 'c .
cMNaMfaeTaHbICa fce = 0.45 f 'c keday kvaminCH\TiBldl;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Edr edaysar
f ce bNalmkBIEtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaH ehIyedaysarkarrYmbBalTaMgbnkpal;)an
kat;bnyvaeGaytUcCag 0.45 f 'c . dUcenHeyIgman
bnkpal; WD = 1,019 plf
M 17.5 =
WD x(l x ) 1,019 17.5(70 17.5)

=
12
2
2
= 5,617,238in. lb(634kN .m )
Mcb 5,617,238 25.77
fd =
=
= 1,682 psi (11.6MPa )
Ic
86,072
M cr = Sb 6.0 f 'c + f ce f d
= 3,340 6.0 1.0 5,000 + 2,440 1,682
= 3,948,762in. lb(445kN .m )
eKKYrcMNaMfaemKuN 6.0 enAkgsmIkar cracking moment mantMltUc edaysareKyk

modulus of rupture 7.5 . RbsinebIeKeRbI 7.5 enAkgsmIkarxagelI enaH cracking
moment nwgmantMl 4,303,022in. lb GBawgvanwgkat;bnycMnYnrbs;EdkkgenAkgkar
KNnaenH.
kMlaMgKanemKuNEdlbNalBIbnlpal;KW
260
NPIC
70
Vd = WD x = 1,019 17.5 = 17,833lb
2
WSD = 200 plf
WL = 720 plf
GaMgtg;sIuetbnkxageRkAemKuNKW
WU = 1.2 200 + 1.6 720 = 1,392 plf (20.4kN / m )
l
70
Vi = WU x = 1,392 17.5 = 24,360lb(108kN )

2
l x 1,392 17.5(70 17.5)

12
M max = WU x
=
2
2
= 7,673,400in. lb(867 kN .m )
Vi
Vci = 0.6 f 'c bw d p + V p +
(M cr ) 1.7 f 'c bw d p
M max
24,360
(3,948,762)
= 0.6 1.0 5,000 12.5 30.0 + 17,833 +
7,673,400
= 46,279lb(201kN )
1.7 f 'c bw d p = 1.7 1.0 5,000 12.5 30.0 = 45,078lb < 46,279lb
dUcenH Vci = 46,279lb lub

@> Web-shear cracking, Vcw CMhanTI2
fc =
Pe 407,592
=
= 417 psi (2.9MPa )
Ac
978
sMrab;bgMbBarrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
VP = Pe tan = 407,592
(
= (3.5
(21.77 11.38) = 10,083lb(44.0kN )
70 / 2 12
Vcw = 3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c bw d p + V p
5,000 + 0.3 417 12.5 30.0 + 10,083
nig Vci = 46,279lb

Vc CatMltUcCageKn Vci nig Vcw dUcenH
= 149,803lb
Vc = Vci = 46,279lb
#> KNnaEdkkg CMhanTI3-8

eyIgman Vc = 46,279lb
1
Vc = 23,140lb
dUcenH
2
261
T.Chhay
enARtg;muxkat; 17.5 ft BITMr = 61,017lb > Vc > 12 Vc dUcenHeKcaM)ac;KNnaEdkkg.

RbsinebI Vu / < Vc > 12 Vc eKRtUvkarRtwmEtEdkkgGb,brma.
V Vc (Vu / ) Vc 61,017 46,279
Av
= n
=
=
tM
r
U
v
kar
s
f d
f d
60,000 30.0
Vu /
= 0.0082in.2 / in.
edayeRbI d d p = 30.0in. nig bw = 12.5in.

A ps f pu
Av
=

80 f y d p
s min
dp
bw
18 0.153
270,000
30.0
= 0.0080
80
60,000 30.0 12.5
0.75 f 'c = 0.75 5,000 = 53
53bw 53 12.5
Av
=
=
= 0.011in.2 / in.

s
f
60
,
000
min
y
dUcenH tMltUcCageKntMlGb,brmaTaMgBIrKW
Av
= 0.0080in.2 / in. = 0.010in.2 / ft

s
min
sMrab;RTnugTaMgBIr b 0.005in.2 / ft
sMrab;RTnugmYy
sakl,g D5 deformed welded wire fabric mYyCYredayKMlat 10in. KitBIGkReTAGkS.
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 0.75h 24in. dUcenHeyIgman
0.75h = 0.75 34 = 25.5in.
dUcenH TTYlykEdkkg D5 WWF mYyCYrkgmYyRsTab;edaymanKMlat 10in. KitBIGkSeTA

GkSenARtg;muxkat;nmYyPaKbYnElVg.
cMNaMfa edayeRbobeFobdMeNaHRsaysMrab; Vci nig Vcw enAkg]TahrN_ 5>6 tMlx<s;Cag
eKrbs; Vci sitenAEk,rTMr ehIyfycuHy:agelOneTArkkNalElVg enAeBlEdlbMErbMrYlrbs; Vcw
mantMltUcCag dUcEdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>13. eKcaM)ac;KNna flexure shear Vci nig web shear
Vcw enAeRcInmuxkat;tambeNayElVgedIm,IkMNt;karrayEdkkgRbkbedayRbsiTPaBbMput. kmviFIkMu
BTrsMrYlkarKNnatMlTaMgenHelIcenaHefrNamYy dUcCa 101 nElVg ehIyeKGacsg;daRkam
RsedogKanwgdaRkamenAkgrUbTI 5>13 EdlbgajBIbMErbMrYlnersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;RTnugtam
beNayElVg.
$> KNna dowel steel sMrab; full composite section Edlman topping bEnm 2in. CMhanTI9
RbsinebIeKbEnm topping EbbenHeTAelI pretopped section enAeBleRkay.
262
NPIC
muxkat;enARtg; 12 d p BIprbs;TMr
d p = 30.0 + 2.0 = 32.0in.
Vu
enARtg;TMr = 91,525(408kN )
1
32.0
dp =
= 1.33 ft (40cm )
2
2 12
h / 2 = 17in. = 1.33 ft
35 1.33
Vu = 91,525
= 88,047lb(393kN )
35
V
88,047
Vnh
= u =
= 117,393lb(522kN )
0.75
tMrUvkar
bv = 12 ft
htopping = 2in.
BIrUbTI 5>14
Cc = 0.85 f 'cc Atop = 0.85 3,000 12 12 2 = 734,400lb(3,267kN )
Ts = Aps f ps = 18 0.153 240,000 = 660,960lb(2,940kN )
< Cc = 734,400lb
dUcenH
Fh = 660,960lb(2,178kN )
lvh =
70 12
= 420in.(1,067cm )
2
bv = 144in.(366cm )
80bv lvh = 80 144 420 = 4,838,400lb(21,520kN ) >> 660,960lb
eKminRtUvkar dowel reinforcement edIm,ITak;enAkg topping EdlRtUvbEnmenAeBleRkay

2in. edIm,I)an full composite action eT. eKTTYlykmuxkat;enH enAeBlvamanlkNRKb;RKan;
sMrab; flexurl, PaBdab nigtMrUvkarsMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbH.
15>
Brackets and Corbels
nig corbel Ca short-haunched cantilever EdllyecjBIpxagrbs;ssr b

CBaaMgebtugedIm,IRTbnkcMcMnucEdlFn; bRbtikmrbs;Fwm. vaCaFatuy:agsMxan;rbs;eRKOgbgMsMrab;RT
Fwmcak;Rsab;/ gantry girder nigTMrg;epSgeTotnRbBneRKOgbgMcak;Rsab;. ebtugeRbkugRtaMg nigeb
tugcak;Rsab;RtUv)aneRbIy:ageRcIn nigekIneLIgy:agrhs ehIyElVgkan;EtEvgRtUv)ansagsg; Edl
Bracket
263
T.Chhay
eFVIeGaybnkkMlaMgkat;TTwgFMenARtg;TMr. dUcenH karsikSaKNna bracket nig corbel kayCabBaa

kan;EtsMxan;. suvtiPaBrbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUlGaRsynwgkarsikSaKNna nigkarsagsg;Ggt;TMrenH.
sMrab; bracket nig corbel pleFobrbs; shear arm bElVgelIkMBs;rbs; corbel CaerOy
mantMltUcCag 1.0. pleFobtUcEbbenHEkERbsanPaBkugRtaMgrbs;Ggt;eTACakugRtaMgBIrTMhM.
dUcenH kMhUcRTg;RTayedaysarkMMlaMgkat; (shear deformation) nwgman\TiBlelI nonlinear stress
behavior rbs; bracket b corbel enAkgsanPaBeGLasic nigsanPaBbn ehIyersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
kayeTACaktasMxan;. Corbel kxusBIFwmeRCA (deep beam) edaymankMlaMgedky:agFMEdleprBIFwm
eTA corbel b bracket. kMlaMgedkTaMgenH)anBI long-term shrinkage nig creep deformation rbs;
Fwm EdlkgkrNICaeRcInvaRtUv)anf<k;Cab;eTAnwg bracket.
CaTUeTA sameRbHPaKeRcInCasameRbHbBar bCasameRbHkMlaMgkat;suTeRTtecat (steeply
inclined pure shear cracks). CaerOy vacab;epImBIcMnucEdlbnkcMcMnucGnuvtn_ ehIyraleq<aHeTA
kan;RCugxageRkamncMnuckat;Karvag bracket nigpssr dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>22(a). bmYykva
cab;epImenARtg;kac;RCugxagelIrbs; bracket bcorbel ehIybncuHeRkamesIEtbBareTAkan;srsxag
eRkamrbs;va dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>22(b). TMrg;nkar)ak;epSgeTotenAkgFatuTMrenHRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 5>22(c) nig (d). vakGacekIttamrybnSMnrUbxagelI. Bearing failure kGacekIt
eLIgBIkarEbkrbs;ebtugenABIxageRkam concentrated load-bearing plate RbsinebI bearing area
minmansmamaRtRKb;RKan;.
enAkgEpkxageRkam eyIgnwgerobrab;BIEdksMxan;enAkg corbel b bracket. kar)ak;rbs;va
GacR)ab;BIkrNIEdlminman full anchorage development rbs;Edk.
264
NPIC
k> RTsIkMlaMgkat;kkit sMrab;kareprkMlaMgkat;enAkg Corbel

Shear Friction Hypothesis for Shear Transfer in Corbels
Edlcak;enAeBlepSgKaBIssrGacnwgman shear crack enARtg;pb:HedaysarekIt

mankareprkMlaMgkat;. pleFob a / d kan;EttUc karekItmankMlaMgkat;suT (pure shear) tambg;
bBarkan;EtFM. kareFVIkarenHbgajeGayeXIjkan;Etc,as;enAkgkrNIEdl corbel mansameRbHenA
Rtg;pb:HedaysarsMParBIrmindUcKa.
Corbel
viFIkMlaMgkat;kkit (shear friction approach) enAkgkrNIenHRtUv)anENnaMeday ACI dUc

bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>22(b). eKsnt;fa bg;bBareRbH a-a enAkgrUbTI 5>23 EdlekItmanenAelI
corbel rGilenAeBlEdlvaeTAdl;sanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak;rbs;va. eKeRbIemKuNkkit edIm,IbMElg
kMlaMgTb;Tl;edkrbs; well-anchored closed ties eTACakMlaMgTb;Tl;FmtabBarEdlFMCagkMlaMg
kat;emKuNxageRkA. dUcenH kMlaMgkat;Tb;Tl;bBarFmta (nominal vertical resisting shear force)
Vn = Avf f y
Avf =
(5.34a)
Vn
f y
(5.34b)
Edl Avf CaRkLapsrubrbs;Edkkgedk (horizontal anchored closed shear ties)

kMlaMgkat;bBaremKuNxageRkA Vu Vn EdlsMrab;ebtugFmta
Vn 0.2 f 'c bw d
Vn 800bw d
(5.35a)
xat US
(5.35b)
265
T.Chhay
xat SI
edayykmYyNaEdlmantMltUcCag. eKGackMNt;kMBs;RbsiTPaBtMrUvkar d rbs; corbel BIsmIkar
5.35a b b edayykmYyNaEdlmantMlFMCageK.
sMrab; all-lightweight concrete b sand-lightweight concretes ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Vn minRtUv
mantMlFMCag (0.2 0.07a / d ) f 'c bwd b (800 280a / d )bwd sMrab;xat US (5.6 1.96)bwd
sMrab;xat SI.
RbsinebI shear friction reinforcement eRTtedIm,IeFVIeGayekItmankMlaMgTajenAkg shear
Vn 5.6bw d
friction steel
Vn = Avf f y sin f + cos f
(5.35c)
Edl f CamMurvag shear friction reinforcement CamYynwgbg;kMlaMgkat;. RkLaprbs;EdkKW

Avf =
Vn
f y sin f + cos f
(5.35d)
eKsnt;faersIusg;kMlaMgkat;TaMgGs;ekItmanedaysarersIusg;enARtg;sameRbHrvag corbel
nigssr. emKuN ACI rbs;kMlaMgkat; mantMldUcxageRkam
ebtugcak;enAkgeBlCamYyKa (concrete cast monolithically) 1.4
1 .0
ebtugEdlcak;Pab;nwgebtugEdlmanpeRKIm
ebtugEdlcak;Pab;nwgebtugEdlmanpGt;eRKIm
0.6
0 .7
ebtugEdlPab;eTAnwgEdkeRKOgbgM
= 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/ 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight concrete nig 0.75 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;
RsalTaMgGs;. tMl PCI manlkNsuvtiPaBticCagtMl ACI EdlQrelIkarBiesaF.
RbsinebIeKeRbIebtugersIusg;x<s; polymer-modified concrete enAkg corbel edIm,IPab;
CamYynwgebtugFmtarbs;ssr enaHeKRtUveRbItMl FMCageKkgtaragxagelI. kargarenAkardan
RtUvkareRbItMlEdlFM.
eKeGayEpkxHrbs;Edkedk Avf cUlrYmenAkgEdkTajxagelI ehIyeKBRgayEpkEdlenA
sl;rbs; Avf tamkMBs;rbs; corbel dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>24. karKNnaRsTab;EdkedkxagelI
As nwgRtUv)anerobrab;enAEpkbn.
266
NPIC
x> \TiBlkMlaMgedkxageRkA
Horizontal External Force Effect
enAeBlEdleKcak; corbel b bracket kgeBlCamYyKanwgssr bCBaaMg ehIyvargnUvkMlaMg

TajedkFM Nuc Edl)anBIFwmEdlRTeday corbel, eKeRbI modified apprach EdlCaerOyeGayehA
vafa strut theory approach. enARKb;krNITaMgGs; kMlaMgedkemKuN Nuc minGacFMCagkMlaMgkat;em
KuNbBar Vu eT. dUcEdl)aneXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>25 eKRtUvdak;Edk An eGayTb;nwgkMlaMg Nuc
N
An = uc
(5.36)
Edl
f
y
ehIy
Af =
Vu a + N uc (h d )
f y jd
(5.37)
eKkRtUvdak;Edk A f edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;EdlbNalBI Vu nig Nuc .

tMlrbs; Nuc EdlBicarNaenAkgkarKNnaminKYrtUcCag 0.2Vu eT. eKGacTTYltMl
Rbhak;RbEhlrbs;RkLapEdkrgkarBt; A f (flexural steel area) edaysmIkarFmtasMrab;san
PaBkMNt;enAeBlFwm)ak;
Af =
Mu
f y jd
(5.38)
Edl M u = Vu a + Nuc (h d ) nig = 0.75 . GkSrbs;muxkat;Edlsnt;sitenAtambeNay

compression strut eRTtpM)anmMu CamYynwg tension tie As dUcbgajenAkgrUb. maDrbs;bksgt;KW
267
T.Chhay
Cc = 0.85 f 'c 1cb =
As f y
Ts
V
=
= u
cos cos sin
(5.39a)
BIsmIkarxagelI eKGacTTYl)ankMBs;rbs;bk 1c EdlEkgeTAnwgTisedArbs; compressive strut

1c =
As f y
0.85 f 'c b cos
(5.39b)
kMBs;RbsiTPaB d 1c / 2 cos kgTisenAbBareGaydXas; jd rvagkMlaMg Ts nigbgMkMlaMgedk

Cc enAkgrUbTI 5>25. dUcenH
jd = d
1c
2 cos
(5.39c)
RbsinebIeyIgCMnYstMl jd eTAkgsmIkar 5.38 enaH

Af =
Mu
f y (d 1c / 2 cos )
(5.40)
268
NPIC
edIm,Ikat;bnykarsakl,g nwgEktMrUveRcIndg eKGaceRbItMlRbhak;RbEhlrbs;RbEvgd

Edl)anBIsmIkar 5.39c sMrab;krNICaeRcIndUcxageRkam
dUcenH
jd 0.85d
Mu
Af =
0.85f yd
jd
(5.41a)
(5.41b)
eKGacKNnaEdkTaj As nigdak;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>26

As
2
3
Avf + An
As A f + An
b
edayykmYyNaEdlmantMlFMCag. bnab;mk
(5.42)
(5.43)
As
f'
0.04 c
bd
fy
RbsinebIeKsnt; Ah CaRkLapsrubrbs;EdkkgbiTCit bEdkkgEdlRsbeTAnwg As enaH

Ah 0.5( As An )
(5.44)
RkLapRTnab; (bearing) EdlenABIxageRkambnkxageRkA Vu EdlenABIelI bracket minRtUvlyecj

putBIEdkTajem As ehIyvakminRtUvlyecjBIpxagkgrbs; transverse welded anchor bar dUc
bgajenAkg rUbTI 5>26.
269
T.Chhay
K> CMhannkarKNna
corbel
Sequence of Corbel Design Steps
dUcEdl)anerobrab;kgEpkxagedIm kMlaMgedkemKuN Nuc kMlaMgbBaremKuN Vu nigm:Um:g;

Bt; [Vu a + Nuc (h d )] manGMeBIelI corbel. edIm,IkarBarkar)ak; eKRtUvsikSaKNna corbel eGay
Tb;Tl;nwg)a:ra:Em:RtTaMgbIenHkgeBlCamYyKa edayeRbIviFImYykgcMeNamviFIBIrxageRkamEdlGaRsy
eTAnwgRbePTnkarsagsg; corbel faetIeKsg;vakgeBlCamYyKanwgssr bkGt;.
(a)
sMrab; corbel Edlsg;kgeBlEtmYyCamYynwgssr KNnaRkLapEdk Ah rbs;Edk
kgbiTCitEdldak;enABIxageRkamEdkTajem As . EpkxHrbs;Edk Ah KWbNaalmk
BI An Edl)anBIsmIkar 5.36 EdlTb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgedk Nuc .
(b)
KNnaRkLapEdk Avf eday shear friction hypothesis RbsinebI corbel nigssr
minRtUv)ancak;kgeBlCamYyKa edayeRbIEpkxHrbs; Avf tamrykMBs;rbs; corbel
nigedaykarcUlrYmenAkglMnwgrbs;RkLaprbs;RsTab;EdkxagelI.
RkLapEdkTajem As CaFatusMxan;nviFITaMgBIr. karKNna As GaRsyeTAelIPaBlubrbs;
smIkar 5.42 b 5.43. RbsinebIsmIkar 5.42 lub eKeRbI As = 23 Avf + An ehIycMENkEdlenAsl;
1 A RtUv)anBRgayenAelIkMBs; 2 d enAEk,rnwg A . RbsinebIsmIkar 5.43 lub enaH A = A + A
s
s
f
n
3 vf
3
nigbEnm 12 A f RtUv)andak;kgTMrg;EdkkgbiTCitRsbeTAnwg As ehIyRtUv)anBRgayenAelIRbEvg 23 d
enAEk,rnwg As .
kgkrNITaMgBIr EdkTajembUknwgEdkkgbiTCitCabrimaNEdksrubEdl corbel RtUvkar.
edaysaremkanicnkar)ak;mandWeRkkMNt;min)anx<s; ehIykarrBwgnkarsayPay shear crack
manlkNminc,as;las; eBlxHeKENnaMeGayeRCIserIsykRkLapEdkTajem As NaEdlman
tMlFM edayminKitBIkrNInkarsg; corbel favaRtUv)ansg;kgeBlCamYynwgssrenaHeT.
dUckarerobrab;BIxagedIm EdkkgbiTCitedkkCaFatusMxan;enAkg corbel Edr. dUcenH eKkRtUv
kareRbIEdkkgbiTCiteRTtbEnm.
xageRkamCaCMhannkarsikSaKNna corbel
!> KNnakMlaMgbBaremKuN Vu nigkMlaMgTb;Tl;FmtaVn rbs;muxkat;edayeGayVn Vu /
Edl = 0.75 sMrab;RKb;karKNna. Vu / KYrEt 0.20 f 'c bwd b 800bwd xat US
5.6bw d xat SI sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta. RbsinebImindUecaHeT eKRtUvtMeLIgmuxkat;enA
Rtg;TMr.
270
NPIC
@> KNna Avf = Vn / f y edIm,ITb;Tl; shear friction force nigeRbIvaenAkgkarKNnaEdk

TajemxagelI As .
#> KNnaRkLapEdkrgkarBt; (flexural steel area) A f nigRkLapEdkrgkarTajeday
pal; (direct tension steel area) An Edl
Af =
vu a + N uc (h d )
f y jd
Edl = 0.90
nig
An =
N uc
f y
Edl = 0.75
$> KNnaRkLapEdkem (a) As = 23 Avf + An nig (b) As = A f + An edayykmYyNaEdl
mantMlFMCageK. RbsinebI (a) lub enaHRkLapEdkEdlenAsl; 13 Avf RtUv)aneRbICaEdk
kgbiTCitRsbeTAnwg As ehIyRtUv)anBRgayelIkMBs; 23 d Ek,r As dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
5>24. RbsinebI (b) lub eRbI 12 A f bEnmCaEdkkbiTCitEdlBRgayenAelIkMBs; 23 d Ek,r
nwg As dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>26. enaH
Ah 0.5( As An )
nig
=
As
f'
0.04 c
bd
fy
b
As min = 0.04
f 'c
bd
fy
%> eRCIserIsTMhM nigKMlatEdksMrab; corbel edayykcitTikdak;CaBiesseTAelIkarerobcM

EdklMGit edaysar corbel CaeRcIn)ak;edaysarkarlMGitEdkmin)anRtwmRtUv.
rUbTI 5>27 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;karKNnasmamaRtrbs; corbel.
271
T.Chhay
272
NPIC
X> Design of a Bracket or Corbel

]TahrN_ 5>7 sikSaKNna corbel edIm,IRTbnkbBaremKuN V
EdlmanGMeBI
enAcMgay a = 5in(127mm) BIprbs;ssr. Corbel manTTwg b = 10in.(254mm) kMras;srub
h = 18in.(457 mm ) ehIykMBs;RbsiTPaB d = 14in.(356mm ) . eKeGaynUvsmtikmdUcxageRkam
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
u
= 80,00lb(160kN )
f y = 60,000 psi (414 MPa )
snt;fa corbel RtUv)ansg;eRkayeBlssrsg;rYc bsg;kgeBlCamYyKanwgssr. TMgn;pal;rbs;

corbel RtUv)anecal.
dMeNaHRsay
CMhan!
Vn
Vu
80,000
= 106,667lb
0.75
0.2 f 'c bw d = 0.2 5,000 10 14 = 140,000lb > Vn

800bw d = 800 10 14 = 112,000lb > Vn
O.K.
CMhan@
(a)
karsg;kgeBlEtmYy (monolithic construction) sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta = 1.4
V
106,667
Avf = u =
= 1.270in.2 (819mm 2 )
f 60,000 1.4
y
(b)
karcak;kgeBlepSgKa (nonmonolithic construction) = 1.0

106,6667
Avf =
= 1.777in.2 (1110mm 2 )
60,000 1.0
eRCIserIsyk Avf NaEdlmantMlFMCageK dUcenH Avf = 1.777in.2
CMhan#
edaysareKmineGaytMlkMlaMgedkxageRkA Nuc EdleprBIFwmEdldak;BIelI enaHeyIgyk
N uc Gb,brma = 0.20Vu = 0.2 80,000 = 16,000lb
Mu
V a + N uc (h d )
Af =
= u
Edl jd 0.85d
f jd
f jd
y
80,000 5 + 16,000(18 14 )
= 0.727in.2 469mm 2
0.90 60,000(0.85 14)
N
16,000
An = uc =
= 0.356in.2 280mm 2
f y 0.75 60,000
CMhan$
273
T.Chhay
(23 Avf + An ) = 23 1.777 + 0.356 = 1.541in.2
(a)
As =
(b)
As = A f + An = 0.727 + 0.356 = 1.083in.2

As min = 0.04
f 'c
5,000
bd = 0.04
10 14 = 0.47in.2
fy
60,000
< 1.541in.2 O.K.
yk As = 1.541in.2 (994mm2 )
EdkkgbiTCitedk
edaykrNI (a) lub
1
3
Avf = 13 1.777 = 0.592in.2
Ah = 0.5( As An ) = 0.5(1.541 0.356 ) = 0.593in.2
eday Ah > 13 Avf enaHeyIgyk Ah = 0.593in.2

CMhan% eRCIserIsTMhMEdk
(a) As EdlRtUvkar = 1.541in.2 eRbI 3#7 = 1.80in.2 EdkEdlmanGgt;pit 22mm cMnYnbIedIm
eGay As = 1.161mm2
(b) Ah EdlRtUvkar = 0.593in.2 eRbIEdkkgbiTCit 3#3 = 2 3 0.11 = 0.66in.2 BRgayelIkMBs;
2
d = 9.33in. . dUcenH KMlatrbs;vaKW 3in. edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS. ehIyeRbI Edk framing
3
3#3 nigEdk welded 1#7 .
bg;lMGitsrsEdkrbs; bracket RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>28. eKRtUvRtYtBinit
bearing area EdlenABIeRkambnk nigKNna bearing pad Edl bearign stress eRkamGMeBI
bnkemKuN Vu minelIs (0.85 f 'c A1 ) Edl A1 CaRkLapRTnab; (pad area). eyIgman
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg; bearing = 0.70
Vu = 80,000lb = 0.70(0.85 5,000)A1
80,000
A1 =
= 26.9in.2 16,813mm 2
0.70 0.85 5,000
eRbI plate 5 12 in. 5 12

enAeBlrgbnk Vu .
(
)
in. . kMras;rbs;vaRtUv)anKNnaedayrkSa plate mineGayxUcRTg;RTay
274
NPIC
16> kugRtaMgrmYl nigersIusg;rmYl

Torsional Behavior and Strength
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
kugRtaMgrmYlekItmanenAkg monolithic concrete

enAeBlEdlbnleFVIGMeBIenARtg;cMgaymYyBIGkSbeNayrbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgM. cugFwmrbs;kMralxN/
spandrel beam EdlTTYlbnkEtmag/ canopy bdMbUlkEngcaMLanRkugEdllyecjBI monolithic
beam enAelIssr/ peripheral beam EdlBTCMuvijkMralcMhr suTEtCa]TahrN_nGgt;eRKOgbgMEdl
rgnUvm:Um:g;rmYl. m:Um:g;bgeGaymankugRtaMgkat;FM. CalTpl sameRbHCaeRcInGacekItmanenAeBl
EdlkugRtaMgrmYlFMCag allowable serviceability limits elIkElgEteKdak; special torsional
reinforcement. enAkg spandrel beam Cak;EsgnRbBneRKOgbgM TMhMnkarxUcxatedaysarkar
rmYlminCasMxan;eT enHKWbNalmkBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgeLIgvijenAkgeRKOgbgM. b:uEn eKKYrecosvag
275
T.Chhay
kMhatbg;ersIusg;edaysarkugRtaMgrmYledaykarKNnay:agsmrmnUv torsional reinforcement

caM)ac;.
esckIepImBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgrmYlRtUvcab;epImBI basic elastic behavior nmuxkat;samBa
dUcCamuxkat;rgVg; bmuxkat;ctuekaN. FwmebtugPaKeRcInEdlrgnUvkarrmYlmanmuxkat;ctuekaN
Ca]TahrN_ muxkat;mansabdUcCaFwmGkSr T nigFwmGkSr L. eTaHbICaeKkMreRbImuxkat;rgVg;enAkg
sMNg;ebtugkeday karerobrab;y:agsegbBIkarrmYlenAkgmuxkat;rgVg;RtUv)aneRbICakarENnaMy:aglBI
torsional behavior nmuxkat;dTeTot.
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;esInwgplKuNn shear strain CamYynwg shear modulus enARtg;tMbn;eGLa
sicenAkgmuxkat;rgVg;. dUckgkrNI flexure kugRtaMgsmamaRteTAnwgcMgayrbs;vaBIGkSNWt GkS
kat;tampitrbs;rgVg; ehIymantMlGtibrmaenAsrsxageRkA. RbsinebI r CakaMnmuxkat;rbs;
Ggt;/ J = r 4 / 2 Cam:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElr (polar moment of inertia) nig vte CakugRtaMgkat;eGLasic
(elastic shearing stress) EdlbNalmkBIm:Um:g;rmYleGLasic Te enaH
vte =
Te r
J
(a)
enAeBlEdlGgt;muxkat;rgVg;ekItmankMhUcRTg;RTay GkSrbs;sIuLaMghak;enArkSaPaBRtg;
dEdl. kaMTaMgGs;enAkgmuxkat;krkSaPaBRtg;Edr minman warping ehIyviledaymMudUcKaeFobnwg
GkS. edaysarGgt;Edlmanmuxkat;mUlcab;epImeFVIkarCalkN)asic kugRtaMgenAelIrgVg;)asicxag
eRkAcab;epImmantMlefr enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgbNlxagkgenAmanlkNCaeGLasicenAeLIy dUc
eXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>29. enAeBlEdlmuxkat;TaMgmUlkayCa)asic/ b = 0 ehIykugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;
vtf =
3 Tpr
4 J
(b)
Edl vtf CakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;GsmamaRt (nonlinear shear stress) bNalmkBI ultimate twisting

moment T p . GkSr f manny failure.
enAkgmuxkat;ctuekaN bBaarmYlmanlkNsKsajCagqayNas;. bg;muxkat;edImrg
warping edaysar applied torsional moment. m:Um:g;enHbegItkugRtaMgtamGkSkdUcCakugRtaMg
circumferential shear stresses EdlmantMlsUnenARtg;RCugEkgrbs;muxkat; nigRtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;
rbs;ctuekaN ehIymantMlGtibrmaenARtg;EpkkNalnRCugxag dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>30.
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edaysarkarrmUlGtibrma (maximum torsional shearing stress) nwgekItmanenA
276
NPIC
Rtg;cMnuckNal A nig B nTMhMFMCageKrbs;muxkat;. PaBsKsajenHbEnmelIPaBCak;EsgEdlmux

kat;ebtugGarem: nigebtugeRbkugRtaMgminEmnCasMParsac;mYy (homogeneous) bCasMParesIsac;
(isotropic) EdleFVIeGayvaBi)akbegItrUbmnKNitviTaEdlmanlkNsuRkitdUcmuxkat;rgVg;.
277
T.Chhay
kgryeBlCag 70qaM karviPaKm:Um:g;rmYl (torsional analysis) rbs;Ggt;ebtugQrelI (1)

classical theory neGLasicEdl)anbegIteLIgtamryrUbmnKNitviTarYmCamYynwg membrane
analogy verification (St.-Venants) b (2) RTwsI)asic (theory of plasticity) EdlENnaMeday sandheap analogy (Nadals). eKGnuvtRTwsITaMgBIrCaBiessenAkgsanPaBnrmYlsuT (pure torsion).
b:uEn eKrkeXIjtamrykarBiesaFfaRTwsIeGLasicminbMeBjRKb;RKan;sMrab;karTsSTayy:agsuRkitnUv
kugRtaMgenAkgebtugEdlrgkarrmYlsuT. dUcenHeKrkeXIjfakareFVIkarrbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBIm:Um:g;rmYl
RtUv)ansMEdg)anlCagedayviFI)asic.
x> karrmYlsuTenAkgGgt;ebtugsuT
Pure Torsion in Plain Concrete Elements
1.
karrmYlenAkgsMPareGLasic
Torsion in Elastic Materials
enAkgqaM 1853 St.-Venant )anbgajdMeNaHRsayrmYleGLasicEdlman warping Edl

bNalBIkarrmYlsuTEdlekItmanenAkgminEmnrgVg;. enAqaM 1903 Prantl )anbkRsaysarsMxan;n
rUbmnKNitviTaeday membran analogy model rbs;Kat;. KMrUenHbegIteLIgedaymanTMnak;TMngrvag
deflected surface rbs; loaded membran nig karEbgEckkugRtaMgenAkg
r)arEdlrgm:Um:g;Bt;. rUbTI
5>31 bgajBI membrane analogy behavior sMrab;TMrg;ctuekaNkdUcCaTMrgGkSr L.
sMrab;kMhUcRTg;RTaytUc smIkarDIepr:g;Eslrbs; deflected membrane surface manTMrg;dUc
nwgsmIkarEdlkMNt;karBRgaykugRtaMgelImuxkat;rbs;r)arEdlrgm:Um:g;Bt;. dUcKa eyIgeXIjfa (1)
bnat;b:HeTAnwg contour line enARKb;cMnucrbs; deflected membrane pl;nUvTisedArbs;kugRtaMgkat;
enARtg;muxkat;RtUvKan membrane Cak;EsgEdlrgkarrmYl. (2) CMralGtibrmarbs; membran
enARKb;cMnucTaMgGs;smamaRteTAnwgTMhMrbs;kugRtaMgkM;laMgkat; enARtg;cMnucRtUvKaenAkgGgt;Cak;
Esg ehIy (3) m:Um:g;rmYlEdlGgt;Cak;EsgrgKWsmamaRteTABIrdgnmaDenAxageRkam deflected
membrane.
eKGaceXIjBIrUbTI 5>30 nig 5>31(b) fa torsional shearing stress KWRcassmamaRteTAnwg
cMgaycenaH contour lines. ExSkan;EtCit kugRtaMgkan;EtFMEdlnaMkarsnidanEdl)anerobrab;BIxag
edImfa torsional shearing stress GtibrmaekItmanenARtg;EpkkNalnRCugEvgrbs;ctuekaN. BI
278
NPIC
membrane analogy
kugRtaMgGtibrmaRtUvEtsmamaRteTAnwgCMraleTrCageKnbnat;b:HRtg;cMnuc A
nig B .
RbsinebI CabMlas;TIGtibrman membrane BIbnat;b:HenARtg;cMnuc A enaHBIeKalkarN_

mUldannemkanic nigRTwsIrbs; St.-Venant
= b 2G
(5.45a)
Edl G Ca shear modulus nig CamMurmYl (angle of twist). b:uEn vt (max ) smamaRteTAnwgCMralrbs;
bnat;b:H dUcenH
vt (max ) = k1bG
(5.45b)
Edl k1 CatMlefr. m:Um:g;rmYl (torsional moment) EdlRtUvKasmamaRteTAnwgBIrdgnmaDEdlenA

BIxageRkam membrane
279
T.Chhay
( )
Edl k2 CatMlefr. bma:geTot
Te 2 23 bh = k 2bh
Te = k3b 3hG
(5.45c)
Edl k3 CatMlefr. BIsmIkar 5.45a nig b

vt (max ) =
Teb
3
kb h
Teb
J1
(5.45d)
PaKEbg kb3h Cam:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElr (polar moment of inernertia) J1 rbs;muxkat;. edayeRbob

eFobsmIkarenHeTAnwgsmIkar (a) sMrab;muxkat;rgVg;bgajnUvPaBdUcKansmIkarTaMgBIr elIkElgEtem
KuN k sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdlKitbBal shear strain EdlbNalBI warping. eKGacsresr
smIkar 5.45d dUcxageRkam
vt (max ) =
Te
kb 2 h
(5.46)
eKkGacsresrCakugRtaMgenARtg;bg;enAxagkgmuxkat; edayctuekaNcaritkgrgVg;EdlmanTMhM x nig

y Edl x CaRCugxI. dUcenH
vt (max ) =
Te
kx 2 y
(5.47)
enAkgkareRbI membrane analogy approach eKRtUvcMNaMfa torsional shear stress pas;brBIcMnucmYy

eTAcMnucmYyeTottambeNayGkSEdldUcKanwgGkS AB enAkgrUbTI 5>31 edaysarkarpas;brCMral
rbs; analogous membrane nigkarEkERbRbEvgKNna torsional shear stress.
2.
karrmYlenAkgsMPar)asic
Torsion in Plastic Materials
dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagelI plastic sand-heap analogy pl;karENnaMBIkareFVIkarrbs;sarFatu

EdlmanlkNRsYy (brittle element) dUcCagFwmebtugEdlrgkarrmYlsuTkan;EtRbesICag elastic
analogy. m:Um:g;rmYlksmamaRteTAnwgBIrdgnmaDenABIeRkamBMnUkxSac;. rUbTI 5>32bgajBIKMrUkg
bg; nigKMrUkglMhrrbs;BMnUkxSac;. m:Um:g;rmYl Tp enAkgEpk (d) rbs;rUbsmamaRteTAnwgBIrdgnmaD
rbs;BMnUkxSac;ctuekaNEdlbgajenAkgEpk (b) niig (c). eyIgGaceXIjfaCMralrbs;RCugBMnUkxSac;
EdlRtUv)anKitCa torsional shear stress mantMlefr enAkg sand-heap analogy approach Etva
ERbRbYlenAkg membrane analogy approach.
280
NPIC
3. Sand-Heap Analogy Applied to L-Beam
Ggt;ebtugPaKeRcInEdlrgkarrmYleRcInCamuxkat;Edlmansab ehIyCaFmtaeRcInCaFwmmux
kat;GkSr L EdlpSMeLIgedayFwmxageRkAnkMralxN. Fwmmuxkat;GkSr L enAkgrUbTI 5>33 RtUv)an
erIssMrab;Gnuvt plastic sand-heap apperoach edIm,IkMNt;tMllTPaBm:Um:g;rmYl nigkugRtaMgkMlaMg
kat;EdlvaRtUvrg.
BMnUkxSac; (sand heap) RtUv)anbMEbkCamaDbI
V1 = BIra:mItEdltMNageGayragkaer = y1bw2 / 3
V2 = EpkRBIsnRTnugEdltMNageGayragctuekaNEkg = y1bw (h bw ) / 2
V3 = RBIsEdltMNageGaysabrbs;FwmEdlsMedAelIEpk PDI eTAdl; NQM
= y2 h f (b bw ) / 2
281
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;rmYlsmamaRteTAnwgBIrdgnmaDrbs;BMnUkxSac; dUcenH
y b 2 y b (h b ) y 2 h f (b bw )
w
2
+
Tp 1 w + 1 w
3
2
2
(5.48)
ehIy torsional shear stress ksmamaRteTAnwgCMralrbs;BMnUkxSac; dUcenH

y1 =
y2 =
vt bw
2
vt h f
(5.49)
(5.50)
edayCMnYs y1 nig y2 BIsmIkar 5.49 nig 5.50 eTAkgsmIkar 5.48 eyIg)an

Tp
vt (max ) =
(b2 / 6)(3h b ) + (h2 / 2)(b b )

RbsinebIeyIgEckPaKyk nigPaKEbgrbs;smIkar 5.51 CamYynwg (b h)2 eyIg)an
w
(5.51)
282
NPIC
T p h / (bw h )2
(5.52a)
[16 (3 bw / h)]+ 12 (h f / bw )2(b / h bw / h)
RbsinebIeKsnt;fa Ct CaPaKEbgenAkgsmIkarenH nig J E = Ct /(bwh)2 enaHsmIkarxagelInwgkayCa
vt (max ) =
vt (max ) =
Tph
JE
(5.52b)
Edl J E Cam:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrsmmUlEdlGnuKmn_eTAnwgragrbs;muxkat;Fwm. cMNaMfasmIkar 5.52b

manTMrg;RsedogKaeTAnwgsmIkar 5.45d BI membrane analogy elIkElgtMlrbs;PaKEbgxusKa. eK
kGacGnuvtsmIkar 5.52a sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaNedayeGay h f = 0 .
eKkRtUvTTYlsal;pgEdrfaebtugminCasMPar)asic\texaHeT dUcenHersIusg;rmYlCak;Esg
rbs;muxkat;ebtugsuTmantMlsitenAcenaHrvagtMln membrane analogy nigtMln sand-heap
analogy.
eKkGacsresrsmIkar 5.52b edaykMNt;eGay Tp = Tc Ca nominal torsional strength
rbs;muxkat;ebtugsuT ehIy vt (max) = vtc edayeRbInimitsBaaEdleRbIeday ACI Edl
Tc = k 2b 2 hvtc
(5.53a)
b
Tc = k 2 x 2 yvtc
Edl x CaTMhMtUcCageKrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN.
tamrykargarCamYyFwmebtugGarem:CaeRcIn eKGacyk k2 = 1 / 3 . tMlenH)anmkBIkar
BiesaFenAkg skew-bending theory rbs;ebtugsuT. eK)ankMNt;yk 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)
CatMlkMNt;rbs;ersIusg;rmYlsuTrbs;Ggt;Edlminmandak;EdkrgrmYl. edayeRbIemKuNkat;bny
2.5 sMrab;sameRbHdMbUg torsional load vtc = 2.4 f 'c psi (0.2 f 'c MPa ) nigedayeRbI k 2 = 1 / 3 enA
kgsmIkar 5.53 eyIgTTYl)an
Tc = 0.8 f 'c x 2 y
xat US
(5.54a)
Tc = 0.066 f 'c x 2 y
xat IS
Edl x CaRCugxICageKrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN. emKuNkat;bny 2.5 RtUv)aneRbIedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg\TiBl
m:Um:g;Bt;EdlGacekItman.
RbsinebImuxkat;manragGkSr T bragGkSr L eKGacbMEbkRkLapCabgMragctuekaNdUcenA
kgrUbTI 5>34 Edl
Tc = 0.8 f 'c x 2 y
xat US
(5.54b)
Tc = 0.066 f 'c x 2 y
xat IS
283
T.Chhay
17> karrmYlenAkgGgt;ebtugGarem: nigebtugeRbkugRtaMg

Torsion in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Elements
karrmYlkMrnwgekItmanenAkgeRKOgbgMebtugEdlminmanrgkarBt; nigkMlaMgkat;. karerobrab;

kgEpkxagelIpl;nUvsBaaNRKb;RKan;kgkarcUlrYmrbs;ebtugsuTenAkgmuxkat;edIm,ITb;Tl;EpkxHn
bnSMkugRtaMgEdlekItBIkMlaMgrmYl kMlaMgtamGkS kMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgBt;. kgkrNIPaKeRcIn lTPaB
rbs;ebtugsuTEdlTb;Tl;karrmYlenAeBlEdlpSMCamYynwgbnkdTGacmantMltUcCag enAeBlEdl
vaTb;Tl;Etm:Um:g;rmYlxageRkAEdlmanemKuNdUcKa. dUcenH eKRtUvdak;EdkrgkarrmYl (torsional reinforcement) edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;rmYlFM.
karrab;bBalTaMgEdktambeNay (longitudinal reinforcement) nigEdktamTTwg (transverse reinforcement) edIm,IkarBarEpkxHrbs;m:Um:g;rmYlbgajnUvFatufIenAkgsMnMunkMlaMg nigm:Um:g;
enAkgmuxkat;. RbsinebI
Tn = nominal torsional resistance srubcaM)ac;nmuxkat; edayrYmbBalTaMgEdk
Tc = nominal torsional resistance rbs;ebtugsuT
Ts = torsional resistance rbs;Edk
Tn = Tc + Ts
(5.55)
enaH
284
NPIC
eK)anesIeLIgnUvRTwsICaeRcInkalBIknHstvtSmun. RTwsITUeTAEdlnwgbgajenATIenHepateTA
elI (a) shew bending theory, (b) space truss analogy theory, (c) compression field theory nig
(d) plasticity equilibrium truss theory. elIkElg skew bending theory ecj RTwsIepSgeTotBI
carNarMhUrkMlaMgkat; (shear flow) enAkgmuxkat;RbGb;RbehagCaFatuemkgkarkMNt;ersIusg;rmYl
rbs;muxkat;tan; nigmuxkat;Rbehag.
k> Skew-Bending Theory
BicarNalMGitBIkMhUcRTg;RTayxagkgrbs;sMnMun transverse warped

surface tambeNayFwm. dMbUgRTwsIenHRtUv)anesIeLIgeday Lessig ehIyCabnbnab;mankarcUlrYm
BI Collin, Hsu, Zia, Gesund, Mattock nig Elfgren.
Failure surface rbs;muxkat;FwmEdlrgm:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment) M u enAEtrkSaPaBrab
esIeRkayeBlrgkarBt; dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>35(a). RbsinebIm:Um:g;rmYl (torsional moment) Tu
FMCagersIusg;rbs;muxkat; sameRbHekItmanenAelIRCugbIrbs;muxkat;Fwm ehIykugRtaMgsgt;ekItman
enAelIEpkxHrbs;RCugTIbYntambeNayFwm. edaysarbnkrmYlbnrhUt dl;sanPaBenAeBl)ak;/
skewed failure surface ekIteLIgedaysarbnSMn torsional moment Tu nig bending moment M u .
GkSNWtrbs; skewed surface nigpqUtenAkgrUbTI 535(b) EdlkMNt; nUvtMbn;sgt;ElgRtg;eTotehIy
nigmanmMu CamYynwgmuxkat;bg;edIm.
Skew-bending theory
285
T.Chhay
munnwgeRbH TaMgEdktambeNay nigEdkkgbiTCitmin)ancUlrYmy:agsMxan;eTAkg torsional

stiffness rbs;muxkat;eT. enAdMNak;kalnkardak;bnkeRkayeBleRbH PaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) rbs;
muxkat;RtUv)ankat;bny b:uEn torsional resistance rbs;vaRtUv)anekIneLIgy:agxaMgedayGaRsyeTA
nwgbrimaN nigkarEbgEbknEdkbeNay nigEdkkgbiTCit. eKGacTTYl)anersIusg;rmYlbEnmbnic
bncBIersIusg;nebtugsuTenAkgFwmTal;EteKeRbIEdkbeNay nigEdkkg.
Skew-bending theory KittMbn;sgt;mankMBs;efr. eKsnt;fasameRbHenAelIpxagTaMgbI
EdlenAsl;rbs;muxkat;ralesI ehIyEdkkgenARtg;penaHTTYlkMlaMgTajenAeBleRbH ehIyEdk
beNayCamYynwgebtugTb;Tl;nUvkMlaMgkat;tamry dowel action. rUbTI 5>36(a) bgajBIkMlaMg
EdleFVIGMeBIelI skewly bent plane. BhuekaNenAkgrUbTI 5>36(b) eGayersIusg;kMlaMgkat; Fc rbs;
ebtug/ kMlaMg T L rbs;EdkbeNayskm (active longitudinal steel bar) enAkgtMbn;sgt; nig Cc
kMlaMgbksgt;Fmta.
286
NPIC
m:Um:g;rmYl Tc n resisting shearing force Fc RtUv)anbegItedaypbksgt;qUtenAkgrUbTI

5>36 (a) KW
Fc
dXas;rbs;vaeFobkMlaMg Fv enAkgrUb
Tc =
cos 45o
b
Tc = 2 Fc (0.8 x )
(5.56a)
Edl x CaRCugxICageKrbs;muxkat;Fwm. karBiesaFCaeRcInedIm,IkMNt; Fc EdlCakugRtaMgkgrbs;ebtug
esInwg k1 f 'c nig geometrical torsional constant rbs;muxkat; k2 x 2 y eFVIeGaysmIkarxagelI
kayCa
Tc =
2.4 2
x y f 'c
x
(5.56b)
x> Skew-Bending Theory
RtUv)anbegIteLIgdMbUgeday Rausch nigeRkaymkmankarcUl

rYmeday Lampert, Collin, Hsu, Thulirman, Elfgren nigGkdTeTot. RTwsIenHRtUv)aneFVIeGaykan;
EtRbesIeLIgEfmeToteday Rabbat nig Collins enAelI variable angle space truss.
Hse )anesInUvkarpSMrvag equilibrium, compatibility nig softened constitutive law rbs;eb
tugeGayeTACaRTwsIEtmYyEdlGaceGayeK)a:n;san)annUvtMlkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlrbs;Fwmkan;
EtsuRkitEdlGacTTYlyk)an. eKeRbIeKalkarN_ shear flow edIm,IbMEbkTMnak;TMngsmIkarsMrab;
lMnwgkMlaMgkat;. Space truss analogy CaKMrUEdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNna shear-resisting
stirruo EdlenAkgenaH diagonal tension crack RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkkgenAeBlEdlvacab;epIm
ekIteLIg. edaysarrUbragminenAkgbg; (nonplanar shape) rbs;muxkat;EdlbNalBIm:Um:g;rmYl/
space truss EdlpSMeLIgedaysarEdkkgRtUv)aneRbICa diagonal tension members ehIy idealized
concrete strips Edlman varable angle rvagsameRbHRtUv)aneRbICa compression members
(struts) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>37.
eKsnt;enAkgRTwsIenHfaFwmebtugrgkugRtaMgrmYleFVIkarRsedogKanwg thin-walled box
Edlman shear flow efr enAkg wall cross section edaybegItm:Um:g;rmYlefr. kareRbI hollowwalled section CagkareRbImuxkat;tan; edaysarEteKcg;bgajBIkarTTYl)anCaBiessnUv ultimate
torsional moment RsedogKa RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMgminesIgeTenaH. karsnidanEbbenHekIteLIgenA
eBlEdlkarBiesaFbgajfa torsional strength rbs;muxkat;tan;pSMeLIgBIersIusg;nRTugEdkkgbiTCit
Space truss analoguy theory
287
T.Chhay
EdlbegIteLIgedayEdkbeNay nigEdkTTwg idealized concrete inclined compression strut

enAkgbg;rbs;CBaaMgRTug. Compression strut CacMerokebtugeRTtcenaHsameRbHenAkgrUbTI 5>37.
KWQrelI space truss model. enAkg code enH/ eKykkMras;CBaaMgRbsiTPaBrbs;FwmRbehagesInwg 16 Do Edl Do CaGgt;pitrbs;rgVg;carwkkgctuekaNEdlPab;EdkbeNay
b Do = xo enAkgrUbTI 5>37. Casegb Gvtmanrbs;slminman\TiBldl;ersIusg;rbs;Ggt;Edl
rgkarrmYleT. dUcenH eKGacTTYlyk space truss analogy approach EdlQrelImuxkat;Rbehag.
CEB-FIP code
K> Compression Field Theory
eKKitfa compression field theory CakrNIBiessrbs; general truss model theory.

Elfgren )anesIeLIgnUv compression field edIm,IBiBNnaBIbgMn plasticity truss model EdlRtUv)an
eRbIkgeBlbcb,nenAkg European Code ehIy Collin nig Mitchell )anEklMGviFIenHedayesIeLIg
nUvBakEdlnwgerobrab;Cabnbnab;. mMueRTt n diagonal crack enAkgrUbTI 5>37 b compression
288
NPIC
cenaH diagonal crack KWmin)anmMu 45o leT b:uEneKcUlciteRbIEdnkMNt;EdlQrelIprbs;

longitudinal tension steel nig transverse toresional web steel (inclined or vertical closed
strirrups or ties). rUbTI 5>38 bgajBIkarBitEdlfakMlaMgrmYlRtUg)anTb;eday tengential
component rbs; diagonal compression strut EdlbegIt shear flow q enACMuvijbrimaRt.
strut
edaysnt;fa ebtugminrgkMlaMgTajeRkayeBleRbH ehIy torsional shear RtUv)anTb;eday

Ednn diagonal compression strut eKGackMNt;mMueRTt rbs; strut enHCa
tan 2 =
Edl
l + d
t + d
(5.57)
enAkgEdkem A
t = transverse tensile strain enAkgr)arEdk B
l = longitudinal tensile strain
289
T.Chhay
d = diagonal compression strain
eKGacTTYl)anRkLap Ao enAkgrUbEdlBTCMuvijeday shear flow q Ca

Ao = Aoh
Edl
ao
ph
2
(5.58)
RkLapEdlBTCMuvijedayGkSrbs; hoop
ph = brimaRtrbs; hoop edayKitykRtwmGkSrbs; hoop
ao = kMBs;bksgt; dUcKanwgkMBs; a rbs;bkctuekaNsmmUlEdlrg flexure
Aoh =
290
NPIC
kMras;CBaaMgsmmUl td enAkgkarviPaKFwmEdlrgkarrmYlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>39

ehIykMBs; ao rbs;bksgt;RtUv)ankMNt;enAkgsmIkar 5.61.
Diagonal torsional crack kdUc exposed transver ties eRkayeBlkMras;ebtugkarBarEdk
rebH (spall) eRkam torsion failure RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>40.
eKGackMNt; transverse strain nig longitudinal strain enAkgEdkenAeBl nominal

torsional moment Tn dUcxageRkam
0.851 f 'c Ao
10.003
t =
n Aoh tan
0.851 f 'c Ao
tan 10.003
n Aoh
l =
(5.59a)
(5.59b)
Edl nominal torsional shear stress KW

n =
Tn ph
2
Aoh
(5.60)
eKGacTTYlRkLap Ao EdlBTeday shear flow BIsmIkar 5.60 nigsmIkarxageRkamsMrab;kMBs;bk

sgt; ao EdlrgkarrmYledayGnuelamtam Collin nig Mitchell
ao =
Aoh
Tn ph
1
+
tan
1 1
2
ph
tan
0.85 f 'c Aoh
(5.61)
291
T.Chhay
Edl Tn Ca nominal torsional moment strength enARtg;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;. eKKYr

kt;cMNaMfasmIkar 5.58, 5.59, 5.60, 5.61 nig 5.63 KWEpkelIkarsnt; (1) karrebH (spalling) rbs;
RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk nig(2) edayeRbI non-softened stress-strain curve rbs;ebtug. karsnt;
TaMgenHemIleTAminCaRtwmRtUveTedayBicarNakarrmYlCak;Esgrbs;Ggt;ebtug.
sMrab;bnSMkarrmYl nigkarkat;/ kugRtaMgkat;enARtg; nominal strength Tn nig Vn enAkg
smIkar 5.61 kayCa
n =
Edl
Tn ph
2
Aoh
Vn V p
bv d v
(5.62)
bgMkMlaMgkugRtaMgbBar
bv = TTwgRTnugRbsiTPaBGb,brmaenAkgkMBs;kMlaMgkat; d v eRkayeBl spalling RsTab;
karBar. dkGgt;pitrbs; duct BITTwgRTnugRbsinebI ungrouted tendon bdkBak;
kNalGgt;pitrbs; duct sMrab; grouted tendon.
d v = kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB. eKGacKitvaCa flexural lever arm b:uEnminRtUvtUcCagcMgay
bBarcenaHGkSrbs; bars b prestressing tendon enARtg;kac;RCugrbs;Edkkg.
tMl)a:n;sannmMueRTtrbs; compressive strut enAkgrUbTI 5>38 sitenAcenaH 24o sMrab;
karrmYlsuT nig 90o sMrab;karBt;begagsuT. dUcenH eKeRCIserIsyktMl tUcCageKsMrab;kMlaMg
rmYl eFVIeGayeKRtUvkar hoop steel kan;Ettic nignaMeGayeKRtUvkarRkLapEdkbeNaykan;EteRcIn.
edaysarEdkkgfCagEdkbeNay enaHCMerIstMl kan;EttUcKWeKnwgTTYl)anlkNesdkickan;
EtRbesIkgkarKNna.
Compression field theory snt;faeKeRCIserIslkNFrNImaRtrbs; designed section
elImUldann yielding rbs;Edkkg nigEdkbeNaymunnwgekItmankarEbktamGgt;RTUgrbs;ebtug.
dUcenH transverse strain 1 enAkgsmIkar 5.57 nig 5.58a KYrKitCa yield strain ty .
eKGackMNt;mMurbs; compression strut EdlKitCadWeRkdUcxageRkam
Vp =
10 +
35( n / f 'c )
35( n / f 'c )
< < 80
0.42 50 l
0.42 65 ty
(5.63)
eKKYrcMNaMfaenAkg compression field theory eKsnt;kugRtaMgTajemesInwgsUneRkayeBl

ebtugeRbH. Collin nig Mitchell Edl)anesInUv modified compression field theory KitbBalnUvkar
cUlrYmrbs;EdkTajenAkgebtugcenaHsameRbH. ACI Code approach snt;mMueRTt efr EdlenA
kgenaH = 45o sMrab;ebtugGarm: nig = 37.5o sMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
292
NPIC
X> Plasticity Equilibrium Truss Theory

)anesIeLIgnUv equilibrium, compatibility nig softene constitutive law rbs;ebtugenA
kgRTwsIEtmYyEdlGacTajnUvkugRtaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgrmYlrbs;FwmEdlmanlkNsuRkitGacTTYl
yk)an. eKeRbI shear flow concept kgkarbMEbksmIkarEdlTak;TgsMrab; shear equilibrium.
Hsu
!> Equilibrium in Element Shear
eKmanFatukaer:mYyEdlmankMras; t rgnUv shear flow q EdlbNalmkBIkMlaMgkat;suTEdl

bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>41. TaMgEdkenAkgTisbeNay l TaMgEdkenAkgTisTTwg t KWsuTEtrgkugRtaMg
kta fl / sl nig fv / s erogKa EdleKGackMNt; shear flow q edaysmIkarlMnwg
q = (Fl ) tan
Edl
Fl = Al f l / sl
(5.64a)
nig
q = (Ft ) cot
(5.64b)
Edl Ft = At fv / s
Al nig At CaRkLapmuxkat;rbs;Edk ehIy sl nig st CaKMlatkgTis l nigTis t erogKa.
BIragFrNImaRtrbs;RtIekaNenAkgrUbTI 5>41 eKGackMNt; shear flow eday
q = ( f D t ) sin cos
(5.65)
293
T.Chhay
RbsinebIeKsnt;EdkkgTisTaMgBIreFVIkardl; yield enaHsmIkar 5.64a nig 5.65 eGay

tan =
Fty
Fly
nig
q y = Fly Fty
EdlGkSr y manny yielding rbs;Edk.
(5.66a)
(5.66b)
@> Equilibrium in Element Torsion
rUbTI 5>42 bgajBITIbRbehag nigmankMras;ERbRbYlEdlrgnUvkMlaMgrmYlsuT. RTwsI St.Venant snt;faragrbs;muxkat;enArkSadEdleRkamkMhUcRTg;RTayeGLasictUc ehIy warping

deformation EdlEkgnwgmuxkat;KYrmantMldUcKatambeNayGkSrbs;Ggt;. dUcenH eKGacsnt;fa
manEtkugRtaMgkat;eTEdlekItmanenAkgCBaaMgRbGb;kgTMrg; shear flow q dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
5>42 a nigsnt;fa kugRtaMgEkgkgbg; (in-plane normal stresses) enAkgCBaaMgRtUv)anecal. Rb
sinebIFatuGnntUcrbs;CBaaMg ABCD RtUv)anpac;ecjdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>42 b, shear flow enAkg
TisedA l RtUvesInwg shear flow enAkgTisedA t b
l t1 = t t 2
(5.67)
294
NPIC
enAelIeKalkarN_enH eKKit shear flow q mantMlefrBaseBjmuxkat;. kMlaMgrmYlenAelIcMgay

GnntUc dt tambeNayKng shear flow KW qdt dUcenH torsional resistance rbs;m:Um:g;rmYlxag
eRkA T enAkgrUbTI 5>42 a kayCa
T = q rdt
(5.68)
rdt = 2 Ao
(5.69)
T
2 Ao
(5.70)
BIrUbTI 5>42 a eyIgeXIjfa rdt enAkgGaMgetRkal;esInwgBIrdgnRkLaprbs;RtIekaNEdlqUtEdl

pMeLIgeday r nig dt . RkLapsrubCMuvijmuxkat;KW
Edl Ao = RkLapmuxkat;EdlhMuBTeday shear flow center line. edayCMnYs 2 Ao eTAkgsmIkar
5.68 eKTTYl)an
q=
edayminKit warping, shear element EdlrgkarrmYlsuTenAkgCBaaMgTIbrbs;rUbTI 5>42 a mantMl

dUcKaeTAnwg membrane shear element enAkgrUbTI 5>41 a. dUcenH edayCMnYs shear flow q
Edl)anBIsmIkar 5.70 eTAkg 5.64 a, b nig 5.65 eK)ansmIkarlMnwgbIsMrab;karrmYldUcxageRkam
T=
Fl
(2 Ao ) tan
po
Edl F l = Fl po ehIy
bNalBIkarrmUl
po =
(5.71a)
brimaRtrbs;Kng shear flow. F l CakMlaMgtambeNaysrubEdl
T = Ft (2 Ao ) cot
T = ( f D t )(2 Ao ) sin cos
(5.71b)
(5.71c)
eKGacsresrsmIkar 5.71 b enAeBl yield Ca

Tn =
2 Ao At f yv
s
cot
(5.72)
Edl Tn CaersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlGtibrma.
EdkrgkarrmYlcaM)ac;enAkgTisbeNay nigTisTTwgkayCa
At =
Al1 =
Tn s
2 Ao f yv cot
At
s
f yv
s cot 2
f yl l
(5.73)
(5.74a)
Edl Al = RkLapsrubrbs;EdkrgkarrmYltambeNayenAkgmuxkat;
295
T.Chhay
#> Shear-Torsion-Bending Interaction

BicarNaRbGb;ctuekaNenAkgrUbTI 5>37 nig 5>43. Shear flow q nwgmindUcKaenAelICBaaMg
TaMgbYnrbs;RbGb;enAeBlEdlrgbnSMkarkat; nigkarrmYldUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>43. kar)ak;Gacnwg
ekIteLIgtamBIrEbb
(a) EdkbeNayrgkarTajxageRkam nigEdkkgTTwgeFVIkardl; yield
(b) EdkbeNayrgkarsgt;xagelI nigEdkkgTTwgeFVIkardl; yield
EdkTajxageRkameFVIkardl; yield
RbsinebIkar)ak;enHekIteLIgedaysarEdkbeNayxageRkam nigEdkkgeFVIkardl; yield
edaysarbnSMnkugRtaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgrmYl eKGacbMEbksmIkarxageRkambIlkxNlMnwg)andUcxag
eRkam
(a)
T
V yo s
M
+
+
Fb yo 2 yo FB At f v 2 Ao
( yo + xo )
FB
s
=1
At f v
(5.75)
RbsinebI M o / Vo nig To Cam:Um:g; nigkMlaMgEdlmanGMeBIEtg eKGackMNt;BYkva)andUcxageRkam

M o = FB yo
F
Vo = 2 yo T
yo
(5.76a)
At f v
2F
To = 2 Ao T
po
At f v
sMrab;muxkat;RbGb;
(5.76b)
(5.76c)
Edl po = 2( yo + xo )
296
NPIC
R=
FT
FB
(5.76d)
eKGacTTYl)an nondimensional interaction surface relationship edaybBalsmIkar 5.76 eTAkg

smIkar 5.75
2
T
M V
+ R + R = 1
To
M o Vo
(5.77a)
Edksgt;xagxagelIeFVIkardl; yield
RbsinebIkar)ak;enHekIteLIgedaysarEdkbeNayxagelI Edkrgkarsgt; nigEdkkg
eFVIkardl; yield enaHsmIkar 5.77 a nwgkayCa
(b)
M 1 V T
+ + = 1

M
o R Vo To
(5.77b)
BIsmIkar 5.77a nig 5.77b Gnrkmrbs; V nig T manragCasmIkarrgVg;Edlmanm:Um:g;Bt; M

efr sMrab;p)ak;TaMgBIr. karRbsBVKarvagp)ak;TaMgBIrsMrab;kar)ak;TaMgBIrenHbegIt)ancMnucx<s;bMput
enAelIExSekagGnrkmrvag V nig T EdlsmIkar 5.77a nig 5.77b eGay
2
V T
1+ R
+ =
2R
Vo To
(5.78a)
smIkar 5.78 sMrab; R = 0.25 / 0.5 nig1 enAelIbg;x<s;bMputeGaydaRkamragrgVg;dUcbgajenAkg

rUbTI 5>44.
297
T.Chhay
kar)ak;tamrebObTIbIKWbNalmkBIEdkxagelI EdkxageRkam nigEdkkgeFVIkardl; yield

ehIyeKRtUvbEnm shear flow EdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;rmYlenAelIRKb;RCugTaMgGs;. smIkar
5.78a RtUv)anEksMrYldUcxageRkam
2
V T
VT 1 + R
+ + 2
=
Vo To
VoTo 2 R
(5.78b)
ersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tn RtUvFMCag besIm:Um:g;rmYlxageRkA Tu EdlbNalmkBIbnkemKuN. kg

karKNna Tn (ACI 318-99) eKsnt;eGaykMlaMgrmYlTaMgGs;RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkkgbiTCit nig
EdkbeNay ehIysnt;fa torsional moment Tc EdlTb;Tl;eday concrete compression strut man
tMlesIsUn. enAkgeBlCamYyKa eKsnt;fakMlaMgkat; Vc EdlTb;Tl;edayebtugminpas;breday
sarvtmanrbs;m:Um:g;rmYleT. karsMrYlEbbenHkat;bnyPaBlM)ak nigTMhMnsmIkarGnrkmsMrab; V /
T nig M EdleRbIenAkgkUdBImun. Casegb EdkkgsMrab;kMlaMgkat;RtUv)ankMNt;edaytMlrbs;
Vs = Vn Vc EdkkgsMrab;m:Um:g;rmYlRtUv)ankMNt;edaytMlrbs; Tn Etb:ueNaH Edl Tn = Tu /
ehIy = 0.85 .
g> Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams Subjected to

Combined Torsion, Shear, and Bending in Accordance with
the ACI 319-99 Code
edayeFVIkarEksMrYl equilibrium truss model ncMnuc X/ cMnucbnbnab;Ca ACI 318 Code

provision sMrab;karsikSaKNnaEdkbeNay nigEdkTTwgenAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMg.
1. Compatibility Torsion
enAkgRbBnsaTIcminkMNt; (statically indeterminate system) karsnt;PaBrwgRkaj (stiffness), PaBRtUvKarbs;bMErbMrYlrageFob (compatibility of strain) enARtg;tMN nigkarEbgEckkugRtaMg
eLIgvijGacCH\TiBldl;kugRtaMgpbEdlnaMeTAdl;karkat;bny torsional shearing stress. eK
GnuBaateGaymankarkat;bnyenAkgtMlrbs;m:Umg: ;emKuNEdleRbIenAkgkarKNnaGgt; RbsinebI
Epknm:Um:g;enHGacRtUv)anEbgEckeTAkan;Ggt;EdlRbsBVKa. ACI Code GnuBaat torsional moment
emKuNGtibrmaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; h / 2 BIprbs;TMrsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgxageRkam
2
Acp
1+ f
Tu = 4 f 'c
xat US
(5.79)
p
4 f'
pc
298
NPIC
Tu =
Edl
2
f 'c Acp
pcp
1+
3f
f 'c
xat SI
RkLapEdlBTCMuvijedaybrimaRtxageRkArbs;muxkat;ebtug = xo yo
pcp = brimaRtxageRkArbs;muxkat;ebtug Acp / = 2( xo + yo )
f = kugRtaMgsgt;mFmenAkgebtugenARtg;GkSTIRbCMuTMgn;EdlbNalEtBIkugRtaMgRbsiT
PaBeRkayBIkMhatbg;. ACI Code kMNt; f c Ca f pc .
karminKit\TiBleBjeljntMlsrubrbs;m:Umg: ;rmYlxageRkAenAkgkrNIenH minnaMeTAdl;
kar)ak;rbs;eRKOgbgMeT b:uEnvaGacbgeGaymansameRbHFMRbsinebI 4 f 'c (Acp2 / pcp ) sMrab;xat
2
US b f 'c (Acp
/ pcp )/ 3 sMrab;xat SI mantMltUcCagm:Um:g;rmYlemKuNCak;EsgxaMgeBkenaH.
RbsinebIkMlaMgrmYlemKuNCak;EsgtUcCagGVIEdleGayenAkgsmIkar 5.79 enaHeKRtUvKNna
FwmsMrab;tMlkMlaMgrmYlEdltUcCag. b:uEnsMrab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg eKecal torsional moment Rbsin
ebI
2
Acp
1+ f c
Tu < f 'c
xat US
(5.80)
p
4 f'
Acp =
c
cp
2
f 'c Acp
1+ 3 f
Tu <
12 pcp
f 'c
xat SI
2. Torsional Moment Strength
eKeRCIserIsTMhMmuxkat;edayQrelIeKalkarN_nkarkat;bnysameRbH nigkarBarkarpHEbk
pebtugEdlbgedaykugRtaMgsgt;eRTtEdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlEdlkMNt;edayGg
xageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.81. TMhMFrNImaRtsMrab;ersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlenAkgebtugGarem: nigebtugeRbkug
RtaMgRtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkarxageRkam
(a) muxkat;tan;
2
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
+
bw d
bw d 1.7 A0 h
2
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2
+
b d 3
2
w
bw d 1.7 A0 h
(b)
f 'c
xat US
(5.81)
xat SI
muxkat;Rbehag
299
T.Chhay
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
bw d 1.7 A0h
bw d
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2 f 'c
bw d 1.7 A0 h
bw d 3
xat US
(5.82)
xat SI
E;dl A0h = RkLapEdlBTCMuvijGkSrbs; transverse torsional reinforcemet xageRkAeK

bMput
ph = brimaRtrbs; transcerse torsional reinforcement xageRkAeKbMput edayKitBI
GkSEdk
RkLap A0h sMrab;muxkat;epSgEdleGayenAkgrUbTI 5>45/ rUbTI 5>46 nigrUbTI 5>47 pl;
nUvkarENnaMedIm,IkMNt;RkLap A0h nigRkLap shear flow A0 0.85 A0h enAkgsmIkar 5.84(a).
300
NPIC
plbUknkugRtaMgenAGgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.82 minKYrFMCagkugRtaMgEdlbNaleGayman

shear cracking bUknwg 8 f 'c psi (0.664 f 'c MPa ) . vamanlkNRsedogKanwg limiting strength
Vs 8 f 'c psi (0.664 f 'c MPa ) sMrab;kMlaMgkat;EdlKankMlaMgrmYl.
301
T.Chhay
3. Hollow Section Wall Thickness
kugRtaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlekItmanenAkgCBaaMgrbs;muxkat;Rbehag
dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>48 a. cMNaMfaenAkgmuxkat;tan; kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkarrmYlenA
EtRbmUlpMenARtg;tMbn;xageRkArbs;muxkat;dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 5>48b.
RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMgrbs;muxkat;RbehagERbRbYl eKRtUvkMNt;muxkat;FrNImaRtenARtg;TItaMg
EbbNaEdleFVIeGayGgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.82 mantMlGtibrma. dUcKa RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMg
t < A0h / ph eKRtUvykGgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 5.82 esInwg
Vu Tu
bw d 1.7 A0 h t
kMras;CBaaMg t CakMras;EdleKRtUvRtYtBinitkugRtaMg.
V d
xat US
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d
M
(
Vc (5
Vc 1.7 f 'c bw d
f 'c bw d
V d
Vc = f 'c / 20 + 5 u
Mu
(
Vc (0.4
Vc 0.17 f 'c bw d
nig
f 'c bw d
xat US
xat US
xat SI
(5.83)
xat SI
xat SI
Vu d
1.0
Mu
302
NPIC
4. Torsional Web Reinforcement
eKGacTTYl)anersIusg;rmYlbEnmEdlbNalBIEdkrgkarrmYlbEnmedayeRbIEdkkg nigEdk
beNay. eKKYreRbIEdkkg nigEdkbeNayEdlmanmaDesIKaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;rmYl. eKalkarN_
enHCaeKalkarN_rbs;smIkar ACI sMrab;kMNt; torsinal web steel. RbsinebI s CaKMlatEdkkg/ Al
CaRkLapEdkbeNaysrub nig At CaRkLapsMrab;eCIgmYyrbs;Edkkg. EdkTTwgsMrab;Tb;Tl;RtUv
QrelIersIusg;m:Um:g;rmYlxageRkAeBjelj Tn = (Tu / ) Edl
Tn =
2 A0 At f yv
s
cot
(5.84a)
emIlkarbMEbksmIkar 5.72
A0 = gross area BTCMuvijeday shear flow path
At = RkLapmuxkat;neCIgmYyrbs;EdkkgbiTCit
f yv = yield strength rbs; closed transverse torsional reinforcement ehIyvaminRtUvFMCag
60ksi(414 MPa )
mMurbs; compression diagonal (struts) enAkg space truss analogy sMrab;karrmYl

emIlrUbTI 5>39
edaypas;tYrbs;smIkar 5.84a/ RkLapEdkkgkayCa
=
At
Tn
=
s 2 A0 f yv cot
(5.48b)
eKKYrkMNt;RkLap A0 edaykarviPaK EtelIkElgfa ACI 318 Code GnuBaateGayyk

A0 = 0.85 A0h CMnYseGaykarviPaK.
ersIusg;rmYlemKuN Tn RtUvFMCag besInwgm:Um:g;rmYlemKuNxageRkA Tu . enAkg ACI 31899 code )ansnt;fam:Um:g;rmYlTaMgGs;RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkkgbiTCit nigEdkbeNayedayminKit
ersIusg;rmYlrbs;ebtug Tc = 0 . kMlaMgkat; Vc RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayebtugedaysnt;KankarERbRbYl
edaysarvtmanrbs;m:Um:g;rmYl.
eKminRtUvyktMlmMu EdlpMeday concrete compression diagonal strut tUcCag 30o bFM
Cag 60o eT. eKGacTTYl)anvaedaykarviPaKEdleFVIeLIgeday Hsu. EdkbeNaybEnmsMrab;m:Um:g;
rmYlminKYrtUcCag
Al =
f yv 2
At
cot
ph
f yt
s
(5.85)
303
T.Chhay
Edl
rbs;EdkTb;karrmYlbeNay vaminRtUvFMCag 60ksi = 414MPa .

eKRtUveRbImMu dUcKaTaMgenAkgsmIkar 5.84 TaMgenAkgsmIkar 5.85. eKKYrkt;cMNaMfa enA
eBlEdleKyktMl kan;EttUc brimaNEdkkgEdlTamTaredaysmIkar 5.84 kan;EtfycuH. enA
kgeBlCamYyKaenaH brimaNEdkbeNayEdlTamTaredaysmIkar 5.85 nwgekIneLIg.
edIm,IeCosvagkarKNnamMu edaykarviPaK ACI Code GnuBaateGayyktMlmMu esInwg
(i) 45o sMrab;Ggt;EdlminrgeRbkugRtaMg bGgt;EdlmaneRbkugRtaMgtUcCagenAkg (ii)
(ii) 37.5o sMrab;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMgEdlmankMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBFMCag 40% nersIusg;
Tajrbs;EdkbeNay.
PCI )anENnaMeGayKNnatMlmMu BIsmIkar
f yt = yield strength
cot =
Tu /
1.7 A0h ( At / s ) f yv
(5.86)
5. Minimum Torsional Reinforcement
eKcaM)ac;RtUvdak; torsional reinforcement Gb,brmaenARKb;tMbn;TaMgGs;Edl factored

torsional moment FMCagtMlEdleGayedaysmIkar 5.80. enAkgkrNIEbbenH EdkkgTTwgbiT
CitGb,brma EdlRtUvkarCatMltUcCageKkgcMeNamKW
50bw s
xat US
(5.87)
Avt = Av + 2 At
f
yv
Avt = Av + 2 At
nig
Avt
Aps f pu
xat SI
0.35bw s
f yv
d
bw
80 f y d
KMlatGtibrmaminRtUvFMCagtMltUcCageKn pn / 8 b12in.(30cm) .
eKRtUvKNnaRkLapsrubGtibrmarbs; longitudinal torsional reinforcement bEnmeday
5 f 'c Acp At
f yv
Al , min =
ph
xat US
(5.88)
f
f
s
yl
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
12 f yl
yl
f yv
A
t ph
f yl
s
xat SI
eKminRtUvyk At / s tUcCag 25bw / f yv eT. eKRtUvBRgayEdkbeNaybEnmEdlRtUvkarsMrab;Tb;Tl;

karrmYlCMuvijbrimaRtrbs;EdkkgbiTCitCamYynwgKMlat 12in.(30cm) . eKRtUvdak;kabeRbkugRtaMgenA
xagkgEdkkg ehIyEdkeRbkugRtaMgy:agticmYyRtUv)andak;enAkac;RCugnImYyrbs;Edkkg. EdkeRb
304
NPIC
kugRtaMgRtUvmanGgt;pity:agtic 1 / 16 nKMlatEdkkg b:uEnminRtUvtUcCagEdk #3 eT. eKRtUvbnay

EdkTb;Tl;karrmYlsMrab;cMgayGb,brma (bt + d ) ecjBIcMnucEdlRtUvkaredayRTwsIsMrab;karrmYl
BIeRBaH torsional diagonal crack ekItmankgTMrg; helical EdllanecjBIsameRbHEdlekIteLIg
edaysarkMlaMgkat; nigkarBt;. bt CaTTwgrbs;Epknmuxkat;EdlmanEdkkgsMrab;Tb;Tl;karrmYl.
muxkat;eRKaHfak;rbs;FwmKWenARtg;cMgay d BIprbs;TMrsMrab;Ggt;ebtugGarem: nigenARtg; h / 2 sMrab;
Ggt;ebtugeRbkug Edl d CakMBs;RbsiTPaB nig h CakMBs;srubrbs;muxkat;.
18> CMhankgkarsikSaKNnasMrab;bnSMnkarrmYl nigkarkat;

Design Procedure for Combined Torsion and Shear
xageRkamCakarsegbnCMhansikSaKNnaEdl)anENnaMCalMdab;. rUbTI 5>49 bgajBI

flowchart EdlBNnaBIlMdab;nkarsikSaKNnatamTMrg;RkahVik.
!> eFVIcMNat;fak;rbs;m:Um:g;rmYlCa equilibrium torsion b compatibility torsion. kMNt;muxkat;
eRKaHfak; nigkMNt;m:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu . muxkat;eRKaHfak;RtUv)anKitenARtg; h / 2 BIprbs;
TMrsMrab;FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMg. RbsinebI Tu tUcCag f 'c (Acp2 / pcp ) 1 + f c / 4 f 'c xat
2
US b f 'c (Acp
/ pcp ) 1 + 3 f c / f 'c / 12 xat SI sMrab;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg eKminRtUv
Kit\TiBlkMlaMgrmYleT. f c CakugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugeRkayeBlkMhatbg;enARtg;TIRbCMu
TMgn;rbs;muxkat;EdlTb;Tl;nwgbnkGnuvtn_xageRkA enAkg ACI Code eKeRbItY f pc CMnYs
vij.
@> RtYtBinitfaetIm:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu bgCa equilibrium torsion bCa compatibility torsion.
sMrab; compatibility torsion, design torsional moment RtUv)ankMNt;GaytUcCagm:Um:g; Tu
Cak;Esg b Tu = 4 f 'c (Acp2 / pcp ) 1 + f c / 4 f 'c xat US b xat SI Tu =
2
3 f 'c (Acp
/ pcp ) 1 + 3 f c / f 'c sMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg. tMlrbs; design
nominal strength Tu RtUvsmmUleTAnwg Tu / Edl
(a)
sMrab;muxkat;tan;
2
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
+
b d
bw d 1.7 A0 h
w
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2
+
b d 3
2
bw d 1.7 A0 h
w
f 'c
xat US
xat SI
305
T.Chhay
(b)
muxkat;Rbehag
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 8 f 'c
+
bw d 1.7 A0h
bw d
Vu Tu ph
Vc + 2 f 'c
bw d 1.7 A0 h
bw d 3
xat US
xat SI
306
NPIC
RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMgtUcCag A0h / ph enaHeKKYryktYTIBIrrbs;GgTImYyesInwg Tu / 1.7 A0ht .
V d
xat US
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d
M
(
Vc (5
Vc 1.7 f 'c bw d
f 'c bw d
V d
Vc = f 'c / 20 + 5 u
Mu
xat US
xat US
xat SI
307
T.Chhay
(
Vc (0.4
Vc 0.17 f 'c bw d
f 'c bw d
xat SI
xat SI
nig VMu d 1.0

u
ehIy f pe 0.4 f pu
#> eRCIserIsEdkkgbiTCitTb;karrmYlcaM)ac;EdlRtUveRbICaEdkTTwg edayeRbI yield strength
Gtibrma 60ksi(414MPa) KW
At
Tn
=
2 2 A0 f yv cot
RbsinebIeKmineRbItMl A0 nig EdlTTYl)anBIkarviPaK bBIsmIkar 5.86 eKRtUveRbI

A0 = 0.85 A0h nig = 45o sMrab;Ggt;minEmneRbkugRtaMg b = 37.5o sMrab;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg
CamYynwgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBEdlminRtUvtUcCagersIusg;Tajrbs;EdkbeNay. EdkbeNay
bEnmRtUvesInwg
A f yv 2
cot
Al = t ph
s f yl
b:uEnvaminRtUvtUcCag
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
f yl
12 f yl
f yv
A
t ph
f yl
s
xat US
f yv
A
t ph
f yl
s
xat SI
Edl At / s minRtUvtUcCag 25bw / f yv .

KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;EdkkgTTwgCatMltUcCageKkgcMeNam ph / 8 b 12in.(30cm)
ehIyGgt;pitrbs;EdkbeNay bEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUvmanTMhMy:agticesInwg 1 / 16 nKMlat
rbs;Edkkg b:uEnminRtUvtUcCagTMhMEdk #3 .
$> KNnaEdkTb;kMlaMgkat; Av EdlcaM)ac;kgmYyKMlatktaenAkgmuxkat;TTwg. Vu CakMlaMg
kat;xageRkAemKuNenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;/ Vc CaersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Fmta (nominal shear
resistance) rbs;ebtugenAkgRTnug ehIy Vs kMlaMgkat;EdlRtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkkg
Av
V
= s
s
f yd
Edl Vs = Vn Vc ehIy
308
NPIC
V d
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d
Mu
xat US
Vc 1.7 f 'c bw d
xat US
xat US
xat SI
(
Vc (5
f 'c bw d
V d
Vc = f 'c / 20 + 5 u
Mu
(
Vc (0.4
xat SI
xat SI
Vc 0.17 f 'c bw d
nig
f 'c bw d
Vu d
1.0
Mu
= 0.85 sMrab; sand lightweight concrete
= 0.75 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;RsalTaMgGs;
tMlrbs; Vn y:agehacNas;RtUvesInwg Vu / .
%> KNnamuxkat;EdkkgsMrab;Tb;nwgkarkat; nigkarrmYl
= 1 .0
Avt = 2 At + Av
bw s
50 f
yv
min
A f
ps pu
80 f y d
sMrab; US
0.35
bw s
f yv
sMrab;SI
d
bw
dak;EdkkgcMgay (bt + d ) ecjBIcMnucRTwsIEdlRtUvkar kgenaH bt = TTwgrbs;muxkat;Edlman

EdkkgTb;Tl;karrmYl.
19>
Design of Web Reinforcement for Combined Torsion and

Shear in Prestressed Beams
]TahrN_ 5>9 kMralcMNtrfynTMhMmFmRtUv)ansg;eLIgedayRbBnkMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgdUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 5>50. kMralmanTMhM 36 ft 54 ft (11m 16.5m)KitBIGkS ehIyFwmGkSr T Dub

Edlcak;Rsab;RbEvg 54 ft (16.5m) RtUv)anRTedayFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab; spandrel L-beam
EdlmanElVg 36 ftt (11m) KitBIGkS rUbTI 5>50 (a) nig (b). Spandrel beam RtUv)anTb;karrmYl
eday connection rbs;vaeTAnwgssrTMr. kMralrgnUv service superimposed dead load EdlbNal
309
T.Chhay
BIFwm T Dub WSD = 77 psf (3,687 Pa ) nig service live load WL = 60 psf (2,873Pa ) . eKeRCIserIs
ykkMBs;rbs; L-beam esInwg 6'30" (1.9m) EdleKGaceRbIvaCa parapet wall BIxagelIFwmGkSr T
Dub.
sikSaKNnaEdkRTnugrbs; spandrel beam edIm,ITb;nwgbnSMkMlaMgrmYl nigkMlaMgkat;Edlva

rg. xageRkamCaTinnyEdleKeGay
lkNrbs;Fwm
Ac = 696in.2 (4,491cm 2 )
310
NPIC
I c = 364,520in.4 93.3 106 cm 4
cb = 33.2in.(84.3cm )
ct = 41.8in.(106cm )
S t = 8,720in.3 142,895cm3
Sb = 10,990in.3 180,094cm3
WD = 725 plf (10.6kN / m )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f y = 60,000 psi (418MPa ) sMrab;Edkkg
lkNrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
Aps = 270K stress-relieved tendons Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) cMnYn 6
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )

f ps = 255,000 psi (1,758MPa )
f pe = 155,000 psi (1,069MPa )
E ps = 28 106 psi 193 103 MPa
d p = 71.5in.(190cm )
e = 71.5 41.8 = 29.7in.(75cm ) straight tendon
minKit\TiBlkMlaMgxl; nigrBaydI.
dMeNaHRsay
!> KNna Tu / Vu / M u / TSL / VSL EdlmanGMeBIelI L-beam CMhanTI 1

(a)
Service load
WD = 725 plf (10.6kN / m )
WSD =
WL =
PSL
(b)
77 54
4 ft = 8,316lb / stem(37.0kN )
2
60 54
4 ft = 6,480lb / stem(28.0kN )
2
srubenAkgmYy stem= 8,316 + 6,480 = 14,796lb(65.7kN )
Factored load
WDu = 1.2 725 = 870 plf (12.7kN / m )
WSDu = 1.2 8,316 = 9,979lb / stem(44.4kN / m )
WLu = 1.6 6,480 = 10,368lb / stem(46.1kN )
311
T.Chhay
Pu
srubenAkgmYy stem= 9,979 + 10,368 = 20,347lb(90.5kN )

Tu enARtg;prbs;TMr = 12 Pu arm no. of stem
20,347 8
9 = 61,041 ft lb(82.8kN .m )
2
12
14,796
=
61,041 = 44,388 ft lb(60.2kN .m )
20,347
enARtg;prbs;TMr
Vu enARtg;prbs;TMr = 12 (Pu no. of stem + factored WD span )
TSL
1
2
(20,347 9 + 870 34) = 106,352lb(474kN )
enARtg;prbs;TMr = 12 (14,716 9 + 725 34) = 78,907lb(351kN )

M u enARtg;prbs;TMr = 0
dUcKa KNnatMlrbs; Tu / Vu / M u / tMl service load EdlRtUvKaenARtg;cMnucb:Hn stem
TTwgnImYytambeNayElVgrbs;FwmGkSr L nigsg;daRkamm:Um:g;rmYl daRkamkMlaMgkat; nigda
Rkamm:Um:g;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>51.
VSL
Aps = 6 0.153 = 0.918in.2
Pe = Aps f pe = 0.918 155,000 = 142,290lb(633kN )
@> L-beam torsional geometrical details CMhanTI 1

Acp = RkLapEdlBTCMuvijedaybrimaRtxageRkArbs;muxkat;ebtug
= 8 75 = 600in.2 (3871cm 2 )
pcp = brimaRtxageRkArbs;muxkat;ebtug = 2(8 + 75) = 166in.(422cm )
x1 = TMhMtUcCageKEdlKitBIGkSEdkkgeTAGkSEdkkg
= 8 2(1.5 + 0.25) = 4.5in.(11.4cm )
y1 = 75 2(1.5 + 0.25) = 71.5in.(181.6cm )
kMBs;srub = 75in.(191cm)
bw = TTwgRTnug = 8in.(20.3cm )
ph = brimaRtrbs;GkSEdkkgxageRkAeK = 2( x1 + y1 ) = 2(4.5 + 71.5) = 152in.
d p = kMBs;RbsiTPaB = 7.5 (1.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.0 ) = 71.5in.(182cm )
A0 h = pEdlBTCMuvijedayGkSrbs;EdkkgTb;karrmYlxageRkAeK
= x1 y1 = 4.5 71.5 = 322in.2 (2077cm 2 )
Ao = gross area EdlBTCuMvijeday shear flow path
h=
312
NPIC
= 0.85 A0h = 0.85 322 = 274in.2 1766cm 2
mMurbs;Ggt;RTUgrgkarsgt;rbs; struss analogy EdlrgkarrmYl = 37.5o

sMrab;FwmeRbkugRtaMg
cot = 1.3
313
T.Chhay
#> ersIusg;m:Um:g;eRbH (cracking moment capacity) CMhanTI 1

f d = kugRtaMgbnkefrKanemKuN
BIrUbTI 5>51 CamYynwg WD = 725lb / ft
M D 725(36 )2
1
fd =
=
12
= 128 psi (0.9 MPa )
Sb
8
10,990
enAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;
P
Pe
142,290 142,290 29.7
+
f ce = e + e =
10,990
696
Ac Sb
= (204.4 + 384.5) = 588.9 psi 589 psi (C )(4.1MPa )
enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat; f c = 204.4 psi

M cr = Sb (6 f 'c + f ce f d )
= 10,990(6 1.0 5,000 + 589 128) = 9.73 106 in. lb(1,100kN .m )
1.2 M cr = 1.2 9.73 106 = 11.2 106 in. lb
Aps f ps
0.918 255,000
a=
=
= 6.9in.(175mm )
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 5,000 8
a
6.9
M n = Aps f ps d p = 0.918 255,000 71.5
2
2
= 15,930,000 = 15.9 106 in lb(1,800kN .m )
> 1.2 M cr = 11.2 106 in. lb
dUcenH EdkrgkarBt;Gb,brmaRKb;RKan;sMrab;Tb;Tl;karBt;.
$> epgpat;faetIeKRtUvkarEdkTb;Tl;karrmYlbGt; CMhanTI 2
BIsmIkar 5.80, kMlaMgrmYlGb,brmasMrab;karminKitkMlaMgrmYlkgkarsikSaKNna
2
Acp
1+ f c
Tu f 'c
pcp
4 f 'c
600 2
1 + 204.4
= 0.75 5,000
166
4 5,000
= 150,953in. lb(17.0kN .m )
edayBicarNamuxkat;enARtg; h / 2 BIpTMrenAkgrUbTI 5>51 benARtg;cMgay 3 ft BIprbs;TMr.

Tu EdlRtUvkar = 12 (61,041 + 47,476 ) 12
= 651,102in. lb(73kN .m ) > 150,953in. lb
314
NPIC
eKeRbItMlmFmCatMlEdlmansuvtiPaBrbs;m:Um:g;rmYlCMnYseGay 47,476in. lb .
dUcenH eKRtUvBicarNam:Um:g;rmYl ehIyeKRtUvdak;EdkTb;m:Um:g;rmYlsmRsb. eRKOgbgMrbs;
cMNtrfynsuTEtcak;Rsab;. dUcenH snt;eRbIlkxNlMnwgrbs;kMlaMgrmYl nigminmankarEbgEck
m:Um:g;eLIgvijedayeRbIkMlaMgrmYlemKuNGnuvtn_srub Tu = 651,102in. lb dUcenH eKminGaceRbI
smIkar 5.79 eT.
%> RtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;muxkat;sMrab;karrmYl
(a) kMNt; Vc CatMltUcCageKEdlTTYl)anBI Vci BIsmIkar 5.11 nig Vcw BIsmIkar 5.15.
BIrUbTI 5>51 sMrab;muxkat;enARtg; h / 2 = 3 ft BIprbs;TMr
Vu EdlRtUvkar = 12 (105,482 + 81,655) = 93,569lb(417kN )
M u EdlRtUvkar = 12 (105,900 + 439,500)12 = 3,272,400in. lb(370kN .m )
M cr
Vci = 0.6 f 'c bw d + Vd + Vi
M max
1.7 f 'c bw d
5.0 f 'c bw d
kMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIbnkefrKanemKuN
Vd enARtg;prbs;TMr = 12 (8,316 9 + 725 34) = 49,749lb
Vd enARtg;cMnuc A enAkgrUbTI 5>51 = 49,749 725 1 ft 8,316 = 40,708lb
Vd enARtg; 5 ft BITMr = 40,708 725 5 ft 8,316 = 28,767lb
enARtg;muxkat;EdlRtUvkarEdlenAcMgay h / 2 BIprbs;TMr
Vd =
Vd =
Vi =
1
2
(40,708 + 28,767 ) = 34,738lb(154.5kN )
kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkAEdlmanGMeBI
dMNalKaCamYynwg M max
20,347 per stem
93,569 = 79,902lb
20,347 + 1,015 4 stem
m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrmaenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkA
bnkGefr nigbnkefrdak;bEnm
m:Um:g;emKuN M u enARtg;cMnuc A enAkgrUbTI 5>51 EdlbNalmkBIbnkGefr nig SDL
M max =
1
2
(20,347 9) = 91,562 ft lb
m:Um:g;emKuN M u enARtg;cMgay 5 ft BIp

315
T.Chhay
dUcenH
1
2
(20,347 9)5 20,347 4 = 376,420 ft lb
M max
enARtg; h / 2 = 3 ft BIprbs;TMr
=
1
2
(91,562 + 376,420)12 = 2.81 106 in. lb
M cr = 9.73 106 in. lb
dUcenH
Edl)anBIxagelI
9.73
Vci = 0.6 1.0 5,000 8 71.5 + 34,738 + 79,902

2.81
= 24,268 + 34,738 + 276,671 = 335,677lb

335,677
vci =
= 587 psi (4.05MPa )
8 71.5
1.7 f 'c = 1.7 5,000 = 120 psi < 587 psi
5 f 'c = 5.0 5,000 = 354 psi < 587 psi
yk vci = 354 psi(2.4MPa )

BIsmIkar 5.15
Vcw = (3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c )bw d + V p
V p = 0 edaysar tendon Rtg; dUcenH
142,290
Vcw = 3.5 5,000 + 0.3
= 310 psi < vci = 354 psi
696
eRbI vc = 310 psi enAkgdMeNaHRsayenH

Vc = vc bw d = 310 8 71.5 = 176,750lb(786kN )
(b)
viFIepSgeTotsMrab;kMNt; Vc
RbsinebI f pe > 0.4 f pu / ACI GnuBaateGayeRbInUvsmIkar 5.16 EdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBCag
Vu d p
bw d p
Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700
M u
2 f 'c bw d
5.0 f 'c bw d
Vu d p
Mu
93,569 71.5
= 2.04 > 1.0
3,272,400
eRbI VMu d p = 1.0

u
vc =
Vc
= 0.6 1.0 5,000 + 700 1.0 = 742 psi (5.1MPa )
bw d
> 5 f 'c = 354 psi
316
NPIC
vc = 354 psi (2.4MPa )

(c)
RtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;
eyIgeRbI vc = 310 psi(2.1MPa) enAkgdMeNaHRsay (a) sMrab;karRtYtBinit. BIsmIkar 5.81
sMrab;muxkat;tan;
2
Vu Tu ph
= 93,569 + 651,102 152
+
2
8 71.5 1.77 (322 )2

bw d 1.7 A0 h
26,759 + 290,814 = 564 psi (3.9 MPa )
Vc
+ 8 f 'c = 0.75 310 + 8 5,000

bw d
= 656 psi (4.5MPa )
EdlGacman
> 564 psi (3.8MPa )
dUcenHmuxkat;manlkNRKb;RKan;.
^> EdkTb;karrmYl (torsional reinforcment) CMhanTI 3
Tn = Tu / = 651,102 / 0.75 = 868,137in. lb(96kN .m )
BIsmIkar 5.38b
At
Tn
868,137
=
=
s 2 A0 f yv cot 2 274 60,000 1.3
(
)
edayeRbI PCI method EdlenAkgviFIenHeKRtUvkarKNna cot
= 0.0203in.2 / in. / one leg 0.046cm 2 / cm / one leg
cot =
Tu /
868,137
=
= 1.3
1.7 A0h ( At / s ) f yv 1.7(322)(0.0203) 60,000
edaysnt;tMlrbs; s rk ( At / s ) sMrab;TMhMEdkkgEdleRCIserIs nigbBaltMlrbs;

( At / s ) eTAkgsmIkar.
&> EdkTb;kMlaMgkat; (shear reinforcment) CMhanTI 4
Vc = 310 8 71.5 = 177,320lb(788kN )
V
93,569
Vn = u =
= 124,757lb(550kN )
0.75
Vs = (Vn Vc )
b:uEn Vn < Vc
eRbIEdkTb;kMlaMgkat;Gb,brma
Av 50bw
50 8
=
=
s
fy
60,000
317
T.Chhay
= 0.0067in.2 / in. / two legs 0.017cm 2 /cm/two legs

Avi
A A
= 2 T + v = 2 0.0203 + 0.0067
s
s s
= 0.0473in.2 / in. / two legs 0.110cm 2 / cm / two legs
edassnt;eRbIEdkkg #4 Ggt;pit 12.7mm / Av = 2 0.20 = 0.40in.2

s=
cross sectional tie are

0.40
=
= 8.5in.
Avt / s
0.0473
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrma smax = ph / 8 b 12in.

= 152 / 8 = 19in. b 12in.
Av
s
Gb,brma
bw
50 f
y
= min
Aps f pu d
80 f y d bw
0.75 f 'c = 0.75 5,000 = 53

Av 53bw
53 8
=
=
s
fy
60,000

Av Aps f pu d
0.918 270,000 71.5
=
=
s
80 f y d bw 80 60,000 71.5
8
EdlGacman = 0.0473 > 0.0022

Ggt;pitEdkGb,brma = s / 16 b Edk #3
Av
s
O.K.
= 8.5 / 16 = 0.53 > 0.5in.
sMrab;Edk #4
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg #5 / Av = 0.31 2 = 0.62in.2

s=
0.62
= 13.1in. > 12in.
0.0473
m:agvijeToteKkGaceRbIEdkkg #4 )anEdr EteKRtUvkat;bnyKMlatEdkkgBI 8.5in mkRtwm

8.5(0.5 / 0.53) 8.0in. . kareRbIEdkkg #4 KMlat 8in. KitBIGkSeTAGkSCMnYseGay #5
KMlat 8.5in. manPaBgayRsYl nigmankarniymeRcInCag edaysarEdk #4 gayBt;CagEdk #5 .
*> EdkbeNay (longitudinal reinforcement) CMhanTI 5-6
BIsmIkar 5.85
318
NPIC
Al =
f yv
At
ph
f yl
s
cot
60,000
2
= 0.0203 152
(1.3) = 5.21in.2 33.6cm 2
60,000
BIsmIkar 5.86
Al , min =
5 f 'c Acp
f yl
A
t
s
f yv
ph
f yl
5 5,000 600
60,000
0.0203 152
60,000
60,000
= 0.50in 2 3.22cm 2 < Al = 5.21in.2
edayeRbIEdkbeNay #4 = 0.2in.2
21
= 26.05 edIm
cMnYnEdk = 05..20
dak;Edk #4 cMnYn 12 edImenApxagnImYyCamYynwgKMlatesIKa EdkGgt;pit 12.7mm cMnYn
12 sMrab;pnImYy nigbEnmEdk 4 edImeTotedIm,IBRgwg dUcenHEdkbeNaysrubman 28 edIm. cMNaM
faKMlatGnuBaatGtibrma 12in. . enAkgkrNIenH s 6.5in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS/ O.K..
karlMGitsrsEdk nigragFrNImaRtrbs;mxu kat;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 5>52.
edIm,IeGaykarlMGitsrsEdkmanlkNeBjelj eKRtUvkarsikSaKNnaBIEdksMrab;Epk
Edllyecj (ledge reinforcement) nig hanger reinforcement kdUcCakarlMGitBI anchorage n
EdkbeNayenARtg;TMr. CMBUkTI10 EdlBNnaBIkarsikSaKNnatMN nwgpl;nUvkarlMGitenH.
319
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskmCa
VI.
eRKOgbgMebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;
Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Structures
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
kdUcenAkgeRKOgbgMebtugGarem: nigeRKOgbgMEdleFVIBIsMPardTeTotEdr eRKOgbgMebtugeRb

kugRtaMgGacTTYl)anPaBCab; (continuity) enARtg;TMrxagkg nigenARtg;RCugEkgrbs;eRKag (portal
frame). karkat;bnym:Um:g; nigkugRtaMgenAkNalElVgtamrykarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMCab;pl;
eGaynUvGgt;rbs;eRKOgbgMEdlmankMBs;tUcCagmanPaBrwgCagGgt;TMrsamBaEdlmanElVgesIKa rg
bnkRbhak;RbEhlKa nigmanPaBdabtUcCag.
dUcenH eRKOgbgMEdlRsalCagCamYynwgRKwHEdlRsalCagkat;bnynUvtMlrbs;sMPar nig
tMlrbs;sMNg;. elIsBIenH esrPaBrbs;eRKOgbgM nigkarTb;Tl;nwgbnktambeNay nigbnktam
TTwgEtgEtmanlkNRbesIrCag. CalTpl pleFobElVgelIkMBs; (span-to-depth ratio) kman
lkNkan;EtRbesIreLIg GaRsyeTAnwgRbePTneRKOgbgMCab;EdleKBicarNa. sMrab; flat plate
Cab; pleFob 40 eTA50manlkNsmrm EtsMrab; box girder eKGacylpleFobenHesInwg 25
eTA30.
GtRbeyaCn_bEnmrbs;PaBCab;KWlubbM)at;nUv anchorage enARtg;TMrxagkgtamrykareFVI
post-tensioning Cab;elIElVgCageRcIn dUcenHva)ankat;bnybEnmeTotnUvtMlrbs;sMPar nigtMl
kMlaMgBlkm.
ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCab;RtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAkgshrdGaemrickgkarsagsg; flat
plates sMrab;eFVICakMralxN nigCadMbUlEdlmanPaBCab;enAkgTismYy bTisTaMgBIr nigrgkMlaMgeRb
kugRtaMgtamTismYy bTisTaMgBIr. dUcKa PaBCab;RtUv)aneKeRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAkgs<anebtugeRb
kugRtaMgElVgEvg CaBiess situ-cast post-tensioned spans. s<an cantilevered box girder Edl
RtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAGWur:ubCa segmental bridge kRtUveRbIR)as;CaeRcInenAkgshrdGaemric
sMrab;ElVgEvg ehIyelIsBIenH karsagsg; cable-stayed bridges Edlman prestressed deck kman
karekIneLIgpgEdr.
PaBeCaKCyrbs;sMNg;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgKWbNalmkBIlkNesdkicnkareRbIR)as;eRKOg
bgMcak;Rsab;EdlmankarRtYtBinitKuNPaBx<s;enAeBlplit. TMrg;EdleKcg;)anKWTTYl)anBIkareFVI
320
NPIC
eGayGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCab;tamrykarcak;ebtugGarem:enAnwgkEng (situ-cast reinforced

concrete) enARtg;TMrxagkg. Situ-cast concrete Tb;Tl;nwgbnkefrEdldak;bEnmBIxagelI (superimposed dead load) nigbnkGefrEdlmanGMeBIelIElVgeRkayeBlebtugkkrwg. cMNaMfa eKkGac
eCosvagkareFVIBum< karTl;Bum< nigkaredaHBum<enAkgsMNg;RbePTenH EdleFVIeGaymankarkat;bny
tMlkat;EteRcInebIeRbobeFobnwgtMlnkarsagsg;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
2> KuNvibtinPaBCab;enAkgkareFVIeRbkugRtaMg
Disadvantages of Continuity in Prestressing
Ggt;ebtugRbkugRtaMgCab;manKuNvibtiCaeRcIndUcerobrab;xageRkam
!> kMhatbg;kkit (frictional losses) manlkNx<s;Cag bNalmkBIEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlman
lkNekagman nigEvgCagmancMnYneRcInCag.
@> m:Um:g; nigkMlaMgkat;EdlekItmanenAkgeBlCamYyKaenARtg;muxkat;TMr)ankat;bnynUversIusg;
m:Um:g; (moment strength) nmuxkat;enaH.
#> kMlaMgTTwgGkS (lateral force) nigm:Um:g;nwgmantMlFMenARtg;ssr RbsinebIvaRtUv)antPab;
edaytMNrwgeTAnwgFwm. kMlaMgTaMgenHnwgbgeLIgeday elastic shortening rbs;FwmElVgEvg
(long-span beam) eRkamGMeBIrbs;eRbkugRtaMg.
$> \TiBlrbs;kugRtaMgbnab; (secondary stress) mantMlx<s;CagEdlbNalBIkarrYmmaD/
creep EdlbNalBIbMErbMrYlsItuNPaB nigkarRsutcuHrbs;TMr.
%> m:Um:g;bnab; (secondary moment) EdlekItBIRbtikmenARtg;ssrEdl)anBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
^> GacekItmanm:Um:g;bRBaasdeRKaHfak;EdlbNalBIkardak;bnkqas;KaenAelIElVg.
&> tMlrbs;m:Um:g;enARtg;TMrxagkgRtUvkarEdkbEnmenARtg;TMrenaH.
3> ragrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkgFwmCab;
Tendon Layout for Continuous Beam
RbBnsMNg;EdleRbIRbEvgrbs;ElVgenAEk,r nigkarvinicyedaylkNvisVkm/ nigPaBvyqat

rbs;visVkrsikSaKNna)ankMNt;nUvRbePTnragrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigviFIkgkarerobcMeRKOgbgMedIm,I
TTYl)annUvPaBCab;. CamUldan PaBCab;enAkgFwmRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrRbePT
321
!> PaBCab;Edl)anBIkarcak;kgeBlEtmYy (monolithic continuity) CaRbePTEdlCaTUeTAEdk

RbkugRtaMgCab;enARKb; besIrElVgTaMgGs; ehIyeKGnuvteRbkugRtaMgeTAelIEdkeRbkugRtaMg
TaMgGs;enAkardan. karGnuvteRbkugRtaMgEbbenHCa post-tensioning.
@> PaBCab;Edl)anBIkarcak;dac;edayELkBIKa (nonmonolithic continuity) CaPaBCab;
Edl)anBIkarcak;ebtugGarem:enAkardanenARtg;muxkat;TMrrbs;Ggt; cak;Rsab;EdlRtUv)aneK
eRbICaFwmsmBa. ebtugGarem:enHCaGkkMNt;PaBCab;EdleKcg;)anedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnkefr
Edldak;BIelIbEnm nigbnkGefreRkayeBlebtugkkrwg.
322
NPIC
rUbTI 6>1 bgajBIRbBnepSg nigbnSMnRbBnTaMgenaHedIm,ITTYl)an monolithic continuity.

rUbTI 6>2 bgajBIPaBCab;EdlTTYl)anenAkg nonmonoliltic construction. rUbTI 6>1 (a) bgajBI
RbBnPaBCab;samBa EdlenAkgenaHRKb;ElVgTaMgGs;rbs;FwmRtUv)ancak;enAkardan ehIyTTYl posttensioning eRkayebtugkkrwg. b:uEn vaekItmanbBaakgkarkMNt;kMhatbg;edaysarkarkkitEdlman
lkNsuRkitedaysarcMnYnekagrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgeRcIn. RbBnEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>2 (b) Edl
eRbIFwmkMBs;ERbRbYl (variable-depth beams) EdleKeGayeQaHfa nonprismatic section GaceFVI
eGaytMlrbs;sMNg;ekIneLIgedaysarBum<.
323
kMhatbg;edaysarkarkkit (frictional losses) enAkgFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanEdkeRb

kugRtaMgRtg;manlkNgayRsYlkgkarkMNt;eGaymanlkNsuRkitCag. tMlbEnmRtUv)anrab;
bBaledaysarkareRbIR)as; anchorage eRcIn. RbBnEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>1 (a) manKuNsm,ti
CagrUbTI 6>1 (b) edaysartMlrbs;Bum<cMNayGs;ticCag enHKWbNalmkBIFwmCab;mankMBs;efr.
EteTaHCay:agenHkI eBlxHsabtkrRtUvkar nonprismatic continuous section.
PaBCab;EdlTTYl)antamrykareRbIFwmeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab;CamYynwgebtugcak;enAkardansM
rab;Pab;manlkNgayRsYlkgkartMeLIg ehIyeKGacsnSsMc)aneRcInedaysareKminRtUvkareRbI
Bum< nigCnl;Bum<enAkardan. rUbTI 6>2 (a) nig (c) manlkNsuRkitRbhak;RbEhlKakgkarkMNt;
kMhatbg;edaysarkarkkit nigkMhatbg;dTeTot.
RbBnEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>2 (b) CaRbBnEdlmanlkNsamBaCageKsMrab;TTYl)anPaB
Cab;enAkgsMNg;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgsmas. Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab;RtUv)ansikSaKNnaedIm,I
eGayrgm:Um:g;eRbkugRtaMg nigm:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkpal; enAeBlEdlEdkFmtaenARtg;tMbn;m:Um:g;GviCmanRtg;TMrRtUv)ansikSaKNnaeGayTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkefrEdl)anBIkardak;bEnmBIelI nig
bnkGefr. RbsinebIkarsikSaKNnaedIm,ITTYl)anPaBCab;EdlbNalBIbnkefrsrub eKRtUvTl;Fwm
cak;Rsab;munnwgcak;ebtugkMralBIelI.
CaTUeTA eRKOgbgMcak;Rsab; rYmbBal TaMgeRKOgbgMEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>2 (a) nig (c)
RtUv)ansikSaKNnaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgTMgn;pal;rbs;va kdUcCagTb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgrbs;cracrN_eday
eRbIersIusg;Edlpl;edaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. kareRbI post-tensioning bkareRbIEdkFmtaenARtg;TMr
pl;nUversIusg;caM)ac;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgbnkGefr nigkugRtaMgbnkEdldak;bEnmBIelI ehIyeKmin
RtUvkareRbICnl;Bum<kgdMeNIrkarsagsg;eT.
4> viPaKtamlkNeGLasicsMrab;PaBCab;rbs;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg
Elastic Analysis for Prestress Continuity
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
CaTUeTAeRKOgbgMebtugGarem:CaeRKOgbgMsaTicminkMNt;edaysarPaBCab;Edlpl;edaykar
sagsg;edaycak;ebtugkgeBlEtmYy (monolithic construction). vaCapllEdleKEtgEt
TTYl)annUvm:Um:g;Bt;tUcCagm:Um:g;Bt;EdlekItmanenAkgFwmsaTickMNt; EdlnaMeGayeyIgTTYl)annUv
muxkat;Fwmrak;Cag nigmanlkNesdkicCag. CaFmtaeKEtgEtminKitkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlbNalBI
324
NPIC
bnktamGkSelIkElgEtenAkgGgt;EdlmanlkNrwgxaMg ehIyeKkkMrBicarNaBIsMrutrbs;TMrEdr
edaysar creep nigkarrYmmaDmin)anbgeGaymankugRtaMgFM.
enAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMg PaBCab;k)ankat;bnym:Um:g;Bt;pgEdr. b:uEn m:Um:g;Bt;EdlbNalBI
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpit (eccentric prestressing force) bgeGaymanRbtikmbnab; (secondary
reaction) nigm:Um:g;Bt;bnab; (secondary bending moment). kMlaMg nigm:Um:g;Bt;bnab;enHbegIn bkat;
bny\TiBledImrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpit. m:ageTot \TiBlrbs; elastic shortening,
shrinkage nig creep kayCasMxan;dUcenAkgeRKOgbgMCab;ebtugGarem:pgEdr.
edaysarGgt;eRbkugRtaMg rYmTaMgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgedayEpkmanEdnkMNt;sMrab;sameRbH
edaysarkarBt;begagdUcGgt;ebtugGarem: enaHeKGacGnuvtRTwsIeGLasicsMrab;eRKOgbgMminkMNt;
edaysaTicEdlmanPaBsuRkitRKb;RKan;enAsanPaBkMNt;bnkeFVIkar (service load). m:agvijeTot
eKGacBicarNaGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCasMPareGLasicsac;mYy (homogenous elastic material)
edaysarkMriteRbHmanlkNkMNt; b:uEneKminGacsnt;EbbenH)aneT enAeBlEdlsameRbHedaykar
Bt;begagcab;epImekItmaneRkambnkRbEhl5 eTA10PaKrynbnkEdleFVIeGay)ak; (failure load).
x> Support Displacement Method

rUbTI 6>3 (a) bgajBIFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgCab;EdlmanmanBIrElVg. enAkgEpk (b) eKsnt;
ykTMrkNalecj. edaysarvtmanrbs;kMlaMg bkMlaMgRbtikmbnab; R enARtg;TMrxagkgEdl
bNalmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpit m:Um:g;edImEdlbNalmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg M1 = Pee1 nwg
RtUv)aneKehAfam:Um:g;dMbUg (primary moment) ehIym:Um:g; M 2 EdlekItBIvtmanrbs;kMlaMgRbtikm
nwgRtUv)aneKehAfam:Um:g;bnab; (secondary moment). \TiBlrbs;m:Um:g;bnab;)anpas;brTItaMgExS
bnat; thrust (C-line) enARtg;TMrkNalrbs;eRKOgbgMCab; ehIyeFVIeGaymuxkat;FwmenARtg;TMrrt;eTA
kat;TItaMgedImEdlminTan;rgeRbkugRtaMg emIlrUbTI 6>3 (c). ExSbnat; thrust Cabnat;GkSrbs;
kMlaMgsgt;EdlmanGMeBItambeNayFwm. kMlaMgRbitkm bnab; R bgeGaymanPaBe)a:g (camber)
EdleKRtUveFVIeGayvaNWt ehIyeKRtUveFVIeGayFwmenARtg;TMrkNalcuHeRkamvijedaykMlaMgEdl
mantMlesInwg R EtmanTisedApyKa EdleFVIeGay C-line enARtg;TMrxagkgenABIelI cgc line.
RbsinebIExSbnat;GkSTaMgBIrenHsitenAelITItaMgEtmYy enaHkMlaMgRbtikm R nwgesIsUn dUckarBnl;
ENnaMenAkgEpkTI6 kgCMBUkenH.
325
326
NPIC
daRkamm:Um:g;Bt;dMbUg (primary bending moment) M1 EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg

RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>4 (a). RbsinebIeKbUkbEnmdaRkamm:Um:g;bnab; (secondary bending
moment) M 2 enAkgrUbTI 6>4 (b) eKnwgTTYl)andaRkamm:Um:g; M 3 = (M 1 + M 2 ) dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 6>4 (c). daRkamm:Um:g; M 3 KWbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgsMrab;lkxNEdlsrsxageRkam
rbs;Fwmb:HnwgTMrkNalEdlman C-line clt)ancMgay y BI tendon cgs profile b T-line rUbTI
6>4 (d). edaysarkarsnt;sBaa daRkamm:Um:g;RtUv)aneKsg;enAEpkrgkarTajrbs;ssr. kar
snt;EbbenHCYylubbM)at;kMritlMeGognkareFVItMrYlpl (superposition) kgkarviPaK portal frame
ehIyRbBndTeTotEdlGgt;bBarrgm:Um:g;.
cMgaygakecj (deviation) BI cgs line rbs; C-line KW
y=
M2
Pe
(6.1)
327
ehIyTItaMgfIrbs; tendon profile cgs RtUv)ankMNt;BIm:Um:g; M 3 = (M1 + M 2 ) suT edaym:Um:g;viCman

enAxagelI nigm:Um:g;GviCmanenAxageRkam. cMNakpitkMNt;rbs; C-line KW
e' = e3 =
M3
Pe
(6.2)
Edl Pe CakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg;. cMNaMfa e' mantMlGviCmanenAeBlEdl

C-line enABIxagelIGkSNWt dUckgkrNIsMrab;muxkat;TMrkNal. BIsmIkar 1.4 a nig b kugRtaMgsrs
ebtugenARtg;TMrkNalEdlbNalEtBIeRbkugRtaMgkayCa
Pe e'e ct
1 + 2
Ac
r
P e' c
f b = e 1 e 2 b
Ac
r
ft =
(6.3a)
(6.3b)
nig
kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMrkNalEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;eRbkugRtaMg nigm:Um:g;bnkpal;KW
Pe e'e ct M D
1 + 2 + t
Ac
r S
P e' c M
f b = e 1 e 2 b D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
(6.4a)
nig
(6.4b)
m:agvijeTot edayeRbItMlm:Um:g; M 3 enAkgsmIkar 6.4a nig b m:Um:g;suT (net moment) enARtg;mux
kat;KW M 4 = M 3 M D ehIyeKkMNt;kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMrEdl tendon enABIxagelIGkS
NWtBIsmIkarxageRkam
Pe M 4
Ac S t
P M
fb = e + 4
Ac Sb
ft =
(6.5a)
(6.5b)
nig
smIkarTaMgBIr 6.4 nig 6.5 RtUvEtmantMldUcKaeTaHbICaenARtg;muxkat;Rtg;TMr bmuxkat;kNalElVg
bmuxkat;NakedaytambeNayElVgRbsinebIeKenAEtrkSakarsnt;sBaadEdl.
K> Equivalent Load Method

viFIbnksmmUl (equivalent load method) CaviFIEdlEpkelIkarCMnYsedaylkNRTwsIn
\TiBlrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedaybnksmmUlEdlbegIteLIgeday profile m:Um:g;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
tambeNayElVgEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;dMbUg M1 dUcenAkgrUbTI 6>5 (b). RbsinebIdaRkamkMlaMgkat;
EdlbNalBIm:Um:g; M1 Edlsg;;dUcenAkgrUbTI 6>5 (c) ehIybnkEdlbegItkMlaMgkat;enHRtUv)an
kMNt;dUcenAkgrUbTI 6>5 (d)/ ehIykMlaMgRbtikm R dUcKanwgkMlaMgRbtikmbMlas;TI R enAkgviFIEdl
328
NPIC
erobrab;enAkgcMnuc k. karKNnakarEbgEckm:Um:g;EdlbNalmkBIbnkenAelIFwmCab;enAkgrUbTI 6>5

(d) begIt)andaRkamm:Um:g; M 3 enAkgrUbTI 6>5 (e). m:U:m:g;enHkdUcKanwgmU:m:g;suT M 3 enAkgcMnuc k
Edr/ dUcenHcMNakpitkMNt;rbs; cgs line KW e3 = M 3 / Pe . eKeRbIkMlaMgRbtikm R EdlTTYl)anBIrUb
TI 6>5 (d) edIm,IkMNt; secondary moment M 2 Edlbgeday R eFVIGMeBIenARtg;cMnuc c enAelIElVg
samBa AB . cMgaygakecj (deviation) rbs; C-line BI cgs line KW y = M 2 / Pe dUcenAkgviFIxag
elIEdr.
329
5> ]TahrN_EdlTak;TgnwgPaBCab;
Example Involving Continuity
k> \TiBlnPaBCab;kgkarbMElg C-line sMrab; Draped Tendon

Effect of Continuity on Transformation of C-Line for Draped Tendons
]TahrN_ 6>1 FwmCab; bonded post-tensioned prestressed prismatic beam EdlCab;enAelITMrbI.
ElVgTaMgBIrrbs;vamanRbEvgesIKa 90 ft (27.4m) ehIy tendon profile RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>6.

\TiBlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe eRkaykMhatbg;KW 300,000lb(1,334kN ) . muxkat;rbs;FwmmanTMhM b =
12in.(30cm ) nigkMBs; h = 34in.(86cm ) . KNna primary moment nig secondary moment Edl
bNalBIeRbkugRtaMg nigkMNt;kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMr C EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. eRbI
TaMgviFI support displacement method nig equivalent load method edaysnt;faeKecalbMErbMrYl
kMlaMgTajtambeNayFwm.
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
Support Displacement Method
m:Um:g;dMbUg M1 EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeFVIeGayFwmekageLIgelI (camber) enARtg;cMnuc

C . eKGacTTYl)antMlkMeNageLIgelI c enHedayviFIRkLapm:Um:g; (moment area method)
edayKitm:Um:g;nRkLap AEC nig ADC eFobcMnuc A enAkgrUbTI 6>7 (a) edIm,ITTYl)anbnat;b:HeTA
nwgExSeGLasic (elastic curve) enARtg;cMnuc A BIExSedkenARtg;cMnuc C CabMlas;TIenARtg;cMnuc C .
BIrUbeyIg)an
2.1 106 90 90 2
90 2 90
EI c = (3.0 106 + 1.05 106 )

144
144
3 2
2
= 7.58 1011 in.3 lb
dUcKa/ BIrUbTI 6>7 (c)

EI c =
45R 12 90 90 2
144 = 2.1 108 Rc in.3 lb

2
3
edayeGayGgxagsaMrbs;ssmIkarTaMgBIresIKa eyIgTTYl)an
2.1 108 R = 7.58 1011
bnab;mk
Rc =
7.58 1011
2.1 108
= 3,610lb (16kN )
R A = RB = 1,805lb (8kN )
330
NPIC
331
m:Um:g;bnab; (secondary moment) M 2 EdlbNalmkBIbnkcMcMnuc Rc ERbRbYlCalkNbnat;

BITMrxagkg C eTATMrxageRkA A nig B enAkgrUbTI 6>6 (d) nig 6>7 (c). BIrUbTI 6>6 (c)
M2 =
Rc
3,610
90 12 =
90 12 = 1.95 106 in. lb
2
2
m:Um:g;srub M 3 enARtg; C EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgCab;KW

M 1 + M 2 = 2.1 10 6 + 1.95 10 6 = 4.05 10 6 in. lb
BIsmIkar 6.1 cMgaygakecjrbs; C-line enARtg;TMr C KW

M 2 1.95 106
yc =
=
= 6.5in.(16.5cm )
Pe
300,000
BIsmIkar 6.2/ cMgayrbs; C-line EdlenABIxagelI cgs line bcMNakpitrbs; C-line BIxagelI cgc line
enARtg;TMr C KW
ec =
M 3 4.05 106
=
= 13.5in.(34.3cm )
Pe
300,000
m:Um:g;srubkNalElVgKW
1
M 3 = 3.0 106 1.95 106 = 2.025 106 in. lb
2
ehIycMNakpit C-line KW
eD =
2.025 106
= 6.75in.(17.1cm )
300,000
kugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMr C EdlbNalEtBIeRbkugRtaMg
ct = cb =
34
= 17in.
2
332
NPIC
eC = 13.5in.
Ac = bh = 12 34 = 408in.2
bh 3 12(34 )3
=
= 39,304in.4
12
12
I
39
,
304
r2 = c =
= 96.33in.2
Ac
408
Ic =
BIsmIkar 6.3 a nig b/ kugRtaMgsrsebtugxagelIKW

Pe ect
1 + 2
Ac
r
300,000 13.5 17
=
1 +
408
96.33
ft =
= 2,487 psi (C )(17.1MPa )
nigkugRtaMgsrsebtugxageRkamKW
Pe ecb
1 2
Ac
r
300,000 13.5 17
=+
1
408
96.33
fb =
= +1,016 psi (T )(7.0 MPa )
eTaHbICakugRtaMgsrsxageRkamrgkarTajmantMlFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmakeday kva)anEt
mkBIeRbkugRtaMgEtb:ueNaH. enAeBlEdleKBicarNaTMgn;pal;rbs;vabBaleTot enaHkugRtaMgTajrbs;
ebtugenHnwgRtUv)ankat;bnyy:ageRcIn.
(b)
Equivalent load Method
BIsmIkar 1.16 sMrab;eFVIeGaybnkmanlMnwg (load balancing)

Wb =
8 Pa
l2
Edl a CacMNakpit tendon BI cgc line. dUcenH

Wb =
8 300,000 13.5
(90)2 12
= 333.3lb / ft
Wb l 2 333.3(90 )2
FEM =
=
= 224.978 ft.lb
12
12
BIdMeNIrkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgrUbTI 6>8 m:Um:g;cugeRkayenARtg;TMrxagkg C KW M 3 = M1 + M 2 =

337.467 ft. lb = 4.05 10 6 in. lb EdlmantMldUcKanwgkaredaHRsayenAkgcMnuc (a).
333
edaysardaRkam M1 CadaRkam primary moment dUcenAkgrUbTI 6>6 (b) enaHeKGacsg;

daRkam secondary moment M 2 BI M 3 M1 dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>6 (b) EdlmanlkNdUc
KaenAkgrUbTI 6>6 (d). dUcenH RKb;CMhandTeTotsMrab;karKNnakugRtaMgsrsebtug nigTItaMgrbs;
C-line KWmanlkNdUcKa nigpl;nUvlTpldUcKanwglTplenAkgdMeNaHRsaycMnuc (a).
334
NPIC
x> \TiBlnPaBCab;kgkarbMElg C-line sMrab; Harped Tendon

Effect of Continuity on Transformation of C-Line for Harped Tendons
]TahrN_ 6>2 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 6>1 edaysnt;fa prestressing tendon RtUv)an harped enARtg;
kNalElVgnElVgTaMgBIr. eRbI support displacement method kgkaredaHRsayenH.
dMeNaHRsay
sg;daRkam primary moment nig secondary moment dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>9.

1 90
2.1 106 90 90 2
bnab;mk
EI c = (3.0 106 + 1.05 106 )90 144
144
2 2
2
3
= 3.65 1011 in.3 lb
BIrUbTI 6>7 (c)

EI c = 2.1 108 Rc
Rc =
Secondary moment
3.65 1011
2.1 108
= 1,738lb
EdlmanTItaMgenARtg;TMr C KW
M2 =
1,738
R
90 12 =
90 12 = 0.94 106 in. lb
2
2
dUcenH m:Um:g;srub M 3 = 2.1 106 + 0.94 106 = 3.04 106 in. lb(344 103 N .m).
BIsmIkar 6.1 cMgaygakecjrbs; C-line enARtg;TMr C KW
yc =
M 2 0.94 106
=
= 3.13in.(8cm )
300,000
Pe
BIsmIkar 6.2 cMgayrbs; C-line enABIelI cgc linecMNakpitrbs; C-line enABIelI cgc line enARtg;
TMrxagkg C KW
M 3 3.04 106
ec =
=
= 10.13in.(25.7cm )
300,000
Pe
dUcenH m:Um:g;srubkNalElVgKW
M 3 = 3.0 106
0.94 106
= 2.53 106 in. lb
2
ehIycMNakpit C-line KW
eD =
2.53 106
= 8.43in.(21.4cm )
300,000
kugRtaMgsrsebtug (concrete fiber stress) enARtg;TMr C bNalmkEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Edl Cline mancMNakpit ec = 10.13in. .
335
336
NPIC
dUcenH kugRtaMgsrsebtugxagelIKW
ect
1 + 2
r
300,000 10.13 17
=
1 +
408
96.33
ft =
Pe
Ac
= 2,049 psi (C )(14.1MPa )
nigkugRtaMgsrsebtugxageRkamKW
Pe ecb
1 2
Ac
r
300,000 10.13 17
=+
1
408
96.33
fb =
= +579 psi (T )(4.0 MPa )
edayeRbobeFoblTplnkrNIrbs; harped tendon enAkg]TahrN_enHCamYynwg draped parabolic

tendon n]TahrN_ 6>1 bgajfam:Um:g;srub M 3 Edl)anenARtg;TMrkNaltUcCag edaysarRkLap
RtIekaNndaRkamm:Um:g;esInwgBak;kNalnplKuNrvagRbEvgElVg nigm:Um:g; EdlRkLap)a:ra:bUlesI
nwgBIrPaKbInplKuNdUcKa. Cavi)ak eKTTYl)ankugRtaMgsrsebtugtUcCag.
6>
Linear Transformation and Concordance of Tendon
BIEpk4 kgemronenHeyIgeXIjfaExSbeNay (profile) rbs; C-line manrageTAtam profile

rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg (cgs line) edaysarTItaMg C-line CaTItaMgrbs;m:Um:g;Edl)anBIplKuNrvagkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMg Pe CamYynwgcMNakpitrbs; tendon BI cgc line EdlERbRbYltambeNayFwm. PaBdab
sMrab;FwmTaMgGs;CaGnuKmn_nbMErbMrYlm:Um:g;tambeNayFwm ehIyragrbs;daRkamm:Um:g;CaGnuKmn_eTA
nwgRbePTbnkdUcCa bnkcMcMnuc bbnkBRgayesI. dUcenH CaerOyeKeRcInEt drape tendon profile
sMrab;bnkBRgayesI ehIyeK harp tendon profile sMrab;krNIbnkcMcMnuc dUcbgajenAkgemeronTI1
nigTI4.
]TahrN_ 6>1 nig 6>2 bgajfaenAkgFwmCab; cMgaygakecjrbs; C-line BI cgc line
smamaRtedaypal;eTAnwg secondary moment M 2 . edaysardaRkam M 2 ERbRbYlCalkN
smamaRteTAnwgcMgayBITMr enaHeKGacbMElg C-line CalkNsmamaRtedayelIk bTMlak;TItaMgrbs;
vaenARtg;TMrxagkg edayeKrkSaeGayvaenATItaMgedImenARtg;TMrsamBaxageRkA. Profile rbs; C-line
enArkSadEdledaysarPaBsmamaRtrbs;karbMElg. dUcenH eKGacbMElg cgs line EdlCa
337
tamlkNsmamaRtedayminmankarpas;brTItaMg profile rbs; C-line.

PaBbt;Ebn (flexibility) enHmansarsMxan;y:agxaMgkgkarsikSaKNnaFwmCab;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
]TahrN_TI 6>3 nwgbgajBI flexibility enH. eRbobeFob tendon profile EdlvabgajCamYy
nwg tendon profile n]TahrN_ 6>1 ehIyeyIgRtUvcMNaMfa C-line enAkgrUbTI 6>6 (f) dUcKanwg Cline enAkgrUbTI 6>10 (f) nig 6>11 (f) eTaHbICaTMtaMg cgs line tambeNayFwmmindUcKanwg cgs line
enAkgrUbTI 6>6 (a)/ 6>10 (a) nig6>11 (a) keday. dUcKa cMNaMfaenAkgdMeNaHRsaycMnuc (b) Edl
tendon profile RtYtsIuKaCamYynwg C-line profile eKmankMlaMgRbtikm R = 0 ehIy secondary
moment M 2 = 0 . enHmannyfaenAeBlEdl cgs line RtYtsIuKanwg C-line FwmRKan;Etb:HTMrxagkg
ehIyeFVIkardUcCaTMrsamBa. FwmEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa concordance beam ehIyeKehAEdkeRbkug
RtaMgkgkrNIenHfa concordant tendon.
prestressing tendon profile
k> Verification of Tendon Linear Transformation Theorem

]TahrN_ 6>3 FwmCab;n]TahrN_ 6>1 man tendon profile fwdUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 6>10 (a) CamYynwgcMNakpit ec = 0 nigcMNakpit eD = 13.5in.(24.3cm)

enARtg;kNalElVgEdldUcKanwgcMNakpitenARtg;TMrkNaln]TahrN_ 6>1.
(b)
rUbTI 6>11 (a) CamYynwgcMNakpit ec = 13.5in.(24.3cm) ehIy eD = 6.75in.
(17.1cm) EdldUcKanwgcMNakpit C-line enAkg]TahrN_ 6>1.
epogpat; profile nig alignment rbs; C-line enAkgcMnuc (a) nigcMnuc (b) EdldUcKanwgrag
FrNImaRtrbs; C-line enAkg]TahrN_ 6>1 nigrUbTI 6>6 (f). m:Um:g;srubenARtg;TMrkNal C enAkg
krNITaMgBIrKW M 3 = 4.05 106 in. lb ehIym:Um:g;srubenAkNalElVgKW M 3 = 2.025 106 in. lb
dUcenAkg]TahrN_ 6>1.
(a)
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
Secondary moment
ehIy
KW
M 2 = 4.05 10 6 in. lb 458 103 N .m

Rc
90 12 = 4.05 106
2
4.05 106 2
Rc =
= 7,500lb(33.4kN )
90 12
R A = RB = 3,750lb(16.7kN )
338
NPIC
339
340
NPIC
TaMg M 2 = 0 nig R = 0
eKGaceXIjBIdMeNaHRsaycMnuc (a) enAkgrUbTI 6>10 nigdMeNaHRsay (b) enAkgrUbTI
6>11 fakUGredaenrbs; C-line manlkNRsedogKanwgtMlEdlTTYl)anBI]TahrN_ 6>1.
kugRtaMgsrsebtugkdUcKaEdrKW f t = 2,487 psi(C )(17.1MPa) ehIy fc = +1,016 psi(T )
(7.0MPa ) .
(b)
x> Concordance Hypotheses

smtikm (hypotheses) EdlkMNt;karbMElg nig concordance rbs; tendon enAkgFwmeRbkug
RtaMgCab;RtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
!> eKGacbMElg tendon profile TaMgGs;tamlkNbnat;edayminmanb:HBal;dl;TItaMg C-line
eT.
@> FwmEdlman concordant tendon CaFwmCab;Edl C-line RtYtsIuKanwg cgs line rbs;va.
#> Concordant tendon min)anbegIteGaymanRbtikmenARtg;TMrkNaleT.
$> cMNakpitrbs; concordant tendon TaMgGs;Edlvas;BI cgc line begIt)anCadaRkamm:Um:g;
EdltMNageGay profile EdlmanTMrg;RsedogKanwg moment profile EdlbNalmkBIbnk
bEnmBIelI (superimposed load).
%> C-line TaMgGs;Ca profile sMrab; concordant tendon.
6> kartMrYtpl (superposition) n concordance tendon epSgbegIt)anCa concordant
tendon b:uEn superposition n concordant tendon CamYynwg unconcordant tendon pl;
nUv unconcordant tendon.
&> karpas;brcMNakpitenARtg;cugTMrmYy bcugTMrTaMgsgxageFVIeGaymankarpas;br C-line
b:uEnkarpas;brcMNakpitenARtg;TMrkNalminman\TiBldl; C-line eT.
*> kareRCIserIs concordance nig unconcordance RtUv)ankMNt;edaykMras;ebtugkarBar
nigRbsiTPaBkgkareRCIserIskMBs;Fwm. daRkamm:Um:g;Bt; nigdaRkamkMlaMgkat;sMrab;
superposition n transverse load enAelIFwmFwmCab;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>12.
kgkarsikSaKNnaeKKYrcab;epImedaykarsnt; concordance edIm,IlubbM)at;nUvkarKNna
secondary moment M 2 . edayviFIsakl,g nigEktMrUv eKGacTTYl)ankMBs;muxkat;FwmcugeRkay
EdlbMeBjtMrUvkarkarsikSaKNnaCamYynwgTItaMg cgs Ca concordance bCa unconcordance.
341
342
NPIC
343
7> ersIusg;
ultimate
nigsanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;rbs;FwmCab;
Ultimate Strength and Limit State at Failure of Continuous Beam
k> karBicarNaTUeTA
General Consideration
rbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgCab;snt;falkNeGLasicrbs;sMPareLIgeTAdl;
EdnkMNt;rbs;kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatrbs;ebtugedaysarbnkTaMgGs;. EdnkMNt;nkugRtaMgTajenH
EpkelIkarGnuBaateGaymansameRbHkMNt;xHbnab;BIrg cracking load dMbUg dUckarkMNt;edaym:UDul
dac;rbs;ebtug. edaysarsameRbHkan;Etman\TiBleRkamlkxNbnkelIs (overload) enaHkMhUc
RTg;RTay)asicxagkg (internal plastic deformation) enARtg;tMbn;eRKaHfak;Edlmanm:Um:g;Gtibrma
ehIykarEbgEckeLIgvijCalkN)asicnm:Um:g;eGLasicBItMbn;m:Um:g;GviCmaneTAtMbn;m:Um:g;viCmanRtUv
)anbegIteLIg. enARtg;dMNak;kalrg overload enH benAeRkayeBlenHEdleLIgeTAdl;sanPaB
kMNt;enAeBl)ak; (limit state at failure) snak;)asic (plastic hinge) ekItmanenARtg;tMbn;Edlmankug
RtaMgFMCageKenAkgFwmCab;.
karEbgEcksrub nigkarekItmaneBjlkNrbs; plastic hinge enARtg;TMrCab;rbs; fully
bonded prestressed beam eFVIeGayFwmkayCaFwmkMNt;edaysaTic dUckrNIEdl concordance rbs;
tendon manm:Um:g;sUnenARtg;TMr. tamlkNRTwsI enAkgkrNIenHeKGacecal secondary moment
M 2 eRkayeBlrg cracking load dMbUg. b:uEn karsnt;EbbenHGaceFVIeGaykarsikSaKNnaKan
suvtiPaB elIkElgEteKsnt; concordant tendan taMgBIdMbUg rhUtdl;karsikSaKNnacb; ehIyeKmin
GnuBaateGaymanlkxN overload eT. RbsinebImindUecaHeT eKRtUvBicarNa secondary moment
M 2 EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgrhUtdl;sanPaBkMNt;n failure load edayeRbIemKuNbnkesInwg
1.0 . edayBicarNa secondary moment EdlCak;Esg elastic deformation bgeLIgeday
nonconcordant tendon pas;brbrimaNrbs; inelastic rotation EdlRtUvkaredIm,I)annUvbrimaNnkar
EbgEckeLIgvij. pymkvij sMrab;FwmEdlman elastic rotational capacity brimaNm:Um:g;enARtg;TMr
EdlGacERbRbYlRtUv)anpas;bredaybrimaNesInwg secondary moment enARtg;TMrEdlbNalBIkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMg.
edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;EdlRtUveRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNna eK)anENnaMnUvCMhanxageRkam
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkefr nigbnkGefrenARtg;kMritbnkemKuN.
@> EkERbedayeFVIplbUknBVnn secondary moment M 2 EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
Service-load design
344
NPIC
#> eFVIkarEbgEckeLIgvijdUckarGnuBaat. Secondary moment viCmanenARtg;TMrEdlbNaleday

BIkarbMElg tendon cuHeRkamBI concordant profile nwgkat;bnym:Um:g;GviCmanenAEk,rTMr ehIy
begInm:Um:g;viCmanenAtMbn;kNalElVg. EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUv)anbMElgeLIgelInwgman\TiBl
bRBaas.
x> karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
Moment Redistribution
nig ultimate design rbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgGnuvttam strain limits

approach EdlBNnalMGitenAkgemeronTI4 EpkTI 12 cMnuc K. eKGaceRbIEdnkMNt; net tensile
strain sMrab; compression-controlled section nig tensile-controlled section EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI
4>5 sMrab;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg. eKCMnYsEdnkMNt;brimaNEdkGtibrmaEdleRbIenAkg code
provision eday 2002 ACI-318 Code. eKGacehA net tensile strain sMrab; tension-controlled
section Ca reinforcement index p EdleRbIenAkgsmIkar 4.38 b Edl reinforcement index
Gtibrma
Ultimate analysis
d
( ')
p +
dp
minRtUvFMCag 0.241 sMrab;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgEdlman limit inelastic moment redistribution factor

10001 . emeronTI4 EpkTI 12 cMnuc K sMrab;karlMGit.
eKRtUvcMNaMfabrimaNEdkeRbkugRtaMgsrub nigbrimaNEdkFmtasrubRtUvEtRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;
Tl;bnkemKuNEdlesInwg 1.2 dgn cracking load EdlkMNt;edayQrelI modulus of rupture f r .
karpl;eGayenAkg ACI 318 Code minRtUv)anGnuBaateGayeRbIsMrab; (a) two-way unbonded posttensioned slabs nig (b) flexural members EdlmanersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nigersIusg;Bt;begagGacTb;
Tl;nwgBIrdgnbnkEdlbgeGayman cracking moment M cr .
8>
Tendon Profile Envelope and Modifications
eKGacsg; envelop sMrab;kMNt;PaBdabrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgsMrab;FwmCab;tamrebobdUcKanwg

GVIEdlerobrab;enAkgemeronTI 4 EpkTI4 cMnuc K sMrab;FwmTMrsamBa. eKRtUvkMNt;kMlaMgTajEdlkar
sikSaKNnaGnuBaatkgkarkMNt;TItaMgEdnkMNt;Gtibrma nigEdnkMNt;Gb,brman envelop xagelI
(top kern) nig envelop xageRkam (bottom kern).
345
enARtg;TMrkNalminGacmankMBUldUcdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;GviCmaneT edaysar
karBicarNakgkarsikSaKNna nigkarGnuvt. karBicarNTaMgenHrYmbBalTaMgTMhMnkMhatbg;eday
kkitEdlekIneLIgCamYynwgkarfycuHnkaMkMeNag (radius of curvature)/ kMritx<s;nkugRtaMgRbmUl
pMsgt; (compression stress concentration) kgkrNIEdlmankarpas;br tendon Pam nigPaB
lM)akbEnmEdlekItmanenAkg post-prestressing. Cavi)ak eKKYrEkERb tendon profile enARtg;TMr
edIm,IeGayman curvilinear transition enARtg;tMbn;TMr. karEktMrUvenHrYmmankarEktMrUvdaRkam
primary moment M 1 nigdaRkamm:Um:g;srub M 3 .
Tendon profile
EdlmancMNakpitxagelI nigcMNakpitxageRkamesI
KaenARtg;muxkat;GtibrmaRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>13 Edl chain-dotted line eGaynUvm:Um:g;Bt;
mFmEdleRbIenAkg service load design. kareRCIserIs tendon profile KYrEpkelIkarBicarNa
xageRkam
!> cMNakpitKYrEtmantMlFMtamEdlGaceTA)anenARtg;cMnucEdlmanm:Um:g;Bt;FMenAkgsanPaB
kMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
Typical tendon alternative profile
346
NPIC
@> m:Um:g;eRbkugRtaMgsrubenARtg;muxkat;NakedayKYrEtmanTMhMRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;
mFmEdlekItBI service load enARtg;muxkat;enaH. karBiesaFsMrab;lkxNenHKYrEtQrelI
tMlkugRtaMgRbesIrCagtMlm:Um:g; edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbgeGaymankugRtaMgtamGkSk
dUcCakugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;.
#> eKKYreRCIserIs tendon profile alternative EdleFVIeGaymankMhatbg;edaykarkkittUcbMput.
$> eKcaM)ac;RtUvBicarNa ultimate-load requirement enAeBleRCIserIs tendon profile.
kareRCIserIs tendon profile EdlQrelIEt linear transformation nig concordance
minRKb;RKan;eT edaysarvaminGacbMeBjTaMgRsugnUvtMrUvkarkugRtaMg service-load btMrUvkar
ultimate-load enARtg;kNalElVg nigenARtg;TMr.
%> karfycuHncMNakpitenARtg;TMrkNaltamrykarbMElgEdkeRbkugRtaMgbEnmkat;bnykug
RtaMgsgt; service-load nigGacGnuBaateGaymanm:Um:g;edaysarbnkGefrbEnmeTot dUcenH
eFVIeGaymanbnkGefrFM RbsinebIcMNakpitrbs; profile enAkNalElVg nigm:Um:g;eFVIeGayman
kugRtaMgebtugRKb;RKan;.
9> TItaMgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nig
C-line
enAkgFwmCab;
Tendon Profile Envelope and Modifications
]TahrN_ 6>4 sikSaKNna tendon profile enAkgFwmn]TarhrN_ 4>7 edaysnt;FwmenHCaFwmCab;
manbIElVgEdlsg;minmaneRbICnl;. ElVgnImYyrbs;FwmenHmanRbEvg 64 ft (19.5m) edayrgbnk

GefrBRgayesI WL = 1,514 plf (22.1kN / m) edayKitfa Post-tensioned prestressing tendon man
lkNCab; nig fully grouted. eKmincaM)ac;KitBIbMErbMrYlkMlaMgTajEdlbNalBI friction losses enA
kgkMeNag nigsnt;fakugRtaMgsrsrgkarsgt;rbs;ebtugGnuBaatGtibrma fc = 0.45 f 'c = 2,250 psi
(15.5MPa ) enARtg;srsxagelIbMputrbs;muxkat;smas enAeBlEdlbnkGefreFVIGMeBIelImuxkat;.
eRbITTwgRbsiTPaBEktMrUv (modified effective width) bm = 65in.(165cm) sMrab;sabrgkarsgt;edIm,I
KitpleFobm:UDul (modulus ratio) n topping nwgebtugcak;Rsab;.
dMeNaHRsay
!> bBalTinnyBI]TahrN_ 4>7

(a) TinnyTak;TgnwgkugRtaMg
f 'c precast = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
/ ebtugTMgn;Fmta
347
f 'c topping = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa )
/ ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ci = 4,000 psi (27.6MPa )
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
f py = 243,000 psi(1,655MPa )
f pi = 189,000 psi(1,303MPa )
f pe = 0.8 0.7 f pu = 151,00 psi(1,043MPa )
= 0.8
kNalElVg = 12 f 'c = 12 5,000 = 849 psi(5.85MPa)

f t TMr = 6 f 'c = 425 psi(2.93MPa )
(b) TinnyTak;Tgnwgbnk
ft
WD = 583 plf (8.5kN / m )
sMrab;kMralcak;Rsab;kMras; 1 34 in.
WCSD = (4 / 12 ) 7 ft 150 = 350 plf (5.1kN / m ) sMrab; situ-cast topping
kMras; 4in.
WL = 1,541 plf (22.1kN / m ) EdlTTYl)anBI M L = 9,300,000in. lb
RbEvgElVg = 64 ft (19.5mm)
(c) lkNmuxkat;
WSD = 1 34 / 12 7 ft 150 = 153 plf (2.2kN / m )
n = Ec (topping ) / Ec (precast ) = 0.77

h precast = 45in.(114.3cm )
b transformed = 65in.(165cm )
348
NPIC
h f situ-cast = 5.75in.(14.6cm )
(d)
EdkeRbkugRtaMg
Ggt;pit 12 in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 22

Aps = 22 0.153 = 3.366in 2 (21.7cm 2 )
@> snt;TItaMg tendon profile sakl,gdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>14
7 wire low-relaxation strands
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeRkayeBlxatbg;KW
Pe = 3,366 151,200 = 508,940lb(2,264kN )
enAeBlEdl primary moment enARtg;TMr B KW
M B = Pe e B = 508,940 15 = 7.63 10 6 in. lb 862 10 3 N .m

Primary moment
enARtg;kNalElVg E1 KW
M E1 = 508,940 9 = 4.58 10 6 in. lb
edIm,IPaBgayRsYl/ tangential deviation EdleRbIsMrab;KNna B KWQrelIkarsnt;bnat;b:H

eTAnwgExSekageGLasicenARtg; B Cabnat;edk.
Kitm:Um:g;nRkLapeFobcMnuc A enAkgrUbTI 6.15 eyIg)an
7.63 10 6 64 64 2
7.63
64 2 64
+ 4.58 10 6
144
E c I c B = Ec I c c =
144
3 2
2
3
dUcKa
= 15.0 1010 in. lb

64 12 64 12 12
E c I c B = (R A 64 12)
3
2
= 151 10 6 R B in. lb
349
R A = RD =
15.0 1010
151 10 6
Secondary moment
= 994lb
sMrab;karKNnaEdlmanlkNsuRkit = 798lb
enARtg;TMr B KW
R A 64 12 = 994 64 12 = 0.76 10 6 in. lb
m:Um:g;srubenARtg;TMr B EdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgKW
M 3 Rtg;TMr = (7.63 + 0.76 )106 = 8.39 10 6 in. lb
emIlrUbTI 6>16
cMNakpitrbs; C-line KW
8.39 106
e' B =
= 16.49in.(41.9cm )
508,940
eKKitcMNakpit e' rbs C-line mantMlGviCmanenAeBlEdlvaenABIelIGkSNWtedIm,I

GnuelamtamsmIkar 6.3 a nig b.
m:Um:g;srubenARtg;kNalElVg E1 / E2 nig E3 EdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgKW
M 3 enAkNalElVg = (4.48 0.38)10 6 = 4.20 106 in. lb
350
NPIC
351
ehIy cMNakpitrbs; C-line KW

4.20 106
e' E1 = +
= +8.25in.(21.0cm )
508,940
#> kugRtaMgsrsebtugEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkpal;xn (583 plf )

edayeRbIemKuNm:Um:g; nigemKuNkMlaMgRbtikmBIrUbTI 6>12 eyIg)an
M D enARtg; B = M B1 = 0.10 583(64 )2 12 = 2.87 10 6 in. lb emIlrUbTI 6>17
Pe = Aps f pe = 3.366 151,200 = 508,940lb
MD
enARtg; E1 = 2.12 106 in. lb + M max minsitenAkNalElVg dUcenHKNna

M E1 BIRkLaprbs;daRkamkMlaMgkat;
RB net = 1.1W 994 = 1.1 584 64 994 = 40,048lb
m:Um:g;srubenARtg;TMr B EdlbNalmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkpal;KW

M 4 = M 3 2.87 106 = (8.39 2.87 )106
= 5.52 10 6 in. lb 624 103 N .m
muxkat;TMr B b C
dMeNIrkarsagsg;enAkgtMNak;kalenHBak;BnnwgkartMeLIgFwmGkSr I Edl
cak;Rsab; nigpl;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeGayva. kugRtaMgsrsEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRb
kugRtaMg nigbnkpal;BIsmIkar 6.5 a nig b KWmandUcxageRkam
(i)
Pe M 4
508,940 5.52 106
t =
= 908.8 1,088.8
560
5,070
Ac S
= 1997.6 psi (C )(13.8MPa ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
f1t =
f1b
Pe M 4
508,940 5.52 106
=
=
+
= 908.8 + 892.3
Ac Sb
560
6,186
= 16.5 psi (C )
/ minmanrgkarTaj O.K.
352
NPIC
m:agvijeTot eKGacKNnakugRtaMgsrsebtugenARtg;TMrBIsmIkar 4.1 a nig b

bsmIkar 6.4 a nig b edayeRbIcMNakpit C-line e'e = 16.49in. . eyIgTTYl
f1t =
Pe e'e ct M D
1 + 2 + t
Ac
r S
508,940 16.49 24.73 2.87 106

1 +
+
560
223.9
5,070
= 2,564.1 + 566.1 = 1,998 psi (C )(13.8MPa )

P e' c M
= e 1 e 2 b D
Ac
r Sb
508,940 16.49 20.27 2.87 106

1
560
223.91
6,186
= +447.9 463.9 = 16.0 psi (C )
(ii)
kNalElVgxageRkA E1
cMNakpitenARtg;kNalElVgKW e'E1 = +8.25in. . dUcenH
Pe M 4
+
Ac S t
P M
= e 4
Ac Sb
f1t =
f1b
m:Um:g;srub M 4 enARtg; E1 = (4.20 2.12)106 = 2.08 106 in. lb

Pe M 4
508,940 2.08 106
+ t =
+
560
5,070
Ac S
= 908.8 + 410.3 = 498.5 psi (C )(3.4 MPa )
f1t =
f1b = 908.8
O.K.
2.08 10
= 1,245 psi (C )(8.6MPa ) O.K.
6,186
6
rUbTI 6>16 eGaytMlm:Um:g; cMNakpit nigragFrNImaRtrbs;; C-line nFwmCab;enA

kg]TahrN_enH.
$> \TiBlnkarbEnm superimposed dead load enAelImuxkat;TMr B nig C
enAdMNak;kalndMeNIrkarsagsg;enH eKdMeLIgkMralcak;Rsab; WSD kMras; 1 34 in. bnab;
mkcak;ebtug WSD kMras; 4in. . dUcenH WSD = 153 + 350 = 503 plf (7.3kN / m) . m:Um:g;TMrEdl
bNalBIbnkGefrbEnm (superimposed load) KW
ehIy
M B 2 = 0.1wl 2 = 0.1 503(64 )2 12 = 2.47 10 6 in. lb

P M
f 2t = e t5
Ac S
353
f 2b =
Pe M 5
+
Ac Sb
M 5 = M 4 2.47 106 in. lb = 3.05 106 in. lb
dUcenH
f 2t = 908.8
3.05 106
= 1,510.4 psi (C )
5,070
f 2b = 908.8 +
3.05 106
= 415.8 psi (C )
6,186
%> \TiBlnbEnm superimposed live load enAelImuxkat;TMr B nig C

eRkayeBlebtugkkrwgEdlpl;nUv composite action eBjeljsMrab;RT service live load
srub m:UDulmuxkat;sMrab;Fwmcak;Rsab;kayCa
S ct = 21,714in.3
nwg
S cb = 9,490in.3
karbnSMbnkEdleFVIeGaymanlkxNkugRtaMgFMKWenAeBlbnkeFVIGMeBIEtenAelIElVgBIrEk,rKa
AB nig BC . eyIgman
WL = 1,514 plf (22.1kN / m )
edayrYmbBalTaMg WCSD . BIrUbTI 6>12 m:Um:g;Rtg;TMrEdlbNalBIbnkGefrenAelIElVgBIrEk,rKaKW

M B 3 = 0.1167WL l 2 = 0.1167 1,514(64)2 12 = 8.68 106 in. lb
m:Um:g;bnkGefrbgeGaymankugRtaMgTajenAsrsxagelI nigkugRtaMgsgt;enAsrsxageRkamrbs;
muxkat;Rtg;TMr. kugRtaMgsrsebtugsrubenAkgmuxkat;eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;TMrEdlbNalBIbnkTaMg
Gs;kayCa
fTt = f 2t +
M B3
S ct
M
B3
S cb
nig
f bT = f 2b
dUcenH
fTt = 1,510.4 +
8.68 106
21,714
1,111 psi (C )(7.7 MPa ) < 2,250 psi
f bT = 414.3
O.K.
8.68 106
= 1,329 psi (9.2MPa ) < 2,250 psi
9,490
O.K.
EdleRbIsmIkar 4.19a nig b

P ec M + M
M
+ ML
/
Edl
S ct enAEpkxagelIrbs;
fTt = e 1 2t D t SD CSD t
A
r
S
S
Alternative one-step solution
muxkat;cak;Rsab;
354
NPIC
f bT =
Pe ecb M D + M SD M CSD + M L
+
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
Edl e = e'B = M 3 / Pe nig M CSD m:Um:g;EdlekItBI superimposed dead load bEnmeRkay

eBlsagsg; ehIyRtUv)ansnt;eGayesIsUnenATIenH.
cMNakpitrbs; C-line KW e'B = M 3 / Pe = 8.39 106 / 508,940 = 16.49in.(41.9cm) . ehIy
m:Um:g;Rtg;TMr edayeRbIsBaasmRsbKW
M D = 2.87 10 6 in. lb
M SD = 2.47 106 in. lb

M L = 8.68 10 6 in. lb
edayrYmbBalTaMg M CSD
ehIy
dUcenH enARtg;EpkxagelIrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;
fTt =
508,940 ( 16.49) 24.73 (2.87 + 2.47 )106 8.68 106

1
+
+
560
223.91
5,070
21,714
= 2,560 + 1,053.2 + 399.7 = 1,111 psi (C )
f bT
508,940 ( 16.49) 20.27 (2.87 + 2.47 )106 8.68 106

1+
=

560
223.91
6,186
9,490
= +447.9 863.2 914.6
= 1,330 psi (C )(9.2 MPa ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
kugRtaMgnsrsxagelI nigssrxageRkamrbs;kMralcak;enAnwgkEngkMras; 4in.

BIsmIkar 4.20a nig b kugRtaMgGtibrmaenAssrxagelI nigxageRkamenAelI composite slab
enARtUvmuxkat;TMrRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIm:UDulmuxkat; SCSt nig SbCS Edl
t
f CS
=+
f bCS
dUcenH
ML
modular ratio n = 0.77

t
SCS
M
= + L n
SbCS
t
f CS
=
8.68 106
0.77 +437 psi (T )(3MPa ) < 849 psi
15,288
f bCS =
O.K.
8.68 106
0.77 347 psi (T )(3.4MPa )
19,251
kareFVItMrYtpl (superposition) nkugRtaMgTajenARtg;srsxageRkamrbs;kMral nigkugRtaMgsgt;

1,111 psi enARtg;srsxagelIbMputrbs;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgGaceGaylTplCakugRtaMgsgt;suT
(net compressive stress) enARtg;srsxageRkamrbs;kMralxN = 1,111 + 347 = 764 psi .
kugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkambMputrbs;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;TMr B b C KW
355
f bT = 414.3
8.68 106
1,329 psi (9.2MPa )
9,490
karBRgaykugRtaMgcugeRkayRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>18.
cMNaMfa kugRtaMgsrsebtugmantMltUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaeRkamGMeBI service load

xaMgNas; sMrab;bnkGefrdUcKa nigElVgEdlRTedayTMrsamBan]TahrN_ 4>7. dUcenH tendon
profile Cab;Edl)aneRCIserIsminEmnCa profile EdlmanRbsiTPaBCageKkg]TahrN_enHeT eday
sar superimposed live load mantMldUcKakgkrNITaMgBIr ehIyeKeRbImuxkat;EtmYytambeNay
ElVgTaMgGs;. ]TahrN_ 6>5 bgajBIkarbMElgEdlKYreGayeBjcitCageK.
^> sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak; (limit state at failure)
(a) kMritnPaBsVitsMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij (Degree of ductility for moment
redistribution)
h = 45 + 5.75 = 50.75in.
d = 50.75 (1.5 0.5 for stirrup + 0.25) 48.5in.
d p support = cb + eB = 20.27 + 16.49
BIsrsxageRkam
= 36.76in.(93.4cm )
edaysarTTwgrbs;sabrgkarsgt;enARtg;TMr b = 22in. sakl,gEdkFmta 2#4 Ca

Edkrgkarsgt; nigEdk 4#4 enARtg;tMbn;rgkarTaj. eyIg)an
356
NPIC
2 0.20 60,000
= 0.0045
22 48.5 5,000
bdf 'c
4 0.2 60,000
=
= 0.0090
22 48.5 5,000
A ps f ps
3,366 240,000
p =
=
= 0.20
bd p f 'c 22 36.76 5,000
' =
A's f y
1 = 0.80
sMrab;ebtugEdlmanersIusg; 5,000 psi
d
( ') = 48.5 (0.0090 0.0045) = 0.0062
35.27
dp
p +
d
( ') = 0.02 + 0.0062 = 0.2062
dp
enARtg;TMr
dUcenH bMErbMrYlrageFob t tUcCag 0.0075 EdlminKitnUvkarGnuvtnkarEbgEck
m:Um:g;eLIgvij. b:uEn eKGaceRbIkarsakl,gEdleRbI 1000 t % sMrab;emKuNEbgEckeLIgvij
sMrab;EbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenAkgkrNIenH. sMrab; T GnuBaatGtibrma/ 0.361 =
0.36 0.80 = 0.45 > 0.2064 / O.K.
m:agvijeTot tam ACI Cod/ c / dt = a / 1dt = 8.9 /(0.80 48.5) = 0.232 < 0.375 .
dUcenH FwmsitenAtMbn;TajnrUbTI 4>45 ehIybrimaNEdkminelIsbrimaNEdkGnuBaat
Gtibrma EdlemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; = 0.90 sMrab;kMNt; design moment M u dUcenH
EdkEdl)aneRCIserIsKWTTYlyk)an.
(b) karbMElgm:Um:g;Bt; (flexural moment modification)
eKENnaMeGayGnuvtkarbMElgnkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijdac;edayELkBIKarvagbnk
efr nigbnkGefr edaysareKRtUvBicarNaelIkardak;bnkelIElVgEdlmanlkNqas;edIm,I
TTYl)anlkxNnkardak;bnkeRKaHfak;bMput enAeBlEdlbnkefreFVIGMeBIelIElVgTaMgGs;kg
eBlEtmYy. edaysarminmankarEbgEckm:Um:g;ekIteLIgenATIenH m:Um:g;eGLasicenARtg;TMrKW
24 1 = 0.24 0.80 = 0.19 < 0.2026
M D + M SD = (2.87 + 2.47 )106 = 5.34 106 in. lb
nig
M L = 8.68 106 in. lb
(c)
ersIusg;m:Um:g;Fmta (nominal moment strength)

m:Um:g;emKuN M u enARtg;TMrKW
1.2 5.34 106 + 1.6 8.68 106 = 20.3 106 in. lb
357
BICMhanTI2/ elastic secondary moment emKuNEdlekItmanedaykMlaMgRbtikmEdl

bNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg EdleRbIemKuNbnkesI 1.0 dUckarsnt;rbs; ACI Code KW M 2
= 0.76 106 in. lb ehIym:Um:g;emKuNsrub M u = (22.23 0.76) 106 = 21.47 106 in lb
(2.42kN.m ) . dUcKa ersIusg;m:Um:g;FmtaEdlRtUvkar M n = M u / = 21.47 106 / 0.9 =
23.86 106 in. lb(2.70kN .m ) . RbsinebI A's yield/ f y = f 's = 60,000 psi / TTwg b enAxag
eRkam = 22in. . dUcenH
a=
0.85 f 'c b
3.66 240,000 + 0.8 60,000 0.4 60,000
=
0.85 5,000 22
= 8.90in.(22.6cm )
kMBs;rbs;sabrhUtdl;muxkat;RTnugEdlmankMras; 7in. enARtg;TMrKW

7 + 7.5 / 2 = 10.8in. > 8.90in.
GkSNWtsitenAkgsab ehIymuxkat;eFVIkardUcCamuxkat;ctuekaN.
358
NPIC
BIsmIkar 4.44
a
a
M n EdlGacman = Aps f ps d p + As f y d + A's f y d '

2
2
8.90
8.9
= 3.366 240,000 36.76

+ 0.80 60,000 48.5
2
2
8.9
+ 0.40 60,000
3
(
)
dUcenH muxkat;mansuvtiPaBb:uEnminmanRbsiTPaB. rUbTI 6>19 bgajBIkarEbgEck
bnk nigm:Um:g;.
Casegb muxkat;enHminmanRbsiTPaBeT TaMgeRkamGMeBI service load beRkamGMEBI
ultimate load. eKGaceFVIkarpas;brcMNakpitrbs; tendon btMeLIgRbEvgElVg bkGnuBaat
eGayrgbnkGefrFMCagCamYynwgcMNakpitrbs; tendon fI.
= 28.25 10 6 in. lb 3.19 103 kN .m > 21.71 10 6 in. lb
10> karbMElgEdkeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IeRbIKuNRbeyaCn_nPaBCab;
Tendon Transformation to Utilize Advantages of Continuity
]TahrN_ 6>5 eKGactMeLIg superimposed live load W enAelIElVgEdlmanRbEvg 64 ft

L
(19.8m ) y:agtic 50%
BIkarbMElgEdkeRbkugRtaMgtamlkNsmamaRt (linearly transform the

prestressing tendon) enAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMgCab;n]TahrN_ 6>4 .
dMeNaHRsay
!> karbMElg tendon

cMNakpitrbs; tendon enARtg;TMr B enAkg]TahrN_ 6>4 begIt)ankugRtaMgsgt;enAsrs
xagelIrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;EdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs;KW 1,111 psi / nigmantMlesInwg 1,329 psi
enAsrsxageRkam. kugRtaMgTaMgenHtUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrma fc = 2,250 psi . dUcenH Fwm
GacRT)anbnkFMCagenH RbsinebIeKeRbIlTPaBkugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtug. edIm,IGnuBaateGayFwmGac
RTbnkGefreRcInCag eKRtUvkarbegItkugRtaMgsgt;enARtg;srsxageRkamrbs;muxkat;kNalElVg
eGaymantMlFMCagenHtamrykarbgItcMNakpitrbs; tendon.
dUcenHsnt;fa tendon RtUv)anbMElgtamlkNsmamaRteBjElVgTaMgmUl edayman eB =
eC = 11.5in.(29.2cm ) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>20. bnab;mk karbMElgcMgaybBar = 16.5 11.5
= 5in.(12.5cm ) / cMNakpitenAkNalElVg eE1 = 8.25 + 5 = 13.25in.(34cm ) ehIy primary
359
360
NPIC
Rtg;TMr B = 508,940 11.5 = 5.85 106 in. lb(0.66 103 kN .m) . m:agvijeTot
primary moment M 1 Rtg;kNalElVg E1 = 508,940 13.25 = 6.74 10 6 in. lb(0.76 103 kN .m )
ehIyeyIgman
moment M 1
5.85 106 64 64 2
5.85
6 64 2 64
Ec I c AB =
+ 6.73 10
144
144
3 2
2
3
dUcKa
= 75.0 1010
64 12 64 2
Ec I c C = 64 R A 12
12
2 3
= 15.1 107 R A in. lb

R A = RB =
75.0 1010
15.1 10 7
= 4,967lb
(
)
emIlrUbTI 6>20
M 2 = R A 64 12 = 4,967 64 12 = 3.81 10 6 in. lb 0.43 103 kN .m
Rtg;TMr = (5.85 + 3.81)106 = 9.66 106 in. lb

1
M 3 kNalElVg = 6.74 3.81106 = 4.83 106 in. lb

2
BI]TarhN_ 6>4/ Pe = 508,940lb . dUcenH KNnacMNakpitrbs; C-line cugeRkay = M 3 / Pe dUc

bgajenAkgrUbTI 6>20 (f).
@> kugRtaMgsrsebtugEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkpal; 583 plf
BICMhanTI3 ndMeNaHRsayrbs;]TahrN_ 6>4/ m:Um:g;EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;KW
2.87 106 in. lb dUcenHm:Um:g;srub M 4 = M 3 2.87 106 = (9.66 2.87 )106 = 6.79 106 in. lb
(i)
muxkat;TMr B b C
M3
Pe M 4
508,940 6.79 106
t =
= 908.8 1,339
560
5,070
Ac S
= 2,248 psi (C )(15.5MPa ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
ft =
Pe M 4
508,940 6.79 106
=
+
= 908.8 + 1,098
560
6,186
Ac Sb
= +189 psi (T )
O.K.
fb =
(ii)
kNalElVgxageRkA E1
BI]TahrN_ 6>4/ M D = 2.12 106 in. lb . dUcenH net moment
M 4 = M 3 2.12 106 = (4.83 2.12)106 = 2.71 106 in. lb(0.3 103 kN .m ) nig
f t = 908.8 +
2.71 106
= 347 psi (C )(2.39MPa )
5,070
O.K.
361
f b = 908.8
2.71 106
= 1,347 psi (C )(9.3MPa )
6,186
/ minrgkarTaj/ O.K.
#> kMNt;GaMgtg;sIuetbnkGefrsMrab; tendon profile fIsMrab; unshored construction

e' B ct M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
r
St
S ct
P e' c M + M SD M CSD + M L
= e 1 + B 2 b + D
+
Ac
Sb
S cb
r
fTt =
f bT
(i)
Pe
Ac
muxkat;TMr B b C
BIrUbTI 6>20 (e)/ M 3 = 9.66 106 in. lb / dUcenH
e' B =
9.66 106
= 19in.(48.3cm )
508,940
BI]TahrN_ 6>4/ M D + M SD = (2.87 + 2.47)106 = 5.34 106 in. lb . dUcKa BI

rUbTI 6>12/ m:Um:g;bnkGefrsMrab;FwmbIElVgEdlmanmYyElVgminrgbnkKW
M L = 0.1167WL l 2 = 0.1167WL (64 )2 (12 )
/ rYmbBalTaMg M CSD
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrma ft = +849 psi enAkNalElVg nig
= 5,736WL in. lb
fTt = +425 =
(ii)
f t = +425 psi
enARtg;TMr.
508,940 ( 18.5) 24.73 5.34 106 5,736WL

+
1
+
560
223.91
5,070
21,714
eyIgTTYl)an WL = 8,092 plf .

muxkat;kNalElVgRtg;cMnuc E1
edaysar WD = 583 plf / edaykareFVIsmamaRteyIgTTYl)an
M D + M SD = +(2.12 + 1.83)106 = +3.95 106 in. lb
M L = 0.0735WL (64 )2 12 = 3613WL in. lb
fTt = 2,250 =
508,940 9.5 24.73 3.95 106 3,613WL
560
223.91
5,070
21,714
3,613WL
= 44.8 779 + 2,250
21,714
WL = 9,109 plf
f bT = 849 =
508,940 9.5 20.27 3.95 106 3,613WL

+
1 +
+
560
223.91
6,186
9,490
3,613WL
= 849 + 1,691 638.5
9,490
WL = 4,995 plf
362
NPIC
dUcenH/ WL = 4,995 plf lubelI WL = 9,109 plf sMrab; service load/ ehIy WL = 4,995 plf
RtUv)anepgpat;edayRtYtBinit ultimate moment strength EdlGacekItman.
$> Nominal moment strength EdlGacekItman
Aps = 3.366in.2
Rtg;TMr d p = 11.5 + 20.27 = 31.77in.

snt;fa As enARtg;TMr B nig C RtUv)antMeLIgdl; 4#6 edIm,IsMrYlkgkartMeLIgbnkGefr.
enaH
As = 4 0.44 = 1.76in.2
1.76
60,000
=
= 0.02
22 48.5 5,000
d
( ') = 0.2312 + 48.5 (0.02 0.0045)
p +
dp
31.77
= 0.255 > 0.24 1 = 0.19
dUcenH/ bMErbMrYlrageFob t tUcCag 0.0075 EdlminKitbBalkarGnuvtrbs;karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij.

b:uEn karsakl,gEdleRbI 1000 t % sMrab;emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij GacGnuBaateGaymankarEbg
Eckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenAkgkrNIenH.
m:Um:g;eGLasic M 2 = 3.82 106 in. lb nigeyIgman
M u = 1.2(M D + M SD ) + 1.6M L M 2
M u = 1.2 5.34 106 + 1.6 M L 3.82 106

= 2.59 106 + 1.6 M L
bnab;mk
2.59 106 1.6M L

Mn
=
=
+
= 2.88 106 + 1.78M L
0.9
0.9
a=
0.85 f 'c b
caM)ac;
RbsinebI A's yield/

a=
Mu
f y = f 's = 60,000 psi
enaH
3.366 240,000 + (1.76 0.40)60,000

= 9.51in.(24.2cm)
0.85 5,000 22
EdltUcCagkMBs;rbs;sabEdlKitdl;muxkat;RTnugEdlmanTTwg 7in. . dUcenH GkSNWtenAxagkg

sab ehIymuxkat;eFVIkarCalkNmuxkat;ctuekaN. dUcenH eyIgman
a
a
M n EdlGacman = Aps f ps d p + As f y d + A's f y d '

1
2
363
9.51
9.51
= 3.366 240,000 31.77

+ 1.76 60,000 48.5
2
2
9.51
+ 0.40 60,000
3
2
= 26.49 106 in. lb

(26.49 2.88)106 = 13.26 106 in. lb
ML =
1.78
dUcenH
RbsinebI M L = 0.1167WLl 2 enaH
13.26 10 6 = 0.1167WL (64 )2 12
dUcenH WL = 2,312 plf < WL = 4,995 plf Edl)anBI service load analysis. dUcenH WL = 2,312 plf
lub. ehIyPaKryekIneLIgrbs;bnkGefrKW
(2,312 1,514) 100 = 52.7% 50%
1,514
O.K.
dUcenH eyIgTTYlyk profile fIrbs; tendon EdlmanEdkFmta 4#6 enAsrsxagelIrbs; situ-cast

slab nig 2#4 enARtg;)atrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;. cMNaMfa RbsibebIeKpas;brEdkFmtaBI 4#6 eTA
4#8 enaHPaKrynkarekIneLIgrbs; WL esInwg 70% .
11> karsikSaKNnasMrab;PaBCab;edayeRbIEdkFmtaenARtg;TMr
Design of Continuity Using Nonprestressed Steel at Support
]TahrN_ 6>6 sikSaKNnaFwmenAkg]TahrN_ 6>5 Edlmanmuxkat; nig tendon profile rbs;Fwms<an
EdleRbIenAkg]TahrN_ 4>7 RtUv)aneFVIeGayCab;edaysarkareRbIEdkFmtaeGay

RTRTg;nUv superimposed service dead load WSD = 503 plf nig service live load WL = 2,290 plf
(33.4kN / m ) . snt;fa tendon profile enAkgmuxkat;cak;Rsab;TMrFmtamanTMrg;dUcKaenAkg]TahrN_
4>7 EdlmancMNakpitenAkNalElVg ec = 16.27in.(41.3cm) nigcMNakpitenAxagcug ee = 10.0in.
(25.4cm) . sg; prestressing tendon profile niglMGitEdkdTeTotRbsinebIkugRtaMgsrsebtugrgkar
sgt;GnuBaatGtibrmaeRkamGMeBI service load KW fc = 2,250 psi(15.5MPa) .
AASHTO type-III
dMeNaHRsay
!> TinnysMrab; strength design enARtg;TMr

edaysarenAkgkrNIenHeKTTYl)anPaBCab;tamryebtugGarem:enARtg;TMr eKesIeGayeRbI
ersIusg;sgt;rbs; topping concrete fc = 5,000 psi . dUcenH eyIgman
364
NPIC
f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa )
/ TMgn;Fmta
f y = 60,000 psi(413.7 MPa )
sikSaKNnaPaBCab;edIm,ITb;Tl;Etnwg superimposed dead load nig live load minKit selfweight

d = 50.75 (1.5in. cover + 0.5in. for stirrup + 0.5in. for half bar dia )
= 48.25in.(123cm )
enARtg;)at
bt = 84in. enAxagelI bm bMElg = 65in.
bb = 22in.
@> Nominal moment strength

BI]TahrN_ 6>5/ moment strength caM)ac;EdlbNalBI WSD + WL enARtg;TMr B KW
M n = 1.2 2.47 106 + 1.6 13.26 106 = 24.18 106 in. lb . edayeKmindak; bonded prestressed
steel bgseTAkgTMr dUcenHeKyk p = 0 sMrab;KNnaemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij. snt;
As = 9.0in.2
9.0
60,000
=
= 0.1012
22 48.25 5,000
A's = 2#4 = 0.40in.2
0.4
' = 0.0961
= 0.045
8.5
ehIy
BI]TahrN_ 6>4/ d p = 35.87in. / d = 48.25in. / p + [d / d p ]( ') = 0 + [48.25 / 35.87]
(0.1012 0.0045) = 0.1300 < 0.241 = 0.192 . dUcenH eKGaceFIVkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij)aneday
QrelI elastic moment analysis EdleGay M u = 23.81 106 in. lb .
edayeRbI ACI Code redistribution test/ tensile strain enARtg;EdkTajxageRkAbMputKW
d
t = 0.003 t 1 .
c
a 9.51
c = =
= 11.89in. d t = 48.5in.
1 0.80
48.5
t = 0.003
1 = 0.0092
11.89
/ dUcenH PaKrynkarEbgEckeLIgvij = 1000 t = 9.2%

ykemKuNEbgEckeLIgvijesInwg 9% Edlkat;bnym:Um:g;GviCman nigtMeLIgm:Um:g;viCmanenA
kNalElVgedaytMldUcKa. eKeRbIemKuN = 0.9 edaysar t > 0.005 .
dUcenHeRbIemKuNEbgEck (distribution factor) 0.09
365
Mu
caM)ac; = (1 0.09) 24.18 106 = 22 106 in. lb(2.49 103 kN .m)
22 106
= 24.44 106 in. lb
0.9
a
M n = As f y d
2
Mn =
Mu
snt;sMrab;karsakl,gdMbUg d a / 2 0.9d . enaH

24.44 106 = As 60,000 0.9(48.25)
24.44 106
= 9.38in.2 60.5cm 2
60,000 0.9 48.25
As f y
9.38 60,000
a=
= 6.02in.
=
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 5,000 22
As =
kMBs;nsabdl;RTnugKW 5.75 + 7 + 4.5 / 2 sMrab;muxkat; AASTHO type-3 = 15in. > 6.02 / 0.9
= 6.69in. . GkSNWtenAxagkgsab dUcenHmuxkat;eFVIkarCamuxkat;ctuekaN. dUcenH
Mn
24.44 106
As =
=
= 9in.2 (58cm 2 )
f (d a / 2) 60,000(48.25 6.02 / 2)
y
eday As Edlsnt; = 9.38in.2 mantMlEk,r 9in.2 dUcenHemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;KWmanlkNRKb;RKan;.

RkLap As KWRtUv)anEbgEckenAelITTwgsabCak;Esgsrub 84in. . As enAkgTTwgmYyktaRbEvg ft
= (9.0 / 84 ) 12 = 1.29in.2 / 12in. . edayeRbIEdk #6 / As kgmYyedIm = 0.44in.2 (2.82cm 2 ) ehIy
KMlatKW
s=
As
0.44
=
= 4.09in.
requiredAs / 12 1.29 / 12
dUcenH eRbI #6 @ 4 14 in. KitBIGkSeTAGkSelITTwg 84in. Ggt;pit 19.1mm @10.8cm . cMnYnEdk

srubelITTwgsab 84in. KW
dUcenH eyIgman
84 (2 1.5in. cover)
+ 1 20
4.25
srub = 20 0.44 = 8.80in.2

O.K.
dUcenH TTYlykkarsikSaKNnasMrab;Ggt;rgkarBt;begag (flexure). cMNaMfa karsikSaKNnaEdl
manlkNeBjeljRtUvrYmbBalTaMg dowel design sMrab; composite action/ karsikSaKNnaEdk
kgsMrab; web shear/ end block design nigkarsikSaKNnaPaBdab nigsameRbHsMrab;tMrUvkareFVIkar.
ehIyeKRtUvcMNaMfa PaBCab;enAelIFwmbIElVgkg]TahrN_enHEdl eRbIEtEdkFmtaenARtg;TMrGnuBaat
eGaymankarekIneLIgbnkGefr 50% BIbnk 1,514 plf eTAdl; bnk 2,329 plf .
As
366
NPIC
367
#> karlMGitBIFrNImaRtrbs;Fwm (Beam geometry schematic details)

rUbTI 6>21 eGaynUvkarlMGitBIEdkBRgwg nig tendon profile rbs;FwmCab;n]TahrN_enH. cMNaMfa
BIrEbbEpnEdlebtugTMgn;Rsal nigEdkFmtapl;nUvPaBCab;enARtg;TMrsMrab; superimposed dead
load nig live load.
12> eRKOgbgMeRKagminkMNt;
k> lkNTUeTA
Indeterminate Frames and Portals
General Properties
eRKagebtugCarcnasm<nminkMNt;EdlpSMeLIgedayGgt;edk Ggt;Qr bGgt;eRTtEdlPab;Ka

y:agNaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMg nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdleFVIGMeBIelIva. dWeRkminkMNt; (degree of indeterminacy) GaRsynwgcMnYnElVg cMnYnGgt;bBar nigRbePTnRbtikmcug. rUbragnRbePTeRKagRtUv)an
bgajenAkgrUbTI 6>22. RbsinebI n CacMnYntMN/ b CacMnYnGgt;/ r cMnYnRbtikm/ nig s CacMnYnnPaB
minkMNt; enaHdWeRkmin kMNt;RtUv)ankMNt;tamvismIkarxageRkam
368
NPIC
3n + s > 3b + r
3n + s = 3b + r
3n + s < 3b + r
KanesrPaB
saTickMNt;
saTicminkMNt;
(6.8a)
(6.8b)
(6.8c)
dWeRkminkMNt;KW
s = 3b + r 3n
(6.8d)
eKEtgEtmansmIkar 3n nlMnwgsaTic ehIycMnYnGBatisrubKW 3b + r . Ca]TahrN_ dWeRkminkMNt;

neRKagenAkgrUbTI 6>22 (a) KW
s = 3 3 + 2 2 3 4 = 1
ehIysMrab;eRKagenAkgEpk (g) nrUbdEdlKW

s = 3 10 + 2 3 3 9 = 9
cMNaMfa edIm,IeGayeRKageFVIkareBjelj vaRtUveKarBnUvlkxNxageRkam

!> karsikSaKNnaRtUvEtQrelIbnSMnm:Um:g; nigkMlaMgkat;EdlmaneRKaHfak;bMput. RbsinebI
manm:Um:g;EdlmanlkNRtLb;TisedAedaysarkarRtLb;TisedArbs;bnkGefr eKRtUv
BicarNam:Um:g;Bt;viCman nigm:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanEdlmantMlFMCagkgkarsikSaKNna.
@> eKRtUvpl;nUvTMrRKwHsmrm. RbsinebIeKsikSaKNnaeRKagedayeRbITMr hinged dMeNIrkar
sagsg;EdlmantMlf eKRtUvpl;nUvRbBnTMr hinged Cak;Esg.
x> kMlaMg nigm:Um:g;enAkgeRKag Portal

Forces and Moments in Portal Frames
eKGacKitfaeRKagebtugeFVIkarCalkNeGLasicmuneBlvamansameRbH dUckgkrNIFwmCab;
eRkamGMeBI service load nigeRkamlkxNbnkelIsbnicbnc (slight-overload condition). Cavi)ak
munnwgekItman plastic hinges eKnwgeRbIdaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>23 nig 6>24
kgkarsikSaKNnaeRKagebtugeRbkugRtaMgminkMNt;. eKsnt;fa viFIFmtakgkarviPaKrcnasm<nmin
kMNt;EdlrYmbBalTaMgeRKag EdlrUmmanviFI virtual work, stiffness matrix nig flexibility matrix
ddUcCasmIkarbIm:Um:g; bsmIkarbYnm:Um:g; CaviFIEdlGkGanFab;sal; dUcenH GtbTenHnwgbgajEt
esckIENnaMCaGtibrma nigmanlkNsMrYlbMputb:ueNaH.
369
370
NPIC
!> Uniform Gravity Loading on Single-Bay Portal

]bmafam:Um:g;niclPaB I c nssrbBar nig Ib nFwmedkrbs; portal enAkgrUbTI 6>25 (a)
minmantMldUcKa. tMlnm:Um:g; nigkMlaMgdUcxageRkamGacnwgekItman
kMlaMgkat;enAxagcugrbs;Fwm
VB = VC =
kMlaMgrujtamTisedk
H=
1
wl
2
1
C1wl 2
h
(6.9a)
(6.9b)
371
Edl
C1 =
(6.9c)
2 I h
12 b + 1
3 Ic l
m:Um:g;Bt;GviCmanGtibrmaenARtg;kac;RCug
M B = M C = Hh = C1wl 2
(6.9d)
m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaenAkNalElVg
M max =
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMnuc x
Mx =
1 2
1
wl Hh = C1 wl 2
8
1
x(l x )w C1wl 2
2
(6.9e)
(6.9f)
EdlcMnucrbt;BIkac;RCugmagrbs;eRKag portal KW
1
x1 = (1 1 8C1 )l = C 2l
2
1
nig
C 2 = (1 1 8C1 )
2
(6.9g)
(6.9h)
@> Concentrated Gravity Loading on Single-Bay Portal

edaysarbnkcMcMnuc P mineFVIGMeBIenAcMkNalElVg dUcenHeKTTYl)ankMlaMgkat;minsIuemRTI.
BIrUbTI 6>25 (b)
kMlaMgkat;xagcugKW
nig
a
V B = 1 P
l
a
VC = P
l
(6.10a)
kMlaMgtamTisedk
a a l
1 P
l
l h
1
C3 =
2 I h
2 b + 1
3 Ic l
H = C3
Edl
(6.10b)
(6.10c)
m:Um:g;Bt;enAkac;RCug
M B = M C = Hh = C3
a a
1 Pl
l
l
(6.10d)
m:Um:g;Bt;enAtambeNayGgt; BC / sMrab; x < a

372
NPIC
a x a
M x = 1 C3 Pl
l l l
(6.10e)
sMrab; x > a
Mx =
a x a
1 1 C3 Pl
l l
l
(6.10f)
m:Um:g;Bt;viCmanGtibrmaenARtg; x = a
M max =
a a
a a
1 Pl Hh = (1 C3 ) 1 Pl
l
l
l
l
(6.10g)
kMlaMgtamTisedksMrab;bnkTMnajcMcMnuceRcIn
a a
1 a1 a1
C3 P1 1 + P2 2 1 2 + ...
h l
l
l
l
1
a a
H = C3 P 1
h
l
l
H=
(6.10h)
(6.10i)
#> Uniform Horizontal Pressure on Single-Bay Portal

BIrUbTI 6>25 (c)/ eyIgman
RbtikmbBarenARtg;TMr
1
h
ph
2
l
1
h
RD = + ph
2
l
RA =
nig
(6.11a)
RbtikmtamTisedk
sMrab;snak; A EdlRbQmnwgTisxl;bk; (windward)

Ib h
+ 18
1 Ic l
HA =
ph = C 4 ph
8 Ib h
2
+3
Ic l
I h
11 b + 18
1 Ic l
C4 =
8 Ib h
2
+3
Ic l
11
Edl
(6.11b)
(6.11c)
sMrab;snak; D EdlenABIeRkayTisxl;bk (leeward)

H D = ph H A = (1 C 4 ) ph
(6.11d)
m:Um:g;Bt;tamkMBs;ssrEdlekItBIsMBaFtamTisedk Edl y RtUv)anvas;BI)at enaH

M y = HAy
1 2
py
2
(6.11e)
373
m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAelIssrQmnwgTisxl;bk;
M max
11 b
1 1 Ic
=
2 8 Ib
2
Ic
+ 18
l
ph 2 = 1 C ph 4
4
h
2
+3
l
(6.11f)
cMnucnm:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenABIelITMr A
Ib
11
1 Ic
y1 =
8 Ib
2
Ic
+ 18
l
h = C h
4
h
+3
l
(6.11g)
374
NPIC
m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;RCugEKmrbs;eRKag portal
Ib h
+2
1 2 3 Ic l
M B = H A h ph =
ph 2
I
h
2
8 b
2
+3
Ic l
= (C4 0.5) ph 2
M C = H D h = (1 C 4 ) ph
(6.11h)
2
(6.11i)
tMlefr C1 / C2 / C3 nig C4 enAkgsmIkar 6.9/ 6.10 nig 6.11 GacsMEdgCaklNRkaPic

dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>26.
K> karGnuvteTAelIeRKagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Application to Prestressed Concrete Frames
dUcKanwgFwmCab;Edr eKRtUvsnt; tendon profile tamBIeBlcab;epImsikSaKNnaedIm,IkMNt;

secondary bending moment M 2 sMrab;Fwmedk nigssrbBarrbs; portal frame. eKsnt;
concordant tendon sMrab;FwmEdlrgbnkTMnajsIuemRTI ehIyssrRtUvmanTMhMRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;
nwgsMBaFtamTisedk nigm:Um:g;bEnmEdlbNalBIkarrYjxIrbs;Fwm.
karrYjxItambeNayGkSrbs;FwmedkEdlbgeLIgedaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeFVIeGaykugRtaMg
TajekItmanenApxageRkArbs;ssreRKag. eKKYrsikSaKNnaEdkeRbkugRtaMgbBaredIm,IeGayTb;
Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTaMgenHkdUcCakugRtaMgdTeTotEdr. karrYjxItambeNayGkSrbs;FwmkeFVIeGayekIt
manRbtikmtamTisedkenARtg;TMrrbs;ssr. dUcenH edIm,ITTYl)ankMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P enAkgGgt;
Ggt;beNay eKRtUvGnuvtkMlaMg P + P eTAelIeRKag. eKGackMNt;kMeNInnkMlaMg P edayeRbI
smIkarxageRkam
eRKagEdlTMrTaMgBIrCasnak; (Frame with two hinges at support)

P =
MB
3 Ec I c
=
BC
2k + 3 h 2
h
(6.12)
Edl k = (I b / I c )(h / l ) nig BC CabMErbMrYlrageFobsrubEdlbNalBI elastic shortening nigclna

EdlbNalBIkarrYmmaD (shrinkage) nig creep. GkSr B nig C tMNageGaycugrbs;Ggt;neRKag
enAkgrUbTI 6>25 nigrUbTI 6>27.
eRKagEdlmanTMrbgb; (Frame with fixed support)

P =
M B M A Ec I c 3
k +3
=
+
h
h k + 2 k (k + 2)
375
=
3(2k + 1) EI c
k (k + 2) h 2
(6.13)
rUbTI 6>27 bgajBIkMhUcRTg;RTaytamGkSEdlbNalBIbMErbMrYlrageFob BC = l / l Edl

bNalBI shortening, creep nig shrinkage.
m:Um:g; M A nig M B EdlbNalBI longitudinal shortening rbs;Ggt; BC enAkgrUbTI 6>27

KWdUcxageRkam
eRKagEdlTMrTaMgBIrCasnak; (Frame with two hinges at support)

6 Ec I c
3 Ec I c
=
BC
2k + 3 l
2k + 3 h
E I
k 0 M B c c BC
h
MB =
enAeBlEdl
(6.14)
eRKagEdlmanTMrbgb; (Frame with fixed support)

6 Ec I c
3 Ec I c
=
BC
k+2 l
k+2 h
1.5Ec I c
k 0 MB
MA
BC
h
MB =
(6.14)
/
nig
.
enAeBlEdl
mUlehtunkarpas;bry:agxaMgntMlrbs;m:Um:g; M B nig M A KWedaysarenAeBlEdl k 0 /
P . enAkgkrNIEbbenH PaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) rbs;Ggt;bBarxiteTArkGnnebIeFobnwg
Ggt;edk dUcenHGgt;edkmanlkNrlas; (flexible) xaMg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>28. \TiBlrbs;
RbtikmtamTisedkeTAelIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>29 sMrab;eRKagEdlmanTMr
hinged-base nig fixed-base.
376
NPIC
cMNaMfa karbriyayenAeBlenH nigkarbriyayBIxagedImGacGnuvt)andUcKasMrab;eRKagsmas

eRbkugRtaMgCab;cak;enAnwgkEng nigcak;Rsab;. eKRtUveFVIeGayekItmanPaBCab;enARtg;kac;RCugrbs;
eRKagenAkgdMeNIrkarsagsg;. rUbTI 6>30 bgajBI prestressing tendon profile KMrUsMrab;eRKag.
eKsnt;fa kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P1 tUcCag P2 edIm,IeGay friction losses RtUv)anGnuBaat.
377
X> Design of Prestressed Concrete Bonded Frame

]TahrN_ 6>7 rcnasm<nrbs;XaMgRtUv)ansg;eLIgeday single-bay portal frame eRbkugRtaMg Edl
manTMrsnak; ehIyeKeRbI standard double-T-section CaFwmedk nigssrbBarTaMgBIr. Ggt;muxkat;

double-T enHmanTTwg 8 ft (2.44m ) . eRKOgbgMenHman clear span 80 ft (24.4m ) ehIyRbQmnwg
bnkTMnajGefrBRgayesI WL = 240 plf (3.5kN / m) nigsMBaFxl;tamTisedkBRgayesIEdlman
GaMgtg;sIuet pw = 65 plf (0.95kN / m) enARtg;pRbQmnwgTisxl;bk; ehIyenARtg;pEdlminRb
QmnwgTisxl;bkrgnUvsMBaFxl; pL = 40 plf (0.58kN / m) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>31. sikSa
KNnaeRKag/ prestressing tendon profile/ nigTItaMgrbs; prestressing tendon sMRab; lkxN
service load nig ultimate load. xageRkamenHCaTinnyEdleKeGay
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
sMrab; low-relaxation tendons
f ps = 235,000 psi(1,620MPa )
f pi = 189,000 psi(1,303MPa )
kMhatbg;srub = 21% / kMhatbg;eRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmYyEx = 17%

378
NPIC
mYyEx = (1 0.17)189,000 = 156,870 psi(1,082MPa )

f pe cugeRkay = (1 0.21)189,000 = 149,310 psi (1,029 MPa )
f pe
f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa )

f c = 0.45 f 'c = 2,250 psi(15.5MPa )
f 'ci 0.70 f 'c = 3,500 psi(24.1MPa )
f ci = 0.6 f 'c = 2,100 psi(14.5MPa )
kNalElVg = 3 f 'ci = 177 psi

f ti TMr = 6 f 'ci = 355 psi
f t = 6 f 'c eTA 12 f 'c = 425 eTA 849 psi(5.85MPa )
f ti
dMeNaHRsay
Fwm BC
karviPaKdMbUg
(Preliminary analysis)
snt;fabnkpal; WD = 600 plf (8.8kN / m). bnab;mkBIsmIkar 6.9e emKuNPaBrwgRkaj

(stiffness coefficient) KW
C1 =
1
2
12 k + 1
3
379
I h
k= b
Edl
Ic l
snt;fa enAdMNak;kalenH I b = I c / Edl I b Cam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Fwm BC ehIy I c Cam:Um:g;niclPaB
rbs;ssr AB nig DC . enaH
h
36
k = 1.0 =
= 0.45
l
80
BIdaRkamsMrab;ExSekag C1 enAkgrUbTI 6>26/ C1 = 0.064 . kMhatbg;srubEdleGay = 21% / dUc

enHeK)an = 0.79 .
snt; concrete topping kMras; 2in. f 'c = 3,000 psi TMgn;Rsal/ insulation nig waterproofing 5 psf .
2
WSD = 110 + 5 8 ft = 187 plf
12
eKsikSaKNnaFwm BC Ca concordant cable EdlvaRtUveFVIkarCaFwmTMrsamBasMrab;TMgn;pal; WD .

b:uEneKKitvaCaFwmCab;sMrab; superimposed dead load WSD nig live load WL EdlCaEpkrbs; rigid
portal frame. C-line RtUvEtRtYtsIuKaCamYynwg cgs line edaysar concordance. dUcenH RbsinebI
WD 600 plf enaHBIsmIkar 6.9e m:Um:g;kNalElVgKW
1
M = C1 wl 2
dUcenH
wl 2 600(80 )2
MD =
=
12 = 5.760 10 6 in. lb
8
8
1
M SD = 0.064 187(80)2 12 = 0.876 10 6 in. lb
1
M L = 0.064 240(80)2 12 = 1.124 10 6 in. lb
snt; ft = 0 / bnab;mk BIsmIkar 4.4b m:UDulmuxkat; (section modulus) Gb,brmaenAsrsxag

eRkamsMrab;muxkat;RbsiTPaBRtUv)aneGayeday
Sb
(1 )M D + M SD + M L
f t f ci
(1 0.79)5.760 10 + 0.876 10 + 1.124 10 = 1,935in.

Sb =
b
0 0.79( 2,100)
muxkat;Edlman section modulus Ek,rnwgtMlxagelIKW PCI 8DT32+2 Double-T RbePT 168-DI
CamYynwg concrete topping kMras; 2in. .
6
380
NPIC
ee = 8.21in.(20.9cm)
ec = 17.46in.(44.3cm)
Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 16

A ps = 16 0.153 = 2.45in.2 (15.8cm 2 )
Stress-relieved strand 270-K
viPaKmuxkat;enAeBleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
(a)
muxkat;kNalElVg ec = 17.46in.
M D = 5.76 10 6
591
= 5.673 10 6 in. lb
600
Edl 591 = 12567

150 plf
12
BIsmIkar 4.1a
ft =
Pi ect M D
1 2 t f ti
Ac
r S
Pi = A ps f pi = 2.45 189,000 = 463,050lb

ft =
463,050 17.46 10.79 5.673 10 6
1
567
97.8
5,140
/ minrgkMlaMgTaj O.K.
dak;EdkFmtaenAsrsxagelIenAkNalElVgedIm,IkarBarkugRtaMgTajEdlGacekItman.
BIsmIkar 4.1 b
= 347 psi (C )
fb =
Pi ecb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
463,050 17.46 21.21 5.673 10 6

=
+
1 +
567
97.8
2,615
381
= 1,740 psi(C ) < f ci = 2,100 psi
(b)
O.K.
muxkat;Rtg;TMr ee = 8.21in.
ft =
463,050 8.21 10.79

0
1
567
97.8
= 76.9 psi (C )
fb =
/ minrgkarTaj
O.K.
463,050 8.21 21.21

+0
1 +
567
97.8
minbMeBjlkxN
dUcenH eKRtUvbnyTMhMrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedayeGayEdkeRbkugRtaMgxHminsitelIRbEvg 15% BI
pTMr bpas;brcMNakpitrbs; tendon. RbsinebIeKGnuvtbeckeTselIkmun edayeGayEdkeRbkug
RtaMgbYnminsitelIRbEvg 0.15 80 ft = 12 ft (366cm) BITMr EdlRbElg anchorage rbs; grouted
strand cMnYnbYn. eyIgTTYl)an
= 2,271 psi(C )(15.7 MPa ) > f ci = 2,100 psi
Aps = (16 4)0.153 = 1.836in.2

Pi = 1.836 189,000 = 347,004lb(1,543kN )
347,004 8.21 21.21
+0
1 +
567
97.8
= 1,701.6 pis < 2,100 psi

O.K.
fb =
viPaKssrrbs;eRKag
eRCIserIs double-T CaCBaaMgsMrab;eRKag nig]bmafa eb nig Sb tMNageGaypxageRkA

nig]bmafa et nig St tMNageGaypxagkgrbs;muxkat; T bBar. edaysareK)ansnt;fa I b = I c
kgkarKNnaemKuNPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness coefficient) k BIxagedIm dUcenHeKkeRCIserIs 8DT32
EdlmanTMr hinged. Ggt;bBarnwgeFVIkarCaGgt;rgkarsgt;EdlRbQmnwgbnktamGkSFM nigm:Um:g;
Bt;. m:Um:g;Bt;ekIteLIgBIbnkxl; nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdleprBIFwm BC . enAkgkrNIEbbenH eKniymdak;
BRgayEdkeRbkugRtaMgkgmuxkat;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>32 EdleRbobeFobmuxkat;Fwm nigmuxkat;
ssr.
snt;faGkSrbs;TIRbCMuTMgn;nEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtYtsIuKaCamYynwg cgs line ehIysikSaKNna
karEbgEck strand edayGnuelameTAtam
ec = ee = 0
sakl,geRbI lox-relaxation strand 270-K EdlmanGgt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 20

Aps = 20 0.153 = 3.06in.2
382
NPIC
Pi = Aps f pi = 3.06 189,000 = 587,340lb

f t = fb =
Pi
578,340
0=
= 1,020 psi (C ) < f ci = 2,100 psi
Ac
567
O.K.
383
m:Um:g;Bt; nigRbtikmeRkamGMeBI service load

Fwm BC
dMNak;kalmanEtbnkpal; W
snt;faRbEvgrbs;Fwmcak;Rsab;KW 80 1.3 = 78.7 ft . enaHm:Um:g;kNalElVgKW

ME =
wl 2 591(78.7 )2
=
12 = 5,491 106 in. lb
8
8
RbtikmenARtg; column-wall bracket support KW

RD = 591
78.7
= 23,256lb
2
dMNak;kalman composite topping W
SD
eKmanm:Um:g;kNalElVgKW M SD = 0.876 106 in. lb

m:Um:g;Rtg;TMrKW
M B = MC =
=
karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
wl 2
0.876 106
8
187(80 )2 12
0.876 106 = 0.949 106 in. lb
8
eKman d = 32 + 2 2.5 = 31.5in.

b Epkrgkarsgt; = 2 4.75 = 9.50in.
b d p = 0.8h = 0.8 32 = 25.6in. eday
ykmYyNaEdlFMCag dUcenH d p = 29.42in. ehIysnt;eRbIEdkFmta 2#5 sMrab;eCIgRTnug
mYyenARtg;Epkrgkarsgt; nig 2#7 kgeCIgRTnugmYyenARtg;EpkrgkarTajnFwm nigssr.
eyIgTTYl)an
d p = cb + ee = 21.21 + 8.21 = 29.42in.
A's = 4 0.305 = 1.22in.2

A' f y
1.22
60,000
' = s
=
= 0.0489
bd f 'c 9.5 31.5 5,000
As = 4 0.60 = 2.40in.2
As f y
2.40
60,000
=
=
= 0.0962
bdf 'c 9.5 31.5 5,000
yk p = (Aps / bd p )( f ps / f 'c ) = 0 edaysarEdkeRbkugRtaMgminCab;enARtg;kac;RCugrbs;

portal frame. bnab;mk p + (d / d p )( ') = 0 + (31.5 / 29.42) (0.0962 0.0489)
384
NPIC
= 0.0506
. ehIy 0.241 = 0.24 0.80 = 0.192 > 0.0506 . dUcenH t > 0.0075 .
As f y
a=
4 0.60 60,000
= 3.57in.
0.85 5,000 9.5
0.85 f 'c b
3.57
c=
= 4.46in.
0.80
d
31.5
t = 0.003 t 1 = 0.003
1 = 0.0181
4.46
EdkkMNt;EdlGnuBaat/ O.K.
edaysarkarvilEdlmantMlFMGacekItmanenARtg;tMNsmasrbs;eRKagenH eRbIPaKryEbg
Eckm:Um:g;eLIgvijEdlRtUv)ankat;bnyesInwg 12% enAkgGgt;edkrbs;eRKag.
dUcenH eRbIemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij 0.12 sMrab;eprm:Um:g;BIkac;RCug B nig C eTAkNal
ElVgrbs;eRKag 12% . dUcKa eKKYreRbIbnHEdksMrab;kartPab;enARtg;tMNxagelIrbs;eRKag ehIyeK
RtUvsikSaKNnabnHEdkenaHedIm,Ipl;lTPaBkgkareprm:Um:g;y:agtic 12% nm:Um:g;TMrrbs;Ggt;edk
eTAkNalElVg. enaH m:Um:g;Edl)anEktMrUv M B = M C = (1 0.12)0.919 106 = 0.809 106 in. lb
ehIym:Um:gkNalElVgEdlEktMrUv M E = 0.876 106 1.12 = 0.981106 in. lb nigRbtikmEdl
ekItBI superimposed dead load enARtg;TMr RSD = (187 80) / 2 = 7,480lb .
1000 t = 1000 0.0181 = 18.1% < 20%
dMNak;kalRTbnkGefr W
m:Um:g;enAkNalElVgKW M L = 1.124 106 in. lb . dUcenH m:Um:g;Bt;Rtg;TMrrbs;FwmKW

M B = MC =
240(80 )2 12
1.124 106
8
= 1.180 106 in. lb
m:Um:g;eGLasicEktMrUv M C = (1 0.12)1.180 106 = 1.038 106 in. lb nigm:Um:g;kNal

ElVgEktMrYv M L = 1.124 106 1.12 = 1.259 106 in. lb . RbtikmbnkGefrenARtg;TMrQrKW
RL =
240 80
= 9,600lb
2
dMNak;karrgsMBaFxl;
BIsmIkar 6.11h nig 6.11i

M B = (C4 0.5) ph 2
M C = (1 C4 ) ph 2
BIxagedIm
k=
Ib h
= 0.45
Ic l
sMrab; Ib = I c
385
BIdaRkamkgrUbTI 6>26 sMrab;ExSekag C4 / C4 = 0.73
m:Um:g; M enAEpkQmnwgTisxl;bk;
B
M B1 = (0.73 0.5)65(36 )2 12 = 232,502in. lb

M B 2 = (1 0.73)40(36 )2 12 = 167,961in. lb
MB
srub = 232,502 + 167,961 = 400,463in. lb
m:Um:g; M enAEpkEdlminQmnwgTisxl;bk;
C
M C1 = (1 0.73)65(36)2 12 = 272,938in. lb
M C 2 = (0.73 0.5)40(36 )2 12 = 143,078in. lb
srub = 272,938 143,078 = 416,016in. lb

m:Um:g;ekItBIsMBaFxl;EdlmantMlFMCageKKW MW = 416,016in. lb edaysarxl;Gac
bk;BIxagsaM bxageqVg.
BIsmIkar 6.11a RbtikmtamTisbBarenARtg;cMnuc A nig D EdlbNalmkBIxl;KW
MC
(65 + 40)(36)2 = 851lb

1
h
ph =
2
l
2 80
1
h
= + ph = +851lb
2
l
RWA =
RWD
m:Um:g; nigbnkEdlbNalBI\TiBlryeBlEvg
m:Um:g;EdlTb;karvilenAEpkxagcugenARtg;cMnuc B nig C EdlbNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
ryeBlEvg
rUbTI 6>33 bgajBIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAelIGgt; BC . eRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
ryeBlmYyEx eyIgman
f pe1 = 156,870 psi
kNalElVg = 16 0.153 156,870 = 384,018lb

Pe Rtg;TMr = (16 4 ) 0.153 156,870 = 288,013lb
m:Um:g;kNalElVg M E = 384,018 17.46 = 6.705 106 in. lb
m:Um:g;elITMr M B = 288,013 8.21 = 2.364 106 in. lb
cMNakpitenARtg;muxkat; F EdlmanEdkeRbkugRtaMgbYnminsit (debonded) KW
Pe
eF = (17.46 8.21)
12
+ 8.21 = 10.99in.
40
ehIym:Um:g;enARtg;muxkat; F KW
386
NPIC
M F = 384,018 10.99 = 4.220 106 in. lb

MF
EdlfycuHedaysarPaBminsitKW 288,013 10.99 = 3.165 106 in. lb
m:Um:g;EdlekItBI service load eRkayeBlkMhatbg;TaMgGs;mandUcxageRkam

f pe = 149,310 psi
f pe / f pe1 =
149,310
= 0.952
156,870
387
M E = 6.705 106 0.952 = 6.383 106 in. lb
M F = 4.220 106 0.952 = 4.017 106 in. lb
M F1 = 3.165 106 0.952 = 3.013 106 in lb
M B = M C = 2.364 106 0.952 = 2.251 106 in. lb
mMurgVilenARtg;cMnuc B nig C rbs;FwmeRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmYyEx

mMurgVil = E 1I [Ml ]
c b
edIm,IrkRkLaprbs;daRkamm:Um:g;sMrab;Bak;kNalElVgedaysarsIuemRTI (i) bUkBak;kNal
nrUb 6>33(b) eTAnwgBak;kNalnrUbTI 6>33 (d) nig (ii) bUkBak;kNalnrUbTI 6>33 (c) eTAnwg
Bak;kNalnrUbTI 6>33 (d). bnab;mkdk (ii) BI (i) edIm,ITTYl)anmMurgVilrbs;FwmenARtg;cMnuc B b
C EdlvaKYrRtUv)anTb;edaytMNpSaredIm,IbegIt)anPaBCab;enARtg;kac;RCug B nig C rbs; portal frame.
eyIgman
(i)
Ec I b 106 = M (i )l
enAeBldMeLIgFwm
1
= 2.364 12 12 + (3.165 2.364) 12 12 + 4.220 28 12
2
2
1
+ (6.750 4.220) 28 12 5.491 40 12
3
2
= 2,233.49 1,757.12 = 476.47
(ii)
Ec I b 10 6 = M (ii )l
eRkamGMeBI service load
1
= 2.251 12 12 + (3.013 2.251) 12 12 + 4.017 28 12
2
1
2
+ (6.383 4.017 ) 28 12 5.491 40 12
2
3
= 2,126.21 1,757.12 = 369.09
mMurgVil enARtg;cMnuc B bcMnuc C EdlekItBIkarkat;bnykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlbNalBIkMhat

bg;ryeBlEvgKW
6
1
(476.37 369.09)106 = 107.3 10
Ec I b
Ec I b
RbsinebI M r Cam:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;tMNpSaredIm,ITb;Ggt;kMueGayvil enaHeK)an

mMurgVil = MEr lI/ 2 = M Er I480
c b
c b
388
NPIC
edayeGayGgxagsaMnsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIesIKa eyIg)an
107.3 106 480M r
=
Ec I b
Ec I b
107.3 106
= 0.224 106 in. lb
480
Mr =
m:Um:g;Edl)anBIkMhatbg;ryeBlEvgedaysar creep nig shrinkage

(a) Creep
Pi = 463,050lb
enAeBldMeLIg = 384,018lb
vaCakarlkgkarKit creep force CatMlmFmn Pi nig Pe . dUcenH
Pe
CR =
1
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
2 Cu

ykemKuN creep Cu = 2.25

Ec = 57,000 f 'c = 57,000 5,000 = 4.03 106 psi
CR =
463,050 + 384,018
2.25 = 417 10 6 in. / in.

6
2
567 4.03 10
(b) Shrinkage
BIsmIkar 3.14, shrinkage strain BIeBldMeLIgFwm 30feRkayeBlGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkug

RtaMg rhUldl;mYyqaMeRkayKW
V
S
SH = 8.2 10 6 K SH 1 0.06 (100 RH )
kgkrNIenH V / S = 1.79 / ehIyRbsinebIeyIgsnt;fa RH = 75% / enaHBItarag 3>6 Edl

erobrab;faeRkayeBl 30feTAdl; 1qaM K SH = 0.45 / eyIg)an
SH = 8.2 106 0.45(1 0.06 179)(100 75)
= 82.3 10 6 in. / in.
dUcenH deformation strain srubEdlbNalBI creep nig shrinkage KW (417 + 82.3)106

= 499.3 10 6 in. / in.
BIsmIkar 6.14
M B = MC =
Ec I c
3
(2k + 3) h BC
BIxagedIm emKuNPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness coefficient) k = 0.45 nig Ec = 4.03 106 psi . dUcKa
sMrab;Ggt;cak;Rsab; I c = 55,464in.4 / dUcenH
389
M B = MC =
3
4.03 106 55,464
499.3 10 6
(2 0.45 + 3)
36 12
= 198,724in. lb = 0.199 106 in. lb
m:Um:g;EdlbNalmkBI\TiBlryeBlEvgnwgbegItkugRtaMgTajenApxagkgrbs;Ggt;bBar
nigpxageRkamrbs;Ggt;edk. CaerOy eKKYrKitkMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening eGay)an
suRkit.
m:Um:g; nigkugRtaMgcugeRkayenAkgFwmedk BC
muxkat;kNalElVg e = 17.46in.
M = 5.491 10 in. lb(0.62 10 kN .m )
c
M SD = 0.981 106 in. lb

M L = 1.259 106 in. lb
M r = 0.224 106 in. lb
M CR + SH = 0.199 106 in. lb
eRkaykMhatbg;TaMgGs; Pe = 2.45 149,310 = 365,810lb

Superimposed moment KW
M T = M SD + M L + M r + M CR + SH
= (0.981 + 1.259 + 0.244 + 0.199 )106 = 2.663 106 in. lb
P ec M
M
f b = e 1 + c 2b + D + T
Ac
Sbc
r Sb
365,810 17.46 10.79 5.491 106 2.663 106
567
97.8
5,140
6,952
= 112 psi (C )
ft =
/ minrgkarTaj/
O.K.
Pe ec ct M D M T
1 2 t t
Ac
r S
Sc
365,810 17.46 10.79 5.491 106 2.663 106
567
97.8
5,140
6,952
= 854 psi (C ) < f c = 2,250 psi

O.K.
muxkat;Rtg;TMr e
= 8.21in.
MD = 0
M SD = 0.809 106 in. lb

M L = 1.038 106 in. lb
390
NPIC
M W = 0.416 106 in. lb
edayminKitbBal relief moment EdlbNalBI rotation, creep nig shrinkage Edlbg

eGaymankugRtaMgsgt;. m:Um:g;GviCmansrubenARtg;TMr B b C KW
M T = (0.809 + 1.038 + 0.416 )106 = 2.26 106 in. lb
muxkat;enARtg;TMr B nig C CaebtugGarem: virtual. Pe sMrab; 12 strand enARtg;TMrnImYy

eRkayeBlkMhatbg; = 274,133lb ehIy
ft =
274,133 8.21 10.79

2.26 106
1
+0+
567
97.8
6,952
= +280 psi(T ) < f t = 12 f 'c = 849 psi
O.K.
dak;EdkFmtasMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajTaMgGs;. dUcKa
2.26 106
274,133 8.21 21.21
fb =
1 +
0
567
97.8
3,038
= 2,088 psi(C ) < f c = 2,250 psi O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.31d
M u = 1.2 0.809 106 + 1.6 1.038 106 + 1.0 0.416 106
= 3.05 106 in. lb

M
3.05 106
Mn
= u =
= 3.39 106 in. lb
0.90
M n = As f y d
2
RtUvkar
snt;dXas;m:Um:g; d a / 2 0.9d = 0.9 31.5 = 28.35in.

enaH 3.39 106 = As 60,000 28.35
3.39 106
As =
= 1.99in.2 (12.0cm 2 )
60,000 28.35
a=
As f y
0.85 f 'c b
1.99 60,000
0.85 5,000 96
= 0.29in.(0.81cm) < h f = 4in.
dUcenH KitCamuxkat;ctuekaN
a
0.29
= 31.5
= 31.3in.(79.5cm)
2
2
3.39 106
As =
= 1.81in.2 12.3cm 2
60,000 31.3
(
)
eRbIEdk 2#7 Ggt;pit 22mm kgRTnugeCIgnImYy.
391
As = 4 0.6 = 2.4in.2 > 1.81in.2
O.K.
m:Um:g; nigkugRtaMgcugeRkayenAkgCBaaMgssr AB nig BC

bnkedaypal;enAelIssrKW
RD + RSD + RL + RW = 23,256 + 7,480 + 9,600 + 851 = 41,187lb(183kN )
edaysnt;cMNakpitesInwg 15in. enaHm:Um:g; M D kayCa

M D = 41,187 15 = 0.617 106 in. lb
M SD = 0.809 106 in. lb

M L = 1.038 106 in. lb
M E = 0.416 106 in. lb
m:Um:g;srubKW
M T = (0.617 + 0.809 + 1.038 + 0.416 )106
= 2.880 106 in. lb 0.33 103 kN .m
sMrab;CBaaMgmYyktaman 20 strands
Pe = Aps f pe = 3.06 149,310 = 456,887lb(2,032kN )
fb
pxageRkA = APe AP + MS T
c
456,887 41,187 2.880 106
+
567
567
2,615
= +223 psi (T ) 849 psi
O.K.
P
P MT
= e
Ac Ac S t
=
ft
pxagkg
456,887 41,187 2.880 106
567
567
5,140
= 1,439 psi(C )(9.9 MPa ) < f c = 2,250 psi(15.5MPa )
dUcenH eRbI double-T section 8DT32 sMrab;CBaaMgedayeRbI 7-wire 270-K low-relaxation

strands Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) cMnYn 20 EdltMerobdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>32. dUcKaeRbI
double-T section 8DT32+2(168-D1) sMrab;Fwm AB EdleRbI 7-wire 270-K low-relaxation strands Edlman strand 4 minsitelIRbEvg 12 ft (3.66in.) BIprbs;TMr.
392
NPIC
rUbTI 6>34 bgajnUvbg;lMGitrbs; portal frame ebtugeRbkugRtaMg. karsikSaKNna

srubmanBak;BnnwgkarsikSaKNna vertical wall brackets/ ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;/ ersIusg;karBt;
begag nigRtYtBinit serviceability kdUcCalMGittMNpSarrvagFwm nigssrEdlRT.
13> karsikSaKNna viPaK kMNt;nFwm nigeRKagminkMNt;

Limit Design (Analysis) of Indeterminate Beams and Frames
GVIEdl)anerobrab;BIxagelIKWbgajBIkarsikSaKNnasmamaRtrbs;muxkat; dUcCamuxkat;
kNalElVg nigmuxkat;Rtg;TMredayeRbIemKuNEbgEckeLIgvij (redistribution factor) pD sMrab;
PaBCab;tamlkNkarBiesaFEdlpl;eGayeday code. emKuNPaBCab;snt;faEdktambeNay
GkSEdlRKb;RKan;RtUvdak;enARtg;tMbn;Cab;EdleRKaHfak;edIm,IRKb;RKgkMritsameRbHenARtg;tMbn;enaH.
viFIKNnaEbbenHmincaM)ac;RtUvkardMeNaHRsayFwm beRKagCab;saTickMNt;EdlmanRbsiTPaB
CageKeT edaysareKminKitkarEbgEckeLIgvijeBjeljeRkamGMeBI ultimate load. edaysarbnk
393
Gnuvtn_ekIneLIgbnicmgrhUtdl;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUleFVIkardl;lTPaBkMNt;rbs;va enaHmuxkat;eRKaH
fak;dUcCaenARtg;TMr benAkac;RCugrbs;eRKag begItsameRbHEdlmanlkNFn;F ehIymMurgVilman
tMlFMEdlsMrab;karGnuvt snak;)asic (plastic hinge) RtUv)anbegIteLIg. RbsinebIcMnYn plastic
hinges EdlekItmanesIcMnYnPaBminkMNt; (indeterminacies) enaHrcnasm<nnwgkayCaeRKOgbgMkMNt;
EdleKGacGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBjelj (full redistribution of moment) enAelIeRKOg
bgMenaH)an. CamYynwgkarbegItsnak;bEnm eRKOgbgMkayeTACa mechanism Edlcg;rlM.
karsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgMedaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBlelj (full moment redistribution) RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa karviPaK)asic (plastic analysis) bkarviPaKkMNt; (limit analysis).
edaysarebtugeRbHy:agxaMgeRkamGMeBIbnkelIsFM (high overload) GksikSaKNnaGacdak; plastic
hinge enATItaMgEdleFVIeGayGgt;ebtug)ak; beFVIeGayvarwgRKb;RKan;enARKb;muxkat;TaMgGs;edaykat;
bny bbegInPaKryEdkedaymineFVIeGaymankarpas;brPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;. karkMNt;smamaRt
muxkat;tamlkN flexibility enHminGaceFVIeTA)ansMrab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdk EdlTItaMgrbs;
plastic hinge RtUv)anTTYlBI mechanism EdlkMNt;eday upper bound solution nig lower bound
solution.
k> Method of Imposed Rotation

TItaMgrbs; plastic hinge RtYtsIuKanwgTItaMgrbs;m:Um:g;eGLasicGtibrmasMrab;bnSMnbnk
TMnaj nigbnkxl;. TItaMgTaMgenHekItmanenARtg;TMrkNalrbs;FwmCab; b kac;RCugrbs; beamcolumn neRKag dUceXIjenAkg portal frame nrUbTI 6>35. edayeFVIplbUkrUb (a) elIrUb (b) eK
eXIjy:agc,as;fam:Um:g;eGLasicGtibrmaekItmanenARtg;kac;RCug C . edaysarm:Um:g;)asicCam:Um:g;
bEnm (magnification) eTAelIm:Um:g;eGLasic enaHTItaMgsMrab;karekItman plastic hinge KWenARtg;kac;
RCug.
edaysareRKOgbgMCaeRKOgbgMminkMNt;mYydWeRk enaHmanEt snak;mYyb:ueNaHekItmanenAelI
eRKag ABC EdlCaeRKagedImsMrab;dak;snak; dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 6>35(e) EdlRtUv)anbg;elxtam
lMdab;nkarekItman platic hinge.
rcnasm<nenAkgrUbTI 6>35 (e) mancMnYnminkMNt; 9 dUcenH plastic hinge cMnYn 9 RtUv)an
begIteLIg. snak;TI 10 eFVIeGayeRKOgbgMkayeTACa mechanism EdlrlM. cMNaMfa eKminGnuBaat
eGaybegIt plastic hinge enARtg;kNalElVgrbs;Ggt;edkeT.
394
NPIC
m:Um:g;)asicEdlekItmanenAkgsnak; 1, 2, 3,,n RtUv)ansMKal;eday X 1 / X 2 / X 3 />>> X n

ehIyRtUv)ansnt;favaenArkSatMlrbs;vaenAeBlEdleRKOgbgMxUcRTg;RTay. dUcenH edrIevn strain
energy srub U eFobnwgm:Um:g;)asicEdlsnt; X i enARtg;snak; i mantMlesInwgmuMrgVil)asicenARtg;
snak;enaH
U
= i
Xi
(6.16)
395
RbsinebIeKsnt; ik Ca relative rotation enARtg;snak;TI i EdlbNalBIm:Um:g;mYyktaenARtg;snak;

TI k . BI reciprocal theorem rbs; Maxwell ik = ki . eKeGayehAemKuN ik CaemKuN\TiBl
(influence coeffeicient) edaysarvatMeLIgeGaybMlas;TI bmMurgVilenARtg;muxkat;BiessEdlbNal
BIm:Um:g;ktaenARtg;muxkat;epSgeTot Edl ik = i .
BIeKalkarN_rbs; virtual work
MiM k
ds
0 E I
c
lM M
i k d s = i
0 E I
c
ik =
(6.17)
dUcenH
(6.18)
GgxageqVgrbs;smIkar 6.18 bgajBIGaMgetRkalnplKuNrbs;RkLapndaRkamm:Um:g; M i nig
GredaenndaRkamm:Um:g; M k enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;daRkamm:Um:g; M i . CMnYs i0 nig ik sMrab; M k
eyIgTTYl)an
i0 +
k =n
ik X k = i
(6.19)
k =1
vaCarcnasm<nEdlman plastic hinge n edIm,IeFVIeGayvaeTACaeRKOgbgMsaTiskMNt;

10 + 11 X 1 + 12 X 2 + ... + 1n X n = 1
20 + 21 X 1 + 22 X 2 + ... + 2n X n = 2
...
n 0 + n1 X 1 + n 2 X 2 + ... + nn X n = n
(6.20)
cMnYnsmIkaresInwgcMnYnelIs (redundancies) bcMnYnminkMNt; (indeterminates). edaykar

sakl,g nigEktMrUv (trial and adjustment) nm:Um:g;)asic X 1 / >>> / X n enAkgdMeNaHRsaynsmIkar
6.20 sMrab;muMrgVil)asicGnuBaatGtibrmansnak;EdlvilFMCageK 1 eKTTYl)anm:Um:g;)asicenARtg;TMr
Fwm nigcugssrsMrab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMebtugCalkN)asic. eKRtUveRCIserIstMlm:Um:g;)asic
X 1 / X 2 / >>> / X n edIm,ITTYl)anmMurgVil)asic 1 / 2 / >>> / n EdleFVIeGaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIg
vijeBleljenATUTaMgeRKOgbgM.
karedaHRsayrkemKuN\TiBl (influence coefficient) ik enAkgsmIkar 6.20 eGay
ik =
Ai
Ei
(6.21)
Edl Ai CaRkLapeRkamGMeBIrbs;daRkam primary bending moment M i ehIy CaGredaenn

daRkamm:Um:g; M k eRkamTIRbCMuTMgn;ndaRkam M i . Ca]TahrN_ enAkgrUbTI 6>36 eKTTYl)an
396
NPIC
edayeFVI superpose ndaRkamm:Um:g; M 0 n primary structure CamYynwg

daRkam X 1 n redundant structure EdlekIteLIgedaykarbegItsnak;elx 1. eyIgman
influence coefficient 01
Ai =
2
la
3
ehIy eRkamTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;daRkam M 0 = c / 2 enaHeyIg)an

01 =
1 2 c
1
lac
la =
EI 3 a 3EI
eKTTYl)an 11 BIkareFVI superpose n redundant strructure X 1 xng

1
la
2
2
= c
3
1 1
2
1
11 = la c =
lac
EI 2
3
3EI
Ai =
tarag 6>1 pl;nUvtMl M i M k ds sMrab;kMNt;tMl influence coefficient ik sMrab;karbnSM

epSgndaRkam primary moment nig redundant moment. vaCaCMnYysMrab;GksikSaKNnakgkar
kgkarbegIt nigedaHRsaysMnMunsmIkar 6.20 sMrab;RbBneRKOgbgMminkMNt;RKb;RbePT.
397
398
NPIC
x> karkMNt;mMurgVilsnak;)asicenAkgFwmCab;
Determination of Plastic Hinge Rotations in Continuous Bems
]TahrN_ kMNt;mMurgVilsnak;)asiccaM)ac;enAkgFwmEdlman 4ElVgn]TahrN_ 6>37. FwmrgnUv
EdlCaehtueFVIeGaym:Um:g;kNalElVgesInwgm:Um:g;TMr M 0 / 2 mun
nwgmMurgVilrbs;snak; nigkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBjeljekItman.
simple-span plastic moment M 0
dMeNaHRsay
eRKOgbgMenaHCaeRKOgbgMsaTicminkMNt; 3dWeRk dUcenHeKRtUvbegItsnak;cMnYnbIeRkamEdn

kMNt;lImIt. snt;fa GredaenGtibrma c n redundant moment enARtg;TItaMgsnak;esInwgmYykta.
enaH BItarag 6>1 nigsmIkar 6.38
2
EI10 = M 0l
3
2
EI11 = l
3
1
EI12 = l
6
EI13 = 0
BIsmIkar 6.19
1 = 10 + 11 X 1 + 12 X 2 + 13 X 3
M l
2
2l
l
EI1 = M 0l + 0.5M 0 + 0.5M 0 + 0 = 0
3
4
3
6
dUcKamgeTot BItarag 6>1 nigrUbTI 6>38

2
2
1 2
1
M 0l + M 0l = M 0l
3
3
2 3
2
1
l 1
EI 21 = = +
6
2 3
2l
l 2
EI 22 = 2 = +
3
2 3
l
l 1
EI 23 = = +
6
2 3
EI 20 =
BIsmIkar 6.19
2 = 20 + 21 X 1 + 22 X 2 + 23 X 3
M l
2
l
2
l
EI 2 = M 0l + 0.5M 0 + 0.5M 0 l + 0.5M 0 = 0
3
6
6
3
6
399
sMrab;PaBsIuemRTI/ 3 = 1 . dUcenH mMurgVil)asiccaM)ac;enARtg;TMrKW

M 0l
= 3
4 EI
M l
2 = 0
6 EI
1 =
nig
edaysar 2 < 1 snak;TImYyRtUv)anbegIt ehIysnak;EdllubenAkgkarKNnaKW

1 =
M 0l
4 EI
cMNaMfa eKGaceRbIviFIEdleRbIenAkg]TahrN_ 6>8 enAkg limit design nFwmCab; nigeRKag

Cab;eRcInCan;)an. dUcKa eKRtUvkMNt;sBaaeGay)anRtwmRtUvedayKUrm:Um:gTaMgGs;enAEpkrgkarTaj
rbs;Ggt; dUckarerobrab;BIxagedIm.
400
NPIC
karENnaMkgEpkxagelIeGaynUveKalkarN_n imposed rotations approach EdlmanenAkg

RTwsIrbs; Baker. eKmanviFICaeRcIneTotEdlesIreLIgeday Cohn, Sawyer nig Furlong. viFIrbs;
Cohn KWQrelItMrUvkarn limit equilibrium nig serviceability CamYynwgkarRtYtBinit rotational
compatibility tameRkay. viFIrbs; Sawyer KWQrelItMrUvkarn limit equilibrium nig rotational
compatibility CamYynwgkarRtYtBinit serviceability tameRkay.
viFIrbs; Furlong QrelIkareRbI ultimate moment sMrab;KMrUnkardak;bnkCaeRcInEbbenAelI
FwmCab;EdlbMeBjlkxNrbs; serviceability nig limit equilibrium sMrab;krNIEdlGaRkk;bMput.
muxkat;RtUv)anBRgwgedayEdktamrebobEdl ultimate moment strength sMrab;ElVgnImYyFMCag
besInwg ultimate moment Gtibrma M o EdlekItmanenAkgElVg enAeBlEdlcugGacviledayesrI
ehIyemKuNm:Um:g; k1 sMrab;lkxNRBMEdn (boundary condition) epSgRtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag
6>2.
K> lTPaBnmMurgVilrbs;snak;)asic
Rotational Capacity of Plastic Hinges
401
mMurgVil (rotation) CabMErbMrYlsrubnCMral (slope) tambeNayRbEvg)asic (plasiticity

length) xIEdlRbmUlpMenAtMbn;snak;. eKGacbkRsayfavaCamMuEdlminCab; (angle of discontinuity)
rvagEpk)asicnGgt;enAelIxagNamYynsnak;)asic. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>39 eKmansnak;BIr
RbePTKW snak;Taj (tensile hinge) nigsnak;sgt; (compressive hinge). edIm,IeGaysnak;TImYy
EdlekItmanenAkgeRKOgbgM CaTUeTAsnak;EdleRKaHfak; Gacviledaymin)ak;rhUtdl;snak;TI n
ekItman eKRtUveFVIeGaymuxkat;ebtugenARtg;snak;TImYymanlkNsVit (ductile) RKb;RKan; eBj
section core confinement manlTPaBRTRTg;mMurgVil)an. eKRtUvGnuvtdUcKasMrab; tension hinge nig
compression hinge EdleKTTYl)an confinement rbs;slebtugtamrykarRbmUlpMEdkkgbiTCit
enARtg;TMr nigcugssr. daRkamKMrUEdlbgajBIkarekIneLIgnmMurgVileTAtamkarekIneLIgn confining reinforcement RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 6>40.
RbEvg)asic (plasticity length) l p kMNt;nUvkarrIkralnsameRbHEdleRKaHfak; nigTMhMn
rotation rbs;snak;. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;TMhMn l p tamrykareRbI spaced ties Cit bEdkkg
biTCit. Strain capacity rbs;ebtugenARtg;muxkat;EdleRbIEdkkgjwk (confined section) Gacnwg
ekIteLIgy:agFM dUckarbgajrbs;karBiesaFCaeRcIn EdlrYmman Nawy. smIkarEdl)anBIkarBiesaF
CaeRcInRtUv)anbegIteLIgeday Baker, Corley, Nawy, Sawyer nig Mattock.
402
NPIC
smIkarsMrab; plasticity length l p nig concrete strain c KW

l p = 0.5d + 0.05Z
nig
Edl
c = 0.003 + 0.02
(6.22)
b
+ 0.2 s
Z
(6.23)
kMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;Fwm
Z = cMgayBImuxkat;eRKaHfak;eTAcMnucrbt;
s = pleFobnmaDrbs; confining binder steel EdlrYmbBalTaMgEdkrgkarsgt;
elImaDrbs; concrete core
I p = Bak;kNaln plasticity length enAelIpmagnGkSrbs;snak;)asic
smIkar 6.22 GacmanlkNsuvtiPaBCagenAeBlEdl s mantMlFM.
enAeBlEdleKkMNt; concrete strain c rYcehIy eKkGackMNt;mMurgVil (angle of rotation)
rbs; plastic hinge BIsmIkar
d=
c ce
l p
c kd
p =
Edl
(6.24)
kMBs;GkSNWtsMrab;sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;
ce = bMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgebtugenAsrsxageRkAbMputenAeBlEdleKTTYl)an yield
c=
curvature
kMBs;GkSNWtEdlRtUvKanwg ce
c = concrete compressive strain enAxagcugnEdn inelastic benAsanPaBkMNt;eBl)ak;
CaFmta eKGaceRbI strain ce eBlrgbnk)an enAeBlEdl stain enAkgEdkrgkarTajesInwg
yield strain y = f y / Es . eKGacykvaFMCag besInwg 0.001mm / mm edayGaRsyelIEdkTajeFVI
kardl; yield munebtugEbkenARtg;srssgt;xageRkAbMputsMrab;krNI overreinforced beam kdUc
krNIFwmeRbkugRtaMgEdrbGt;. RbsinebIebtugEbkmun enaH ce nwgmantMlFMCag 0.001mm / mm .
eKENnaMeGayykEdkkMNt;rbs;tMlGnuBaat c = 1.0% sMrab; confined concrete kgkarKNna
rotation plastic GnuBaatGtibrma p ebIeTaHbICaeKGacTTYl)an strain rbs; confined concrete
mantMlFMesInwg 13% keday.
eKGaceRbIGVIEdl)aneerobrab;enAkgcMnucTI 13enHsMrab;eRKOgbgMebtugGarem: nigebtugeRb
kugRtaMgminkMNt;enAkgEdn plastic loading EdleKRtUveFVIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeBjelj. eday
sarmuxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmansameRbH ehIyEdkeRbkugRtaMgekItmankardkkarsgt; (decompression) enaHRbBneRKOgbgMcab;epImeFVIkardUcRbBnebtugGarem:bnicmg. edaysarkardak;bnk
kd =
403
eTAdl;sanPaBkMNt;eBl)ak; enaHeKrMBwgfakareFVIkarCalkNBt;begagrbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
manlkNRsedogKanwgkareFVIkarrbs;Ggt;ebtugGarm:.
X> karKNnalTPaBnmMurgVilEdlGacekItman
Calculation of Available Rotational Capacity
]TahrN_ 6>9 kMNt; rational capacity EdlcaM)ac; nigEdlGacekItmann plastic hinge eRKaHfak;
enAkgFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgCab;enAkg]TahrN_ 6>8 sMrab; confined concrete nig unconfined concrete. eKeGayTinnyxageRkam

M u = 12 M 0 = 400bd 2
c = 0.28d
kd = 0.375d
enAxagcugnEdneGLasic
c = 0.004in. / in. enAxagcugnEdn inelastic sMrab; unconfined section
tMlGnuBaatGtibrma c = 0.01mm / mm sMrab; confined section
ce = 0.001in. / in.
Ec I c = 150,000bd 3in.3 lb
Z
= 5.5
d
f 'c = 5,000 psi
sMrab;EdkFmta (mild steel)

ehIyKNnapleFobElVgelIkMBs; l / d GnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;FwmRbsinebI full redistribution of moment ekItmanenAsanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;.
f y = 60,000 psi
dMeNaHRsay
M 0 = 2 400bd 2 = 800bd 2
BI]TahrN_ 6>8
1
EdlRtUvkar = 3 = 4ME 0Il
c c
800bd 2l
1 l
=
radian
4 150,000bd3 750 d
2
800bd
1 l
EdlRtUvkar = M6EI0l = 6 150
=
radian
3
1,125 d
,000bd
BIsmIkar 6.22
l p = 0.5d + 0.05Z = 0.5d + 0.05 5.5d = 0.775d
404
NPIC
RbEvg)asic (plasticity length) srubenAelIEpkTaMgsgagnGkSrbs;snak;KW 2 0.775d = 1.55d

Unconfined section
BIsmIkar 6.24

0.004 0.001
p EdlGacekItman = c ce l p =
1.55d = 0.018radian
0.28d 0.375d
c kd
sMrab; full moment redistribution
1 l
1 l
0.018
0.018
ehI
y
1,125 d
750 d
b
l
13.5
d
ehIy
l
20.3
d
Confined section
tMlGnuBaatGtibrma c = 0.01in. / in.

0.001
0.01
p EdlGacekItman =
1.55d = 0.051radian
0.28d 0.375d
sMrab; full moment redistribution
1 l
0.051
ehIy
750 d
1 l
0.051
1,125 d
l
57.4
d
ehIy
b dl 38.3
edayeRbobeFoblTpln unconfined section enAkgkrNITImYyeTAnwg confined section
enAkgkrNITIBIr eyIgeXIjfa confinement rbs;ebtugenAtMbn; plastic hinge GnuBaateGaymuxkat;
Rsav (slender) CagsMrab;lkN)asiceBjelj dUcenHeKTTYl)anRbBneRKOgbgMEdlmanlkN
esdkicCag.
g> RtYtBinitsMrab; Serviceability rbs;mMurgVil)asic

Check for Plastic Rotation Seerviceability
]TahrN_ 6>10 RbsinebIeKeRbI closed-stirrup binder enAkg]TahrN_ 6>9 CamYynwgpleFob
nig l / d = 35 CamYynwg c enAeBl)ak;esInwg = 0.25d epgpat;faetIFwmCab;

bMeBjlkxN rotation serviceability RbsinebI b = d / 2 .
binder s = 0.025
dMeNaHsay
Z
= 5.5
d
405
dUcenH
ehIy
b 1
=
Z 11
EdlGacekItman = 0.003 + 0.02 Zb + 0.2 s
yk 0.01in. / in.
tMlGtibrmaGnuBaat c = 0.01in. / in. . dUcenH mMurgVil)asicEdlGacekItmanEdlRtUvKanwg
c = 0.01 KW
= 0.003 + 0.02
1
+ 0.2 0.025 = 0.0098
11
0.001
0.01
1.55d = 0.058radian
0.25d 0.375d
1 l
35
=
=
= 0.046radian
750 d 750
1 l
35
=
=
= 0.031radian
1,125 d 1,125
p =
EdlRtUvkar
2 EdlRtUvkar
p EdlGacekItman = 0.058radian > EdlRtUvkar = 0.046radian . dUcenH FwmbMeBj
lkxN serviceability sMrab; plastic rotation.
1
karerobrab;BIxagelIsMrab; limit desing nFwm nigeRKagebtugGarem: nigebtugeRbkugRtaMgmin

kMNt;GnuBaateGay design engineer pl;nUvtMNEdlmanlkNsVit (ductile connection) enARtg;
beam-column support nigbegItnUv full moment redistribution kgeRKOgbgMTaMgmUlEdleFVIeGayeK
GaceRbIersIusg;rbs;RbBneRbkugRtaMgeBjelj. elIsBIenH eKkGaeceRbIPaBCab;enAkgRbBn pretensioned nig post-tensioned edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnkrBaydIy:agmanRbsiTPaBtamry confinement
ntMbn;tMNEdlsmrmedaymeFa)aynviFIEdl)anbgajenAkgEpkenH.
406
Department of Civil Engineering
VII.
NPIC
PaBekag PaBdab nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbH
Camber, Deflection and Crack Control
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
PaBdab nigsameRbHrbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgksMxan;dUckarKNnaPaBdab nigsameRbH

rbs;Ggt;ebtugGarem:Edr. Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmanlkNRsav (slender) CagGgt;ebtugGarem:
ehIykareFVIkarrbs;varg\TiBleday flexural cracking eFVIeGayvaeKkan;EtRbytkgkarRKb;RKg
PaBdab nigsameRbH. karKNnadMbUgBak;BnnwgkarKNnasmamaRtmuxkat;rbs;Ggt;eRKOgbgMsMrab;
sanPaBkMNt;n flexural stresses eRkamGMeBI service load nigsMrab;sanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak; Edlrg
karBt;begag kMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYl edayrYmbBalTaMg anchorage development strength. kar
KNnaEdlmanlkNeBjeljluHRtaEtmankarkMNt;TMhMn long-term deflection, camber nigTMhM
sameRbH ehIytMlTaMgenHsitenAkgkMrit allowable serviceability.
Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkMlaMgsgt;cakpitCaGciny_EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCH
\TiBly:agxaMgdl; long-term creep deformation rbs;va. karbraCykgkarTajTukCamun nigkar
RKb;RKgkMhUcRTg;RTayEbbenHGacnaMeGayman camber FM EdlGacbgeGaymanpe)a:g nignaMeGay
karbgrTwkBIdMbUlGKarminmanlkNsmRsb/ bgeGaykarebIkbrelIs<anminmanpasuxPaB nigbg
eGaymansameRbHenAelItYGKar EdlrYmbBalTaMgkarBi)akkgkareFVIbgc nigTVarrt;Rtg;Ka.
PaBBi)akkgkarTajTukCamunnUvkMhatbg; long-term prestress EdlmanlkNsuRkiteFVI
eGayeKkan;EtBi)akkgkar)a:n;RbmanTMhMn camber EdlrMBwgTukeGaysuRkitEdr. PaBsuRkitkan;Et
Bi)akTTYl)ansMrab; partially prestressed concrete system EdlsameRbHkMNt;RtUv)anGnuBaattam
rykareRbIEdkFmtabEnm. Creep strain enAkgebtugbegIn camber dUcEdlvabgeGaymankarekIn
eLIgnUvkMeNagCalkNGviCmanEdlCaTUeTAvamantMlFMCagkarfycuHEdlbegItedaykarfycuHnkM
hatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar creep, shrinkage nig stress relaxation. kar)a:n;RbmanEdllbMput
nkarekIneLIgn camber KYrEpkelIbTBiesaFn_/ EdnkMNt;npleFobElVgelIkMBs;Fwm nigkareRCIs
erIsm:UDul Ec rbs;ebtugd_RtwmRtUv. karKNna moment-curvature relationship eRkamdMNak;kaln
kardak;bnkCabnbnab;rhUtdl;sanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak;kGacCYykgkarkMNt;PaBdabrbs;Ggt;
eGaymanlkNkan;EtsuRkit.
edaysarkugRtaMgFMenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg ERcHsIuEdlbNalBIsameRbHGaceFVIeGayeRKOg
407
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<uCa
T.Chhay
bgM)at;bg;lTPaBRTRTg;. dUcenH EdnkMNt;nTMhMrbs;sameRbH nigKMlatrbs;vaRtUv)ankMNt; ehIy

dMeNIrkarnkarkMNt;TMhMsameRbHsmRsbRtUv)aneRbI. ACI 318 Code )ancat;cMNat;fak;eGay
Ggt;rgkarBt;beggebtugeRbkugRtaMgCabIfak;KW
(a) Class U:
f t 7.5 f 'c psi (0.623 f 'c MPa )
(7.1a)
enAkgkrNIenH eKeRbI gross section sMrab;lkNmuxkat;enAeBlkMNt;eRbkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBI
service load nigkMNt;PaBdab. eKminRtUvkareRbI skin reinforcement enApbBareT.
(b) Class T: 7.5 f 'c f t 12 f 'c psi ( f 'c MPa )
(7.1b)
cMNat;fak;enHenAcenaHmuxkat;eRbH nigmuxkat;Gt;eRbH. eKeRbI gross section kgkarKNna
stress. eKeRbI cracked bi-liner section sMrab;KNnaPaBdab. eKminRtUvkareRbI skin reinforcement
enApbBareT.
(C) Class C:
f t > 12 f 'c
(7.1c)
cMNat;fak;enHsMrab;muxkat;eRbH. dUcenH eKeRbImuxkat;eRbHsMrab;kMNt;kugRtaMg nigPaBdab

eRkamGMeBI service load. eKcaM)ac;RtUvKNna f ps b f s sMrab;RKb;RKgsameRbH Edl ps = kugRtaMg
EdlekIneLIgbnab;BIsanPaBdkkMlaMgsgt; (decompression) ehIy f s = kugRtaMgenAkgEdkFmta
enAeBlEdlEdkFmtaRtUv)aneRbIEdr. RbBnkMralxNeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisRtUv)ansikSaKNnaCa Class
U.
2> karsnt;kgkarKNnaPaBdab
Basic Assumptions in Deflection Calculations
eKGackMNt;PaBdabBIdaRkamm:Um:g;nkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwgbnkTTwgGkSxageRkA
(external transverse loading) bBITMnak;TMngm:Um:g; nigkMeNag (moment-curvature relationships).
enAkgkrNINakeday eKRtUveFVIkarsnt;dUcxageRkam
- RkLapmuxkat;rbs;ebtugRtUvEtsuRkitRKb;RKan;edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;niclPaB elIkElgenA
eBlEdleKRtUvkarcaM)ac;karKNnaEdlmanlkNkan;EtRbesIr.
- m:UDulrbs;ebtug Ec = 33w1.5 f 'c psi(0.043w1.5 f 'c MPa) EdltMlrbs; f 'c RtUvKa
nwgersIusg;sgt;rbs;sMNakKMrUragsIuLaMgrbs;ebtugenAGayuEdleKRtUvkarkMNt; Ec .
408
NPIC
- GnuvteKalkarN_ superposition kgkarKNnaPaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkTTwgGkS nig

camber EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
- eKGaceFVIkarKNnaPaBdabTaMgGs;edayQrelIGkSTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg (cgs)
Edl strand RtUv)anKitCa single tendon.
- PaBdabEdlbNalBI shear deformation minRtUv)anKit
- eKGacKitmuxkat;Ca totally elastic rhUtdl; decompression load. bnab;mk m:Um:g;niclPaB
nmuxkat;EdleRbH I cr Gacpl;nUvkarkMNt;PaBdab nig camber kan;EtsuRkit.
3> PaBdabryeBlxIxN rbs;Ggt;eRbH nigGgt;EdlKaneRbH

Short-Term (Instantaneous) Deflection of Uncracked and Cracked Members
k> TMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigPaBdab
Load-Deflection Relationship
PaBdabryeBlxIenAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anKNnaedaysnt;vamuxkat;manlkN
esIsac; (homogeneous), lkNsac;mYy (isotropic) nigeGLasic. karsnt;EbbenHCaviFInkareFVI
karCak;Esg Edlm:UDul Ec rbs;ebtugERbRbYleTAtamGayurbs;ebtug ehIym:Um:g;niclPaBERbRbYleTA
tamdMNak;kalnkardak;bnk eTaHbImuxkat;eRbH bmineRbHkeday.
409
T.Chhay
Cak;Esg TMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigPaBEdkCa trilinear dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>1. tMbn;bI

munkar)ak;KW
tMbn;TI I dMNak;kalmuneBleRbH (precracking stage) EdlGgt;minmansameRbHeT.
tMbn;TI II dMNak;kaleRkayeBleRbH (postcracking stage) EdlGgt;eRKOgbgMbegIt
acceptable controlled cracking TaMgkarBRgay nigTMhM.
tMbn;TI III dMNak;kaleRbHeRkayrgbnk (postserviceability cracking stage) EdlkugRtaMg
enAkgEdkTajeFVIkardl;sanPaBkMNt;n yielding.
!> tMbn;TI1 Precracking stage

kMNat;Ggt;muneBleRbHrbs;ExSekagrvagbnk nigPaBdabKWCaExSRtg;EdlkMNt;kareFVIkarCa
lkNeGLasiceBjelj dUcenAkgrUbTI 7>1. kugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgFwmenAkgtMbn;enHtUc
CagersIusg;TajkgkarBt;begag EdlvatUcCagm:UDuldac; ft rbs;ebtug. eKGacPaBrwgRkajkgkarBt;
begag EI rbs;FwmedayeRbIm:UDulyuaMg Ec rbs;ebtug ehIym:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;ebtugEdlGt;
eRbH. kareFVIkarrvagbnk nigPaBdabGaRsyy:agxagM eTAnwgTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrag
eFobrbs;ebtug.
daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobKMrUrbs;ebtugRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>2.
eKGac)a:n;RbmaNtM;lrbs; Ec EdleRbIsmIkarEdl)anBIkarBiesaFrbs; ACI EdleGayenAkgem
eronTI 2.
410
NPIC
Ec = 33w1.5 f 'c psi 0.043w1.5 f 'c MPa
(7.2a)
(
)
tMbn;muneBleRbHcb;enAeBlEdlsameRbHedaykarBt;begagdMbUgcab;epImekItman enAeBl
EdlkugRtaMgebtugeFVIkareTAdl;ersIusg;nm:UDuldac; f r . RsedogKaeTAnwgersIusg;TajedaykarbMEbk
edaypal; (direct tensile splitting strength) m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtugKWsmamaRteTAnwgbskaer:nersIusg; sgt;rbs;va. sMrab;eKalbMNgnkarsikSaKNna eKGacyktMlrbs;m:UDuldac;sMrab;ebtugesInwg
f r = 7.5 f 'c psi (0.623 f 'c MPa )
(7.2b)
Edl = 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta (normal-weight concrete). RbsinebIeKeRbI all-lightweight
concrete enaHeKyk = 0.75 ehIyRbsinebIeKeRbI sand-lightweight concrete enaH = 0.85 .
RbsinebIeKeGaym:UDuldac; f r esInwgkugRtaMgEdlekIteLIgeday cracking moment M cr
(decompression moment) enaH
Ec = 57,000 f 'c psi 4780 f 'c MPa
fb = ft =
Pc ecb M cr
1 + 2
Ac
r Sb
(7.3a)
EdlGkSr b tMNageGaysrsxageRkamenARtg;kNalElVgnFwmTMrsamBa. RbsinebIcMgayn

srsrgkarTajxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtugBITMRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;ebtugCa yt enaH cracking moment
RtUv)aneGayeday
I g Pe ecb
1 + 2 + 7.5 f 'c
yt Ac
r
(7.3b)
P ec
M cr = S b 7.5 f 'c + e 1 + 2b
Ac
r
(7.3c)
M cr =
Edl Sb = m:UDulmuxkat;enAsrsxageRkam. BIsmIkar 5.12, cracking moment EdlbNalBIEpkn

bnkGefrEdleFVIeGaymansameRbHKW
M cr = Sb [6.0 f 'c + f ce f d ]
xat US
(7.4a)
M cr = Sb [0.5 f 'c + f ce f d ]
xat SI
Edl f cr = kugRtaMgsgt;enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;ebtugEdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
RbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg; enAeBlbnkxageRkAeFVIeGaymankugRtaMgTaj
f d = kugRtaMgebtugenARtg;srsTajxageRkAEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuN enAeBl
EdlbnkxageRkAbgeGaymankugRtaMgTaj nigsameRbH
411
T.Chhay
eKkGaceRbIemKuN 7.5 CMnYseGayemKuN 6.0 xat USb 0.623 CMnYseGay 0.5 xat SI
sMrab;kMNt;PaBdabrbs;Fwm. eKGacbMElgsmIkar 7.3a eGayeTACaTMrg; PCI EdleGaynUvlTpl
dUcKa
f fr
M cr
= 1 tl
Ma
fL
Edl
(7.4b)
m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkGefrKanemKuNGtibrma
f tl = kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBI service load srubcugeRkayenAkgGgt;
f r = m:UDuldac;
f L = kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBI service live load enAkgGgt;
Ma =
@> karKNnam:Um:g;eRbH M
Calculation of Cracking Moment M
]TahrN_ 7>1 KNna cracking moment M sMrab;muxkat;FwmctuekaNEkgEdlmanTTwg b = 12in.
cr
cr
cr
(305mm) ehIykMBs;srub
. kugRtaMgebtug
f b EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpitKW 1,850 psi (12.8MPa ) kgkarsgt;. ykm:UDuldac;esInwg
7.5 f 'c .
dMeNaHRsay m:UDuldac; f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 4,000 = 474 psi(3.27MPa) . ehIy I g = bh3 / 12
= 12(24 )3 / 12 = 12 = 13,824in.4 (575,400cm 4 )/ yt = 24 / 2 = 12in.(305mm ) eTAsrsrgkarTaj
ehIy Sb = I g / yt = 13,824 / 12 = 1,125in.3 (18,878cm3 ).
h = 34in.(610mm )
nigman
f 'c = 4,000 psi(27.6MPa )
P ec
M cr = S b 7.5 f 'c + e 1 + 2b = 1.152[474 + 1850]
Ac
r
= 2.68 10 6 in. lb(302.9kN .m )
RbsinebIFwmenHminrgeRbkugRtaMg enaH cracking moment KW

M cr = f r I g / yt = 474 13,824 / 12 = 0.546 106 in. lb(61.7kN .m )
#> tMbn;TI2 Postcracking service-load stage

tMbn;muneRbHcb;enAeBlsameRbHTImYycab;epmI ehIycltcUltMbn;TI2 rbs;daRkamTMnak;
TMngrvagbnk nigPaBdabnrUbTI 7>1. FwmPaKeRcInsitenAkgtMbn;enHeRkam\TiBl service load.
FwmrgnUvdWeRknsameRbHEdlERbRbYltambeNayElVgEdlRtUvKanwgkugRtaMg nigPaBdabenARtg;mux
412
NPIC
kat;nImYy. dUcenH sameRbHnwgrIkFM nigeRCAenAkNalElVg EdlsameRbHEdlmanTMhMtUcekItman

enAEk,rTMrrbs;FwmsamBa.
enAeBlEdl flexural cracking ekItman karcUlrYmrbs;ebtugenAkgtMbn;TajnwgfycuHy:ag
xaMg. dUcenH flexural rigidity rbs;muxkat;RtUv)ankat;bnyEdleFVIeGayExSekagbnk-PaBdab (loaddeflection curve) enAkgtMbn;enHecattUcCagenAkgdMNak;kalmuneRbH (precracking stage). eday
sarTMhMrbs;sameRbHekIneLIg PaBrwgRkajnwgfycuH EdleFVIeGayPaBsitrbs;EdkmantMlTabEdl
vaRtUvKanwg karfycuHnm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;eRbH. eKGacKNnam:Um:g;niclPaB I cr nmuxkat;
EdleRbH (cracked section) BIeKalkarN_rbs;emkanic.
$> tMbn;TI2 Postserviceability cracking stage and limit state of deflection

behavior at failure
daRkamnTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigPaBdabnrUbTI 7>1 enAkgtMbn;TI3manlkNrabesICag

enAkgtMbn;mun EdlenHKWbNalmkBIkMhatbg;nPaBrwgRkajrbs;muxkat;y:ageRcIn edaysarsam
eRbHFM nigkarrIkFMrbs; stabilized cracks BaseBjElVg. edaysarbnkbnekIneLIg enaHbMErbMrYl
rageFob s enAkgEdkenAkgtMbn;TajbnekIneLIgtameRkay yield strain y edayminmankugRtaMg
bEnm. FwmRtUv)anBicarNafa)ak;eday yielding dMbUgrbs;Edk TajenAkgdMNak;kalenH. vabndab
edayKankardak;bnkbEnm nigsameRbHbncMhr ehIy GkSNWtbneLIgelIeTArksrssgt;xageRkA
bMput. cugeRkay secondary compression failure ekIteLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;karpHEbkrbs;ebtugenA
kgtMbn;m:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlbnedaykar)ak;.
x> muxkat;Gt;eRbH
!> karKNnaPaBdab
Uncracked Sections
Deflection calculation
eKmanbMNgcg;KNnaPaBdabsMrab;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgGt;eRbHeGaykan;EtsuRkitCag
karKNnaPaBdabsMrab;muxkat;EdleRbHedaysarkarsnt;nkareFVIkarCalkNeGLasicmanlkN
RbesIrCag. kareRbIR)as;m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; gross section minCH\TiBldl;suRkitPaBkgkarKNna
dUc transformed section eT.
413
T.Chhay
]bmafaFwmrgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwgcMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgefrdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>3.
eRbIkarkMNt;sBaandaRkam primary moment enAelIprgkarTajrbs;Fwm ehIyGnuvt elastic
weight method edaybMElgdaRkamm:Um:g;FmtaeGayeTACa elastic weight M 1 / (Ec I c )
enAelIElVgFwm l . bnab;mkm:Um:g;rbs; weight intensity (Pe) /(Ec I c )nkNalElVg AC enAkgrUbTI
7>3(c) BIelIcMnuckNalElVg C eGay
c =
Pel
2 Ec I c
Pe l l Pel 2
l
=

2 Ec I c 2 4 8 Ec I c
(7.5)
414
NPIC
cMNaMfa eKKUrdaRkamPaBdabenAkgrUbTI 7>3 (d) BIelIExSeKal (base line) dUcEdlFwmekageLIgelI

edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
eKGaceFVIkarKNnaRsedogKasMrab; tendon profile NamYy nigsMrab;RbePTbnkTTwgGkS
(transverse loading) NamYyEdlminKitfaragFrNImaRtrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg bkardak;bnkman
lkNsIuemRTIkGt;. PaBdab b camber cugeRkayKWCa superposition nPaBdabEdlbNalBI
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwgPaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkxageRkA.
@> karKNnabMErbMrYlrageFob nigkMeNag
Strain and Curvature Evaluation
karEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFobtamkMBs;rbs;muxkat;enAdMNak;kalrgbnkmanragCabnat; dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 7>4 EdlmanmMurbs;kMeNagGaRsynwgbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;srsxagelI ct
nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;srsxageRkam cb rbs;ebtug. BIkarEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFob (strain
distribution) smIkarkMeNagenAdMNak;kalnkardak;bnkepSgmandUcxageRkam
(I)
dMNak;kalrgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgdMbUg (initial prestress)

i =
(II)
cbi cti
h
(7.6a)
dMNak;kalrgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg; (effective prestress after

losses)
e =
cbe cte
(7.6b)
415
T.Chhay
(III)
dMNak;kalrgbnkeFVIkar (service load)

=
(IV)
ct cb
h
(7.6c)
dMNak;kal)ak; (failure)
u =
u
c
(7.6d)
eRbIsBaabUksMrab; tensile strain nigsBaadksMrab; compressive strain. rUbTI 7>4 c bgajBI

karEbgEckkugRtaMg (stress distribution) sMrab;muxkat;Gt;eRbH. vaRtUv)anEkERbedIm,Ibgajfakug
RtaMgTajenAsrsxageRkamRbsinebImuxkat;enaHmansameRbH.
kMeNagRbsiTPaB (effective curvature) e enAkgsmIkar 7.4 (b) eRkaykMhatbg;CaplbUk
EdleRbIsBaasmRsbrvagkMeNagedIm (initial curvature) i CamYynwgbMErbMrYlrbs;kMeNag dl Edl
bNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar creep/ relaxation nig shrinkage nigbMErbMrYlrbs;kMeNag
d2 EdlbNalmkBI creep nebtugeRkamGMeBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
e = i + d1 + d2
(7.7)
EdlBImUldannemkanicrbs;sMPar (basic mechanics of materials)

=
M
Ec I c
(7.8a)
sMrab; primary moment M1 = Pee dUcenHeyIg)an

=
Pe e
Ec I c
(7.8b)
edayCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar 7.5 sMrab;FwmTMrsamBaEdlmancMNakpitebs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgefr eK)an

c =
l 2
8
(7.9a)
smIkarTUeTAsMrab;PaBdabEdleRbIkMeNagRtUv)anesIeLIgeday Tadros manrag

Edl
l2
a2
(
)
= c e c
8
6
(7.9b)
kMeNagRtg;kNalElVg
e = kMeNagRtg;TMr
a = )a:ra:Em:RtRbEvgCaGnuKmn_n tendon profile
c =
416
NPIC
#> PaBdabPamnFwmTMrsamBaEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgedayEdkeRbkugRtaMgrag)a:ra:bUl
Immediate Deflection of Simply Supported Beam Prestressed with
Parabolic Tendon
]TahrN_ 7>2 kMNt;PaBdabkNalElVgPamrbs;FwmEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>5 EdlrgeRbkug
RtaMgedayEdkeRbkugRtaMgrag)a:ra:bUlEdlmancMNakpitGtibrma e enAkNalElVg nigkMlaMgeRbkug

RtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe . eRbI elastic weight method nig equivalent weight method. ElVgrbs;FwmKW l
nigPaBrwgRkajrbs;vaKW Ec I c .
dMeNaHRsay
Elastic weight method
BIsmIkar 7.5 (b)

1 P el 2 P el
R 'e = e = e
2 Ec I c 3 3Ec I c
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBI elastic weight We eFobcMNuc C kNalElVgKW

l P el 2 3 l
M c = c = R 'e e
2 Ec I c 6 8 2
417
T.Chhay
enaH
1
Ec I c
Pe el 2 3Pe el 2 5Pe el 2
6
48Ec I c
48
5 Pe el 2
c =
48 Ec I c
(a)
Equivalent weight method
BIemeronTI1 equivalent balancing load intensity W Edl)anBIsMBaFn parabolic tendon

eTAelIebtugKW
W =
8 Pe e
l2
BImUldannemkanicrbs;sMPar PaBdabkNalElVgrbs;TMrsmBaEdlrgbnkBRgayesIKW
c =
5 wl 4
384 Ec I c
(b)
edayCMnYsGaMgtg;sIuetbnk W eTAkgsmIkarxagelI eyIg)an

c =
5 Pe el 2
48 Ec I c
(c)
dUckarrMBwgTuk eyIgTTYl)ansmIkar (c) nigsmIkar (a) sMrab;PaBdabkNalElVgrbs;Fwm.

rUbTI 7>6 bgajBIsmIkarPaBdabkNalElVgsMrab;FwmTMrsamBa Edlbgb;elIsmIkar
kMlaMgkat; nigsmIkarm:Um:g;sMrab;FwmCab;EdleGayenAkgrUbTI 6>12.
K> muxkat;eRbH
Cracked Sections
!> viFIKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB
Effective-moment-of-inertia Computation Method
enAeBlEdlGgt;eRbkugRtaMgrgbnkelIs (overload) benAkgkrNIGgt;eRbkugRtaMgedayEpk

EdleKGnuBaateGayman limited controlled cracking enaHkareRbI gross moment of inertia I g nwg
pl;nUvkar)a:n;san camber bPaBdabrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgmanlkNesIrminRtwmRtUvtamPaBCak; Esg.
tamlkNRTwsI eKKYreRbIm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdleRbH (cracked moment of inertia) I cr sMrab;
muxkat;EdlekItmansameRbH enAxNEdleKeRbI gross moment of inertia I g sMrab;muxkat;FwmenA
cenaHmuxkat;mansameRbH. b:uEn eBlxHeKminRtUvkarPaBeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgtamrykareFVIplbUk
nkMeNInPaBdabtambeNayFwmeT edaysareKBi)akkgkarkMNt;PaBdabeGay)ansuRkit. dUcenH
eKGacykm:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB I e CatMlmFmtambeNayElVgrbs; simply supported bonded
tendon beam/ vaCaviFIEdlbegIteLIgeday Branson. eyagtamviFIenHeyIg)an
418
I e = I cr
NPIC
M
+ cr
Ma
I g I cr I g
(7.10a)
eKGacsresrsmIkar 7.10a kgTMrg;

419
T.Chhay
M
I e = cr
Ma
3
M
I g + 1 cr
Ma
I cr I g
(7.10b)
eKGacCMnYspleFob (M cr / M a ) BIsmIkar 7.4b eTAkgsmIkar 7.10 a nig b edIm,ITTYl)an

m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB
f fr
M cr
= 1 tl
Ma
fL
Edl
(7.11)
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdleRbH BIsmIkar 7.13 xageRkam

I g = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;TaMgmUl (gross moment of inertia)
cMNaMfa TaMg M cr nig M a Cam:Um:g;KanemKuNEdlbNalmkEtBIbnkGefrb:ueNaH EdleKyk
M cr CacMENknm:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnkGefrEdlbgeGaymansameRbH. dUcenH m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB I e enAkgsmIkar 7.10a nig b GaRsynwgm:Um:g;Gtibrma M a tambeNayElVgEdlCab;Tak;Tg
nwglTPaBTb;m:Um:g;eRbH M cr rbs;muxkat;.
enAkgkrNIFwmCab;Gt;eRbHEdlmancugsgagCab;
I e mFm = 0.70 I m + 0.15(I e1 + I e 2 )
(7.12a)
sMrab;FwmCab;Gt;eRbHEdlmancugmagCab;
I e mFm = 0.85I m + 0.15(I cont.end )
(7.12b)
Edl I m Cam:Um;g;niclPaBnmuxkat;kNalElVg ehIy I e1 nig I e2 Cam:Um:g;niclPaBnmuxkat;cug.
I cr =
@> Bilinear Computation Method

kgTMrg;RkaPic/ bilinear moment-deflection relationship sMrab;tMbn;TI I niigtMbn;TI II Edl
manerobrab;enAkgcMnuc 3>k EdlGnuelameTAtam ACI Code. daRkamsMrab;tMbn; I g nig I cr
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>7. m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB I e rbs; Branson eGaynUvPaBdabPam
srubmFm tot = e + cr EdlBIxagedIm.
ACI Code TamTarnUvkarKNnaPaBdabenAtMbn;EdleRbHenAkg bonded tendon beam KWEpk
elI transformed section enARKb;eBlEdlkugRtaMgTaj ft enAkgebtugFMCag 6 f 'c . dUcenH eKGac
kMNt; cr enAkgrUbTI 7>7 edayeRbI I cr transformed EdleRbIkarcUlrYmrbs;EdkBRgwgenAkg bilinear
method kgkarKNnaPaBdab. eKGacKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdleRbHeday PCI approach
sMrab;Ggt;rgeRbkugRtaMgeBjtamsmIkarxageRkam
420
NPIC
(
)
(7.13a)
Edl n p = E ps / Ec . RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkFmtaeGayrgkugRtaMgTaj enAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgeday
Epk eKGacEkERbsmIkar 7.13 eGayeTACa
I cr = (n p A ps d 2p + ns As d 2 )(1 1.6 n p p + ns )
(7.13b)
Edl ns = Es / Ec sMrab;EdkFmta/ d = kMBs;RbsiTPaBeTAdl;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkFmta bEdkminrg
eRbkugRtaMg (nonprestressed strand steel).
I cr = n p A ps d 2p 1 1.6 n p p
#> viFIkMeNInm:Um:g;-kMeNag
Incremental Moment-Curvature Method
eKGacKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;EdleRbHkan;EtsuRkitBITMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g;nigkMeNag
(moment-curvature relationship) tambeNayElVgFwm nigBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrag
eFobelIkMBs;nmuxkat;eRKaHfak;. dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>4(d) sMrab; strain cr enAeBlmansam
eRbHdMbUg
cr =
cr
c
M
Ec I cr
(7.14)
Edl cr Ca strain enARtg;srsrgkarsgt;rbs;ebtugxageRkAbMput nig M Cam:Um:g;srubEdlrYmbBal

TaMg prestressing primary moment M1 eFobnwgTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;EdlBicarNa. eKGac
sresrsmIkar 7.14 eLIgvij enaHeyIg)an
421
T.Chhay
I cr =
Mc
Mc
=
Ec cr
f
(7.15)
Edl f CakugRtaMgrbs;ebtugenARtg;srsrgkarsgt;rbs;muxkat;.
Flowchart sMrab;KNnaPaBdabPam nigsMrab;sg;daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nigkMeNag
manbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>8.
422
NPIC
423
T.Chhay
424
NPIC
4> PaBdabryeBlxIeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar
Short-Term Deflection at Service Load
k> ]TahrN_ 7>3 Non-Composite Uncracked Double T-Beam Deflection

kMNt;PaBdabeGLasicPam ryeBlxI srubn 12 DT 34 Beam enAkg]TahrN_ 4>1
EdleRbI (a) viFIm:Um:g;niclPaBEdlGacGnuvt)an I g b I e / (b) viFIkMeNInm:Um:g;-kMeNag (incremental
moment-curvature method). FwmrgnUv superimposed service load 1,100 plf (16.1kN / m ) nig
superimposed dead load 100 plf (1.5kN / m ) . FwmenHrgnUv bonded pretensioned CamYynwg stressrelieved strands 7-wire-270ksi f pu = 270ksi = 1,862MPa Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) cMnYn 16
Aps = 2.448in 2 . enAkg]TahrN_enHminKitBIkarcUlrYmrbs;EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgenAkgkarKNna
m:Um:g;niclPaBeT. snt;faeKTaj (jack) strand rhUtdl; 0.70 f pu Edl)anBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm
Pi = 462,672lb . eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe = 379,391lb ekItmanenAeBlrgkarGnuvtbnkelIkdMbUg Kw
30feRkayeBldMeLIg nigminKitbBalkMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBlTaMgGs;.
425
T.Chhay
Tiinny
(a)
lkxNFrNImaRt (geometrical properties) rUbTI 7>9

Ac = 978in.2 (6,310cm 2 )
I c = 86,072in.4 (3.59 10 6 cm 4 )
S b = 3,340in.3 (5.47 10 6 cm 3 )
S t = 10,458in.3
WD = 1,019 plf
bnkpal;
WSD = 100 plf (1.46kN / m )

WL = 1,100 plf (16.05kN / m )
ec = 22.02in.
ee = 12.77in.
426
NPIC
cb = 25.77in.
ct = 8.23in.
)
enAeBlepr
A ps = 16 0.153 = 2.448in.2 15.3cm 2

Pi = 462,672(2,058kN )
Pe = 379,391lb(1.688kN )
(b)
lkNsMPar (material properties)

V / S = 2.39in.
RH = 70%
f 'c = 5,000 psi

f 'ci = 3,750 psi
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )
f pi = 189,000 psi (1,303MPa )
f pe = 154,980 psi (1,067 MPa )
f py = 230,000 psi
E ps = 28.5 10 6 psi (196GPa )
(c)
kugRtaMgGnuBaat (allowable stresses)

f ci = 2,250 psi
f c = 2,250 psi
kNalElVg
kNalElVg
f ti = 184 psi
f t = 849 psi
dMeNaHRsay (a)
!> kugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;kNalElVg
eyIgmancMNakpitkNalElVg
ec = 22.02in.(559mm )
m:Um:g;Bt;ekIteLIgedaysarbnkpal;xnGtibrma
MD
(a)
1,019(60 )2
=
12 = 5,502,600in. lb
8
enAeBlepr (at transfer)
427
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgEdlRtUv)anKNnaKW
BIsmIkar 4.1a
Pi ec ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
462,672 22.02 8.73 5,502,600
=
1
978
88.0
10,458
ft =
= +501 526 = 25 psi (C ) < f t = +184 psi(T )
O.K.
O.K.
Pi ec cb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
462,672 22.02 25.77 5,502,600
=
1 +
+
978
88.0
3,340
fb =
= 3,524 + 1,647 = 1,877 psi (C ) < 2,250 psi
(b)
enAeBlrgbnkeFVIkar (service load)

M SD =
ML =
100(60 )2 12
= 540,000in. lb(61kN .m )
8
1,100(60 )2 12
= 5,940,000in. lb(672kN .m )
8
5,940,000
ft =
= 568 psi (C )
10,458
5,940,000
fb =
= 1,778 psi (T )
3,340
edaysarbnkGefr
edaysarbnkGefr
m:Um:g;srub M T = M D + M SD + M L = 5,502,600 + 6,480,000
= 11,982,600in. lb(1,354kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.3a
ec ct M T
1 2 t
r S
379,391 22.02 8.23 11,982,600

=
1
88.0
10,458
978
= +411 1146 = 735 psi < f c = 2,250 psi
ft =
Pe
Ac
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.3b
Pi ec cb M T
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
379,391 22.02 25.77 11,982,600
=
1
+
978
88.0
3,340
= 2,689 + 3,587 = +698 pis (T ) < 849 psi
fb =
O.K.
428
NPIC
eKGnuBaateGayeRbI gross moment of inertia I g sMrab;karKNnaPaBdab. kgkrNIEbbenH

eKGacyk effective moment of inertia I e esInwg I g . RbsinebIeRbobeFobCamYy modules of
rupture f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 5,000 = 530 psi eKrMBwgfanwgmansameRbHtUc (minor cracking)
ehIyedIm,IlkNsuvtiPaB (conservative) eKGnuBaateGayRbIemKuN 7.5 .
@> kugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;TMr
BIsmIkar 4.1
f ti = 6 f 'ci = 6 3,750 = 367 psi
f t = 12 f 'c = 12 5,000 = 849 psi
ee = 12.77in.
eFVIdUcKaenAkgCMhannkarKNnakugRtaMgRtg;muxkat;kNalElVg edayeRbI M = 0 CMnYskg

smIkarkgral;CMhanxagelI. karRtYtBinitkugRtaMgmuxkat;TMrenAeBlepreGaynUvkugRtaMgEdlman
tMltUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaat O.K..
taragsegbnkugRtaMgsrs ( psi )
#> KNnaPaBdab nigPaBekag (camber) enAeBlepr

BI basic mechanics of materials bBIsmIkar 7>6 sMrab; a = l / 2 camber enAkNalElVg
EdlbNalBI single harp b depression nEdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
=
dUcenH
Pec l 2 P(ee ec )l 2
+
8EI
24 EI
Eci = 57,000 f 'ci = 57,000 3,750 = 3.49 10 6 psi (24.1MPa )

Ec = 57,000 f 'c = 57,000 5,000 = 4.03 10 6 psi (27.8MPa )
pi =
462,672 22.02 (60 12 )2

8 3.49 10 6 86,702
462,672 (12.77 22.02)(60 12)2

24 3.49 10 6 86,072
429
T.Chhay
= 2.20 + 0.31 = 1.89in.(48mm )
PaBdabeLIgelIenH (camber) KWbNalEtmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaH. bnkpal;enAkg

1in. KW 1,019 / 12 = 84.9lb / in. ehIyPaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkpal;KW D = 5wl 4 / 384 EI
D =
5 84.9(60 12)4
384 3.49 10 6 86,072
= 0.99in.
dUcenH net camber enAeBleprKW 1.89 +0.99 = 0.90in. (25mm)

$> KNnaPaBdabPamsrubeRkamGMeBI service load nmuxkat;Gt;eRbH
(a) PaBdabedaysar superimposed dead load
edayeRbI Ec = 4.03 106 psi
SD = 0.99
(b)
Eci
Ec
100
3.49 100
= 0.99
= 0.08in.(2.0mm )
4.03 1,019
1,019
PaBdabedaysarbnkGefr
5wl 4
5(1100 )(60 12)4
1
L =
=
= 0.93in.
6
384 Ec I c 384 4.03 10 86,072 12
esckIsegbn camber nigPaBdabryeBlxIeRkamGMeBI service load mandUcxageRkam

camber edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgdMbUg = 1.89in.(48mm )
PaBdabedaysarbnkpal; = 0.99in.(25mm)
PaBdabedaysar superimposed dead load = 0.08in.(2mm)
net deflection enAeBlepr = 1.89 + 0.99 = 0.90in.
RbsinebIeKBicarNaPaBdabedaysarkMhatbg;BIdMNak;eprrhUtdl;ryeBl 30f enaH
camber RtUv)ankat;bny)an
462,672 379,391
0.34
= 1.89
= 1.89
= 0.34in.
462,672
462,672
dMeNaHRsay (b)
dMeNaHRsaytamviFIkMeNInm:Um:g; nigkMeNag (incremental moment curvature method)
P = Pi Pe = 462,672 379,391 = 83,281lb(370kN )
bMErbMrYlrageFobedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepr
enAryeBl 7f Eci = 3.49 106 psi

(i) edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pi
kNalElVg
430
NPIC
f t = +501 psi
f b = 3,524 psi
501
ct =
= +144 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
cb = 1,010 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
f t = +92 psi
f b = 2,242 psi
et = 26 10 6 in. / in.
et = 642 10 6 in. / in.
1 psi = 6.895kPa
(ii) edaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkpal; Pi + WD
kNalElVg
f t = 25 psi
ct = 7.2 10 6 in. / in.
f b = 1,877 psi
cb = 537.8 10 6 in. / in.
TMr dUcKanwgkrNI (i)

bMErbMrYl strain EdlbNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
P = 83,281lb
Eci = 3.49 10 6 psi
muxkat;kNalElVg
f t =
ct =
muxkat;Rtg;TMr
( P ) 1 ect = + 83,281 1 22.02 8.23 = 90 psi(C )
Ac
90
r2
978
88.0
= 26 10 6 in. / in.
3.49 10
( P ) 1 + ecb = 83,281 1 + 22.02 25.77 = +634 psi(T )
f b =
978
88.0
Ac
r2
634
cb =
= +182 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
f t =
( P ) 1 ect = 83,281 1 12.77 8.23 = 16.5 psi(C )

Ac
r2
978
88.0
431
T.Chhay
et =
16.5
= 5 10 6 in. / in.
3.49 10
( P ) 1 + ecb = + 83,281 1 + 12.77 25.77 = 404 psi(T )
f b =
978
88.0
Ac
r2
+ 404
Ebe =
= +116 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
6
edaybUk strain enAeBleprbEnmBIelI strain EdlbNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgeGaykar

EbgEck strain eRkamGMeBI service load eRkayeBlrgEtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>10.
BIrUbTI 7>10
kMeNagenAkNalElVg
c =
828 118
10 6 = 27.82 10 6 rad / in.
34
kMeNagenARtg;TMr
e =
526 21
10 6 = 16.09 10 6 rad / in.
34
BIrUbTI 7>6/ sMrab; a = l / 2 / camber rbs;FwmEdlbNalEtBI Pe KW

432
NPIC
2
l2
+ (e c ) l
24
8
e = c
= 27.82 10 6
(60 12)2 + ( 16.09 + 27.82) 10 6 (60 12)2
8
= 1.80 + 0.25 = 1.55in. (39mm )
24
(camber)
EdlRsedogKaeTAnwg ( 1.89 + 0.34) = 1.55in. eRkayeBlxatbg;enAkgdMeNaHRsay

elIkmun. PaBdabEdlbNalmkBIbnkpal; WD / superimposed dead load WSD nigbnkGefr
WL KWRsedogKanwgdMeNaHRsayelIkmun.
cMNaMfatMlPaBEdl)anBIkarKNnaxusBItMlPaBdabCak;EsgcenaHBI 20% eTA 40% eday
sar)a:ra:Em:RtCaeRcInEdlCH\TiBldl;m:UDulrbs;ebtug. dUcenH eKKYryktMlEdlKNnaenARKb;CMhanTaMgGs;rbs;dMeNaHRsaybIxg;eRkayek,sedIm,IkMurGayvaCH\TiBlxaMgdl;lTplcugeRkay.
5> PaBdabryeBlxIrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbH
Short-Term Deflection of Cracked Prestressed Beams
k> PaBdabryeBlxIrbs;FwmenAkg]TahrN_ 7>3 RbsinebImuxkat;maneRbH

Short-Term Deflection of Cracked Prestressed Beam in Example 7.3 if cracked
]TahrN_ 7>4 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 7>3 eday (a) bilinear method, (b) viFIm:Um:g;RbsiTPaBsMrab;
lkxNkugRtaMgTaj fb = 750 psi EdlkugRtaMgTajmantMlFMCagm:UDuldac; f r = 7.5 f 'c

= 530 psi eRkamGMeBI service load enAkNalElVgRtg;srsxageRkamCMnYseGay f b = 56 psi(C )
enAkg]TahrN_elIkmun. snt;fa net beam camber EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnkpal;KW
= 0.95in. .
dMeNaHRsay
bnab;BI first cracking load Rtg;m:UDuldac;KW f net = fb f r = 750 530

= +220 psi (T ) . BIrUbTI 7>3/ kugRtaMgTajEdlbNaledaysarEtbnkGefrenARtg;srsxageRkamKW
+ 1,778 psi . enAeBlenH edaysar WL = 1,100 plf cMENknbnkEdlmin)aneFVIeGaymankugRtaMg
TajenARtg;srsxageRkamKW
Net tensile stress
w1 =
(1,778 220) 1,100 = 964 plf
1,778
964
=
= 80lb / in.
12
433
T.Chhay
PaBdabEdlkMNt;eday I g nmuxkat;EdlGt;eRbHKW
g =
5w1l 4
5 80(60 12)4
=
= 0.8in. (20mm )
384 Ec I g 384 4.03 10 6 86,072
(a) bilinear method
I cr = n p A ps d p2 1 1.6 n p p
np =
E ps
Ec
28.5 106
4.03 10 6
= 7.07
d p = ec + ct = 22.02 + 8.23 = 30.25in. > 0.8h = 27.2in.

dp
EdleRbI = 30.25in.
p =
A ps
bd p
nig Aps = 2.448in.2 enaH
2.448
= 0.0006
144 30.25
I cr = 7.07 2.448(30.25)2 1 1.6 7.07 0.0006
(
)
tulPaBnbnksrubEdleFVIeGaymuxkat;eRbHKW
= 14,187in.4 5.9 105 cm 4
w2 =
1,100 964
= 11.3lb / in.
1,100 12
cr =
5w2l 4
5 11.3(60 12 )4
=
384 Ec I cr 384 4.03 10 6 14,187
= 0.69in. (17mm )
dUcenH PaBdabsrubEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
L = 0.80 + 0.69 = +1.49in. (38mm )
(b)
viFIm:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTPaB (effective moment inertia moment) I
BIsmIkar 7.10b
M
I e = cr
Ma
3
M
I g + 1 cr
Ma
I cr I g
BIsmIkar 7.11
M cr
Ma
f ft
= 1 tl
f
L
kugRtaMgsrubcugeRkay = +750 psi(T )

f r = m:UDuldac; = 530 psi )anBIelIkmun
f L = kugRtaMgbnkGefr = 1,778 psi
f tl =
434
NPIC
M cr
Ma
750 530
= 1
= 1 0.124 = 0.876
1,778
M cr
Ma
= 0.67
I e = 0.67 86,072 + (1 0.67 )14,187

= 62,350in.4
GaMgtg;sIuetbnkGefrsrub = 1,100 / 12 = 92lb / in.

PaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
L =
5 92(60 12 )4
384 4.03 10 6 62,350
= 1.28in. (33mm )
edayeRbobeFobCamYynwg 1.49in. enAkgdMeNaHRsay (a) eyIgyk L = +1.49in. . eRbI

tMlenHsMrab; final net long-term deflection eRkayeBlxatbg;dUcGIVEdl)anerobCataragenA
kg]TahrN_ 7>6.
6> karsg;daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nigkMeNag

Construction of Moment-Curvature Diagram
]TahrN_ 7>5 cUrsg;daRkamTMnak;TMngm:Um:g; nigkMeNagsMrab;muxkat;kNalElVgrbs; bonded
enAkg]TahrN_ 7>3 sMrab;CMhannkarekIneLIgnUvbMErbMrYlrageFobdUcxageRkam

!> bMErbMrYlrageFobenAeBlepr f pi = 189,000 psi EdlbNalEtBI Pi
@> bMErbMrYlrageFobenAeBl f pe = 154,980 psi muneBlrgbnkTMnaj
#> enAeBldkkMlaMg (decompression) enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
$> enAeBlkugRtaMgeFVIkardl;m:UDuldac; (modulus of rupture)
%> muxkat;EdlmaneRbH. bMErbMrYlrageFob c1 enAsrsxagelI = 0.001in. / in.
^> muxkat;EdlmaneRbH. bMErbMrYlrageFob c1 enAsrsxagelI = 0.003in. / in.
double-T beam
dMeNaHRsay
!> dMNak;kaleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
BITinnysMrab;]TahrN_ 7>3 kugRtaMgkNalElVgEdlbNalmkEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgKWman

dUcxageRkam
f t = +501 psi
435
T.Chhay
f b = 3,524 psi
+ 501
ct =
= +144 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
3,524
cb =
= 1,010 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
(
=
cb
ct
( 1,010 144) 10 6 = 33.94 10 6 rad / in.
=
h
34
BI]TahrN_ 7>3 m:Um:g;EdlbNalmkBI Pi + M D KW M i = 462,672 22.02 + 5,502,600

= 4.69 10 6 in. lb
@> dMNak;kaleRkayeBlxagbg;
enAkgdMNak;kaldkbnkCabnbnab; tMlrbs;m:Um:g; M g EdlbNalmkBIbnkTMnajRtUv)an
rkedaykarkat;bnykugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgrhUtdl;sUn. BI]TahrN_ 4>1/ Pe = 379,391lb .
dUcenH
Pe 379,391
=
= 0.82
Pi 462.672
kugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkNalElVgeBleprkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pi KW
f ct = +501 psi
f cb = 3,524 psi
ct = +144 10 6 in. / in.

cb = 1,010 10 6 in. / in.
kat;bnybMErbMrYlrageFobrhUtdl;dMNak;kal Pe dUcxageRkam
ct = 0.82(144 10 6 ) = 118 10 6 in. / in.
cb = 0.82( 1,010 10 6 ) = 828 10 6 in. / in.
karBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFobnwgkaydUcGVIEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>11
(
cb ct ) ( 828 118)10 6
=
= 27.82 10 6 rad / in.
2 =
h
34
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBIbnkTMnaj M g = 0
cMNaMfakarEbgEckbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgrUbTI 7>11 KWbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe . eRbI
daRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobkgrUbTI 7>12 sMrab;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigeRbIdaRkam
kgrUbTI 7>13 sMrab;ebtugedIm,IkMNt;kugRtaMgCak;Esgtamry strain compatibility.
436
NPIC
437
T.Chhay
#> dMNak;kaleRkaydkbnkCamYynwgkugRtaMgebtugsUnenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
BIrUbTI 7>12 bMErbMrYlrageFobnkardkbnkenARtg;nIv:UTIRbCMuTMgn;EdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
decomp = 828 10 6
26.01
= 723 10 6 in. / in.
26.01 + 3.75
= 5,636 10 6 in. / in.

nig pe = Efpe = 27154.5,980
6
10
ps
PaBRtUvKa (compatibility) rbs;bMErbMrYlrageFobTamTareGayEdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkg bonded

beam manbMErbMrYlrageFobdUcKa dUcEdlkugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugEdlBTCMuvijvaekIneLIgedIm,Ikat;
bnykugRtaMgsgt;enARtg;nIv:UTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgrhUtdl;esIsUn. dUcenH
bMErbMrYlrageFobsrub pe = 5,636 106 + 723 106 = 6,359 106 in. / in.
BIdaRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgrUbTI 7>12 kugRtaMg f pe = 177,00 psi
dUcenH eyIg)an
Pe EdlEksMrYl = 177,000 0.153 16 = 433,296
433,296 22.02 8.23
f t EdlEksMrYl =
1
+469 psi (T )
88.0
978
ct =
fb
+ 469
4.03 10
= 116 10 6 in. / in.
EdlEksMrYl = 433978,296 1 + 22.0288.025.77 3,300 psi(C )
cb =
3,300
= 819 10 6 in. / in.
4.03 10
M decomp y M decomp 22.02
f decomp =
=
= 2,884 psi
Ic
86,072
2,884 86,072
M decomp =
= 11.27 10 6 in. lb 1.27 10 6 N .m
22.02
M decomp 11.27 10 6
ft =
=
= 1,078 psi (C )
10,458
St
6
net stress f t = 1,078 + 469 = 609 psi (C )(4.16 MPa )

609
ct =
= 151.1 10 6 in. / in.
6
4.03 10
11.27 10 6 11.27 10 6
fb =
=
= +3,374 psi (T )
3,340
Sb
net stress f b = +3,374 3,300 = +74 psi (T )
74
cb =
= +18.4 10 6 in. / in.
6
4.03 10
438
NPIC
decomp =
cb
ct
(18.4 + 151.1) 10 6 = +4.99 10 6 rad / in.
=
h
34
M = 11.27 10 6 in. lb
rUbTI 7>14 eGaynUvkarBRgaykugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgFwmenHenAkgsanPaBnkar

dkbnk.
$> dMNak;kalm:UDuldac;
f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 5,000 = 530 psi
P ec
M cr = S b 7.5 f 'c + e 1 + 2b
Ac
r
BIelIkmun GgTIBIrnsmIkarxagelIsMrab;m:Um:g;eGaykugRtaMg 3,300 psi .

dUcenH
M cr = 3,340(530 + 3,300) = 12.8 10 6 in. lb
net bottom concrete stress =
cb =
+ 530
m:UDuldac; f r sMrab;krNIenH = +530 psi(T )
= +132 10 6 in. / in.
4.03 10
12.8 10 6
ft =
= 1,224 psi (C )
10,458
6
net stress f t = 1,224 + 469 = 755 psi (C )

755
ct =
= 187 10 6 in. / in.
6
4.03 10
(
=
cb
ct
(132 + 187 ) 10 6
=
h
34
= +9.38 10 6 rad / in.
439
T.Chhay
%> dMNak;kalmuxkat;mansameRbH/ c = 0.001in. / in.

BIelIkmun/ pe = 6,359 10 6 = 0.0064in. / in. . tamkarsakl,g nigEktMrUv snt;kMBs;GkS
NWt c = 1.5in. BIxageRkamsrsxagelIbMputrbs;sab. ehIy ps CabMErbMrYlrageFobbEnmenAkg
bonded prestressing strand EdlbNalBI c = 0.001in. / in. enAsrsxagelIbMput ehIyBIRtIekaN
dUc (similar triangle) enAkgrUbTI 7>15
ps =
dUcenH
(30.25 1.5) 0.001 = 0.0192in. / in.

1.5
srub = 0.0192 + 0.0064 = 0.0256in. / in.

BIdaRkamTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkgrUbTI 7>12
kugRtaMgEdlRtUvnwgtMlbMErbMrYlrageFob ps srubKW
ps
f ps 260,000 psi
A ps = 16 0.153 = 2.448in.2
nig
dUcenH kMlaMgTaj T p = 260,000 2.448 = 636,480lb
BIrUbTI 7>13/ f c = 3,000 psi RtUvKanwg c = 0.001in. / in. .
enaH kMlaMgsgt;
Cc = (12 12 1.5)3,000 = 648,000 > T = 636,480lb
dUcenH eKKYrkat;bnykMBs;GkSNWt.
sakl,gelIkTIBIr
snt; c = 1.45in. . enaH

ps =
nig
ps
(30.25 1.45) 0.001 = 0.0199in. / in.

1.45
srub = 0.0199 + 0.0064 = 0.0263in. / in.
440
NPIC
BIrUbTI 7>13/ f ps 255,000 psi / T p = 255,000 2.448 = 624,240lb nig

Cc = (12 12 1.45)3000 = 624,400lb T p . dUcenH c Edlsnt; = 1.45in. KW O.K.
1.45
6
M n = 624,240 30.25
= 18.4 10 in. lb
2
nigBIsmIkar 7.5d
u =
u
c
0.001
= 690 10 6 rad / in.
1.45
^> dMNak;kalmuxkat;mansameRbHeBj/ c = 0.003in. / in. (ultimate load)

c = 0.003in. / in. CabMErbMrYlrageFobGtibrmaEdlGnuBaateday ACI Code eRkamGMeBI
ultimate load. snt; f ps = 263,000 psi . enaH
a=
A ps f ps
2.448 263,000
= 1.1in.
0.85 5,000 144
0.85 f 'c b
a 1.1
c=
=
= 1.38in.
1 0.8
BIrUbTI 7>15
ps =
ps
30.25 1.38
0.003 = 0.0628in. / in.
1.38
srub = 0.0628 + 0.0064 = 0.0692in. / in.
BIdaRkamTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgrUbTI 7>13/

dUcenH eRbI a 1.1in. EdleGay
f ps f pu = 270,000 psi
a
1.1
M n = A ps f ps d p = 2.448 270,000 30.25

2
2
441
T.Chhay
= 19.6 10 6 in. lb
yk c 1.4in.
u =
u
c
0.003
= 2,143 10 6 rad / in.
1 .4
daRkamnTMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nigkMeNagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>16. daRkamTMnak;TMng

rvagbnk nigPaBdabmanTMrg;RsedogKa ehIyeyIgGacsnidanvaecjBIdaRkamTMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nig
kMeNag.
7> \TiBlnryeBlEvgeTAelIPaBdab nigPaBekag

Long-Term Effects on Deflection and Camber
k> viFIemKuN PCI
PCI Multipliers Method
pl;nUvsmIkarxageRkamsMrab;)a:n;RbmaNemKuNGaRsynwgeBlsMrab;PaBdabn
Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
ACI Code
Edl
1 + 50 '
(7.16)
emKuNGaRsyeBlsMrab;bnkGciny_ (sustained load)

' = pleFobEdkrgkarsgt;
= emKuNsMrab;PaBdabryeBlEvgbEnm
kgTMrg;RsedogKa/ PCI multipliers method pl;nUvemKuN C1 EdlKit\TiBlnryeBlEvgenAkg
Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg. Et C1 xusBI enAkgsmIkar 7.16 edaysarkarkMNt;PaBdab nig camber
ryeBlEvgenAkgGgt;eRbkugRtaMgmanlkNsKsajCagedaysarktadUcxageRkam
!> \TiBlryeBlEvgnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigkMhateRbkugRtaMg.
@> karekIneLIgnersIusg;rbs;ebtugeRkayeBlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgfycuHedaysarkMhatbg;.
#> \TiBlnPaBdab nig camber kgGMLgeBldMeLIg.
edaysarktaTaMgenH eKminGaceRbIsmIkar 7.16 eT.
tarag 7>1 pl;nUvemKuNnPaBdab nig camber Pamdsmrm RbsinebI camber nigPaB
dabEdl)anKNnaBIdMbUgRtUv)anKitdac;edayELkBIKaedIm,IKitBI\TiBlnkMhatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
eTAelI camber.
=
442
NPIC
nig Brason ENnaMfaeKGacTTYl)annUvkarkat;bnyCaGciny_nUv camber ryeBl

EvgedaykarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg. enAkgkrNIenH eKGaceRbIemKuNEdlkat;bny C2 Edl
eGayeday
Shaikh
C2 =
Edl
C1 + As / A ps
1 + As / A ps
(7.17)
emKuNEdl)anBItarag 7>1
As = RkLaprbs;EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg
A ps = RkLaprbs;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMg
C1 =
x> viFIkMeNIntameBl
Incremental Time-Steps Method
viFIkMeNIntameBl (incremental time-steps method) KWQrelIbnSMnkarKNnaPaBdabCamYynwgkarKNnakMhatbg;edaysar creep, shrinkage nig relaxation EdlGaRsynwgeBl. kar
KNnaBICIvitrbs;eRKOgbgMEbgEckCaeRcIncenaHeBlEdleRCIserIsedayQrelIeKalkarN_nEdn
kMNt;rbs;bMErbMrYlrageFobebtugCak;lak; (specific concrete strain limits) dUcCabMErbMrYlrageFob
kta c1 = 0.001 nig c1 = 0.002in. / in. nig ultimate allowable strain c1 = 0.003in. / in. . eK
443
T.Chhay
KNnakarBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFob/ kMeNag nigkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgsMrab;cenaHeBlnImYyCamYynwgkMeNInnkMhatbg;edaysarbMErbMrYlrbs;karrYmmaD/ creep nig relaxation EdlekItmankgcenaHeBl

enaH. eKRtUveFVIkarKNnaenHCadEdlsMrab;cenaHkMeNInbnbnab; nigkareFVIplbUknkarKNnaenH
pl;eGayeyIgnUvPaBdabGaRsynwgeBlcugeRkaysMrab;muxkat;Cak;lak;NamYyenAtambeNayElVg
rbs;Fwm.
eKRtUveFIVkarKNnaenHsMrab;cMnYncMnucenAelIbeNayElVgFwmRKb;RKan; dUcCakNalElVg nigcMnucmYyPaKbYnedIm,IGackMNt;daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagPaBdab nigkMeNageGaymanlkNsuRkit.
eKGacsmIkarTUeTAsMrab;mMuvilsrub (total rotation) enAcugbBab;ncenaHeBldUcxageRkam
t
t
e
ex
Pi e x
t =
+ (Pn 1 Pn )
(C n C n1 )Pn 1 x
Ec I c
Ec I c
Ec I c
0
0
(7.18a)
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImmuneBlxatbg;
e x = cMNakpitrbs; tendon enARtg;muxkat;NamYytambeNayElVg
n 1 = cMnuccab;epImncenaHeBl (time-step)
n = cugbBab;n time-step Edl)anniyayBIxagelI
C n1 / C n = emKuN creep enAcMnuccab;epIm nigcMnucbBab; erogKa n time-step NamYy
Pn Pn1 = kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;cenaHeBlNamYyEdlekItBIktaTaMgGs;
Cak;Esg eKeFVIkarKNnay:aglitln;EbbenHEtenAkgkarkMNt;rkPaBdab nigPaBekagrbs;
RbBns<anEdlmanElVgEvg dUcCas<anEdlsg;CakMNat; (segmental bridge) EdlkardMeLIg nigkar
pMkMNat;s<anenaHTamTarnUvkar)a:n;RbmaNPaBdabeGaymanlkNsuRkit. BIsmIkar 7.18a PaBdab
srubenARtg;muxkat;NamYyKW
Edl
Pi =
x = t kl 2
(7.18b)
]bmafaeKeRbIbMErbMrYlrageFobxageRkamBI]TahrN_ 7>7 xageRkamedIm,IbgajBIkarKNna

kMeNInnmMuvil (incremental rotation) nigmMuvilsrub (total rotation)
' n1 = gross strain EdlbNalEtmkBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAsrsxagelIbMput Edl
ct = 144 10 6 in. / in. rUbTI 7>19
b,n1 = gross strain EdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkambMput Edl
cb = 1,010 10 6 in. / in. rUbTI 7>19
444
NPIC
kMeNInnbMErbMrYlrageFobedaysar gross creep enAsrsxagelIbMput Edl

t
CRc
= 127 10 6 in. / in. rUbTI 7>20
CRb, n = kMeNInnbMErbMrYlrageFobedaysar gross creep enAsrsxageRkambMput Edl
CRcb = 895 10 6 in. / in. rUbTI 7>20
ps , n = karkat;bnybMErbMrYlrageFobedaysarkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbgedaykMlaMg
creep P, n dUcCa 169 10 6 in. / in. dUceXIjkgrUbTI 7>20
Net incremental creep strain Edlnwgpl;nUv incremental rotation n KW
sMrab;srsxagelI
t
t
t
CR
(7.19a)
, net = ( CR , n ps , n )
sMrab;srsxageRkam
t
CR
,n =
CRb, net = CRb, n psb, n
(7.19b)
kMeNInnmMuvil (incremental rotation) KW

n =
t
CR
, net CRb, net
(7.19c)
445
T.Chhay
ehIymMuvilsrub (total rotation) kayCa

T = n 1 + n
(7.20)
bMErbMrYlnbMErbMrYlrageFob nigmMuvil (rotation) BI time-step n 1eTA time-step n

RtUv)anbgajenA kgrUbTI 7>17.
kareRCIserIscenaHeBl (time interval) GaRsynwgPaBsuRkitEdleKcg;)anBIkarKNna
camber. sMrab; time step nImYy kMeNInbMErbMrYlrageFobEdlbNalmkBI creep nigkarrYjmaD nig
karxatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedaysar relaxation RtUv)anKNnadUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 7>7 edIm,I
TTYl)ankMeNInkMeNag (curvature increment) . bnab;mk eKnwgTTYl)antMlkugRtaMg bMErbMrYl
rageFob nigkMeNagfIenAcugbBab;ncenaHeBl EdlbEnm curvature increment n eTAelIkMeNag
srub n 1 enARtg;cMnuccab;epImncenaHeBlEdleKcg;)an dUceGayenAkgsmIkar 7.18. Cak;Esg
incremental time-step procedure manlkNEvg.
eKGacTTYlPaBekagsrub () bPaBdab () EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgBIsmIkar 7.20
T = T kl 2
(7.21)
Edl k CaGnuKmn_nElVg nigragFrNImaRtrbs;muxkat; nigragFrNImaRtrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg.

GkGegtCaeRcIn)anesInUvTMrg;epSgsMrab;kar)a:n;RbmaNPaBdabbEnmGaRsyniwgeBl
BITMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nigkMeNag Edl)anEkERbsMrab; creep. TaMg Tadros nig Dilger ENnaMeGay
eFVIplbUk modified curvature tambeNayElVgrbs;Fwm xNEdl Naaman KitPaBdabryeBl
EvgedayeRbIkMeNagkNalElVg nigkMeNagRtg;TMrRtg;cenaHeBl t . Ca]TahrN_ smIkarrbs;
Naaman sMrab; parabolic tendon KW
(t ) = 1 (t )
Edl
l2
l2
+ [ 2 (t ) 1 (t )]
8
48
kMeNagkNalElVgenAxN t
2 (t ) = kMeNagelITMrenAxN t
EdlkgenaH (t ) = E M(t )I
ce
c
Edl Ece (t ) = m:UDulEdlEksMrYltameBl (time adjusted modulus)
1 (t ) =
E ce (t ) =
EdlkgenH
Ec (t1 )
1 + KC c (t )
m:UDulrbs;ebtugenAeBlcab;epImncenaHeBl
Cc (t ) = emKuN creep enAcugbBab;ncenaHeBl
Ec (t1 ) =
446
NPIC
K> viFIRbhak;RbEhledaycenaHeBl
Approximate Time-Steps Method
CaviFIEdlEpkelITMrg;y:agsmBaEdlbUkbBalKanUvPaBdabTaMgGs;EdlbNalBIemKuNGaRsynwgeBlepSg. RbsinebI Cu CaemKuN creep ryeBlEvg

eKGackMNt;kMeNageRkamGMeBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe tamsmIkarxageRkam
Approximate time-steps method
e =
Pi e x
e
P + Pe e x
+ (Pi Pe ) x i
Cu
Ec I c
Ec I c 2 Ec I c
(7.22)
PaBdabcugeRkayeRkamGMeBI Pe KW
i + e
Cu
2
et = i + ( i e )
(7.23a)
+
(7.23b)
et = e i e Cu
b
2
edaybEnmPaBdabedaysarbnkpal; D nig superimposed dead load SD Edlrg\TiBledaysar creep pl;nUvkMeNInPaBdabcugeRkayGaRsynwgeBlEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigbnk
Gciny_ (sustained load) dUcxageRkam
+ e
= e i
Cu + ( D + SD )(1 + Cc )
2
(7.24a)
ehIy net deflection srubcugeRkayEdlrYmbBalTaMgPaBdabedaysarbnkGefrKW

i + e
Cu + ( D + SD )(1 + Cu ) + L
2
(7.24b)
eKGackMNt;PaBdabkMritmFm (intermediate deflection) edayCMnYs Ct eGay Cu enAkgsmIkar
7.24a nig b. Edl
T = e
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu
(7.25)
EdlkgenaH t 0.60 / (10 + t 0.60 ) CapleFob creep

Brason et al. )anesInUvsmIkarxageRkamsMrab;TaykarekIneLIgnPaBdabGaRsynwgeBl
nsmIkar 7.24 a dUcxageRkam
(1 + ) k C + k C + K k C
= +
r t i ( Pi )
r t i (D )
a r t i (SD )
2
Edl
(7.26)
= Pe / Pi
emKuN creep enAxN t

K a = emKuNEdlRtUvnwgGayurbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBIrbs; superimposed load
Ct =
447
T.Chhay
sMrab; moist-cured concrete

= 1.13t 0.095 sMrab; steam-cured concrete
t = GayuenAeBlrgbnk KitCaf
k r = 1 / (1 + As / A ps ) Edl As / A ps << 1.0
= 1 sMrab;RKb;karGnuvtTaMgGs;
sMrab;kMeNInPaBdab (deflection increment) cugeRkay eKeRbI Cu CMnYseGay Ct enAkg
smIkar 7.26.
sMrab;FwmminEmnsmas (noncomposite beams) PaBdabsrub T ,t kayCa
P
(7.27)
T , t = pi 1
+ (k t Ct ) + D [1 + k t Ct ] + SD [1 + K a k r Ct ] + L
P
= 1.25t 0.118
Edl
PaBdabEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
P = kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrubEdlminrYmbBalkMhateRbkugRtaMgeGLasicedIm (initial elastic
p =
loss)
= 1 P / 2 P0
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepreRkay elastic loss

= Pi tUcCag elastic loss.
sMrab;Fwmsmas PaBdabsrubKW
EdlkgenaH
P0 =
T = pi 1
+ pi
P
+ K a k r Cu + D [1 + K a k t Cu ]
P0
Ie
I comp.
P Pc
+ k r Cu ( ')
1
P0
+ (1 + )k r Cu D
Edl
Ic
I comp
I
+ D 1 + k r Cu c + df + L
I comp
(7.28)
' = 1 (Pc / 2 P0 )
P0 =
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAxNEdleKcak; composite topping slab edayminKitbBal

initial elastic loss
PaBdabedaysar differential shrinkage nig differential creep rvagmuxkat;cak;Rsab;

nig composite topping slab
= Fycs l 2 / 8 Ecc I comp sMrab;FwmTMrsamBa sMrab;FwmCab; eRbIemKuNsmrmenAPaKEbg
ycs = cMgayBITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;smaseTATMRbCMuTMgn;rbs; topping slab
df =
448
NPIC
kMlaMgEdl)anBI differential shrinkage nig differential creep

Ecc = m:UDulnmuxkat;smas
= creep strain enAxN t EdlEckeday ultimate creep strain
= t 0.60 / (10 + t 0.60 ) .
Cakarsegb visVkrRtUvvinicykgkarkMNt;tMlm:UDulrbs;ebtug Ec eRkamGMeBInkardak;bnk
epSgeGay)ansuRkit edIm,ITTYl)antMlemKuN creep smrm.
F=
X> karKNnaPaBdabedaykMuBTr
Computer Methods for Deflection Evaluation
eKGacKNnaPaBdabedayeRbIkmviFIepSgCaeRcIn. kMuBTrCYyvisVkry:ageRcInsMrab; timestep method. b:uEn eKRtUvcaMfaPaBdabeRkamGMeBIkardak;bnkryeBlxI nigryeBlEvgRtUv)anRKb;

RKgedaylkxNEdlGacekItmanCaeRcInEdlsitenAkgvIFInkarkMNt;PaBdabEtmYy. lkxNTaMg
enHTak;TgnwglkNnsarFatupSMrbs;ebtugEdlCH\TiBldl;PaBdab CaBiessPaBdabryeBlEvg.
dUcenH elIkElgkrNIs<anElVgEdlEvg dUcCa cable-stayed bridges dMeNIrkar nigviFInkarKNnaPaB
dabKYrmankMritERbRbYl 40% . karbBallkNsMPareTAkgkmviFIkMuBTrRtUveFVIeLIgedayRbyt
RbEygbMputedayEpkelIlTplBiesaFn_RbsinebIElVgrbs;eRKOgbgMEvg.
g> PaBdabrbs;Fwmsmas
Deflection of Composite Beams
karKNnaPaBdabrbs;FwmeRbkugRtaMgsmasmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarKNnaPaBdabsMrab;
noncomposite section Edr. viFIsaRsKNnanwgkayCasKsajCagRbsinebIeKeRbI incremental
time-steps method. CMhanbEnmndMNak;kalsagsg;CaeRcInrbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab; nigsMrab; situ-cast
top slab TamTarkarBicarNankarERbRbYlm:Um:g;niclPaBBImuxkat;cak;Rsab;eTAmuxkat;smasenA
Rtg;dMNak;kalsmrm. elIsBIenH PaBxusKanlkNrbs; shrinkage nigkMeNIncenaHeBl (timestep increments) EdlbNalBIPaBxusKantMlrbs; shrinkage nmuxkat;cak;Rsab; nigkarbEnm
concrete topping )anbegInPaBBi)akdl;dMeNIrkarKNna. CasMNagl kareRbIkmviFIkMuBTrsMrYlkar
KNnaPaBdab nig camber rbs;Ggt;smas)any:ageRcIn.
449
T.Chhay
8> PaBdabGnuBaat
Permissible Limits of Calculated Deflection
TamTareGayPaBdabEdl)anKNnaRtUvbMeBjtMrUvkar serviceability
nPaBdabGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;lkxNrcnasm<nepSgEdlmanerobrab;enAkgtarag 7>2. cMNaMfa
\TiBlryeBlEvgbgeGayPaBdab nig camber ekIneLIgeTAtameBl ehIyeFVIeGayebtug nigEdk
rgkugRtaMgelIs (overstress).
PaBdabGnuBaatrbs; AASHTO EdlbgajenAkgtarag 7>3 manlkNsuRkitCagedaysar karb:HTgcCalkNDINamic (dynamic impact) nbnkcltenAelIElVgs<an.
ACI Code
450
NPIC
xageRkamCa dMeNIrkarCaCMhan (step-by-step procedure) sMrab;KNnaPaBdab

!> kMNt;lkNrbs;ebtug edayrYmbBalTaMgm:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug Ec / creep rbs;ebtug
@> eRCIserIskMeNInryeBl (time increment) EdlRtUveRbIenAkgkarKNnaPaBdab
#> KNnakugRtaMgsrsebtugedaysarbnkTaMgGs;TaMgenAEpkxagelIbMput nigTaMgenAEpk
xageRkambMput
$> KNnabMErbMrYlrageFobdMbUg (initial strains) ci enAsrsxagelI nigsrsxageRkam nig
mMuvil (rotation) EdlRtUvKa kdUcCabMErbMrYl nigmMuvilbnbnab;. eRbIsmIkar
i =
cbi cit
h

e = cbe cte
h
t

= c cb
h
u =
u
c
%> kMNt;karERbRbYlbMErbMrYlrageFobsrubenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgedaysar creep, shrinkage

nig relaxation EdlGnuvtCakMlaMg F enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. bnab;mk
KNnakugRtaMgsrsebtugenAnIv:U cgs EdlbNalBIkMlaMg F .
^> bEnmlTplnCMhan % eTAkglTplnCMhan 3.
&> GnuvtdMeNIrkarKNnasMrab;RKb;cenaHeBl nigbEnm\TiBln superimposed dead load.
*> bEnmPaBdabedaysarbnkGefredIm,ITTYl)anPaBdabsrub T .
(> epgpat;faetI T Edl)anKNnasitenAkgEdnkMNt;GnuBaatbGt;. RbsinebImindUecaHeT
eFVIkarpas;brmuxkat;.
rUbTI 7>18 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;karKNnaPaBdabeday approximate time-step method.
451
T.Chhay
452
NPIC
9> karKNnaPaBdab nigPaBekagryeBlEvgedayviFIemKuN
PCI
Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the PCI Multipliers Method
]TahrN_ 7>6 edayeKeGay
cUrKNnaPaBdab nigPaBekagrbs; boded double

T-beam enAkg]TahrN_ 7>3 eday PCI multiplers method nigepgpat;fatMlPaBdabbMeBjEdn
kMNt;GnuBaatrbs; ACI. RbsinebIFwmRtUv)anrg post-tensioned snt;fa f pi = 189,000 psi eRkay
eBl anchorage losses nigeRkayeBllubbM)at; frictional losses edaykarTajBIcugsgagrbs;cug
Fwm nigbnab;mkeKRtUvTajeLIgvijedIm,IFana net prestressing f pi = 189,000 psi munnwgdMeLIg. dUc
Ka snt;faGgt;EdlminEmnCaeRKOgbgMrgbnkEdlPab;eTAnwgeRKOgbgMrgbnkminrgkarxUcxateday
sarPaBdab ehIybnkGefrmanlkN transient. yk Ec = 4.03 106 psi sMrab;bnkTaMgGs;enA
kgkaredaHRsayenH.
f pi = 189,000 psi
dMeNaHRsay
I g = 86,072in.4
WD = 1,019 plf = 84.9lb / in.
453
T.Chhay
D =
5Wl 4
5 84.9(60 12)4
=
= 0.99in. (14mm )
384 Eci I g 384 3.49 10 6 86,072
WSD = 100 plf = 8.3lb / in.
SD =
5 8.3(60 12 )4
384 4.03 10 6 86,072
= 0.08in. (2.0mm )
WL = 1,100 plf = 91.7lb / in.
muxkat;Gt;mansameRbH emIl]TahrN_ 7>3

I e = I g = 86,072in.4 ( f t max < f r = 530 psi )
L =
5 91.7(60 12 )4
384 4.03 10 6 86,072
= 0.93in. (24mm )
RbsinebImuxkat;maneRbH eKeRbItMlRbsiTPaBrbs; I e CMnYseGay I g . kareRbI PCI multiplier method sMrab;KNnaPaBdabenAeBldMNak;kaldMeLIg (30f) nigenAeBlmanPaBdabcugeRkay
edaysar service-load 5qaM taragxageRkamnwgbgajBItMlrbs;PaBdab nig camber ryeBlEvg
EdlTTYledayeRbIemKuN PCI enAkgtarag 7>1. RbsinebImuxkat;lkayCamuxkat;smaseRkay
eBldMeLIg eKeRbI I comp kgkarKNna L nig SD RbsinebIFwmRtUv)anTl;kgGMLgeBlcak; concrete topping. ehIyRbsinebIeKeRbIEdkFmta As enAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMg eKRtUveRbIemKuNEdlkat;
bny (reduced multiplier). emKuN C1 RtUv)ankat;bnyedayemKuN C2 Edl
C2 =
C1 + As / A ps
1 + As / A ps
454
NPIC
edaysarEdkFmtaRKb;RKgkarrIkralFMnsameRbHedaysarkarBt;begageRkamGMeBIbnkryeBl Evg
dUcenHPaBrwgRkajrbs;vaRtUv)anbegIn. Ca]TahrN_ snt;faeKeRbIEdk 3#5 enAkgFwmeRbkug RtaMg
As
3 0.31
=
= 0.43
Aps
2.142
eyIgTTYl)an C2 = 2.01
Ca]TahrN_nkarEksMrYltMlEdlmanenAkgtarag 7>1 tMlrbs; camber edImnwgkayCa 3.80in.
CMnYseGay 4.63in. EdlbgajenAkgtarag edayeKeRbIemKuN 2.01 CMnYseGayemKuN 2.45 . eK
GaceFVIkarEksMrYlEdlmanlkNRsedogKaeTAelIPaBdabTaMgGs;edayeRbIemKuNEksMrYlEdlRtUvKa.
BItarag 7>4/ camber eRkayeBltMeLIg nigeRkayeBlrg superimposed dead load enAGayu
30f = 1.49in. (38mm ) . ehIy net camber cugeRkayeRkayGayu 5qaM = 0.79in. (20mm ) /
PaBdabedaysarbnkGefr = 0.93in. (24mm) ehIyPaBdabGnuBaat = l / 240 = (60 12) / 240
= 30in.(76mm ) > 0.79in. . enAkgkrNIenH RbsinebIeKsnt;fabnkGefrmanlkN transient enaH
vanwgRKb;RKan;.
10> karKNnaPaBdab nigPaBekagryeBlEvgedayviFIkMeNIncenaHeBl

Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Incremental
Time-Steps Method
]TahrN_ 7>7 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 7>6 tam incremental time-steps method edaysnt;fa
f pi
ehIyeKsegteXIjfakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgmankarekIneLIgenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMg 7f
bnab;BIcak;ebtug/ 30fbnab;BIepr kartMeLIg nigkardak; superimposed dead load rYceRsc/ 90
f nig 5qaM. snt;fa ultimate creep coefficient Cu = 2.35 sMrab;ebtug nig f py = 230,000 psi
sMrab;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbIenAkgFwm. sg;daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagcamber CamYynwgeBl nigPaB
dab CamYynwgeBledayeRbI Ec = 4.03 106 sMrab;RKb; incremental steps TaMgGs;kgkaredaHRsay
enH edayelIkElgenAeBlepr Edl f 'ci = 3,750 psi . snt;faFwmenHCaFwm post-tensioned. yk
E ps = 27.5 10 6 psi .
= 189,000 psi
dMeNaHRsay
kugRtaMg/ bMErbMrYlrageFob nigPaBdabxN

Eci = 57,000 3,750 = 3.49 10 6 psi
455
T.Chhay
BI]TahrN_ 7>3 nigrUbTI 7>9/ kugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlragdMbUgsMrab;FwmenAeBleprEdlbNalBIkMlaMg

eRbkugRtaMg Pi nig Pi + WD mandUcxageRkam
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P
kNalElVg
f t = +501 psi (3.1MPa )
f b = 3,524 psi (24.3MPa )

501
ct =
= 144 10 6 in. / in.
6
3.49 10
cb = 1,010 106 psi
TMr
f t = +92 psi (0.7 MPa )
f b = 2,242 psi(15.5MPa )
ct = +26 10 6 in. / in.

cb = 642 10 6 in. / in.
cMNaMfa eKRtUveFVIkarKNnam:UDuleGLasic Ec sMrab;karpas;breBlenAeBlEdlkMeNIncenaHeBl

nImYycb;.
Cabn eyIgman
1,010 144
ci kNalElVg =
10 6 = 33.94 10 6 rad / in.
34
642 26
ei TMr =
10 6 = 19.65 10 6 rad / in.
34
BIrUbTI 7>6
l2
l2
i = c + (e c )
24
8
i = 33.94 10
=
(60 12)
24
(60 12)2 + ( 19.65 + 33.94)10 6 (60 12)2

8
24
10 6 ( 33.94 2 19.65)
= 1.89in. (48mm )
cMNaMfa tMlenHdUcKanwgGVIEdlTTYl)anedaysmIkarm:Um:g;enAkg]TahrN_ 7>3

D
TMgn;pal;
1019
4
5
(60 12 )
5wl
12
=+
=
= +0.99in. (25mm )
384 Ec I g 384 3.49 10 6 86,072
4
net camber enAeBlepr = 1.89 +0.99 = 0.90in. (23mm)

456
NPIC
emKuNGaRsynwgeBl
(a)
creep
BIsmIkar 3.10
CR =
Ct
( f cs ) = C1 cs
Ec
kugRtaMgebtugenARtg;nIv:U cgs
cs = bMErbMrYlrageFobenARtg;nIv:U cgs
CR = unit creep stain kgmYyktakugRtaMgeRkam ultimate creep = Cu / Ec
= 2.35 / 4.03 106 = 0.583 10 6 in. / in. kgmYyktakugRtaMg
cMNaMfa eKRtUvKNna creep strain enARtg;TMRbCMuTMgn;rbs;edIm,IKNnakMhatbg;edaysar creep
enAkgeRbkugRtaMg.
BIsmIkar 3.9b, emKuN creep enAeBlNakeday EdlKitCafKW
Edl
f cs =
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu
Ca]TahrN_ enAGayu 30feRkayeBlepr

0.60
= 0.583 10 6 30
0
.
60
0.60
10 + 30
10 + t
t 0.60
'CR , s = 'CR
kgmYyktakugRtaMg
Creep strain enAcenaHeBlepSgeTotRtUv)anKNnakgTMrg;dUcKa.
(b) karrYmmaDrbs;ebtug
BIsmIkar 3.15a sMrab; moist-cured concrete
= 0.254 10 6 in. / in.
SH , s =
t
SH
t + 35
Edl SH = 800 106 in. / in. sMrab; moist-cured concrete.

30feRkayeBlepr/ ryeBlrYmmaD t = 30 f RbsinebIGgt;CaFwm post-tensioned
ehIy t = 30 + 7 = 37 f RbsinebIvaCa pretensioned. dUcenH
SH ,30 =
30
800 10 6 = 369 10 6 in. / in.
30 + 35
tamrebobdUcKa eKGacKNna SH sMrab;RKb;CMhanepSgdTeTotEdlerobrab;enAkgtarag

7>5.
457
T.Chhay
(c)
rbs; strands
BIsmIkar 3>6
Relaxation
f pR
f pi
log t 2 log t1 f pi
=1
0.55
10
f py
Edl log t KitCaem:agKWmaneKal 10, f pi / f py FMCag 0.55 ehIy f pR CakugRtaMg

EdlenAsl;kgEdkeRkaykMhatbg;edaysar relaxation sMrab; 30f = 720 em:ag eRkayrg
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. RbsinebIpleFobkMhatbg;edaysar relaxation KW
R = 1
f pR
f pi
log 720 0 189,000

=
0.55 = 0.078
10
230,000
eyIgRtUvrktMl R sMrab;RKb; time-step TaMgGs;edayeRbI t1 = 0 CaeKal.

tarag 7>5 eGay)a:ra:Em:RtGaRsynwgkMeNIneBlsMrab;emKuNkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
enAkg]TahrN_enHsMrab; time-steps 7, 30, 90 nig 365f nig 5qaMeRkayeBlrgeRbkugRtaMg.
BIeBleprdl;eBldMeLIg cugbBab;rbs; time-step=30f
kugRtaMgsrsebtugenAnIv:U cgs sMrab;karKNna creep

cMNakpitrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg ec = 22.02in. nig ee = 12.77in. . rUbTI 7>19 eGay
nUvkugRtaMgxN nig gross strain muneBlxatbg;edaysareRbkugRtaMg.
BIrUb
(a)
f bcc = 3,524
bcc =
3,080
4.03 10
f bec = 2,242
26.02
= 3,080 psi (C )(21.2MPa )
26.02 + 3.75
= 764 10 6 in. / in.
19.66
= 1,250 psi (C )(9.3MPa )
19.66 + 13.00
458
NPIC
bec =
1,350
4.03 10
= 335 10 6 in. / in.
Creep incremental strain
kugRtaMg f enARtg; cgs

BItarag 7>5 'CR = 0.254 106 in. / in. kgmYyktakugRtaMg. dUcenH
CR kNalElVg = 'CR f bcc = 0.254 10 6 ( 3,080) = 782 10 6 in. / in.
CR elITMr = 'CR f bec = 0.254 10 6 ( 1,350) = 343 10 6 in. / in.
CR = 'CR
Shrinkage incremental strain

SH = 236 10 6 in. / in.
Relaxation stress loss
f R 30 = 0.0776 189,000 = 14,666 psi (101.0MPa )
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgrbs;Edksrub (total steel stress loss)

fT = ( CR + SH )E ps + f R
kNalElVg = (782 + 236) 106 27.5 106 + 14,666 = 42,661 psi

fT 30 elITMr = (343 + 236 ) 10 6 27.5 106 + 14,666 = 30,589 psi
dUcenH eRbItMlmFm fT 30 = 12 (42,661 + 30,589) = 36,625 psi(253MPa)
(b) bMErbMrYlkugRtaMgsrsrbs;ebtug nigbMErbMrYlrageFob
kMhatbg;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
fT 30
459
T.Chhay
P30 = fT 30 Aps = 36,625 2.448 = 89,658lb(399kN )

(i)
muxkat;kNalElVg (1 psi = 6.895 103 MPa )

f t =
P30 ect
89,658 22.02 8.23
1 2 =
1
Ac
88.0
978
r
= +97 psi (T )
+ 97
= +24 10 6 in. / in.
ct =
6
4.03 10
P ec
89,658 22.02 25.77
f b = 30 1 + 2b =
= 683 psi (C )
1 +
Ac
88.0
978
r
683
= 169 10 6 in. / in.
cb =
6
4.03 10
(ii)
muxkat;elITMr
89,658 12.77 8.23

= +18 psi (T )
1
978
88.0
+ 18
et =
= 4 106 in. / in.
6
4.03 10
89,658 12.77 25.77
f b =
1 +
= 435 psi (C )
978
88.0
435
= 108 10 6 in. / in.
cb =
6
4.03 10
f t =
(c) Net strain
EdlekItBI curvature nig camber
Net creep strain ( in. / in. )

(i) fiber gross strain
kNalElVg
t
CRc
= f 7t 'CR = 501 0.254 10 6 = 127 10 6 in. / in.
CRcb = f 7b 'CR = 3,524 0.254 10 6 = 895 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
Ct Re = 92 0.254 10 6 = 23 10 6 in. / in.
C Re b = 2,242 0.254 10 6 = 569 10 6 in. / in.
Net strains ( in. / in. )
net CR = CR ps
Edl ps Cakarxagbg;bMErbMrYlrageFobedaysarkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg f enAkg

cMnuc (b) ndMeNaHRsayenH.
460
NPIC
BIrUbTI 7>20 eyIgmandUcxageRkam

kNalElVg
t
t
t
6
6
CRc
, net = CRc psc = (+ 127 24 )10 in. / in. = 103 10 in. / in.
CRcb, net = CRcb pscb = ( 895 + 169)10 6 = 726 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
Ct Re b, net = Ct Re tpse = (23 4)10 6 = 19 10 6 in. / in.
C Re, net = C Re b pseb = ( 569 + 108)10 6 = 461 10 6 in. / in.
(ii) fiber gross strain
CakMeNagbEnmEdlbNalBIkMhatbg;enAcugbBab;n 30feRkayeBlepr
EdlQrelI adjusted net strain beKGacniyayma:geTotfaCakMeNInkMeNagsMrab; step enH.
kNalElVg
30
c30 =
t
CRcb, net CRc
, net
( 726 103) 106
34
= 24.38 10 6 rad / in. 0.96 10 6 rad / mm
elITMr
e30 =
C Re b, net Ct Re, net

h
( 461 19)106
34
= 14.12 10 6 rad / in. 0.54 10 6 rad / mm
)
461
T.Chhay
(iii) Total curvature ( rad / in. ) and camber
BIelIkmuneyIgman ci = 33.94 106 rad / in. nig ei = 19.65 106 rad / in. .
dUcenHkMeNagsrubenA 30fbnab;BIeprKW
T = i + 30
kNalElVg
Tc30 = ( 33.94 24.38) 10 6 = 58.32 10 6 rad / in. 2.30 10 6 rad / mm
TMr
(
)
BIrUbTI 7>6/ camber EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgenAcugbBab;n 30fsMrab; singly
harped tendon beam KW
Te30 = ( 19.65 14.12) 10 6 = 33.77 10 6 rad / in. 1.33 10 6 rad / mm
l2
l2
P30 = Tc30 + (Te30 Tc30 )

24
8
= 58.32 10
KW
30(camb.) =
(60 12)2 + ( 33.77 58.32)10 6 (60 12)2

8
24
(60 12) ( 58.32 +33.77 )10 6

2
24
= 3.24in. (82mm )
(d)
PaBdabryeBlEvgEdlbNalBIbnkTMnajenA 30fbnab;BIepr
snt;fa Ec = 4.03 106 psi CatMlm:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtugsmrmsMrab;EpkEdlenA
sl;n]TahrN_enH. eyIgman WD = 1,019 plf = 84.9lb / in. . dUcKa
2
PaBdabedaysarbnkpal; D = 3845WlE I = +0.99 (25mm) Edl)anBIelIkmun
c g
WSD = 100 plf
SD
100
(60 12)4
12
=
384 4.03 106 169,020
5
= 0.08in. (1.5mm )
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t
C =
0.60 u
300.60
10 + 300.60
2.35 = 1.02
Ct sMrab; WSD enAkgcenaH 15f = 0.80
D30 = 0.99(1 + 1.02) = +2.00in. (51mm )

SD 30 = 0.08(1 + 0.80) = +0.14in. (4mm)
462
NPIC
PaBdabsrubedaysarbnkTMnaj = 2.00 + 0.14 + 0 = 2.14in. (31mm)

net 30 = 3.24 +2.14 = 1.10in. (28mm )
(camber)
feRkayeBlepr
Service-load step 90
(a)
kugRtaMgsrsebtug nigbMErbMrYlragfIEdlkat;bnyEdlbNalBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
enAkgdMNak;kalelIkmun
bMErbMrYlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg = Pe
(i) kNalElVg
f t = 501 97 = 404 psi
f b = 3,524 + 683 = 2,841 psi

404
ct =
= 100 10 6 in. / in.
6
4.03 10
cb = 705 10 6 in. / in.

(ii)
elITMr
f t = +92 18 = 74 psi
f b = 2,242 + 435 = 1,807 psi
et = +18 10 6 in. / in.

eb = 448 10 6 in. / in.
BIrUbTI 7>21
f bcc = 2,841
26.02
= 2,483 psi
26.02 + 3.75
bcc = 616 10 6 in. / in.
463
T.Chhay
f bec = 1,807
19.66
= 1,088 psi
19.66 + 13.0
bec = 270 10 6 in. / in.

Creep Incremental Strain
'CR = 0.095 10 6
kgmYyktakugRtaMg tarag 7>5
kNalElVg = 'CR fbcc = 0.095 106 ( 2,483) = 236 106 in. / in.
CR TMr = 'CR f bec = 0.095 10 6 ( 1,088) = 103 10 6 in. / in.
CR
Shrinkage Incremental Strain

SH = 207 10 6 in. / in.
Relaxation Stress Loss
f R = 0.0130(189,000 36,625) = 1,981 psi
Total Steel Stress Loss
fT = ( CR + SH )E ps + f R
kNalElVg = (236 + 207)106 27.5 106 + 1,981 = 14,164 psi

fT 90 elITMr = (103 + 207 )10 6 27.5 106 + 1,981 = 10,506 psi
dUcenH eRbItMlmFmn fT 90 = 12 (14,164 + 10,506) = 12,335 psi
(b) bMErbvMrYlkugRtaMgsrsebtug nigbMErbMrYlrag
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg
fT 90
P90 = fT 90 Aps = 12,335 2.448 = 30,196lb(134kN )

(i)
kNalElVg
f t = +97
30,196
= +33 psi
89,658
f b = 230 psi
ct = +8 10 6 in. / in.
cb = 57 10 6 in. / in.
(ii)
Rtg;TMr
f t = +6 psi
f b = 147 psi
ct = +2 10 6 in. / in.
cb = 36 10 6 in. / in.
464
(c) Net strain
NPIC
EdlbNalBI curvature nig camber
(i) Net creep strain

Fiber gross strain
kNalElVg
t
t
CRc
= f 30
'CR = 404 0.095 10 6 = 38 10 6 in. / in.
CRcb = f 30b 'CR = 2,841 0.095 10 6 = 270 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
Ct Re = 74 0.095 10 6 = +7 10 6 in. / in.
C Re b = 1,807 0.095 10 6 = 172 10 6 in. / in.
Net strain
kNalElVg
t
t
6
CRc
= 30 10 6 in. / in.
, net = 'CRc psc = (38 8) 10
CRcb, net = CRcb pscb = ( 270 + 57 ) 10 6 = 213 10 6 in. / in.
elITMr
Ct Re, net = Ct Re tpse = (7 2) 10 6 = +5 10 6 in. / in.
C Re b, net = C Re b pseb = ( 172 + 36) 10 6 = 136 10 6 in. / in.
(ii) Curvature
kNalElVg
c90 =
t
CRcb, net CRc
, net
( 213 30)106
34
= 7.15 10 6 rad / in.
elITMr
e90
C Re b, net Ct Re, net

h
( 136 5)106
34
= 4.15 10 6 rad / in.

(iii) Total Curvature and camber
BIelImun eyIgman c30 = 58.32 106 rad / in. ehIy e30 = 33.77 106 rad / in. .
dUcenH curvature srub
T = 30 90
465
T.Chhay
ehIy eyIgkman
Tc90 kNalElVg = ( 58.32 7.15)10 6 = 65.47 10 6 (1.72rad / mm )
Te90 elITMr = ( 33.77 4.15)10 6 = 37.92 10 6 (1.04rad / mm )
l2
l2
P90 camber = Tc90 + (Te90 Tc90 )

8
24
= 65.47 10
=
(60 12)2 + ( 37.92 + 65.47 )10 6 (60 12)2

8
(60 12) ( 65.47 2 + 37.92)10 6
24
24
= 3.65in. (93mm )
(d)
PaBdabryeBlEvgEdlbNalBIbnkTMnajenA 90fbnab;BIepr
t = 90 f
Ct =
t 0.60
10 + t 0.60
Cu =
900.60
10 + 900.60
2.35 = 1.41
Ct = 1.27 sMrab; t = 60 f
D90 = i (1 + Ct ) = 0.99(1 + 1.41) = +2.39in. (51mm )

SD90 = 0.08(1 + 1.27 ) = +0.17in.
BI]TahrN_ 7>6 = +0.93in.

dUcenHPaBdabsrubenA 90fEdlbNalBIbnkTMnajKW
L
g = +2.39 + 0.18 + 0.93 = +3.50in. (89mm )
ehIy net deflection KW

net ,90 = 3.65 +3.5 = 0.51in. (4mm )
PaBdabedaysar Service-load enAeBlmanGayu 5qaM
camber
edayeFVIkarKNnadUcxagelI eyIgTTYl)anlTpldUcbgajkgtarag 7>6 nig 7>7 ehIyda

Rkamn camber nigPaBdabEdlCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgeBlRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>22. ExSekagTMnak;
TMngrvagPaBdab nigeBlswgEtefrenAeBlEdlvamanGayucab;BI 365f.
BItarag 7>7/ net deflection (camber) cugeRkayenAGayu 5qaMKW 0.87in. EdltUcCagPaBdab
nig camber GnuBaateRcInNas;. BItarag 7>2/ T = l / 240 = 60 12 / 240 = 3.09in. >> 0.09in. .
dUcenH eKGackat;bnykMhatbg;edaysar creep ryeBlEvgy:ageRcInedaybEnmEdkminrgeRbkug
RtaMgeTAkgmuxkat;Rtg;tMbn;rgkarsgt;.
466
NPIC
467
T.Chhay
468
NPIC
11> karKNnaPaBdab nigPaBekagryeBlEvgeday
approximate Time-Steps Method
Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Approximate Time-Steps Method
]TahrN_ 7>8 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 7>6 eday approximate time-steps method edayeRbIkugRtaMg
Edk nigkugRtaMgebtugGnuBaatdUcKa. eRbobeFobdMeNaHRsayenHCamYynwgdMeNaHRsayenAkg]TahrN_ 7>6 nig7>7.
dMeNaHRsay
TinnysMrab;karedaHRsayenH. BI]TahrN_ 7>7

Pi = 462,672lb
Pe = 379,391lb
Aps = 2.448in.2
Cu = 2.35
Ct 30 = 1.02
Ct 90 = 1.41
Ct 365 = 1.82
Ct 5 y = 2.12
eRbItMl Ct dUcKasMrab; SD nig D ehIyKitfavamanlkNsuRkitRKb;RKan;. bnab;mk

K a = 1.25t 0.118
sMrab; moist-cured concrete
469
T.Chhay
t=
GayuenAeBldak;bnk KitCaf = 30, 90, 365, 5 yr
kr =
1
1 + As / Aps
Edl As / Aps << 1.0 eRkamlkxNFmta

eRbI kr 1 CakarsuRkitRKb;RKan;sMrab;karGnuvt edaysarCaTUeTA As / Aps << 1.0 .
PaBdab nig camber xN

BI]TahrN_ 7>3
xNedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm = 1.89in.
i (D ) = PaBdabxNedaysarbnkefr = 0.99in.
i (SD ) = PaBdabxNedaysar superimposed dead-load = 0.08in.
L = PaBdabedaysarbnkGefr = +0.93in.
BIsmIkar 7.26, incremental time-step net deflection KW
i (Pi ) = pi = camber
1+
T = +
kr Cu i (Pi ) + kr Ct i (D ) + K a kr Ct i (SD )
2
CaPaBdab (camber) EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg = i(Pi ) nig = Pe / Pi . BIsmIkar

7.27/ net deflection srub EdlbNalBIbnkKW
p
T = p 1
P
+ (kr Ct ) + D [1 + kr Ct ] + SD [1 + K a kr Ct ] + L
Po
Edl P = (Po Pe ) CakMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubedayminKitkMhatbg;eGLasicedIm (initial elastic

loss) = 1 P / 2 Po / ehIy p nig mantMldUcelImun.
BIeBleprdl;eBldMeLIg 30f
snt; Po Pi . enaH P = Pi Pe = 462,672 379,391 = 83,281lb ehIy P / Pi

83,281 / 462,672 = 0.18 . dUcenH
=1
83,281
= 0.91
2 462,672
kr = 1
K a = 1.25(30)0.118 = 0.84
Ct = 1.02
T 30 = 1.89(1 0.81 + 0.91 1.02 ) +0.99(1 + 1.02 ) +0.08(1 + 0.84 1.02) +0

= 3.30 +2.15 = 1.15in. (29mm )
470
NPIC
PaBdabbNalBI service load 90f
cenaHeBlbnab;BIeBleprKW t = 90 f. dUcenH eyIgman

K a = 1.25(90)0.118 = 0.74
Ct = 1.41
L = +0.93in.
T 90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 1.41) +0.99(1 + 1.41) +0.08(1 + 0.74 1.41) +0.93
= 3.97 +3.48 = 0.49in. (12mm )
PaBdabbNalBI service load 365f

K a = 1.25(365)0.118 = 0.62
Ct = 1.82
L = +0.93in.
T 90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 1.82 ) +0.99(1 + 1.82) +0.08(1 + 0.74 1.82 ) +0.93
= 4.68 +3.89 = 0.79in. (20mm )
PaBdabbNalBI service load 5qaM

K a = 1.25(1,825)0.118 = 0.52
Ct = 2.12
L = +0.93in.
T 90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 2.12) +0.99(1 + 2.12) +0.08(1 + 0.74 2.12) +0.93
= 5.20 +4.16 = 1.01in. (26mm )
kareRbobeFobkarKNnaPaBdabedayviFITaMgbI
tarag 7>8 eGaytMlrbs; camber nigPaBdab EdlKNnaedayviFITaMgbIenAkg]TahrN_

7>6/ 7>7 nig 7>8. sBaadk (-) bgajBI camber eLIgelI ehIysBaabUk (+) bgajBIPaBdabcuH
eRkam .
kareRbobeFobn net deflection bgajfa multiplier method nig approximate time-step
method eGaynUvlTplRbhak;RbEhlKa xNEdl incremental time-steps method eGaynUvtMl
camber tUcCagbnibnc RbEhlRbEhl 3 / 4in. . tMlenHRtUv)aneKrMBwgTukedaysarkMeNInkMhat
bg;eRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anKNnatamcenaHeBlnImYy. Incremental time step method RtUvkareBlevla
eRcInkgkarKNna dUcenHeKRtUvkareRbIkMuBTredIm,IKNna. eKRtUvkarcMnYnn incremental time step
471
T.Chhay
CaeRcInedIm,IGegteRKOgbgMEdlmanElVgEvg dUcCa segmental bridge b cable-stayed bridge Edl

eKKitPaBsuRkitkgkarKNnaPaBdab nig camber sMxan;.
12> karKNnaPaBdabryeBlEvgrbs;
Composite Double-T Cracked Beam
Long-Term Deflection of Composite Double-T Cracked Beam
]TahrN_ 7>9 Roof normal weight concrete double-T-beam TMrsamBaEdlmanRbEvg 72 ft
(21.9m ) rgnUv superimposed topping load WSD = 250 plf (3.65kN / m ) nig service live load WL
. KNnaPaBdab nig camber ryeBlxI Pam rbs;Fwmeday (a) viFI Ie /

(b) bilinear method kdUcCaPaBdabGaRsynwgeBlbnab;BIcak; topping kMras; 2in. 30f nigPaB
dabcugeRkay 5qaM edayeRbI PCI multipliers method. eKeGaykMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg 18% .
= 280 plf (4.08kN / m )
V / S = 615 / 364 = 1.69in.(43mm )

RH = 75%
ec = 18.73in.(476mm )
ee = 12.81in.(325mm )
472
NPIC
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )

f 'ci = 3,750 psi (25.9 MPa )
f 'c topping = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa )

ft
enAsrsxageRkam = 12
f 'c = 849 psi (5.9MPa )
Ggt;pit 1/ 2in. cMnYn 12 EdlbnykMlaMg

eRbkugRtaMg (depressed) EtenAkNalElVg.
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa ) / low relaxation
Aps = low-relaxation prestressing steel
f pi = 189,000 psi (1,303MPa )

f pj = 200,000 psi (1,380MPa )
f py = 260,000 psi (1,793MPa )
E ps = 28.5 106 psi 19.65 104 MPa
dMeNaHedayviFI I
!> kugRtaMgmuxkat;kNalElVg
enAeBlTaj (jacking)
f pi Edlsnt; = 0.945 f pj = 189,000 psi enAeBlepr
f pj = 200,000 psi
ec = 18.73in.(475mm )
Pi = 12 0.153 189,000 = 347,004lb(1,540kN )
m:Um:g;bnkpal;xn (self-weight moment)

MD =
(a)
641(72 )2
12 = 4,984,416in. lb
8
enAeBlepr
BIsmIkar 4.1a
Pi ec ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
347,004 18.73 10.02 4,984,416
=
1
615
97
5,960
ft =
= +527.44 836.31
= 308.87 psi (C )
= 2,250 psi
yk 310 psi(C )(2.1MPa ) < 0.60 f 'ci = 0.60(3,750)

O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.1b
473
T.Chhay
fb =
Pi ec cb M D
1 + 2 +
Ac
r Sb
347,004 18.73 21.98 4,984,416

1 +
+
615
97
2,717
= 2,958.95 + 1,834.53
= 1,124.42 psi (C )
(b)
yk 1,125 psi(C ) < 2,250 psi
O.K.
eRkayeBlcak;kMralxN
enAeBlenH snt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg 18%
f pe = 0.82 f pi = 0.82 189,000 = 154,980 psi
Pe = 12 0.153 154,980 = 284,543lb
sMrab;kMralxNkMras; 2in.
WSD =
M SD
2
10 ft 150 = 250 plf (3.6kN / m )
12
250(72 )2
=
12 = 1,944,000in. lb
8
M D + M SD = 4,984,416 + 1,944,000 = 6,928,416in. lb(783kN .m )
BIsmIkar 4.18a
Pe ec ct M D + M SD
1 2
Ac
r
St
284,543 18.73 10.02 6,928,416
=
1
615
97
5,960
= +432.5 1,162.5 = 730 psi (5.0MPa ) < 0.45 f 'c = 2,250 psi
ft =
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.18b
fb =
Pi ec cb M D + M SD
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
r
284,543 18.73 21.98 6,928,416

1 +
+
615
97
2,717
yk 124 psi(T )
O.K.
vaCakugRtaMgtUcNas; enAeBlEdleKcak;ebtugkMralEdlKanTMr nigmuneBlGnuvt service load,
<< 12 f 'c = 89 psi .
(c) eRkayeBlcak;kMralxN
m:UDulmuxkat;sMrab;muxkat;smasEdlenABIelImuxkat;cak;Rsab;KW
= 2,426.33 + 2,550.02 = +123.7 psi (0.85MPa )
Sct =
77,118
= 10,337in.3
9.46 2
474
ML =
NPIC
280(72 )2
12 = 2,177,288in. lb(246kN .m )
8
BIsmIkar 4.19a
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD M CSD + M L
1 2
Ac
r
St
S tc
enAkgkrNIenH m:Um:g;Bt;EdlekItBI superimposed dead load M CSD = 0

2,177,288
10,337
= 730 210 = 940 psi (6.5MPa )(C )
f t = 730
O.K.
BIsmIkar 4.19b
fb = +123.7 +
2,177,288
= +123.7 + 693.0
3,142
yk 817 psi(T )(5.4MPa) < ft = 849 psi

O.K.
(d) kugRtaMgenAkgkMralsmas
m:UDuleGLasicebtugcak;Rsab; double-T
Ec = 57,000 f 'c = 57,000 5,000 = 4.03 106 psi (2.8 104 MPa )
m:UuDuleGLasicebtugkMralcak;enAnwgkEngKW
Ec = 57,000 3,000 = 3.12 106 psi (2.2 104 MPa )
pleFobm:UDuleGLasic
= +816.7
np =
3.12 106
= 0.77
4.03 106
sMrab;srsxagelIrbs;kMralkMras; 2in. = 8,152in.3 Edl)anBITinny

Scb sMrab;srsxageRkamrbs;kMralkMras; 2in. = 10,337in.3 Edl)anBIelImun sMrab;EpkxagelI
rbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;.
kugRtaMg fcst enARtg;srskMralxagelI = n MS tL
Sct
= 0.77
2,177,288
= 207 psi (1.4MPa )(C )
8,152
kugRtaMg fcsb enAsrskMralxageRkam = n MS L

cb
= 0.77
2,177,288
= 162 psi (1.1MPa )(C )
10,337
@> kugRtaMgmuxkat;elITMr
475
T.Chhay
eKRtUveFIVkarRtYtBinitRtg;prbs;TMr eKGaceFVIkarRtYtBinitEdlmanlkNsuvtiPaBbnicenA
Rtg; 50db BIcug
ec = 12.81in.
(a)
enAeBlepr
347,004 12.81 10.02
1
0
615
97
= +182 psi (T )(1.26 MPa ) << 2,250 psi O.K.

347,004 12.81 21.98
fb =
1 +
+0
615
97
= 2,202 psi (C )(15.2MPa ) < 0.6 f 'ci = 2,250 psi

ft =
O.K.
enAeRkayeBlcak;kMralxN nigrg service load

kugRtaMgmuxkat;TMrTaMgsrsxagelI nigsrsxageRkammantMltUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaat
dUcenH O.K..
(b)
#> KNna camber nigPaBdab
enAeBlepr
dMbUg Eci = 57,000 3,570 = 3.49 106 psi(2.2 104 MPa)

BIelIkmun enAGayu 28 f
Ec = 4.03 106 psi (2.8 104 MPa )
BIrUbTI 7>6/ camber EdlbNalEtBIeRbkugRtaMgedIm (initial prestress)
i =
=
Pi eel 2 Pi (ee ec )l 2
+
8Eci I g
24 Eci I g
( 347,004)(18.73)(72 12)2 + ( 347,004)(12.81 18.73)(72 12)2
8 3.49 106 59,720
24 3.49 106 59,720
= 2.90 + 0.30 = 2.6in.(66mm )
GaMgtg;sIuetbnkpal; w = 641/12 = 53.24lb / in.

476
NPIC
PaBdabedaysarbnkpal;sMrab;muxkat;Gt;eRbH D = 3845wlE I
ci g
D =
5 53.42(72 12 )
= 1.86in.(47 mm )
384 3.49 106 59,720
(
dUcenH net camber enAeBlepr
= 2.6 + 1.86 = 0.74in.(19mm )
$> PaBdabPamedaysar service load

(a) viFI I e RbsiTPaB
m:UDuldac;
f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 5,000 = 530 psi
eRkamGMeBI service load = 817 psi(5.4MPa) rgkarTaj )anBIelIkmun. dUcenH muxkat;

mansameRbH ehIyeKKYreRbI Ie RbsiTPaBBIsmIkar 3.19(a) nig (b).
fb
d p = 18.73 + 10.02 + 2(topping ) = 30.75in.(780mm )
p =
Aps
bd p
12(0.153)
= 4.98 10 4
120 30.75
BIsmIkar 7.13
)
28.5 106
np =
= 7 RtUv)aneRbIenAkgsmIkar 7.13
4.03 106
smIkar 7.13 eGay Icr = 11,110in.4 (4.63 105 cm4 )
BIsmIkar 7.3a nigtMlrbs;kugRtaMg f pe nig fd RtUv)anKNnasMrab;srsxageRkamenAkNal
ElVgCamYynwg fr = 7.5 f 'c = 530 psi .
m:Um:g; M cr EdlbNalBIEpknbnkGefrEdlbgeGaymansameRbHKW
M cr = Sb (7.5 f 'c + f ce f d )
I cr = n p Aps d p2 1 1.6 n p p
= 3,142(530 + 2,426 2,550 )
= 1,275,652in. lb
m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaEdlbNalBIbnkGefrKanemKuN M a = 2,177,288in. lb
M cr 1,275,652
=
= 0.586
M a 2,177,288
edayeRbIsmIkar 7.11
477
T.Chhay
M cr
f fr
817 530
= 1 tl
=1
= 0.586
Ma
fL
693
M cr
Ma
= (0.586 )3 = 0.20
dUcenH BIsmIkar 7.10b

3
M 3
M cr
I g + 1 cr I cr I g
I e =
M
Ma
a
= 0.2(77,118) + (1 0.2)11,110
= 15,424 + 8,888 = 24,312in.4
1
wSD = (891 641) = 20.83lb / in.
12
1
wL = 280 = 23.33lb / in.
12
5wl 4
5 23.33(72 12 )4
=
L =
384 Ec I e 384 4.03 106 24,312
)
= 1.73in.(45mm ) CatMlmFm
enAeBlEdleKcak;ebtug topping 2in. BIelImuxkat;cak;Rsab; PaBdabEdlbNalBI topping
CamYynwg I = 59,720in.
4
SD =
5 20.83(72 12 )4
= +0.63in.
384 4.03 106 59,720
dMeNaHRsayeday bilinear method
f net = f cb 7.5 f 'c = 817 530
EdlbgeGaymansameRbH
f L = kugRtaMgTajEdlbgedaybnkGefrEtb:ueNaH
= 287 psi (T )
= 693 psi (T )
wL1 =
EpknbnkGrefEdlminbgeGaymansameRbH
= ( f L f net )
wL 693 287
=
280 plf
fL
693
= 0.586 280 = 164.1 plf = 13.68lb / in.
L1
EdlbNalBI I g EdlGt;eRbH
5wL1l 4
5 13.68(72 12)4
=
L1 =
384 Ec I g 384 4.03 106 77,118
478
NPIC
= 0.32in.
wL 2 = wL wL1 =
cr
1
(280 164.1) = 9.66lb / in.
12
EdlbNalBI Icr EdleRbH

cr =
5wL 2l 4
5 9.66(72 12 )4
=
384 Ec I cr 384 4.03 106 11,110
= 1.57in.
PaBdabsrubedaysarbnkGefrmunkMhateRbkugRtaMg
= L1 + cr = 0.32 + 1.57 = 1.89in.
xusKaBI 1.73in. EdlTTYledayviFI Ie .

BIelIkmun/ i = 0.74
Net deflection ryeBlxImunkMhateRbkugRtaMgKW
Total = 0.74 + 1.89 = 1.15in.
%> PaBdab (camber) ryeBlEvgedaysar PCI Multipliers

enAeBlEdleKcak;ebtug topping kMras; 2in. BIelImuxkat;cak;Rsab; enaHPaBdabedaysar
topping CamYynwg I g = 59,720in.4 KW
SD =
5 20.83(72 12 )4
= +0.63in.(16mm )
384 4.03 106 59,720
)
edayeRbI PCI multiplier enAdMNak;kalkMralxNRtUv)ancak; topping rYcral;ehIy 30f
nigeRkamGMeBI service load cugeRkay 5qaM xageRkamCataragtMlPaBdab
dUcenH PaBdabcugeRkay 2.1in.(53mm)

12
= 4.8in. > 2.1in.
PaBdabGnuBaat = span /180 = 72180
O.K.
479
T.Chhay
13> sameRbH nigkarRKb;RKgsameRbHenAkgFwmeRbkugRtaMg

Cracking Behavior and Crack Control in Prestressed Beams
k> esckIepIm
Introduction
kMeNInnUvkareRbIR)as; partial prestressing EdlGnuBaateGaymankugRtaMgTajkMNt;enAkgeb

tugeRkamGMeBI service-load nigeRkamlkxNbnkelIs (overload condition) edayGnuBaateGayEdk
minrgeRbkugRtaMgrgnUvkugRtaMg kayeTACaeBjniymedaysarlkNeFVIkar niglkNesdkicrbs;va.
dUcenH kar)a:n;RbmaNBITMhM nigKMlatrbs; flexural crack nigkarRKb;RKgnkarrIkcMerInrbs;vaman
lkNcaM)ac;. kargarenHmanEdnkMNt;rbs;vaedaysarktaepSgEdlCH\TiBlelITMhMsameRbHEdl
ekItmanenAelIebtugeRbkugRtaMg. b:uEn karGegtedaykarBiesaFKaMRTnUvsmtikmEdl)a:ra:Em:RtdsMxan;
KWkarpas;brkugRtaMgEdkbnab;BIdMNak;kalkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgfycuH (decompression). Nawy, et
al. )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavCaeRcIntaMgBITsSvtSr_TI60 elI cracking behavior rbs; prestressed pretensioned nig post-tensioned beam nigkMralxNedaysarPaBgayrgeRKaHfak;x<s;rbs; prestressing
steel eTAnwgERcHsIu nig\TiBlbriyakasdTeTotEdlnaMdl;kar)at;bg;eRbkugRtaMg. Design engineer
GacRKb;RKg serviceability behavior (cracking behavior) eRkamlkxNeFVIkar (service condition)
nigeRkamlkxNbnkelIs (overload condition) tamrykarGnuvtlkNvinicyEdlnigerobrab;enA
kgcMnucenH.
x> rUbmnKNitviTasMrab;vinicysameRbH
Mathematical Model Formulation for Serviceability Evaluation
KMlatsameRbH (crack spacing)sameRbHdMbUgekItmanenAkgtMbn;nm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma enAeBlEdl
bnkxageRkAekIndl; cracking load. edaysarkardak;bnkekIneLIg sameRbHbEnmnwgekItman ehIy

cMnYnsameRbHnwgsitenAefrenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgenAkgebtugElgFMCagkugRtaMgTajenATItaMgqaybMput
rbs;va edayminKitBIkarekIneLIgrbs;bnk. lkxNBiessenHbegIteGaymanKMlatsameRbHGb,brmadac;xatEdlGacekItmanenAeBlkugRtaMgEdkFM EdleKeGayeQaHfa stabilized minimum crack
spacing. KMlatsameRbHEdlGacmanGtibrmaeRkamlkxNlMnwgKWesInwgBIrdgtMlGb,brma ehIy
RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa stabilized maximum crack spacing. dUcenH stabilized mean crack spacing
acs KWCatMlmFmntMldac;xatTaMgBIr.
eKGackMNt;kMlaMgTajsrub T EdleprBIEdkeTAebtugelI stabilized mean crack spacing Ca
480
NPIC
T = acs o
(7.29)
Edl CaemKuNEdlbgajBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMgPaBsit (bond stress)/ CakugRtaMgPaBsitGtibrmaEdlCaGnuKmn_n f 'c ehIy o CaplbUknbrimaRtrbs;FatuEdlBRgwgedayEdk. eKGackMNt;

ersIusg; R rbs;RkLapebtugEdlrgkarTajCa
R = At f 't
(7.30)
Edl At RtUv)ankMNt;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>24.

edayeGaysmIkar7.29 esInwg7.30 eKTTYl)ansmIkarxageRkamsMrab; acs Edl c CatMlefrEdl)anBI
karBiesaF
acs = c
At f 't
o f 'c
(7.31)
sMrab;karBiesaFCaeRcIn eKrkeXIjfa cf 't / f 'c mantMlmFmesInwg1.2 sMrab; pretensioned nig

1.54 sMrab; post-tensioned prestressed beams.
TMhMsameRbH (crack width)RbsinebI f Ca net stress enAkg prestessed tendon bCakugRtaMgTaj

s
enAkg normal steel eRkam crack width load level EdlkgenHeKKit decompression load decompression enATIenHmannyfa f c = 0 enARtg;nIv:Urbs; reinforcing steel) CacMnuceFob. enaHsMrab; prestressed tendon
f s = f nt f d
(7.32)
Edl fnt CakugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBIbnkNakedaybnab;BI decompression load

ehIy fd CakugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvKanwg decompression load.
481
T.Chhay
bMErbMrYlrageFobkta (unit strain) s = f s / Es . edaysareKKitfa unit strain enAkgebtugmanlkNsMxan;edaysar\TiBlsItuNPaB karrYmmaD nig elastic shortening enaHeKGackMNt;
TMhMsameRbHdUcxageRkam
wmax = kacs s
b
wmax = k ' acs (f s )
Edl k nig CatMlefrEdl)anBIkarBiesaF.
(7.33)
(7.34)
K> smIkarsMrab;;FwmrgkarTajCamun
Expressions for Pretensioned Beams
eKGacsresrsmIkar 7.34 eLIgvijedayeRbItY f s dUcenHeKTTYl)ansmIkarenARtg;nIv:UEdk

EdlEpkelIkarBiesaFy:ageRcIndUcxageRkam
wmax = 1.4 105 acs (f s )1.31
40% band of scatter
80ksi
(7.35)
RKbdNb;TinnyTaMgGs;sMrab;smIkar 7.35 sMrab; f s = 20ksi eTA
482
NPIC
smIkar 7.35 RtUv)ansMrYldUcxageRkam edIm,IeGay design engineer gayeRbIR)as;

A
(xat US)
(7.36a)
wmax = 5.85 105 t (f s )
o
A
wmax = 8.48 105 t (f s )
KitCamIlIEm:Rt
o
Edl At KitCa cm2 / o KitCa cm / f s KitCa MPa . smIkar 7.36a sMrab;KNnarkTMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;nIv:UEdkBRgwg ehIyTMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;prgkarTajrbs;ebtugKW
A
(xat US)
(7.36b)
w'max = 5.85 105 Ri t (f s )
o
Edl Ri CapleFobcMgayBIGkSNWteTAprgkarTajelIcMgayBIGkSNWteTATMRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Edk.
rUbTI 7>25 bgajBIdaRkamrbs;smIkar 7.36a EdlTinnysitkgkMritrIkral 40% .
X> smIkarsMrab;;FwmrgkarTajCaeRkay
Expressions for Post-tensioned Beams
smIkarEdl)anbegIteLIgsMrab;KNnaTMhMsameRbHenAkg post-tensioned bonded beams

EdlmanEdkFmtaKW
A
(xat US)
(7.37a)
wmax = 6.51 105 t (f s )
o
A
wmax = 9.44 105 t (f s )
KitCamIlIEm:Rt
o
Edl At KitCa cm2 / o KitCa cm / f s KitCa MPa . smIkar 7.37a sMrab;TTwgenARtg;nIv:UEdkEk,r
tMbn;rgkarTaj.
A
(xat US)
(7.37b)
wmax = 6.51 105 Ri t (f s )
o
enARtg;tMbn;Tajrbs;ebtugsrsxageRkam.
sMrab; nonbonded bema, emKuN 6.51 enAkgsmIkar 7.37a nig 7.37b kayCa 6.83 .
rUbTI 7>26 pl;nUvdaRkamrbs;smIkar 7.37a EdlbgajBI scatter band 40% EdleKminrMBwgnwgekIt
manenAkg flexural cracking. KMlatsameRbHnwgmanesrPaBedayxngenAeRkayeBl incremental
stress f s esInwg 30,000 psi eTA 35,000 psi dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>27 EdlGaRsynwgPaKryEdk
srub T rbs;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg.
karsikSaRsavRCavfIrbs; Nawy et al. eTAelIsameRbHrbs;FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgersIusg;x<s;
TaMg pretensioned nig post-tensioned )anbgajfaemKuN 5.85 enAkgsmIkar 7.36a fycuHy:ag
483
T.Chhay
eRcIn. sMrab;ersIusg;ebtugEdlmantMlenAcenaH 9,000 psi eTA 14,000 psi 60 eTA 100MPa em

KuNenHkat;bnydl; 2.75 dUcenHsmIkarsMrab;TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenAnIv:UEdkkayCa
wmax = 2.75 105
At
(f s )
o
(7.38a)
sMrab;xat SI smIkarenHmanrag
wmax = 4.0 105
At
(f s )
o
(7.38b)
Edl At KitCa cm2 / o KitCa cm / f s KitCa MPa .

sMrab;tMlEdlRbesIrCagkgkrNIEdlersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugsIuLaMgsitenAcenaH 6,000 psi
nig12,000 psi bkFMCagenH eKGacTTYlemKuNEktMrUvsMrab;tMl f 'c dUcxageRkam
r =
2
0.75 + 0.06 f 'c
(7.39a)
0 =
1
0.75 + 0.06 f 'c
(7.39b)
) f 'c
sMrab; post-tensioned beams, emKuNkat;bny 0 KW
Edl
f 'c
nigersIusg;rbs;EdkKitCa ksi .
484
g> karpl;eGayrbs; ACI Code fI
NPIC
ACI New Code Provisions
karpl;eGayEdleRbIsMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbHenAkgebtugGarem:tamryKMlatEdkRtUv)an
ykmkeRbIenAkg prestressed concrete bonded beam edaykarsnt; seamless transition rvagtMrUv
kar serviceability sMrab;Ggt;minrgeRbkugRtaMg nigGgt;rgeRbkugRtaMgeBjelj. emkanicnkarekIt
mansameRbHenAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMgxusKaBIenAkgebtugGarem:edaysarkarsgt;mun (initial imposed
precompression). ehIy\TiBlnlkxNbrisanb:HBal;y:agxaMgenAkgkrNIGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
edaysarbBaaERcHsIuenAkg tendon. karpl;eGayenHsnt;faKMlatrbs; bonded tendon minKYrFMCag
2 / 3 nKMlatGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg. smIkarsMrab;Ggt;rgeRbkugRtaMgkayCa
2 540
s =
2.5cs
3 f s
(7.40)
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 8(36 / f s ) .
sMrab;xat SI/ smIkarenHkayCa
2 95,000
s =
2.5cs
3 f s
(7.41)
b:uEnminRtUvFMCag 200(252 / f s ) Edl f s KitCa MPa nig cs KitCa mm .
485
T.Chhay
PaBxusKarvagkugRtaMgEdlKNnaenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkamGMeBI service load Edl

EpkelI cracked section analysis ehIy decompression stress fdc enAkgEdkeRbkug
RtaMg.
cc = clear cover BIprgkarTajCitbMputeTAEdkrgkarTajedaysarBt;.
f s =
c> \TiBlryeBlEvgeTAelIkarrIkFMnTTWgsameRbH
Long-Term Effects on Crack-width Development
karsikSaEdlmankarkMNt;elIkarrIkFM nigkarekIneLIgnsameRbHeTAtameBlbgajfa
sustained loading nig cyclic loading begInbrimaN microcracking enAkgebtug. ehIy microcracking EdlekItmaneRkamGMeBI service load enAkg partially prestressed beams hak;minCH\TiBl
elIersIusg; b serviceability rbs;Ggt;ebtugeT. b:uEn macroscopic crack BitCaman\TiBlCaBiess
ERcHsIuEdk nig appearance. dUcenH karekIneLIgnTMhMsameRbH EdlbNalBI sustained loading
CH\TiBly:agxaMgdl;PaBrwgmaM (durability) rbs;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMgedayminKitfaGgt;eRbkugRtaMgenH
manragCargVg; dUcCaGag bCabnat; dUcCaFwm. BtmanEdlTTYlBI sustained load test rhUtdl;
eTABIrqaM nig fatigue test rhUtdl;eTAmYylanCMubgajfaeKGacrMBwgnwgTTYl)anTMhMsameRbHFMCagBIr
dg. dUcenH visVkrRtUvvinicyedayKitBITMhMsameRbHGnueRKaHeRkamGMeBIlkxNrgbnkryeBlEvg.
q> TMhMsameRbHGnueRKaH
Tolerable Crack-widths
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaEdleRKOgbgMKYrGnueRKaHGaRsynwgtYnaTIrbs;Ggt; niglkxNbriyakasEdleRKOgbgMsitenA. tarag 7>9 BI ACI Committee 224 bgajBITMhMsameRbHEdlGnuBaatenA

kgeRKOgbgMebtugeRkamlkxNbriyasepSg.
486
14> karKNnaTMhM nigKMlatsameRbHenAkg

EdlminmanEdkFmta
NPIC
Pretensioned T-Beam
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned T-Beam without

Mild Steel
]TahrN_ 7>10 FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarTajCamunmanmuxkat;GkSr T dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 7>28.
vargeRbkugRtaMgCamunCamYynwg 7-wire strand 270-K grade Ggt;pit 7 / 16in.(11.11mm) cMnYn 15 . TI

taMgrbs;GkSNWt nigTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkkbgajenAkgrUbEdr. f 'c = 5,000 psi / Ec = 57,000 f 'c
ehIy Es = 28 106 psi . rk stabilized crack spacing mFm nigTMhMsameRbHenARtg;nIv:UEdk kdUcenA
Rtg;prgkarTajrbs;FwmeRkamGMeBI f s = 30 103 psi . snt;faminmankar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat; nig
edayPaBsitekIteLIgeT.
dMeNaHRsay
Mean stabilized crack spacing
At = 7 14 = 98in.2
7
o = 15D = 15 = 20.62in.
16
A
98
acs = 1.2 t = 1.2
= 5.7in.(145mm )
o
20.62
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;nIv:UEdk
A
98
wmax = 5.85 105 t f s = 5.85 105
30
o
20.62
= 834.1 105 in. 0.0083in.(0.21mm )
487
T.Chhay
TMhMsameRbHGtibrmaenARtg;prgkarTajrbs;Fwm
Ri =
25 10.36
= 1.31
25 10.36 3.5
w'max = wmax Ri = 0.0083 1.31 = 0.011in.(0.28mm )

rgeRbkugRtaMg
Pretensioned T-Beam
EdlmanEdkmin
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned T-Beam

Containing Nonprestressed Steel
]TahrN_ 7>11 FwmenAkg]TahrN_ 7>10 kmanEdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaMg 3#6 dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 7>29. kMNt;KMlat nigsameRbHsMrab; incremental steel stress f s = 30,000 psi(207MPa) .
dMeNaHRsay
7 + 1 3 = 14 6.84 = 95.8in.2
At = 14 3 1.75 + 12 16
8
o = 20.62 + 3 2.36 = 27.70in.

A
95.8
acs = 1.2 t = 1.2
= 4.15in.(105mm )
o
27.7
A
95.8
wmax = 5.85 105 t f s = 5.85 105
30
o
27.7
488
NPIC
= 606.9 105 in. 0.0061in.(0.15mm )
Ri =
25 10.6
= 1.24
25 10.6 2.75
w'max = wmax Ri = 0.0061 1.24 = 0.007in.(0.18mm )

minrgeRbkugRtaMg
Pretensioned I-Beam
EdlmanEdkFmta
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned I-Beam

Containing Nonprestressed Mild Steel
]TahrN_ 7>12 Pretensioned prestressed concrete I-beam manragFrNImaRtdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
7>30. vargeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg 7-wire 270-K grade low-relaxation straind Ggt;pit 7 /16in.

(11.11mm) cMnYn 20 nigEdkFmta 4#7 Edlman yield strength f y = 60,000 psi . KNna mean
stabilized crack spacing nigTMhMsameRbHenARtg;nIv:UEdk kdUcCaenARtg;prgkarTajeRkam incremental steel stress f s = 20,000 psi (138MPa ) . edaysnt;faminmankar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat; b
edayPaBsitrvagEdk nigebtugekIteLIg ehIyRtYtBinitfaTMhMsameRbHEdlekItmanbMeBjlkxN
RKb;RKgsameRbHsMrab;karsMGatRBwledayeRbIsarFatuKImI (deicing chemical).
dMeNaHRsay
f s = 20,000 psi (138MPa )
489
T.Chhay
7 + 1 5 = 122.06in.2
At = 18 3 1.75 + 12 16
16
o = 20D + 4 2.75 = 20
7
+ 4 2.75 = 38.49in.
16
A
122.06
acs = 1.2 t = 1.2
= 3.8in.(97mm )
o
38.49
A
122.06
wmax = 5.85 105 t f s = 5.85 105
20
o
38.49
= 371.0 105 in. 0.0037in.(0.1mm )
Ri =
36 19.23
= 1.2
36 19.23 2.79
w'max = wmax Ri = 0.0037 1.2 = 0.004in.(0.1mm )
TMhMsameRbHGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;karsMGatRBwl
BItarag 7>9/ TMhMsameRbHGnueRKaHGtibrmasMrab;karsMGatRBwlKW wmax = 0.007 > 0.004in. .
dUcenHtMrUvkar serviceability KWRKb;RKan;.
minrgeRbkugRtaMg
Post-tensioned T-Beam
EdlmanEdk
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Post-tensioned T-Beam

Containing Nonprestressed Steel
]TahrN_ 7>13 Post-tensioned prestressed concrete beam manmuxkat;GkSr T dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 7>31. vargeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg 7-wire 270-K grade low-relaxation straind Ggt;pit

7 / 16in. (11.11mm ) cMnYn 12 nigBRgwgbEnmedayEdkFmta 4#6 . TItaMgrbs;GkSNWt nigTIRbCMuTMgn;
rbs;EdkkRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbpgEdr. snt;fa f 'c = 5,000 psi / Ec = 57,000 f 'c ehIy Es =
28,000 psi . kMNt; mean stabilized crack spacing nigTMhMsameRbHenAnIv:UEdk kdUcenARtg;prgkar
Tajrbs;FwmeRkamGMeBI f s = 30,000 psi Edlsnt;faminmankar)ak;edaykMlaMgkat; bedayPaBsit
ekIteLIgeT. bnab;mk kMNt;faFwmbMeBj serviceabilility criteria sMrab;RKb;RKgsameRbHsMrab;
briyakasesIm (humidity and moist air).
490
dMeNaHRsay
NPIC
f s = 30,000 psi (207 MPa )

At = 18 12 = 96in.2
7
o = 12 + 4 2.36 = 25.93in.
16
A
96
acs = 1.54 t = 1.54
= 5.70in.(145mm )
o
25.93
A
96
wmax = 6.51 105 t f s = 6.51 105
30
o
25.93
= 0.0072in.(0.18mm )
Ri =
22 9.31
= 1.46
22 9.31 4
w'max = wmax Ri = 0.007 1.46 = 0.0102in.(0.26mm )
TMhMsameRbHGnuBaatGtibrmasMrab;briyakasesIm (humidity)
BItarag 7>9/ TMhMsameRbHGnueRKaHGtibrmasMrab;sanPaB humidity KW 0.012in.(0.3mm)
> 0.0102in.(0.26mm ) . dUcenHtMrUvkar serviceability KWRKb;RKan;.
491
viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
T.Chhay
VIII.
Ggt;rgkarTaj nigrgkarsgt;eRbkugRtaMg
Prestressed Compression and Tension Members
1> esckIepIm
Introduction
eTaHCaeKeRbIebtugeRbkugRtaMgy:ageRcInsMrab;Ggt;rgkarBt;begag dUcCaFwm nigkMralxNk

eday kvaRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;Ggt;rgkMlaMgtamGkS (axially loaded member) dUcCa ssrEvg Ggt;
rgkarsgt; nigGgt;cMNg (tie) sMrab;Ggt;ragF (arch) nig truss elements Ggt;rgkarTaj. b:uEn
minTan;maneCIgtageRbIeRbkugRtaMgTajCamun bTajCaeRkayeT.
RTwsI/ karviPaK nigkarsikSaKNnaGgt;rgkarsgt;eRbkugRtaMgKWmanlkNRsedogKanwgGgt;
ebtugGarem:rgkarsgt;Edr. kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgtamGkSxagkgenAkg bonded tendon min)anbegIt
column action eT dUcenHminman buckling GacekItmaneT elIkElgEtEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigebtugEdl
BTCMuvijb:HKaedaypal;tambeNayRbEvgsrubrbs;Ggt;. edaysarEtEbbenHehIy eTIbPaBcg;ekag
rbs;ebtugenAkNalRtUv)aneFVIeGayNWtedaysar\TiBlsNkrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlbgb;tam
beNayGkS.
CaFmtassrEtgEtrgkarBt;begagbEnmBIelIbnktamGkS edaysarbnkxageRkAkMrcMpit
Nas;. CalTpl muxkat;ebtugrgkarTajenARtg;RCugEdlenAqayBIExSskmrbs;bnktambeNay
CageK. sameRbHekItmaneLIg b:uEneKGackarBarva)antamrykareRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAkgssr.
RbsinebIbnkGnuvtn_CabnkcMpit enaHkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgminmansarsMxan;eT edaysareKminRtUvkar
eGaykugRtaMgsgt;enAelImuxkat;ebtugekIneLIg.
eKGacBicarNaGgt;rgkarsgt;rgeRbkugRtaMgeBjtambeNayRbEvgrbs;vaRbsinebIminmankM
hatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAxagcugrbs;vaeTenaH. RbsinebIekItmankMhatbg;edayEpk (partial loss) eK
RtUvBicarNakMNat;EdkenAkg development zone minmanrgeRbkugRtaMg ehIyeKRtUvKitmuxkat;enA
tMbn;xagcugCamuxkat;ebtugGarem:rgbnkcakpit.
CaFmtaGgt;rgkarTajEtgrgEtkMlaMgTajedaypal;Etb:ueNaH. Ggt;TaMgenHPaKeRcInCag
Ggt;ragCabnat; dUcCa railroad ties, restraining tie sMrab; arch bridges, Ggt;rgkarTajenAkg
truss nig foundation anchorage sMrab;eRKOgbgMTb;dI. Ggt;rgkarTajkGacmanragrgVg; b)a:ra:bUl
pgEdr dUcCa witness prestressed circular container b catenary-shaped bridge elements. tYnaTI
492
NPIC
cMbgrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajKWkarkarBarsameRbHrbs;vaeRkamGMeBI service load nigGacTb;Tl; service

load xageRkA nig overload. karEdlminmansameRbHKWkarBarERcHsIuEdk niglkxNbrisanepSg.
2> Ggt;rgkarsgt;eRbkugRtaMg GnrGMeBIrvagbnk nigm:Um:g;enAkgssr nigssrRKWH
Prestressed Compression Members: Load-Moment Interaction in Columns and Piles
edIm,IkMNt; nominal strength rbs;ssreRkamGMeBIbnkcMNakpitepSg eKcaMcaMKNnanUv

lTPaBepSgnbnSMrvag ultimate nominal loads Pn nig ultimate nominal moments M n Edl
eGayeday
M n = Pn ei
(8.1)
Edl ei CacMNakpitrbs;bnkeRkamGMeBInbnSMrvagbnk nigm:Um:g;epSg. daRkamnTMnak;TMngrvag

Pn nig M n RtUv)anbgajenAkgdaRkam interaction nrUbTI 8>1 sMrab;ssrminRsav )ak;edaysar
sMPar nigssrRsav )ak;edassaresrPaB. enAkgssrxI kar)ak;ekItmanedaysarbnkQaneTA
dl;cMnuc A tambeNayKng OA ehIy concrete arches enARtg;RCugrgkarsgt;. sMrab;ssrRsav
tMlrbs;bnkGtibrmaQaneTAdl;cMnuc B tambeNayKng OBC Edlkat;nwg interaction diagram
enARtg;cMnuc C . GesrPaBekItmanenAeBlEdlbnkQaneTAdl;bnkeRKaHfak; (critical load).
karsnt;CamUldansMrab;ssrebtugeRbkugRtaMgmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarsnt;sMrab;ssr
ebtugGarem:Edr. karsnt;TaMgenaHmandUcxageRkam
!> karBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgebtugERbRbYlCalkNbnat;eTAtamkMBs;muxkat;.
Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
493
T.Chhay
@> karBRgaykugRtaMgenAkgtMbn;rgkarsgt;manrag)a:ra:bUl ehIyRtUv)anCMnYsedaybk

ctuekaNsmamaRtenAkgkarviPaK nigkarsikSaKNna.
#> eKsal;daRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;ebtug nigrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg.
$> Crushing strain rbs;ebtugedaysarbnSMkarBt;begag nigkMlaMgtamGkSenARtg;srsxag
eRkAbMputKW c = 0.003in. / in. ehIy crushing strain mFmenARtg;Bak;kNalkMBs;rbs;
muxkatEdlrgbnktamGkSCasMxan;KW 0 = 0.002in. / in. .
%> eKKitfamuxkat;)ak;enAeBlEdlbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgebtugenARtg;srsrgkarsgt;xag
eRkAbMputQaneTAdl; c = 0.003in. / in. b 0 = 0.002in. / in. enARtg;Bak;kNalkMBs;
rbs;muxkat;. cMNaMfa c = 0.003in. / in. CatMlEdleRbIenAkg ACI Code b:uEn code
dTeToteRbItMlFMCagenHKW 0.0035 b 0.0038 .
^> eKsnt;famanPaBRtUvKanbMErbMrYlrageFob (compatibility of strain) rvagebtug
nigEdkeRbkugRtaMg.
TMrg;nkar)ak;kmanlkNRsedogKanwgkar)ak;rbs;ssrebtugGarem:pgEdr
!> kar)ak;edaykarsgt;dMbUg (initial compression failure), cMNakpittUc. TMrgnkar)ak;enH
ekItmanenAeBlbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgebtugenARtg;RCugEdlrgbnkQandl; cu =
0.003in. / in. xNEdlbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlenARCugqaymageTot
mantMlTabCag yield strain. cMNakpit e rbs;bnktamGkSmantMltUcCag balanced
eccentricity eb .
@> kar)ak;edaykarTajdMbUg (initial tension failure), cMNakpitFM. TMrg;nkar)ak;enHbRBaas
BITMrg;nkar)ak;elIkmun. ebtugenARCugqay yield munebtugEbkRtg;RCugEdlrgbnk. cM
Nakpit e rbs;bnktamGkSFMCag balanced eccentricity eb .
#> Balanced state of strain, t = 0.002in. / in. , balanced eccentricity. TMrg;enHkMNt;nUv
lkxNntMlm:Um:g;Gtibrma M nb enAelIExSekagGnrGMeBIEdlRtUvKanwg maximum
tensile strain enAkgRsTab;rgkarTajesInwg strain increment ps = 0.0012 eTA
0.002in. / in. bnab;BI service load. cMNakpitrbs;bnktamGkSRtUv)ankMNt;Ca
balanced eccentricity eb .
494
NPIC
cMnucsMxan;bIenAelIdaRkam interaction KW
!> M u = 0 EdlRtUvKaeTAnwg 0 = 0.002in. / in. enAeBl)ak;edaysarbnkcMpit Pu .
TItaMgGkSNWtKWenAGnn.
@> KankarTajenARtg;srsrgkarTajxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug ehIy cu = 0.003in. / in. enA
Rtg;srsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug. TItaMgGkSNWtsitenAelIsrsrgkarTaj
xageRkAbMput.
#> Pu = 0 nig cu = 0.003in. / in. enARtg;srsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMput. GkSNWtsitenA
xagkgmuxkat; ehIyRtUv)ankMNt;eday trail and adjustment edaysnt;kMBs; c .
rUbTI 8>2 bgajBIkarEbgEckkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobsMrab;krNITaMgbIxagelI.
495
T.Chhay
cMnucEdlenAesssl;enAelIdaRkam interaction KWsMrab;krNIEdlsitenAcenaHdMNak;kal

(a), (b) nig (c) rbs;rUbTI 8>2 bBIbnkcMputeTAdl;karBt;begagsuT (pure bending). kgkrNIrbs;
ssr pure bending kMNt;sanPaBEdlminKitBIpleFobrbs;bnktamGkSemKuN Pu elIm:Um:g;Bt;
begag M u . karBRgaykugRtaMgrag)a:ra:bUlsMrab;krNI (b) nig (c) RtUv)anCMnYsedaybkctuekaN
smamaRt EdlkMBs;rbs;bk a = 1c dUckrNIsMrab;FwmrgkarBt;begagEdr.
496
NPIC
krNIKMrUnGgt;rgkarsgt;KWsitenAcenaHdMNak;kal (b) nig (c) rbs;rUbTI 8>2. bMErbMrYl

rageFob kugRtaMg nigkMlaMgsMrab;krNIEbbenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>3 sMrab;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
eRkamsanPaBkMNt;n ultimate load edaykar)ak;edaysMPar. kat;daRkamGgesrI (free-body
diagram) enARtg;Bak;kNalkMBs;rbs;ssrRtg;muxkat; 1-1 muxkat;rbs;Ggt;RtUv)anbgajenAkg
cMnuc (b) rbs;rUb ehIybMErbMrYlrageFob nigkugRtaMgenAeBl)ak;manenAkgcMnuc (c) nig (d) erogKa.
bMErbMrYlrageFob ce CabMErbMrYlrageFob uniform enAkgebtugeRkamGMeBIeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB
eRkayeBl creep, shrinkage nig relaxation losses EdleGayerogKadUcxageRkam
Ccn = 0.85 f 'c ba
(8.2a)
T 'sn = A' ps f ' ps
(8.2b)
nig
Tsn = f ps Aps1
smIkarlMnwgrbs;kMlaMgKW
(8.2c)
Pn = Ccn T 'sn Tsn
(8.3)
RbsinebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlkMhatbg;TaMgGs;Ca Pe enaHbMErbMrYlrag
eFobenAkg tendon munnwgkarGnuvtrbs;bnkxageRkAKW
pe =
f pe
E ps
(Aps
Pe
A' ps E ps
(8.4a)
eKGackMNt;karERbRbYlnbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgRkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMg A' ps enAeBl

EdlGgt;rgkar sgt;qgkat;BIdMNak;kalkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeTAdl; ultimate load dUc
xageRkam
c d'
' ps = cu
ce
c
d c
ps = cu
+ ce
c
p = ps ce
(8.4b)
(8.4c)
(8.4d)
T 'sn = A' ps f ' ps = A' ps E ps pe ' ps
b
dUcKa
b
c d'
T 'sn = A' ps E ps pe cu
+ ce
c
Tsn = Aps f ps = Aps E ps pe + ps
d c
Tsn = A' ps E ps pe + cu
+ ce
c
(8.5)
(8.6)
497
T.Chhay
edayKitm:Um:g;eFobnwgTMRbCMuTMgn;FrNImaRt cgc rbs;muxkat;eK)an

(8.7)
BIsmIkar 8.2a, 8.5, 8.6 ni 8.7 eKGackMNt; nominal strength Pu nig M u sMrab;cMNakpit
ei epSg edIm,Isg;daRkam interaction P M sMrab;muxkat;NamYy bbegIt nondimensional
series ndaRkam interaction P M sMrab;ersIusg;ebtugepSg. ersIusg;KNna (design strength)
RtUv)anKNnaBItMl nominal strength
Pu = Pn
M u = M n = Pn e
nig
Edl CaemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;. cMNaMfa tMl Pu nig M u KNnaRtUvman
tMlEk,r EtminRtUvtUcCagtMl Pu nig M u emKuNeT. rUbTI 8>4 bgajBIdaRkamTMnak;TMngbnk
nigm:Um:g;EdlmancMNakpit.
498
3> emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
NPIC
Strength Reduction Factor
sMrab;Ggt;rgkarBt;begag nigrgbnktamGkStUc enaHGgt;rgkar)ak;eday tension reinforcement eFVIkardl; yield ehIykareFVIkarCalkNsVit (ductile) rbs;Ggt;mankarekIneLIg. dUc
enH sMrab;bnktamGkStUc eKGnuBaateGaybegInemKuN BIGVIEdleK)antMrUvsMrab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;
suT. enAeBlEdlminmanbnktamGkS Ggt;RbQmnwgkarBt;begagsuT (pure flexure) ehIyemKuN
kat;bnyersIusg; esInwg 0.90 .
rUbTI 4>45 bgajBI transition zone EdlenAkgenaHeKGacbegInemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; BI
0.65 sMrab; tied column eTA 0.70 sMrab; spirally reinforced column eTAdl; 0.90 sMrab; pure
flexure enAkg strain limits approach. Balanced limit strain sMrab; compression-controlled state
RtUv)ankMNt;eday limiting strain t = 0.002in. / in. bpleFobkMBs;GkSNWt c / dt = 0.60 sMrab;
Ggt;rgkarsgt;. eKGacBicarNatMl Pn = 0.10 f 'c Ag Ca design axial load EdltM;ltUcCagenH
eKGacbegIntMl edaysuvtiPaBsMrab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;PaKeRcInEdlsitenAkg transition zone n
rUbTI 4>45. eKGaceFVI interpolation ntMl sMrab; transition zone BI limit stain state rgkar
sgt; ( t = 0.002) eTA limit strain state rgkarTaj ( t = 0.005) dUcenAkgsmIkar 4.36 (a) nig
4.36 (b) dUcxageRkam
(a) CaGnuKmn_nbMErbMrYlrageFob
Tied section
0.65 [ = 0.48 + 83 t ] 0.90
(8.8a)
Spirally-reinforced section:
0.70 [ = 0.57 + 67 t ] 0.90
(8.8b)
CaGnuKmn_npleFobkMBs;GkSNWt
Tied section
(b)
0.25
0.65 = 0.23 +
0.90
c / dt
(8.9a)
Spirally-reinforced section:
0.20
0.70 = 0.37 +
0.90
c / dt
(8.9b)
499
T.Chhay
cMNaMfa balanced strain condition enAkgGgt;rgkarsgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgmandWeRkminkMNt;x<s;. eKGaceRbIviFIsmrm (trial and adjustment) edIm,IedaHRsayedaysnt;tMl ps = 0.0012
eTA 0.0020in. / in. bnab;BIrg service load nigedayKNnakMBs;bkkugRtaMg a rbs;muxkat;ebtug.
eKRtUvepgpat;karsnt;enH ehIyeKRtUvEktMrUv nominal moment sMrab; limit stain condition 't =
0.002 eRkayeBlsg;daRkam interaction rYc. tamviFIenH eKGaceFVIeGaytMlm:Um:g;Gtibrmaman
lkNRbesIreLIgsMrab; balanced strain limit state rgkarsgt; EdlsMEdgedaykMBs;GkSNWt cb
RbsinebIcaM)ac;.
4> dMeNIrkarsMrab;sikSaKNnaGgt;xIrgkarsgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Operational Procedure for the Design of Nonslender Prestressed Compression Members
eKGacGnuvtCMhanxageRkamsMrab;sikSaKNnassrxIEdlkareFVIkarrbs;vaRKb;RKgedaykar)ak;
edaysMPar
!> KNnabnktamGkSxageRkAemKuN Pu nigm:Um:g;emKuN M u . KNnacMNakpitEdlGnuvt
e = M u / Pu .
@> snt;muxkat; nigRbePTrbs;EdkxagEdlRtUveRbI dUcCa tied b spiral. eKminRtUveRCIserIs
muxkat;tUc.
#> snt;cMnYn nigTMhMrbs; strand.
$> snt;fabMErbMrYlrageFobenAsrsrgkarTajxageRkAbMputesInwgbMErbMrYlrageFobEdlsnt;
ps rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigbnab;mkbnKNna balanced limit strain axial load Pnb nig
m:Um:g; M nb enARtg; limit strain t = 0.002 . CMhanenHkGaceGayeKepgpat;tMlrbs;
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;pgEdr. m:Um:g; M nb )anBItMl strain ps EdkeGaym:Um:g;Gtibrma
enAkgdaRkam interaction.
%> snt;kMBs;GkSNWt c ehIykMNt;rk Pn nig M n . bnab;mkRtYtBinitPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;mux
kat;Edlsnt; eday Pn > Pu emKuN nig M n > M u . RbsinebImuxkat;minGacRTbnkem
KuN bvamanmuxkat;FMeBk eKRtUveRCIserIsmuxkat; nigEdkeLIgvijtamry trial and adjustment edayGnuvtCMhan $ nig% eLIgvij edayrYmTaMgkarsg;daRkam interaction.
^> sikSaKNnaEdkxag (lateral reinforcement).
rUbTI 8>5 bgajBI flowchart nCMhan trial-and-adjustment kgkarviPaK nigsikSaKNna.
500
NPIC
501
T.Chhay
5> sg;daRkamGnrGMeBIrvagbnk nigm:Um:g;
Construction of Nominal Load-Moment (Pn M n ) and Design (Pu M u )

Interaction Diagram
]TahrN_ 8>1 sg;daRkam interaction n nominal load-moment sMrab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;eRbkug
RtaMgEdlmanmuxkat;kaer: EdlRCugrbs;vaesInwg 14in.(356mm) . Ggt;RtUv)anBRgwgeday 7-wire

stress-relieved 270-K strands Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7 mm ) cMnYn 8 EdlBak;kNalenAelIRCugnImYy
rbs;pTaMgBIrEdlRsbnwgGkSNWtEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>6. daRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMEr
bMrYlrageFobsMrab; strain RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>7. kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhat
bg;TaMgGs;KW f pe = 150,000 psi(1,034MPa) . elIsBIenH sd;daRkam design interaction edayeRbI
tMlemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;Edlsmrm. eKeGay
f 'c = 6,000 psi(47.5MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
E ps = 29 10 6 psi (200 103 MPa )
f ps = 240,000 psi(1,655MPa )
enAeBl)ak; (failure)
P
ce = 0.0005in. / in. enAeBl Pe eFVIGMeBIenAelImuxkat; = e
AE
cu = 0.003in. / in.
c c
e2
1 +
r2
BIrUbTI 8>9.
snt;tMlsmrmn p nigeFVIkarEktMrUvRbsinebIcaM)ac;.
py = strand yield strain 0.012in. / in.
502
NPIC
dMeNaHRsay
daRkam nominal strength Pn M n

!> kMlaMgsgt;tamGkS M u = 0 / c = eRbI cu = 0.003 edaysarvaminGacmankarsgt;tamGkS
l\texaH
kMBs;bkrgkarsgt; a = 14in.(356mm) ehIykMBs;RbsiTPaB d = 14 2 = 12in.(305mm) . dUcenH
eyIgman Ccn = 0.85 f 'c ba = 0.85 6000 14 14 = 999,600lb(4,446kN )
BIsmIkar 8.5
c d'
T ' sn = A' ps E ps pe cu
+ ce
c
)
psi (200 10 MPa ) /
A' ps = 4 0.153 = 0.612in.2 3.95cm 2
BIsmIkar 8.7/ sMrab; E ps = 29 106

dUcenH
pe
= 0.0052in. / in.
ehIy cu = 0.003
2
T ' sn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005

= 0.612 29 10 6 (0.0052 0.003 + 0.0005)

= 47,920lb(213kN )
503
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 8.6
d c
Tsn = A ps E ps pe + cu
+ ce
c
12
= 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005

= 47,920lb(213kN )
BIsmIkar 8.2
Pn = Ccn T ' sn Tsn = 999,600 47,920 47,920
= 903,760lb(4,020kN )
BIsmIkar 8.7
14
14 14
14
= 999,600 47,920 2 + 47,92012

2
2 2
2
=0
M
e1 = n = 0
Pn
@> kMlaMgTajsUnenARtg;prgkarTaj/ c = 14in.

1 = 0.85
0.05( f 'c 4,000)

= 0.75
1,000
a = 1c = 0.75 14 = 10.5in.(267 mm )
Ccn = 0.85 6,000 14 10.5 = 749,700lb(3,335kN )
14 2
T ' sn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
14
= 55,526lb(247 kN )
12 14
Tsn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
14
= 93,557lb(416kN )
Pn = Ccn T ' sn Tsn = 749,700 55,526 93,557

= 600,617lb(2,672kN )
= 1,502,130in. lb(170kN .m )
504
e2 =
NPIC
1,502,130
= 2.50in.(63.5mm )
600,617
#> karBt;begagsuT (pure bending): Pu = 0

edayecal\TiBlrbs;Edkrgkarsgt; A' ps eyIgman
a=
A ps f ps
0.612 240,000
= 2.06in.(52.3mm )
0.85 6,000 14
0.85 f 'c b
2.06
c=
= 2.75in.(69.9mm )
0.75
a
2.06
M n = A ps f ps d = 0.612 240,00012
2
2
= 1,611,274in. lb
1,611,274
e3 =
=
0
$> Limit strain condition: Pn / M n / e

snt;fabMErbMrYlrageFobenAkg tensile strand Aps RtUvesInwg incremental strain p
bnab;BIrg service load Pe . edayKittMl p 0.0014 RtUv)anEkERbeday trial and adjustment
nigBIrUbTI 8>8/ RtIekaNdUc eyIg)an
c
0.003
= cu =
(d c ) p 0.0014
dUcenH c = 8.15in.(207mm) .
505
T.Chhay
a = 1c = 0.75 8.15 = 6.11in.(155mm )
Ccn = 0.85 6,000 6.10 14 = 435,540lb(1,937kN )
8.13 2
T ' sn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.13
= 61,018lb(271kN )
12 8.13
Tsn = 0.612 29 10 6 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.13
= 126,509lb(563kN )
Limit strain state
sMrab; Pn / M n nig e mandUcxageRkam
Pn = 435.540 61,018 126,509 = 248,013lb(1,103kN )
= 2,047,838in. lb(272kN .m )
2,047,838
e4 = e =
= 8.26in.(210mm )
248,013
kUGredaensMrab;krNITaMgbYnBIelIkmunCacMnucGegtenAelIdaRkam interaction Pn M n . eK
kRtUvKNnacMnucepSgeTotpgEdr edIm,ITTYl)andaRkamsuRkitEdlRKbdNb;elIkardak;bnkRKb;Ebb
y:ag. Ca]TahrN_ eKRtUvkMNt;cMnucbEnmrvagkUGredaenenAcenaHkrNITIBIr nigkrNITIbI edaysnt;tM
lbEnmnkMBs;GkSNWt c nigkMNt; Pn / M n nig e sMrab;tMl c Edl)ansnt;. tarag 8>1 segb
BItMlnkUGredaenEdleRbIsMrab;sg;daRkam interaction Pn M n kdUcCadaRkam interaction
Pu M u . BIdaRkam eyIgeXIjfaGredaennm:Um:g;GtibrmamantMlEk,rnwg M n = 2,047,838in. lb
dUcenHkarsnt; cb = 8.15in. KWepgpat;.
506
NPIC
daRkam design load-moment (P M ) . sg;daRkam interaction P M sMrab;kUGru
edaen EdlmanrayenAkgtarag 8>1. sMrab;CMhan 7 enAkgdaRkam ssrsitenAkg transition zone

Edl c / dt = 6.0 / 12.0 = 0.50 < 0.60 sMrab; limit balanced strain rgkarsgt;
25
= 0.73
BIsmIkar 8.9 (a)/ = 0.23 + (c0/.25d ) = 0.23 + 00..50
t
dUcenH Pu = 101.2 103 0.73 = 73.7 103 lb
M u = 1969.9 103 0.73 = 1438.0 103 in. lb
M u3
sMrab;karBt;begagsuT = M n3 = 0.90 1,611,274
= 1,450,147in. lb(164kN .m )
minGaceRbI)an
ACI Code TamTareGay design axial load strength Gtibrma Pn sMrab; tied prestressed
column minRtUvFMCag 0.80Pn ehIysMrab; spirally reinforced prestressed columns minRtUvFMCag
0.85Pn eT. dUcenH eyIgman
Pu1 = Pn = 0.65 903,760 = 587,444lb
Pu max = 0.82Pn = 0.80 587,444

= 469,955lb(2090kN )
Pu 5 = 0.65 826,648 = 537,321(2,574kN )
507
T.Chhay
tMlEdlenAsl;nkUGredaenRtUv)ansegbenAkgtarag 8>1. daRkam interaction sMrab;

nominal strength (Pn M n ) ehIy design strength (Pu M u ) RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>9.
6> sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;eday
Buckling
rbs;ssrEvgeRbkugRtaMg
Limit State at Buckling Failure of Slender (long) Prestressed Columns
RbsibebIpleFobrlas; (slenderness ration) rbs;ssrFMCagEdnkMNt;sMrab;ssrxI Ggt;

rgkarsgt;nwgekagmunnwgQaneTAdl;sanPaBnkar)ak;edaysMPar. bMErbMrYlragenAkgprgkar
sgt;rbs;ebtugeRkamGMeBI buckling load RtUvtUcCag 0.003in. / in. EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>10.
ssrEbbenHGacCaGgt;RsavEdlrgbnSMkMlaMgtamGkS nigkarBt; EdleFVIeGayxUcRTg;RTayxag
nigedaybegItm:Um:g;bEnmEdlbNaledaysar\TiBl P Edl P CabnktamGkS nig CaPaBdab
rbs;rUbragekagrbs;ssrenARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNa.
eKmanssrRsavEdlrgkMlaMgtamGkS Pu enARtg;cMNakpit e . \TiBl buckling begItm:Um:g;

bEnm Pu . m:Um:g;enHkat;bnylTPaBrbs;bnkBIcMnuc C eTAcMnuc B enAkgdaRkam interaction n
rUbTI 8>10. m:Um:g;srub Pu e + Pu RtUv)antMNagedaycMnuc B enAkgdaRkam ehIyeKGacsikSa
508
NPIC
KNnassrsMrab;m:Um:g;FMCagenH bsMrab; magnified moment M c dUcssrxI.

RbEvgRbsiTPaB klu EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>11 RtUv)aneRbICa modified length rbs;ssr
EdlKitPaBTb;xagcug (end restraint) EdlxusBITMr pinned. klu tMNageGayRbEvgrbs;ssrEdl
manTMr pinned Fmta Edlman Euler buckling load esInwgbnkrbs;ssreRkamkarBicarNa. ma:g
vijeTot vaCacMgayrvagcMnucrbt;rbs;Ggt;kgTMrg;ekagrbs;va.
tMlrbs;emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaBEdlTb;xagcug (end restraint effective length factor) k

ERbRbYlcenaH 0.5 nig 2.0 GaRsyeTAnwgRbePTn restraint dUcxageRkam
cugssrTaMgsgag pinned/ minmancltxag k = 1.0
k = 0 .5
cugssrTaMgsgag fixed
cugmag fixed nigcugmageTotTMenr
k = 2 .0
k = 1 .0
cugTaMgsgag fixed/ Gaccltxag
RbePTkrNIEdlbgajBIragekagrbs;ssrsMrab;lkxNcugepSg nigemKuNRbEvg k RtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 8>11.
509
T.Chhay
510
NPIC
sMrab;Ggt;enAkgeRKOgbgMeRKag end restraint sitenAcenaHlkxN hinged nig fixed. eK

GackMNt;tMl k Cak;EsgBI Jackson nig Moreland alignment chart enAkgrUbTI 8>12. CMnYs
eGay chart TaMgenH eKGaceRbIsmIkarxageRkamEdl)anesIeLIgenAkg ACI Code commentary
sMrab;KNna k
!> Braced Compression members eKGacykEdnkMNt;rbs;emKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaBCatMl
tUcCageKnsmIkar
k = 0.7 + 0.05( A + B ) 1.0
(8.10a)
nig k = 0.85 + 0.05 min 1.0

(8.10b)
Edl A nig B CatMlrbs;cugrbs; enARtg;cugTaMgBIrrbs;ssr ehIy min CatMl
tUcCageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgBIr. CapleFobnPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;TaMg
Gs;elIPaB rwgRkajnGgt;rgkarBt;TaMgGs;enAkgbg;enARtg;cugmagrbs;ssr.
=
EI / lu columns
EI / ln beams
(8.11)
Edl lu CaRbEvgminmanTMrrbs;ssr nig ln Ca clear span rbs;Fwm.

@> Unbraced compression members restrained at both ends eKGacKitRbEvgRbsiTPaB
dUcxageRkam
sMrab; m < 2
k=
20 m
1 + m
20
(8.12a)
sMrab; m 2
k = 0.9 1 + m
(8.12b)
Edl m CatMlmFmrbs;tMl enARtg;cugTaMgBIrrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;.

#> Unbraced compression members hinged at one end eKGacKitRbEvgRbsiTPaB
dUcxageRkam
k = 2.0 + 0.3
(8.13)
Edl CatMlenAxagcugEdlTb; (restrained end).

eKGacykkaMniclPaB (radius of gyration) r = I g / Ag Ca r = 0.3h sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN
Edl h CaTMhMrbs;muxkat;ssrEdlEkgeTAnwgGkSnkarBt;. sMrab;muxkatrgVg; eKyk r = 0.25h .
511
T.Chhay
k> karBicarNaBI Buckling
Buckling Considerations
eRKagEdlminmankarBRgwgxag (lateral bracing) dUcCag shear walls, diaphragms b

diagonal coupling beams manlkNrlas; (flexible) CageRKagEdlman lateral braced. Lateral
flexibility GacbgeGayeRKOgbgMTaMgmYlbMlas;TItamTisedkRKb;RKan; EdleRKOgbgMGac)at;bg;
esrPaBedaysarm:Um:g;eFVIeGayRkLab; (overturning moment) bEnmEdlmantMlFM. lkNeFVIkar
enHmaneRKaHfak;enAeBlEdlssrxIRTkMral.
ACI 318 Code kMNt;viFIbIsMrab;KNnakMlaMgenAelIssrEvg nigGgt;enAkgeRKagEdlTb;Tl;
kMlaMgxag (lateral force) EdlbEnmBIelIbnkTMnaj (vertical gravity load). b:uEn sMrab;kardak;bnk
TMnajEdlminman side-sway enaH first-order analysis EdleRbIemKuNbEnmm:Um:g; (moment magnifycation factors) ns KWmanlkNRKb;RKan;. sMrab;karbnSMkMlaMgTMnaj nig side-sway forces Edl
bgeGayeman\TiBl P / viFITaMgbIenaHKW
(a) kmviFIkMuBTrEdleRbI second-order analysis EdlkMNt;TMhMrbs; overturning
moment bEnmenAkgeRKag.
(b) emKuNbEnmm:Um:g; (moment magnification factore) EdlKNnaedayEpkelIeKal
karN_ first-order lateral displacements nig m:as;enABIelInIv:UnImYy.
(c) Moment magnification relationship EdlmanTMrg;RsedogKaeTAnwgGVIEdlRtUvkarsMrab;
KNna no-sway magnifier ns sMrab;ssrenAkg braced frame edayeRbI stability
index Q . eKmincaM)ac;kMNt;bMlas;TItamTisedk (horizontal displacement) enAkg
viFIenHeT b:uEneKRtUvEtKNnam:Um:g;EdlTb;Tl;nwg lateral forces. viFIenHmanlkNsK
saj nigminsUvsuRkit. viFIEdlmanlkNsuRkitKWviFI (a) EdleRbIkmviFIkMuBTrdUcCa
PCAs Frame Program, STAAD Pro, CSI Sap 2000 nigkmviFIdTeTot.
eKmanssrEvgEdlRbQmnwgbnktamGkS enARtg;cMNakpit e . \TiBl buckling begIt
m:Um:g;bEnm Pu Edl CabMlas;TIxagGtibrmarbs;ssrrgkarsgt;rvag cugTaMgBIreTATItaMgedIm.
m:Um:g;bEnmenHkat;bny load capacity BIcMnuc C eTAcMnuc B enAkgdaRkam interaction enAkgrUbTI
8>10. m:Um:g;srub (Pu e + Pu ) RtUv)antMNagedaycMnuc B enAkgdaRkam ehIyssrKYrRtUv)ansikSa
KNnasMrab; magnified moment M c EdlFMCag dUcssrxI eday first-order analysis Fmta.
512
NPIC
enAkgkarviPaKEbbenH m:Um:g; nigkMlaMgtamGkSenAkgeRKagRtUv)anTTYleday classical

elastic procedures. dMeNIrkarviPaKenHminKitBI\TiBlrbs; lateral displacement eTAelIkMlaMg
tamGkS Pu nigm:Um:g;Bt; M c eT. dUcenH TMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigbMlas;TI nigTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nig
m:Um:g;KWmanragCabnat; (linear). RbsinebIeKKitBI\TiBl P / second-order analysis kayCacM)ac;
CamYynwg nonlinear relationship nbnkCag lateral displacement (deflection) nigm:Um:g;. ACI
318 - 02 Code GnuBaateGayeRbI first order analysis bk second-order analysis sMrab;ssrEdl
man intermediate slenderness nigeGayeRbI second-order analysis sMrab;ssrEvgEdlman
slenderness ratio FMCagesI 100. viFI ACI Code EdlminKit\TiBl P RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa
moment magnification method Edlmanerobrab;enAkgcMnucxageRkam.
7> viFIm:Um:g;bEnm karviPaKdWeRkTI1

Moment Magnification Method: First-order Analysis
bnktamGkSemKuN Pu / m:Um:g;emKuN M1 nig M 2 manGMeBIenAcugssr ehIyPaBdabRtUv)an

kMNt;enAkgviFIenHedayeRbI elastic first-order analysis CamYynwg lkNmuxkat;EdlkMNt;eday
Kit\TiBlrbs;bnktamGkS vtmanrbs;tMbn;EdlmaneRbHtambeNayRbEvgrbs;Ggt; nig\TiBln
ryeBlnkardak;bnk.
dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgcMnuc 6xagelI nigtamryrUbTI 8>10/ m:Um:g; M 2 RtUv)anbEnmeday
magnification factor . ssrrgnUvm:Um:g; M 1 nig M 2 enAxagcugrbs;va EdleKKitfa M 2 FMCag M 1 .
bnktamGkS Pu nigm:Um:g;emKuN M1 nig M 2 RtUv)anTb;edaylkNmuxkat;EdleRCIserIsedaykar
viPaK Edlrab;bBalTaMgtMbn;EdlmaneRbHtambeNayRbEvg bkMBs;rbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt; nigry
eBlrbs;bnk. CMnYseGaykarKNnaTaMgenH/ ACI 318-02 Code GnuBaateGayeRbItMlmFmxag
eRkamsMrab;lkNrbs;Ggt;enAkgeRKOgbgM
(a) m:UDuleGLasic Ec = 33w1c .5 f 'c nigsMrab;ebtugEdlmanersIusg; 5,000 psi < f 'c < 12,000 psi
Ec = (40,000 + 1 106 )(wc / 145)1.5
(b) m:Um:g;niclPaB
Fwm
0.35I g
0.70 I g
ssr
CBaaMg KansameRbH
0.70 I g
513
T.Chhay
CBaaMg mansameRbH
0.35I g
Flate plates nig flat slabs
0.25I g
(c) RkLap 1.0 Ag
(d) kaMniclPaN (radius of gyration) r = 0.3h sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN Edl h CaTMhMenAkgTis
EdlKitesrPaB b r = 0.25D sMrab;muxkat;rgVg; Edl D CaGgt;pitrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;.
eKKYrEckm:Um:g;niclPaBCamYynwg (1 + d ) enAeBlEdl sustained lateral load manGMeBI b
sMrab;RtYtBinitesrPaB Edl d CaemKuN creep dUcenH
d =
maximum factored sustained axial load

total factored axial load
eKsnt;bnkmanGMeBIenARtg;cMNakpit (e + ) enAkgrUbTI 8>10 edIm,IbegItm:Um:g; M c . pl

eFob M c / M 2 RtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa magnification factor . dWeRkrbs; magnification GaRsy
nwgpleFob slenderness klu / r Edl k CaemKuNRbEvgRbsiTPaB (effective length factor) sMrab;
Ggt;rgkarsgt; ehIyvakGaRsynwg stiffness enARtg;tMNncugrbs;Ggt;nImYy.
eKRtYtBinit magnification factor tamRbePTrbs; magnified moment M 2 nig M1 Edl
manGMeBIenARtg;cugelx 2 nigelx 1 rbs;ssr side-sway rbs;eRKagekItmanbGt;. eKKYrcMNaM
faenAkgkrNIGgt;rgkarsgt;RbQmnwgkarBt;eFobGkSemTaMgBIrrbs;va eKRtUvKitm:Um:g;eFobGkS
nImYydac;edayELkBIKaedayQrelI restraint condition EdlRtUvnwgGkSenaH.
k>
Moment Magnification in Non-Sway Frames
enAkgkrNIGgt;rgkarsgt;sitkg non-sway frames (braced frame) eKGacykemKuN

RbEvgRbsiTPaB k = 1.0 Tal;EtkarviPaKeGaytMltUcCag. enAkgkrNIEbbenH eKkMNt;tMl
k edayEpkelItMl EI EdlbgajenAkgcMnucxagelI nig monogram enAkgrUbTI 8>12.
eKGacminKitBI\TiBl slenderness RbsinebI
M
klu
34 12 1
r
M2
(8.14)
RbEvgRbsiTPaBrvagcMnucrbt; ehIyeKminGacyk [34 12(M1 / M 2 )] FMCagEdlkMNt;n

smIkar 8.14 eT. tY (M1 / M 2 ) mantMlviCmanenAeBlEdlGgt;ekagedaykMeNageTal (single
curvature) ehIyvamantMlGviCmanenAeBlGgt;ekagedaykMeNagDub (double curvature) emIlrUb
klu =
514
NPIC
TI 8>12a). RbsinebI non-sway magnification factor Ca ns ehIy sway factor s = 0 /

magnified moment kayCa
Edl
M c = ns M 2
Cm
ns =
1.0
Pu
1
0.75Pc
Pc =
2 EI
(8.15)
(8.16a)
(8.16b)
(klu )2
Edl Pc Ca Euler buckling load sMrab; pin-ended column.

eKyk stiffness
EI =
EI =
0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
1 + d
0.4 Ec I g
(8.16c)
1 + d
emKuNEdlTak;TgdaRkamm:Um:g;Cak;EsgeTAnwg equivalent uniform moment diagram.

sMRab;Ggt;EdlKan transverse load rgEtbnkxagcug.
Cm =
Cm = 0.6 +
M1
0.4
M2
(8.17)
Edl M 2 M1 nig M1 / M 2 > 0 RbsinebIKancMnucrbt;enAcenaHcugrbs;ssr rUbTI 8>12 a (single

curvature). sMrab;lkxNdTeTot Ggt;EbbenHEdlman transverse load enAcenaHTMr Cm = 1.0 .
tMlGnuBaatGb,brmarbs; M 2 KW
M 2, min = Pu (0.6 + 0.03h )
(8.18)
Edl h KitCa in. . sMrab;xat SI M 2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h) Edl h KitCamIlIEm:Rt. ma:gvijeTot cM
NakpitGb,brmaenAkgssrEvgKW emin = 0.6 + 0.03h . RbsinebI M 2,min FMCagmU:m:g;Gnuvtn_ M 2 eK
KYryktMlrbs; Cm enAkgsmIkar 8.17 esInwg 1.0 bedayEpkelIm:Um:g;cug M1 nig M 2 EdlKNna
Cak;Esg.
eRKagEdlBRgwgRbqaMgnwg side-sway bBRgwgeday shear wall KYrman lateral deflection tUc
Cag hs / 1500 . enAeBlEdl lateral deflection FMCagpleFobenH eKRtUveFVIeGaym:Um:g;bEnmEdlbg
eday side sway mantMlGb,brma nigkat;bny lateral drift BIeRKag nigBIssr.
515
T.Chhay
x>
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
sMrab;Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlminmankarBRgwgRbqaMgnwg side sway eKGackMNt;emKuNRbEvgRb

siTPaB k BItMl EI EdlbgajenAkgcMnuc 7/ b:uEntMlrbs;vaminRtUvFMCag 1.0 eT. eKGacminKitBI
\TiBl slenderness RbsinebI
klu
< 22
r
(8.19)
eKKYrbegInm:Um:g;cug M1 nig M 2 dUcxageRkam

M 1 = M 1ns + s M 1s
M 2 = M 2ns + s M 2 s
(8.20)
edayeKsnt;fa M 2 > M1 / enaH design moment

M c = M 2ns + s M 2 s
(8.21)
Edl M 2ns = m:Um:g;cugemKuNenAxagcugrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlbNalBIbnkEdlbgeGayman

side-sway EdlminsMxan; vaRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI first-order elastic frame analysis. M 2 s =
m:Um:g;cugemKuNenAxagcugrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;EdlbNalBIbnkEdlbgeGayman side-sway Edl
sMxan; vaRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI first-order elastic frame analysis.
sM s =
Ms
M s 2.5
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
(8.22)
Edl Pu CaplbUknbnkbBarTaMgGs;enAkgmYyCan; ehIy Pc CaplbUk Euler buckling load

Pc sMrab; pin-ended column sMrab;ssrEdlTb;nwg sway TaMgGs;enAkgmYyCan; [Pc = 2 EI /(klu )2 ]
BIsmIkar 8.16b CamYynwgtMl EI EdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 8.16c b d.
enAkgkrNIsMrab;EtGgt;rgkarsgt;EtmYyEdlman
lu
>
r
35
Pu / f 'c Ag
eKRtUvsikSaKNnaGgt;sMrab;bnktamGkSemKuN Pu nig magnified moment M c = ns M 2 Edl

M 2 enAkgkrNIenHKW M 2 = ns M 2ns + s M 2 s . krNIenHGacekItmanenAkgssrEvgEdlrgbnk
tamGkSFM enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;GtibrmaGacekItmanenAcenaHcugrbs;ssr dUcenHm:Um:g;cugmincaM)ac;Ca
m:Um:g;GtibrmaeT.
516
NPIC
!> Moment Magnification in sway frames using a stability index Q

enAkgviFIenH viFI c enAkgcMnuc 6>k code GnuBaateGaysnt;ssrenAkgeRKOgbgMEdl
BRgwgCa non-sway RbsinebIkarekIneLIgnbnk nigm:Um:g;EdlbNalBI second-order effect minFM
Cag 5% n first-order end moment. eKGacBicarNaCan;enAkgeRKOgbgMCa non-sway RbsinebI
stability index Q enAkgsmIkarxageRkamenHminFMCag 0.05
Q=
Edl
Pu o
Vu lc
(8.23a)
bnkbBarsrubenAkgmYyCan;
Vu = kMlaMgkat;tamCan; (story shear)
o = first-order relative deflection rvagxagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Can;EdlbNalBI Vu
lc = RbEvgrbs;Ggt;rgkarsgt;enAkgeRKagEdlvagBIGkSrbs;tMN
Non-sway magnification factor edayeRbItY Q KW
Pu =
s =
1
1.0
1 Q
(8.23b)
enAeBl Q FMCag 0.05 eKRtUvbnkarKNnaeTA second-order analysis tamrykareRbIR)as;kmviFI

kMuBTr. karviPaKedaykMuBTrEbbenHGaceGayeKKNnatMlsarcuHsareLIgrbs;m:Um:g; nigtMl sway
o EdlbNalBI\TiBl P manPaBsuRkit nigelOn.
eKKYrcMNaMfa stability index Q method manlkNsKsaj nigsuRkitsMrab;KNna\TiBl
P elIm:Um:g;enARtg;tMNssrenAkgeRKagEdlBRgwg.
Casegb moment magnification method EdlbegIteLIgdMbUgsMrab; prismatic column eFIV
kar )anlCamYynwgssrEdlman slenderness ratio klu / r tUcCag 100 CaBiessRbsinebIeRKag
RtUv)anBRgwg. enAkgkrNI unbraced frames Edlman slenderness ration Rbhak;RbEhlKa eKKYr
KitbBal\TiBl P eTAelIm:Um:g; nigPaBdabtamry second-order analysis edIm,ITTYl)an
lTplkan;EtsuRkitCag. karsikSaviPaKGac
!> Gnuvt first-order analysis Edl lateral load BI hi BIrUbTI 8>13 RtUv)anbUkbneday
Pu l enAkgCMunkarKNnamg ehIycat;TuklTplcugeRkayCa second-order result
b
@> eRbIkmviFIkMuBTr second-order analysis BitR)akd EdlenAkgenaHeKeRbIkarkat;bny
relative side-sway resistance enAkg global stiffness matrix sMrab;Ggt;TaMgBak;Bn.
517
T.Chhay
8> karviPaKeRKagdWeRkTIBIr nig\TiBl
Second-Order Frames Analysis and the P Effects
CakarviPaKeRKagEdlrYmbBal\TiBlkMlaMgkgEdl)anBI lateral displacement (deflection) rbs;ssr. enAeBleKGnuvtkarviPaKEbbenHedIm,IkMNt; s M s enAkg nonbraced frame eKRtUvKNnaPaBdabedayEpkelI fully cracked section CamYynwgtMl stiffness EI
Edlkat;bny. tMlRbhak;RbEhldUckareRbI first-order analysis eRcInCMu ehIykarviPaKGaceFVIeGay
prismatic section kan;EtRbesIreLIg. b:uEnkarviPaKKYrepgpat;faersIusg;EdlrMBwgTukrbs;Ggt;rgkar
sgt;neRKageRKOgbgMsitenAkgcenaH 15% nlTplsMrab;ssrenAkgeRKOgbgMebtugGarem:min
kMNt;. lTplCaragFrNImaRtrbs;Ggt;EdlRtUvviPaKRtUvRsedogKanwgragFrNImaRtrbs;Ggt;Edl
RtUvsagsg;. RbsinebIGgt;enAkgeRKOgbgMcugeRkaymanTMhMmuxkat;xusBIGVIEdlva)ansnt;kgkar
viPaK 10% eKRtUvGnuvtkarKNnaCafI.
Second-order analysis CaviFIsarcuHsareLIgn\TiBl P eTAelIssrRsav EdlrYmbBal
TaMg shear deformation. dUcenH eKGaceRbIkmviFIkMuBTrRbesIrCakarKNnaedaydkgkarsikSa
KNnassrRsavrbs;eRKag. b:uEn ssrebtugPaKeRcInenAkgeRKagsMNg;minRtUvkarkarviPaKEbbenH
eT edaysarpleFob (klu / r ) eRcInEttUcCag 100 .
Second-order analysis
BicarNassrenAcenaHBIrCan;KW (i 1) nig (i ) enAkgeRKagEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>13.

snt;fa lateral displacement Gtibrma b drift enARtg;cugxagelIrbs;cugkMBUlrbs;ssrenAkgeRKag
518
NPIC
KW xmax nigsnt;fakMBs;srubrbs;GKarKW hs . Lateral displacement b drift dFMrbs;GKarCan;xagelI

bgeGaymansameRbHdl;CBaaMg\d bkargarbegIyxagkg. EdnkMNt;n lateral deflection Gtibrma
KW hs / 500 . dUcenH karsnt;dlKWkareRCIserIs xmax sitenAcenaH hs / 350 eTA hs / 500 EdlKitfa
CaFmta fully braced frame manpleFob drift xmax Gtibrma enAelIkMBs;eRKag hs tUcCag 1 / 1,500 .
RbsinebI xi Ca drift enARtg;nIv:UCan; i nig yi CakMBs;rbs;ssrcenaHCan; (i 1) nig (i ) enAkg
rUbTI 8>13 a, eKGacsnt;fa horizontal drift sMrab;Can;KWsmamaRteTAnwgkaer:npleFobnkMBs; hi
rbs;Can; nigkMBs;srub hs rbs;eRKagTaMgmUl.
h
xi = xmax i
hs
(8.24)
eKGacsegbdMeNIrkarKNnadUcxageRkam
!> eRCIserIsmuxkat;rbs;eRKag nig stiffness EI rbs;vaedaytMlRbhak;RbEhl
@> KNna drift (lateral deflection i nig ultimate load Pu,i enARtg;tMN i = 1,..., n rUbTI
8>13.
#> KNnarkkMlaMgtamTisedksmmUl H i BI H i = Pi i / hi rUbTI 8>13 b.
$> bEnmtMlEdlTTYl)anenAkgCMhan # eTAelI lateral load Cak;EsgenAelIeRKag.
%> Gnuvt frame analysis edayeRbI kmviFIkMuBTrEdlsmRsb.
^> Iterative computer program EdleRbI stiffness EI pl;eGay i EdlRtUveRbobeFobCa
mYynwgtMlGnuBaat xi .
&> RbsinebItMlrbs; i TaMgGs; tMlrbs; xi TaMgGs; enaHeKGacTTYlykdMeNaHRsay
nigkarsikSaKNnaCadMeNaHRsay second-order. RbsinebImindUecaHeT eKRtUv run kmviFI
edaybEnmcMnYnCMuCamYynwg modified stiffness rhUtdl;eKTTYl)anlTplEdleKcg;)an.
eKGaceRbIkmviFIkMuBTrepSgedIm,IKitbBal\TiBl P enAkgeRKag side-sway. kmviFI
TaMgenaHrYmman Strudel, PCA Frame, STAAD Pro ,or CSI Sap 2000 nigkviFIdTeTot.
9>
Operational Procedure and Flowchart for the Design of Slender Column
!> kMNt;faetIeRKagman side-sway FMbGt;. RbsinebIvaman side-sway FM eRbI magnifycation factors ns nig s . RbsinebIeKecal side-sway, snt;fa s = 0 . bnab;mk
519
T.Chhay
snt;muxkat; rYcKNnacMNakpitedayeRbIm:Um:gc; ugEdlFMCageK ehIyRtYtBinitemIlfava

FMCagcMNakpitGnuBaatGtibrmabkGt;
M2
(0.6 + 0.03h )in.
Pu
520
NPIC
@> KNna A nig B edayeRbIsmIkar 8.12 b 8.13 nigbnab;mkTTYl)an k edayeRbIrUbTI

8>12 bsmIkar 8.13. KNna klu / r nigkMNt;favaCassrxI bssrEvg. RbsinebIssr
CassrEvg ehIy klu / r < 100 KNna magnified moment M c . bnab;mk edayeRbI
tMlEdlTTYl)an KNnacMNakpitsmmUl edIm,IKNnassrCassrxI. RbsinebI klu / r
> 100 Gnuvt second-order analysis.
#> KNnassrxIsmmUl. Flowchart enAkgrUbTI 8>14 bgajBICMhannkarKNna. smIkar
caM)ac;manenAkgcMnuc 2 nigenAkg flowchart.
10> sikSaKNnassreRbkugRtaMgEvg
Design of Slender (Long) Prestressed Column
]TahrN_ 8>2 Square tied prestressed bonded co,umn CaEpkrbs;eRKagGKar 5 3bays Edlrg
nUvkarBt;tamGkSmYy (uniaxial bending). Clear height rbs;vaKW lu = 15 ft (4.54in.) ehIyvamin

RtUv)anBRgwgRbqaMgnwg sidesway eT. bnkxageRkAemKuN Pu = 300,000lb(1,334kN ) nigm:Um:g;cug
emKuNKW M1 = 425,000in. lb(48kN .m) nig M 2 = 750,000in. lb(84.8kN.m) . sikSaKNnamux
kat;ssr nigEdkBRgwgcaM)ac;sMrab;lkxNBIrxageRkam
!> KitEtbnkTMnajb:ueNaH edaysnt;ecal lateral sidesway EdlbNalBIxl;
@> ]bma sidesway wind effect bgeGaymanbnkemKuN Pu = 24,000lb(107kN ) nigm:Um:g;
emKuN M u = 220,000lb(24.9kN .m) . bnkkgmYyCan;nssrTaMgGs;enARtg;nIv:UenaHKW
Pu = 4.5 106 lb(20 103 kN ) nig Pc = 31.0 106 lb(138 103 kN ).
eRbI 270-K stress-relieved prestressing strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. . eKeGayTinnydUcxag
eRkam
d = 0.4
A = 1 .0
B = 2 .0
f 'c = 6,000 psi (41.4MPa )
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )
f pe = 150,000 psi (1,034MPa )
E ps = 28 106 psi 200 103 MPa
)
521
T.Chhay
cu = 0.003in. / in.
ce = 0.0005in. / in.
enAeBl)ak;
enAeBl Pe eFVIGMeBIelImuxkat;
d ' = 2in.(50.8mm )
sMrab;Edkkg
daRkamTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlragrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgKWdUcenAkgrUbTI 8>7.
f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
BIdaRkam stress-strain nrUbTI 8>7 EdlRtUvKanwg f pe = 150,000 psi .

RsedogKa py 0.012in. / in. BIrUbdUcKa EdlRtUvKanwg f py = 260,000 psi .
!> sMrab;EtbnkTMnaj (gravity load only)
RtYtBinitsMrab; no sidesway nigcMNakpitGtibrma CMhan !
edaysareRKagminman sidesway FM/ eyIgyk M 2ns Ca M 2 TaMgmUl ehIyeKyk magnifycation factor sMrab; sidesway s = 0 enAkgsmIkar 8.15. tamry trial and adjustment, eyIgGac
snt;muxkat;ssr nigeFVIkarsikSaviPaK. dUcenH eyIgsakl,gmuxkat; 15in. 15in.(381mm 381mm)
dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>15 (a) ehIyeyIg)an
750,000
= 2.50in.(63.5mm )
cMNakpitCak;Esg = MP2ns = 300
,000
u
cMNakpitGnuBaatGb,rbma = 0.6 + 0.03h = 0.6 + 0.03 15
pe = 0.0052in. / in.
= 1.05in.(2.67 mm ) < 2.50in.
dUcenH yk M 2ns = 750,000in. lb Cam:Um:g;EdlFMCageKkgcMeNam M1 nig M 2 enAelIssr.
522
NPIC
KNnacMNakpitEdlRtUveRbIsMrab;ssrxIsmmUl CMhan @
BI chart enAkgrUbTI 8.12 (b)/ k = 1.45 nig slenderness ration KW
klu 1.45 15 12
=
= 58.0
r
0.3 15
edaysar 58 > 22 Et < 100 eRbI moment magnification method. eyIg)an

Ec = 33w1.5 f 'c = 33 1451.5 6,000 = 4.46 106 psi (32 103 MPa )
15(15)3
= 4,218.8in.4
Ig =
12
Ec I g / 2.5 4.46 106 4,218.3
1
=
EI =
1 + d
2.5
1 0.4
= 5.34 109 lb. in 2
(klu )2 = (1.45 15 12)2 = 68.1 103 in.2
dUcenH
Pc = Euler buckling load =
2 EI
(klu )2
2 5.34 109
68.1 103
= 773,132lb = 773.1kips(3,439kN )
Cm = 1.0
sMrab; nonbraced column. snt; = 0.65 . enaHeyIgman
Cm
1.0
=
= 2.07
300,000
Pu
1
1
0.75 773,132
0.75Pc
Design moment M c = ns M 2 ns = 2.07 750,000
Moment magnifier ns =
= 1,552,500in. lb(184kN .m )
EdlRtUvkar = Pu = 3000.,65000 = 461,538lb(2053kN )

1,552,500
M n EdlRtUvkar =
= 2,388.462in. ln (291kN .m )
0.65
,388,462
cMNakpit e = 2461
= 5.18in.(131mm )
,538
Pn
sikSaKNnassrxIsmmUl (equivalent nonslender column) CMhan #
ssrsmmYlRtUvRT nominal axial load Pn = 461,538lb nig nominal uniaxial moment

Gb,brma M n = 2,388,462in. lb .
edIm,IsikSaKNna equivalent nonslender column, eyIgsikSaviPaKmuxkat;ssrEdl)ansnt;
15in. 15in. EdleRbI 7-wire stress-relieved strands Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 5 enAelIpnImYyrbs;mux
TaMgBIrEdlRsbeTAnwgGkSNWt dUceXIjenAkg]TahrN_ 8>1. enaH
523
T.Chhay
Aps = A' ps = 5 0.153 = 0.765in.2 4.94cm 2
Balanced Limit Strain Failure Condition

d = h 2 = 15 2 = 13in.(330mm )
edayeRbobeFobCamYynwg]TahrN_ 8>1 nigedayeRbI trial and adjustment enaHkMBs;GkSNWtEdl

smRsbsMrab; balanced condition KYrmantMl cb = 8.3in.(211mm) . enaH ab = 1 cb = 0.75 8.3
= 6.23in.(158mm ) .
BIrUbTI 8>3
Ccn = 0.85 6,000 15 6.23 = 476,595lb(2,119kN )
BIsmIkar 8.5
8.3 2
T 'sn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.3
= 73,318lb(385kN )
BIsmIkar 8.6
13 8.3
Tsn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
8.3
= 158,482lb(704kN )
BIsmIkar 8.2, sMrabk;krNI balanced strain limit c / dt = 0.60

Pnb = Ccn T 'sn Tsn
= 476,595 73,318 158,482

= 229,310lb(1,020kN )
BIsmIkar 8.7/ sMrabk;krNI balanced strain limit c / dt = 0.60

15
15
15 6.23
M nb = 476,595
= 73,318 2 + 158,48213
2
2
2
2
= 2,103,124in. lb(237.7kN .m )
M
2,103,124
eb = nb =
= 9.17in.(233mm ) > e
Pnb
229,310
Cak;Esg = 5.18in.
ssreRbkugRtaMgEdlrgbnkEdlmancMNakpittUcnwg)ak;edaykarsgt;. ehIy = 0.65 dUckarsnt.;
snt;kMBs;GkSNWt c = 12in.
a = 1c = 0.75 12 = 9.0in.
BIsmIkar 8.1a
524
NPIC
Ccn = 0.85 f 'c ba = 0.85 6,000 15 9 = 688,500lb
BIsmIkar 8.5
c d'
T 'sn = A' ps E ps pe cu
+ ce
c
12 2
= 0.765 28 106 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
12
= 68,544lb
BIsmIkar 8.6
d c
Tsn = Aps E ps pe + cu
+ ce
c
13 12
= 0.765 28 106 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
12
= 127,449lb
BIsmIkar 8.2
Pn = Ccn T ' sn Tsn
EdlGacman = 688,500 68,544 127,449

= 492,507lb > Pn EdlRtUvkar = 461,538lb
dUcenH eyIgbneTA trial-and-adjustment CMuTIBIr
snt;kMBs;GkSNWt c = 11.2in.
Pn
a = 1c = 0.75 11.2 = 8.4in.
Ccn = 0.85 f 'c ba = 0.85 6,000 15 8.4 = 642.600lb
11.2 2
T 'sn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 0.003
+ 0.0005
11.2
= 69,309lb
13 11.2
Tsn = 0.765 28 106 0.0052 + 0.003
+ 0.0005
11.2
= 132,421lb
EdlGacman = 642,600 69,309 132,421

= 440,870lb xNEdl Pn EdlRtUvkar = 461,538lb O.K.
edaysar moment capacity FMCag M n EdlRtUvkar. karekIneLIgdtictYcbMputrbs;kMBs;muxkat;Gac
ykQHelIPaBxusKatictYcrvag Pn EdlRtUvkar nig Pn EdlGacman.
Pn
525
T.Chhay
BIsmIkar 8.7
15
15
15 8.4
= 642,600
69,309 2 + 132,42113
2
2
2
2
= 2,467,696in. lb > 2,338,462in. lb(678.8kN .m > 250kN .m ) O.K.
2,467,696
e=
= 5.5 e
= 5.18in.
448,870
Cak;Esg
TTYlyk)an
dUcenH TTYlykmuxkat; 15in. 15in. CamYynwg 7-wire stress-relieved 270-K strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.
cMnYn 5 enARCugnImYynpEdlenARsbnwgGkSNWt. bnab;mk sikSaKNnaEdkkg (transverse tie)
EdlcaM)ac;.
@> sMrab;bnkTMnaj nigbnkxl; (gravity and wind loading [sidesway])
BIdMeNaHRsaycMnucTI ! eyIgman
Pe = 773,132lb nig U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.6W . ehIy U = 0.9 D + 1.6W minlub.
Pu = (300,000 + 24,000) = 324,000lb / M 2b = 750,000in. lb nig M 2t = 220,000in. lb .
RtYtBinitfa gravity moment RtUvkarm:Um:g;bEnmbGt;
35
=
Pu
f 'c At
l
35
= 71.4 > u = 40
r
324,000
6,000 225
dUcenH gravity moment M 2b minRtUvkarm:Um:g;bEnmeT

BIsmIkar 8.16(b)
s =
1.0
1.0
=
= 1.24
6
Pu
4
.
5
10
1
1
0.75 Pc
0.75 31.0 106
BIsmIkar 8.15
M c = M 2ns + s M 2 s = 750,000 + 1.24 220,000
= 1,022,800in. lb
324,000
Pn
=
= 498,462lb
0.65
1,022,800
Mn
=
= 1,573,538in. lb
0.65
1,573,538
e=
= 3.16in. < eb = 9.17in. < e
498,462
EdlRtUvkar
EdlRtUvkar
cMNakpit
Cak;Esg = 5.18in.
526
NPIC
dUcenH vaekItman initial compression failure. ehIy M n = 1,573,538in. lb

< M n = 2,388,462in. lb enAkgkrNITI !.
lkxNsMrab;krNITI @ Edlman sidesway Gt;lub/ edaysarEtvaenAEt)ak;edaysarkar
sgt;dEdl. m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n mantMltUcCagm:Um:g;sMrab;krNITI ! ehIycMNakpitkmantMltUcCag
krNITI ! Edr. dUcenH TTYlykmuxkat;dUckrNITI ! KW 15in. 15in. CamYynwg 7-wire stress-relieved
270-K strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 5 enARCugnImYynpEdlenARsbnwgGkSNWt.
11> Ggt;rgkarsgt;rgkarBt;BIrTis
k>
Compression Members in Biaxial Bending
Exact Method of Analysis
527
T.Chhay
ssrEdlenAkac;RCugrbs;GKarCaGgt;rgkarsgt;EdlRbQmnwgkarBt;BIrTisKWeFobnwgGkS
x nigGkS y dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>16. m:Um:g;Bt;BIrTisenHekItmanedaysarbnkminesIKaenAelI
ElVgEk,r ehIyCaBiessvaekItmanenAelIssrs<an (bridge pier). ssrEbbenHrgnUvm:Um:g; M xx eFob
nwgGkS x EdlbegItcMNakpit e y nigrgnUvm:Um:g; M yy eFobnwgGkS y EdlbegItcMNakpit ex . dUc
enHGkSNWtsitenAelIbnat;eRTtEdlpM)anmMu CamYynwgbnat;edk.
mMu GaRsynwg interaction nm:Um:g;Bt;eFobGkSTaMgBIr CamYynwgTMhMnbnksrub Pu . RkLaprgkarsgt; (compressive area) enAkgmuxkat;ssrGacmanTMrg;NamYydUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
8>16 (c). edaysarssrEbbenHRtUv)ankMNt;BIeKalkarN_TImYy eKGnuBaateGayeRbIviFIsaRs
trial-and-adjustment enAeBlEdl compatibility of strain RtUv)anrkSaenARtg;RKb;nIv:UTaMgGs;rbs;
EdkBRgwg. eKRtUvkarkarKNnabEnmeTot edaysarTItaMgrbs; bg;GkSNWteRTt nigTMrg;rbs;RkLaprgkarsgt;rbs;ebtugGacmanTMrg;bYnxusKa.
rUbTI 8>17 bgajBIkarBRgaybMErbMrYlrageFob nigbgajBIkMlaMgenAelImuxkat;ssrctuekaN
EdlrgbnkBIrGkS. Gc CaTIRbCMuTMgn;RkLapsgt;rbs;ebtug EdlmankUGredaen xc nig yc BIGkS
NWttamGkS x nig y erogKa. Gst CaTItaMgpb (resultant position) rbs;kMlaMgEdkenAkgRkLap
rgkarTajEdlmanTItaMgkUGredaen xst nig yst BIGkSNWttamGkS x nig y erogKa. BIsmIkarlMnwgn
kMlaMgxagkg nigxageRkA
Pn = 0.85 f 'c Ac + Fsc Fst
Edl
(8.25)
RkLapntMbn;sgt;EdlRKbdNb;edaybkkugRtaMgctuekaN
Fsc = kMlaMgpbrbs;Edksgt; ( A's f sc )
Fst = kMlaMgpbrbs;EdkTaj ( As f st )
dUcKa BIsmIkarlMnwgnm:Umg: ;xagkg nigm:Um:g;xageRkA
Ac =
Pn ex = 0.85 f 'c Ac xc + Fsc xsc + Fst xst
(8.26a)
Pn e y = 0.85 f 'c Ac yc + Fsc y sc + Fst y st
(8.26b)
eKRtUvsnt;TItaMgrbs;GkSNWtenAkgkarsakl,gnImYy ehIykugRtaMgEdlKNnaenAkgEdkBRgwg
nImYymansmIkardUcxageRkam
f si = Es si = Ec c
si
< fy
c
(8.27)
528
NPIC
x> Load Contour Method of Analysis

viFIEdlpl;dMeNaHRsayy:agelOnCakarsikSaKNnassrsMrab;plbUkviucTrn M xx nig M yy
ehIyeRbI circular reinforcing cage enAkgmuxkat;kaer:sMrab;ssrenARtg;kac;RCug. b:uEn viFIsaRsmin
pl;lkNesdkicenAkgkrNIPaKeRcIneT. viFIsikSaKNnaepSgeTotEdlepgpat;edaykarBiesaFKW
karbMElgm:Um:g;BIrTiseGayeTACam:Um:g;mYyTissmmUl )equivalent uniaxial moment) nigcMNakpit
mYyTissmmUl (equivalent uniaxial eccentricity). bnab;mk eKGacsikSaKNnamuxkat;sMrab;kar
Bt;mYyTis dUckarerobrab;BIxagelIkgemeronenH edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTisemKuNCak;Esg.
viFIEbbenHBicarNa failure surface CMnYseGay failure planes ehIyCaTUeTAeKeGayeQaHfa
Bresler-Parme contour method. viFIenHkat; three-dimensional failure surfaces enAkgrUbTI 8>18
Rtg;tMlefr Pn edIm,ITTYl)an interaction plane EdlTak;Tgnwg M nx nig M ny . ma:gvijeTot
contour surface S CapekagEdlrYmbBalnUvRKYsarrbs;ExSekag EdleKeGayeQaHfa load contour.
smIkarKanxatTUeTA (general nondimensional equation) sMrab; load contour eRkamGMeBI
bnkefr Pn KW
1
M nx
M ox
Edl
M ny
+
M oy
= 1.0
(8.28)
M nx = Pn e y
529
T.Chhay
M ny = Pn ex
Rtg;bnktamGkS Pn Edl M ny b ex = 0
M oy = M ny Rtg;bnktamGkS Pn Edl M nx b e y = 0
m:Um:g; M ox nig M oy CaersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlTb;Tl;smmUltMrUvkar (required equivalent resisting moment strength) eFobGkS x nigGkS y erogKa Edl 1 nig 2 CaniTsSnEdlGaRsynwgrag
FrNImaRtmuxkat; PaKryEdk TItaMgrbs;Edk nigkugRtaMgsMPar f 'c nig f y .
M ox = M nx
eKGacsMrYlsmIkar 8>28 edayeRbIniTsSnFmta nigedaybBalemKuN sMrab;tMlbnk

tamGkSBiess Pn mYy EdlpleFob M nx / M ny KYrmantMldUcKanwgpleFob M ox / M oy . kar
sMrYlEbbenHnaMeGayeK)an
M
M nx
+ ny
M oy
M ox
= 1.0
(8.29)
Edl = log 0.5 / log . rUbTI 8>19 bgajBIdaRkam contour ABC BIsmIkar 8.27.
sMrab;karsikSaKNna/ eKKitExS contour Cabnat;Rtg; AB nig BC edaytMlRbhak;RbEhl/
ehIyeKGacsMrYlsmIkar 8.29 CaBIrkrNI
530
NPIC
!> sMrab; AB enAeBlEdl M ny / M oy < M nx / M ox

M nx M ny 1
= 1 .0
+
M ox M oy
(8.30a)
@> sMrab; BC enAeBlEdl M ny / M oy > M nx / M ox

M ny
M oy
M nx 1
= 1 .0
M ox
(8.30b)
enAkgsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIenH ersIusg;m:Um:g;tamGkSmYysmmUlEdllubCak;Esg (actual controlling equivalent uniaxial moment strength) M oxn b M oyn y:agehacNas;RtUvsmmUleTAnwg
required controlling moment strength M ox nig M oy nmuxkat;ssrEdleRCIserIs.
sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdleKBRgayEdkedaybrimaNesIKaRKb;RCugTaMgGs;rbs;muxkat;ssr
enaHeKGacykpleFob M oy / M ox RbEhlesInwg b / h . enAkgkrNIenH eKGacsMrYlsmIkar 8.30
dUcxageRkam
!> sMrab; MM ny > bh
nx
531
T.Chhay
M ny + M nx
b 1
M oy
h
(8.31a)
h 1
M ox
b
(8.31b)
@> sMrab; MM ny bh
nx
M nx + M ny
b M oy sMrab;karsikSaKNnamuxkat;KWCatMlEdlFM
CageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgBIrEdlkMNt;enAkgsmIkar 8.31.
eKeRbIdaRkamenAkgrUbTI 8>20 kgkareRCIserIs kgkarviPaK nigsikSaKNnassr. Cakar
Bit eKGacniyayfa modified load-contour enAkgsmIkar 8.31 CaviFIsMrab;kMNt; equivalent
required moment strength M ox nig M oy sMrab;sikSaKNnassr RbsinebIvargkMlaMgtamTismYy.
Controlling required moment strength M ox
532
NPIC
K> Step-by-Step Operational Procedure for the Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns
eKGaceRbICMhanxageRkamCaeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;sikSaKNnassrEdlrgkarBt;tamTis x
nigTis y . viFIsaRssnt;RkLapEdkenARKb;RCugTaMgbYnrbs;ssrmanbrimaNesIKa.
!> KNna uniaxial bending moment edaysnt;cMnYnEdkenAelIRCugnImYyrbs;ssresIKa.
snt;tMlrbs; interaction contour factor enAcenaH 0.50 nig 0.70 nigpleFobrbs;
h / b . pleFobenHGacmantMlRbhak;RbEhlnwg M nx / M ny . edayeRbIsmIkar 8.31
kMNt; equivalent required uniaxial moment M ox b M oy . RbsinebI M nx FMCag M ny
yk M ox sMrab;karKNna nigpymkvij.
@> snt;muxkat;sMrab;ssr nigpleFobEdk = ' 0.01 eTA 0.02 enAelIRCugnImYyrbs;
RCugTaMgBIrEdlRsbnwgGkSnkarBt;rbs; equivalent moment NaEdlFMCag. bnab;mk
eRCIserIsmuxkat;dMbUgrbs;Edk nigepgpat;lTPaB Pn nmuxkat;ssrEdlsnt;. sMrab;kar
sikSaKNnaEdlmanlNeBjelj eKeRbIbrimaNEdkbeNaydUcKaenAelIRCugTaMgbYn.
#> KNna actual nominal moment strength M oxn sMrab; equivalent uniaxial bending
eFobGkS x enAeBl M ox = 0 . vaRtUvmantMly:agehacNas;smmUlnwg required
moment strength M ox .
$> KNna actual nominal moment strength M oyn sMrab; equivalent uniaxial bending
moment eFobGkS y enAeBlEdl M oy = 0 .
%> kMNt; M ny edaybBal M nx / M oxn nigtMlsakl,g eTAkgdaRkamExSekagemKuN
nrUbTI 8>20.
^> Gnuvt trial and adjustment elIkTIBIr edaybegIntMlsnt; RbsinebItMl M ny Edl
TTYl)anBIkarbBaleTAkg chart tUcCagtMl required M ny . GnuvtCMhanenHeLIgvij
rhUtdl;tMln M ny xitCitKa tamrykarpas;br bpas;brmuxkat;.
&> sikSaKNa lateral ties niglMGitmuxkat;.
Flowchart sMrab;CMhandMbUgkgkarkMNt;tMl controlling moment enAkg biaxially loaded
column RtUv)aneGayenAkgrUbTI 8>21.
533
T.Chhay
12> karBicarNakgkarsikSaKNnaGnuvtn_
Practical Design Considerations
xageRkamCaeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;karsikSaKNna nigkartMerobEdkenAkgkarsikSaKNna
Gnuvtn_.
k> EdkbeNay bEdkem
Longitudinal or Main Reinforcement
kugRtaMgRbsiTPaBmFmenAkgebtugenAkgGgt;rgkarsgt;eRbkugRtaMgminKYrtUcCag 225 psi

(1.55MPa ) . tMrUvkarrbs; code kMNt;pleFobEdkGb,brmaEbbNaeGayGgt;rgkarsgt;Edlrg
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgtUc nigmanpleFobEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgGb,brma1% .
534
x> EdkxagsMrab;ssr
NPIC
Lateral Reinforcement for Columns
!> EdkcMNgxag
Lateral ties
eKRtUvkar lateral reinforcement edIm,IkarBar spalling rbs; concrete cover b local buckling
rbs;EdkbeNay. EdkBRgwgxagRtUvmanTMrg;Ca ties EdlBRgayedaycenaHesItamkMBs;rbs;ssr.
EdlbeNayEdlmanKMlatBIKa 6in. KYrRtUv)anTb;eday lateral ties dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>22.
eKRtUvGnuvttameKalkarN_ENnaMxageRkamsMrab;kareRCIserIsTMhM nigKMlatrbs; ties:
!> TMhMrbs;EdkcMNg bEdjkg (tie) minRtUvtUcCag #3(9.5mm) .
@> KMlatbBarsMrab; tie minRtUvFMCag
(a) 48 dgnGgt;pitrbs; tie
(b) 16 dgnGgt;pitrbs;EdkbeNay
(c) TMhMxagtUcCageKrbs;ssr
rUbTI 8>22 bgajBIkartMerob tie sMrab;EdkbeNay 4, 6 nig 8 enAkgmuxkat;ssr.
Spirals
@> EdkkgvN
RbePTepSgeTotrbs; lateral reinforcement KW spiral b helical lateral reinforcement dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 8>23. Spiral manRbeyaCn_BiesskgkarbegIn ductility b PaBrwgrbs;Ggt;
dUcenHeKesIeGayeRbI spiral sMrab;tMbn;EdlRbQmnwgrBaydIx<s;. CaTUeTA ebtugEdlBTCMuvij
confined core nssrEdlBRgwgeday spiral Gac spall eRkamGMeBI lateral force minFmta nigPam
dUcCakMlaMgrBaydI. ssrRtUvmanlTPaBTb;Tl;nwgbnkPaKeRcInbnab;BIebtugkarBar spall edIm,I
karBarkardYlrlMGKar. dUcenH eKRtUvsikSaKNnaKMlat nigTMhMrbs; spiral edIm,IrkSalTPaBRTbnk
PaKeRcInrbs;ssr eTaHbICaeRkamlkxNbnkeRKaHfak;EbbenHkeday.
535
T.Chhay
EdlmanKMlatCitbegIn ultimate-load capacity rbs;ssr. eKRtUv

eRCIserIsKMlat (spacing b pitch) rbs; spacing edIm,IeGay load capacity Edl)anBI confining
spiral action GacTb;Tl;nwgkar)at;bg;muxkat;ebtugedaysar spalling.
edayeGaykarekIneLIgnersIusg;EdlbNalBI confinement esInwgkar)at;bg; capacity
edaysar spalling ehIybBalemKuNsuvtiPaB 1.2 eyIgTTYl)anpleFob spiral reinforcement
Gb,brma
Spiral reinforcement
Ag
f'
1 c
Ac
f sy
volume of the spiral steel per one revolution
=
volume of concrete core contained in one revolution
D 2
Ac = c
4
h 2
Ag =
4
s = 0.45
Edl
(8.32)
(8.33a)
(8.33b)
Ggt;pitrbs;ssr
as = RkLapmuxkat;rbs; spiral
d b = nominal diameter rbs; spiral
Dc = Ggt;rbs;slebtug (concrete core) EdlKitBIpxageRkArbs; spiral
f sy = yield strength rbs; spiral reinforcement
h=
536
NPIC
edIm,IkMNt; pitch s rbs; spiral/ KNna s edayeRbIsmIkar 8.33/ eRCIserIsGgt;pit db

sMrab; spiral/ KNna as nigbnab;mkTTYl)an pitch b edayeRbIsmIkar 8.35b xageRkam.
eKGacsresrpleFob spiral reinforcement s dUcxageRkam
s =
as (Dc d b )
(8.34a)
( / 4)Dc2 s
dUcenH eKTTYl)an pitch

s=
as (Dc d b )
(8.35a)
( / 4)Dc2 s
4 a (D d b )
s= s c
(8.35b)
Dc2 s
EdnkMNt;nKMlat b pitch rbs; spiral sitenAcenaH 1in.(25.4mm) eTA 3in.(76.2mm)

ehIyGgt;pitminRtUvtUcCag 3 / 8in.(9.53mm) . eKRtUvbRBasy:agehacNas;mYyCMuknH RbsinebIeK
mineRbItMNpSar.
#> sikSaKNna Spiral Lateral Reinforcement
]TahrN_ 8>3 sikSaKNna lateral spiral reinforcement sMrab;ssrebtugeRbkugRtaMgmUlEdl
manGgt;pit h = 20in.(508mm) nig clear cover dc = 1.5in.(38mm) nigman f y = 60,000 psi
(414MPa ) .
dMeNaHRsay edayeRbIsmIkar 8.32
Ag
f'
s EdlRtUvkar = 0.45
1 c
A
f
edayeRbI spiral #3 Edlman yield strength
sy
f y = 60,000 psi
clear concrete cover d c = 1.5in.(38mm )
eyIgman
f sy = 60,000 psi
Dc = h 2d c = 20.0 2 1.5 = 17in.(432mm )
Ac =
(17.0)2
4
= 226.98in.2
Ag = 314.0in.2
4,000
314
= 0.0115
1
226.98 60,000
s = 0.45
sMrab; spiral #3 / as = 0.11in.2 . dUcenHedayeRbIsmIkar 8.35b eyIg)an

537
T.Chhay
pitch s =
4as (Dc d b )
Dc2 s
4 0.11(17.0 0.375)
(17.0)2 0.0115
= 2.20in.(56mm )
dUcenH eRbI spiral #3 CamYynwg pitch 2 14 in. spiral Ggt;pit 9.53mm CamYynwg pitch 54.0mm .
13>
Reciprocal Load Method for Biaxial Bending
viFIenHRtUv)anbegIteLIgeday Bressler. viFIenHPab;TMnak;TMngrvagtMlbnktamGkSEdl

cg;)an Pu eTAnwgtMlbIepSgeTotEdl reciprocial eTAnwg failure surface. snt; S1 CakUGredaen
enAelI failure surface nrUbTI 8>18 EdltMlnbnk nigcMNakpitCa Pu / ex nig e y . RbsinebI
S 2 CacMnucenAelI compatible reciprocal surface eTAnwgGVIenAkgrUbTI 8>18 enaH S 2 nwgkMNt;kUGredaenncMnucenaHCa 1 / Pu / ex nig e y Edl Pu = Pn EdlCabnkemKuN.
RbsinebI desired axial load Pu eRkam biaxial loading eFobGkS x nigGkS y RtUvTak;Tg
eTAnwgtMl Pu EdleGayeday Puy / Pux nig Puo enaH
b
Edl
1
1
1
1
=
+
Pu Pux Puy Puo
(8.36a)
1
1
1
1
=
+
Pn Pnxo Pnyo Pno
(8.36b)
rbs;ssrEdlmancMNakpit ex RbsinebI e y = 0
Puy = Pnyo = design strength rbs;ssrEdlmancMNakpit e y RbsinebI ex = 0
Puo = Pno = axial load design strength tamRTwsIsMrab;ssrEdlmancMNakpit ex = e y = 0
M ux = m:Um:g;eFobGkS x = Pu e y
M uy = m:Um:g;eFobGkS y = Pu ex
ex = cMNakpitvas;RsbeTAnwgGkS y dUcenAkgrUbTI 8>24 Edl ex = M uy / Pu = Pu ex / Pu
e y = cMNakpitEdlvas;RsbeTAnwgGkS x = Pu e y / Pu
x = TMhMrbs;muxkat;ssrEdlRsbeTAnwgGkS x
y = TMhMrbs;muxkat;ssrEdlRsbeTAnwgGkS y
Pux = Pnxo = design strength
538
NPIC
539
T.Chhay
14>
Modified Load Contour Method for Biaxial Bending
CMnYseGaysmIkar 8.32, Hsu )anesInYvsmIkarEdlEktMrUvEdlGacCMnYseGay strength interaction diagram nig failure surface rbs;ssrebtugGarem:rgbnkBIrTis dUcenAkgrUbTI 8>34. viFI
enHkdUcKanwg reciprocal load method Edr vaTamTarnUvkarKNnaticCagviFIBIrepSgeTot.
smIkar interaction sMrab;bnk nigm:Umg: ;Bt;eFobnwgGkSBIrKW
1.5
Pn Pnb M nx
P
P
M
nb
nbx
no
Edl
1.5
M ny
+
M nby
= 1.0
(8.37)
kMlaMgsgt;tamGkS nominal viCman bkMlaMgTaj GviCman

M nx , M ny = m:Um:g;Bt; nominal eFobGkS x nigGkS y erogKa
Pno = kMlaMgsgt;tamGkS nominal Gtibrma viCman bkMlaMgTajtamGkS GviCman
Pn =
= 0.85 f 'c Ag Ast + f y Ast
kMlaMgsgt;tamGkSeRkamlkxN balanced strain

M nbx , M nby = m:Um:g;Bt; nominal eFobGkS x nigGkS y erogKa eRkamlkxN balanced
Pnb =
strain
eKGacTTYl)antMlrbs;sanPaBbMErbMrYlragkMNt; Pnb nig M nb BI

nig
Edl
ab =
Pnb = 0.85 f 'c 1cbb + Apsf ' ps Aps f ps
(8.38a)
M nb = Pnb eb = Cc d d " + C s (d d ' d ") + Ts d "

2
(3.38b)
kMBs;rbs;bksmmUl = 1cb = (Aps / f ps )/(0.85 f 'c b)
a = 1c
kugRtaMgenAkgEdkrgkarsgt;EdlenAEk,rbnkCageK = f py RbsinebI f ps f py
Ts = kMlaMgenAkgEdkxagTaj
Step-by-step operational procedure
sMrab;karsikSaKNnassrrgbnkBIrTisGnuvteTAtamdMeNIrkarenAkgcMnuc 11>K. viFIenHTamTarkar
KNnatickgkaredaHRsayssrrgm:Um:g;BIrTis.
f ' ps =
k> EdkxagsMrab;ssr
Lateral Reinforcement for Columns
]TahrN_ 8>4 snt;muxkat;ssrcak;Rsab;enAkg]TahrN_ 8>2 CassrxIEdlrgm:Um:g;BIrTis Etmin

man sidesway. sikSaKNnassrsMrab;m:Um:g;Bt;xageRkam
540
NPIC
nig Pu = 300,000lb(1334kN )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
M ux = M uy = 825,000in. lb(93.7kN .m )
eKeGay
f 'c = 6,000 psi (41.4MPa )

f pu = 270,000 psi (1863MPa )
f ps = 240,000 psi (1565MPa )
muxkat;RtUv)anBRgwgCamYynwg 7-wire tendon Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) cMnYn 5 EdleGay tendon

srubcMnYn 16.
dMeNaHRsay
Pu = 300,000lbs
eFobnwgGkS x
M uy = Pu e x = 825,000in. lb eFobnwgGkS y
M ux = Pu e y = 825,000in. lb
f 'c = 6,000 psi

f ps = 240,000 psi
dUcenH
M ux 825,000
=
= 2.75in.
Pu
300,000
M uy 825,000
ey =
=
= 2.75in.
Pu
300,00
ex =
GkSRsbeTAnwgRCugxI b
y = GkSRsbeTAnwgRCugEvg h
x=
muxkat;ssrKW 15in. 15in.

b = 15in.
h = 15in.
d ' = 2.5in.
enAelIRCugnImYy As = 5 0.153 = 0.765in.

EdlBRgwgsrub Ast = 16 0.153 = 2.448in.2
cMNakpitEdltUcCageKKW 2.75in. . ]bmafava)ak;edaykarsgt;. sakl,g = 0.65 .
300,000
Pn Cak;Esg =
= 461,538lb
0.65
825,000
M n Cak;Esg =
= 1,269,231lb in.
0.65
BI]TahrN_ 8>2/ sMrab;sanPaBbMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt;rgkarsgt; t = 0.002
2
Pnb = 229,310lb
M nb = Pnb eb = 2,103,124in. lb(237kN .m )
541
T.Chhay
eb =
M nb 2,103,124
=
= 9.17in.
Pnb
229,310
eb > e = 2.75in.
dUcenHkMlaMgsgt;RKb;RKgsanPaB ehIyemKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
= 0.65
Pno = 0.85 f 'c Ag Ast + Ast f ps

= 0.85 6,000(225 2.448) + 1.53 240,000
= 1,502,205lb
edayeRbIsmIkar 8.37 (interaction surface) sMrab; biaxial bending

1.5
Pn Pnb M nx
Pno Pnb M nbx
1.5
M ny
+
M nby
1.5
461,538 229,310 1,269,231

=
+
1,502,205 229,310 2,103,124

1.5
1,269,231
+
2,103,124
= 0.182 + 0.468 + 0.468 = 1.118 > 1.0
muxkat;enH overdesigned bnicbnc

TTYlykkarsikSaKNna Edl
b = 15in.
h = 15in.
d = 12.5in.
Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 5 tamRCugnImYy dUckgrUbTI 8>15 Edl

eGay tendon srubTaMgGs; 16 .
As = 7-wire strand tendon
15> Ggt;rgkarTajeRbkugRtaMg
k> kugRtaMgbnkesvakm
Prestressed Tension Members

Service-Load Stresses
RbBn nigGgt;rgkarTajdUcCa railroad ties, bridge truss tension members, foundation

anchors sMrab;CBaaMgTb;dI nig ties enAkgCBaaMgn liquid-retaining tank pSMeLIgeday prestressing
strand EdlmanersIusg;x<s;CamYynwgPaBrwgRkajrbs;ebtug. edaysarEbbenH vapl;nUversIusg;Taj
nigkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlfycuH Edlmuxkat;EdksuTminGacpl;eGay)andUc sMrab;karRTbnkdUcKa.
eKeRcIneRbIvaCaGgt;cMNg (tie) bCaEpknRbBneRKOgbgMTaMgmUl.
rUbTI 8>25 eRbobeFonsac;lUtrbs;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgkgTisnkMlaMgTajCamYYynwgGgt;
eRKOgbgMEdkEdlmanlTPaBRTRTg;dUcKa. sac;lUtrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajEdl)anBIkarGnuvtnkMlaMg
542
NPIC
xageRkA F xNEdlsac;lUtrbs; unstressed tendon enAkgEpk (a) EdlbNalBIkMlaMg F

KW)anBIRTwsIemkanicmUldan
L ps =
FL
Aps E ps
(8.39)
RbsinebIeKCMnYs tendon eday rolled structural member karERbRbYllkNnmuxkat;eFVIeGay

kMhUcRTg;RTay
A ps E ps
Ls = L ps
As E s
(8.40)
Edl As FMCag Aps . dUcenH kMhUcRTg;RTayEdlfycuHy:ageRcInRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>25b.

RkLapebtugbMElgrbs;ebtugenAkgrUbTI 8>25 c KW
(
At1 = Ag + n p 1 Aps
(8.41)
ehIy RbsinebIbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgenAkgkugRtaMgKW
543
T.Chhay
f c =
F
At1
(8.42)
bMErbMrYleRbkugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
npF
f ps =
(8.43)
At1
Edl n p CapleFobm:UDul E ps / Ec . dUcenH

b
n p A ps
L pc1 = L ps
At1
n p FL
FL
L =
=
At E ps At Ec
(8.44)
(8.45)
smIkar 8.54 eGaysac;lUtrbs; tension tie EdlbNalBIbnkxageRkA F eRkamGMeBI service load.

eyIgeXIjfaRbsinebIRkLaprbs;ebtugekIneLIgBIrdg sac;lUtnwgfycuHBak;kNalsMrab;kMlaMgTaj
F dUcKa. eKGackat;bnysac;lUtrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajebtugeRbkugRtaMg)any:ageRcIn.
PaBrYjxIrbs; tension tie ekIteLIgedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nig\TBlryeBlEvg. kug
RtaMgenAkgebtugEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImbnab;kareprKW
Pi
Ac
f ci =
(8.46)
Edl Ac Ca net area rbs;ebtugenAkgmuxkat;. kugRtaMgEdlkat;bnyenAkgebtugEdl)anBIkMlaMg

eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe eRkayBIekItmankMhatbg;GaRsynwgeBlTaMgGs;KW
f ce =
Pe
Ac
(8.47a)
xNEdlkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgKW
f pe =
Pe
Aps
(8.47b)
edaytMrYtsmIkar 8.42 elI 8.47a sMrab;\TiBlsrubnkMlaMgTajxageRkA F nigkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe

sMrab;kugRtaMgsrubenAkgebtug eyIg)an
fc =
Pc
F
+
Ac At1
(8.48)
kugRtaMgenAkg tendon KW
f ps = f pe +
nF
At1
(8.49)
RbsinebIminGnuBaateGaymansameRbHenAkgGgt;rgkarTaj bMErbMrYlRbEvg L pc sac;lUt eRkam

GMeBI service load BIsmIkar 8.49 smmUleTAnwgkarfycuHnRbEvg P EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkug
544
NPIC
RtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe .
x> kMhUcRTg;RTay
Deformation Behavior
karkMNt;kMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajmanlkNsMxan;sMrab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM
TaMgmUl. bMErbMrYlRbEvgrbs;Ggt;GacbgeGaymankugRtaMgdGaRkk;dl;Ggt;EdlenAEk,r EdlGacnaM
eGayeRKOgbgM)ak;. RbsinebIGgt;Ca post-tensioned nig fully bonded member enaHkarfycuHRbEvgEdlbNalEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm Pi KW
i =
Pi L
Ac Ec
(8.50a)
ehIykarfycuHRbEvgeRkayeBlkMhatbg;KW
P =
Pe L
Ac Ec
(8.50b)
edaysar creep/ kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm Pi fycuHehIykayCakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe .

dUcenH edayeRbIemKuN creep Cu nigedaysnt; dUcenAkgCMBUk 7 kMlaMgmFm (Pi + Pe ) / 2
mantMlsuRkitRKb;RKan;sMrab;kMNt;kMhatbg;edaysar creep. bMErbMrYlRbEvgedaysar creep KW
CR =
L
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
Cu 2
(8.51)
bMErbMrYlRbEvgedaysar shrinkage KW
SH = SH L
(8.52)
dUcenH RbEvgfycuHRbsiTPaBsrubK
L
e =
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
Pe + Cu 2 + SH L
(8.53)
pymkvij BIsmIkar 8.51 nig 8.52 kMhatbg;kMlaMgTajEdlbNalEtBI creep nig shrinkage KW

P =
CR + SH
E ps Aps
L
(8.54)
K> Decompression and Cracking

edayBicarNa decompression nigsameRbH/ eKRtUvsnt;faminmansameRbHeRkamGMeBIbnk
esvakmeT. RbsinebImansameRbHGacekItmanedaysar overload, eKcaM)ac;eRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
bEnm nigEdkFmtabEnmedIm,IRKb;RKgsameRbH.
545
T.Chhay
edaysnt;faeKeRbIEtEdkeRbkugRtaMg enaHkugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugeRkamGMeBI first cracking

load Fcr minRtUvFMCag direct tensile strength rbs;ebtug EdlenAcenH f 't = 3 f 'c nig f 't =
5 f 'c Edl = 1, 0.85 nig 0.75 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/ ebtug sand-lightweight nig ebtug alllightweight erogKa. eKGackMNt; Cracking load Fcr BIsmIkar 8.48 edayeRbItMl f 't smrm
f 't =
Pe Fcr
+
Ac
At
(8.55)
eKrMBwgfa overload bnab;BI Fcr bgeGaysameRbHekIneLIgy:agelOnEdlmanEtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg

b:ueNaHcab;epImTb;Tl;RKb;bnkGnuvtn_TaMgGs; ehIybnab;mkGgt;)ak;. dUcenH karpl;eGaynkMrit
RKb;RKan;nkugRtaMgsgt;EdlenAesssl;enAkgebtugkayCacaM)ac;enAkgGgt;rgkarTaj.
Decompression load EdlbnkenAeBl f 't = 0 enAkgsmIkar 8.55 GacCabnkesvakm
GnuBaatGtibrmaEdlGgt;GacTb;Tl;. smIkar 8.55 kayCa
f 't = 0 =
Pe Fdec
+
Ac
At
(8.56)
X> sanPaBenAeBl)ak; nigemKuNsuvtiPaB

Limit State at Failure and Safety Factors
eRkayeBleRbH eKsnt;fakugRtaMgTajTaMgGs;enAkgGgt;RtUv)anTb;Tl;edayEdkeRbkug
RtaMg. dUcenH nominal strength rbs;Ggt;TajKW
Fn = A ps f pu
(8.57)
ehIy design ultimate load KW

Fu = n Fn = A ps f pu
(8.58)
eKcaM)ac;pl;nUvemKuNsuvtiPaBGb,brma 1.5 sMrab; decompression load Fdec . eKkMNt;emKuN

suvtiPaBedayPaBsMxan;rbs;Ggt;rgkarTajenAkgrcnasm<n PaBsMxan;rbs;rcnasm<nxng nigPaB
GviCmannkarkat;bnyRbEvgeday\TiBlryeBlEvgrbs;Ggt;rgkarTajenAkgrcnasm<nTaMgmUl.
eKminmanehtuplsmrmeRkamlkxNCak;lak; bsMrab;karsikSaKNnaNamYy edIm,IeRbIemKuN
suvtiPaB 2.0 eT.
546
16>
NPIC
Suggested Step-by-Step procedure for the Design of Tension

Members
!> kMNt;bnkemKuN Fu nig nominal strength tMrUvkar Fn = Fu /

@> eRCIserIstMlkugRtaMgsgt;ebtugeRkamGMeBI service load EdlbNaledaysar Pe Edl
enAcenaH f c = 0.20 f 'c nig f c = 0.30 f 'c . eRCIserIsRkLap Aps nigTMhMrbs;EdkeRb
kugRtaMg ehIybnab;mkKNna net concrete area Ac = Ag Aduct nigRkLapbMElg
(transformed are) At = Ag + (n 1)Aps .
#> KNnakMlaMgxageRkAGnuBaatGtibrma F edayQrelI decompression stress f 't = 0
kMNt; Fdec . bnab;mkkMNt; first cracking load Fcr .
$> kMNt;emKuNsuvtiPaBEdlbNalBIkMlaMg F / Fdec nig Fcr edIm,Iepgpat;favaFMCag 1.5.
%> KNnaRbEvgrYjxIedaysar creep nig shrinkage smIkar 8.53
L
e =
Ac Ec
Pi + Pe
Pe + Cu 2 + SH L
bnab;mk RtYtBinitfaetItMlEdlTTYl)anbgeGaymankugRtaMgFMenAkgGgt;EdlenAEk,r
bGt;. rYc kMNt;sac;lUt
L =
FL
At Ec
EdlbNalBIkMlaMgxageRkA smIkar 8.45 nigepgpat;fatMlEdlTTYl)ansitenAkg

EdnkMNt;nkarsikSaKNna.
^> TTYlykkarsikSaKNnaRbsinebItMrUvkarTaMgGs;bMeBjlkxN ebImindUecaHeT eFVIkar
KNnaeLIgtamry trail-and-adjustment.
sMrab; step-by-step trial-and-adjustment procedure EdlGaceRbIsMrab;sikSa
KNna nigb sikSaviPaKGgt;rgkarTajEdlmanlkNCabnat;RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>26.
Flowchart
547
T.Chhay
548
NPIC
17> sikSaKNnaGgt;rgkarTaj
Design of Linear Tension Members
]TahrN_ 8>5 Liner post-tensioned fully grouted direct-tension tie sMrab; underground
dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 8>29 manRbEvg L = 130 ft (39.6m) . Tie enHRtUv)aneKsikSaKNna

sMrab;kMlaMg thrust Edl)an net horizontal roof nigkMlaMg thrust Edl)anbnkefrEdl)anBIdIcak;
bMeBj Fd = 115,000lb(512kN ) ehIykMlaMg thrust Edl)anBIbnkGefr FL = 55,000lb(245kN ) .
sikSaKNna tie CamYynwgemKuNsuvtiPaBmintUcCag 1.50 sMrab;RbqaMgnwgsameRbH nig 1.20 sMrab;
RbqaMgnwgkar)ak; edayeRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMg 270-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) . sac;lUtGnuBaatGtibrmaEdlbNalBIbnkxageRkAKW 1 / 2in. CamYynwgTinnyEdleKeGaydUcxageRkam
shelter
f 'c = 6,000 psi(41.4MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ci = 4,000 psi (31.0 MPa )

f 't = 4 f 'c = 310 psi(2.14MPa )
Eci = 4.06 106 psi(28MPa )
Ec = 4.69 10 6 psi(32.2 MPa )
f pu = 270,000 psi(1,862MPa )
f pi = 190,000 psi (1,310MPa )
f pe = 150,000 psi(1,034MPa )
E ps = 29 10 6 psi 200 103 MPa
)
549
T.Chhay
n p = E ps / Ec = 29 10 6 / 4.69 10 6 = 6.18
Cu = 2.35
SH = 700 10 6 in. / in.
daRkamTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneGayenAkgrUbTI
8>7. ykemKuNbnk 1.20 sMrab; FD nig 1.60 sMrab; FL .
dMeNaHRsay
bnkemKuN nigkareRCIserIsEdkeRbkugRtaMg CMhan ! nig @
bnkemKuN
Fu = 1.2 FD + 1.6 FL = 1.2 115,000 + 1.6 55,000 = 226,000lb(1,005kN )

Nominal strength
226,000
= 251,111lb(1,116kN )
0.9
F
251,111
= n =
= 0.93in.2 6.77cm 2
f pu 270,000
Fn =
dUcenH
A ps
tMrUvkar
Fu
dUcenH sakl,g 7-wire strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mmm)

cMnYnEdkeRbkugRtaMg
0.93
= 6.08 yk 7
0.153
eyIg)an
Aps = 7 0.153 = 1.07in.2 (6.9cm 2 )
Nominal strength EdlGacman
Fn = 1.07 270,000 = 288,900lb(1,285kN )
snt; kugRtaMgsgt; uniform EdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe KW
f c = 0.25 f 'c
Pe = 1.07 150,000 = 160,500lb

160,500
Ag =
= 107in.2
0.25 6,000
nig
dUcenH eyIgsakl,g tie rod section 11in. 11in.(279mm 279mm)
enaH eyIg)an Ag = 121in.2
edaysnt; tendon duct manGgt;pit 2in.
(2)2
Ac = Ag
= 117.86in.2 (760cm 2 )
4
BIsmIkar 8.41 RkLapbMElgrbs;ebtugKW
550
NPIC
At = Ag + (n 1)A ps = 121 + (6.18 1)1.07 = 126.54in.2 816.4cm 2
RtYtBinitkMlaMg F / F nig F CMhan # nig $

dec
cr
BIsmIkar 8.56
Pe Fdec
+
Ac
At
F
160,500
0=
+ dec
117.86 126.54
f 't = 0 =
b
dUcenH Fdec GnuBaatGtibrmaKW
160,500
126.54 = 172,320lb(766kN )
117.86
Cak;Esg = FD + FL = 115,000 + 55,000 = 170,000lb < 172,320lb RKb;RKan;.

eKTTYl first cracking load Fcr BIsmIkar 8.55. snt;fa kugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenAkgebtug
eRkamGMeBI first cracking load KW 4 f 'c = 4 1.0 6,000 = 310 psi .
P
F
f 't = e + cr
enaH
A
A
F
Fcr
160,500
310 =
+
11.86
126.54
Fcr = 211,548lb
BIelIkmun eyIgman nominal strength EdlGacman Fn = 288,900lb .

dUcenH design strength KW
Fu = Fn = 0.9 288,900 = 260,010lb > Fu tMrUvkar = 226,000lb RKb;RKan;
,010
= 1.28
emKuNsuvtiPaBRbqaMgnwgsameRbHKW SF = FFu = 260
211,548
cr
vamantMlEk,r 1.20 Edlbgajfa enAeBlEdlGgt;ekItmansameRbH vaesIrEteFVIkardl;sanPaB
kMNt;enAeBl)ak;rbs;va.
260,010
= 1.51
emKuNsuvtiPaBRbqaMgnwg decompression KW SF = FFu = 172
,320
Fn
dec
nigemKuNsuvtiPaBCak;EsgKW
dUcenH emKuNsuvtiPaBEdlGacmanKWFMCagemKuNsuvtiPaBtMrUvkar dUcenHKWRKb;RKan;.
260,010
SF =
=
= 1.53
F
170,000
RtYtBinitkMhUcRTg;RTay CMhan %
eyIgdwgfa Pi = f pi Aps = 190,000 1.07 = 203,300lb(904kN )

BIsmIkar 8.50(a) karrYjsIdMbUgenAeBlkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeprKW
551
T.Chhay
i =
Pi L
203,300 130 12
=
= 0.57in.(15mm )
Ac Ec
117.86 4.69 106
BIsmIkar 8.53 karrYjxIedaysarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTiPaB nigkarrYjxIedaysar\TiBlryeBl

Evg dUcCa creep nig shrinkage KW
L
P
c =
Pe + Cu i
Ac Ec
130 12 103
=
117.86 4.69 106
+ Pe
+ SH L
2
203.3 + 160.5
+ 700 (130 12)
160.5 + 2.35
2
= 2.75in.(70mm )
BIsmIkar 8.45/ sac;lUtedaysarbnkxageRkAKW

L =
170,000(130 12)
FL
=
= 0.45in.(12mm )
At Ec 126.54 4.69 10 6
tMlenHbMeBjlkxNedaysar GnuBaatKW 1 / 2in. . dUcenH net shortening KW 2.75

+ 0.45 0.57 = 2.87in.(72mm ) . dUcenH eKRtUvdak;kMhUcRTg;RTayenHeTAelIGgt;EdlenAEk,redIm,I
kMNt;fakugRtaMgEdlekItmansitenAkgEdnkMNt;GnuBaatbGt;. snt;favasitenAkgEdnkMNt;GnuBaat
dUcenHeyIgTTYlykkarsikSaKNnaEdlGgt;eRbkugRtaMgmanmuxkat; 11in. 11in. CamYynwgEdkeRbkug
RtaMgRtg; 7-wire 270K Ggt;it 1 / 2in. cMnYn 7.
552
IX.
NPIC
RbBnkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems

9.1.
esckIepIm rMlwkBIviFIsaRs
Introduction: Review of Method
CaTUeTA RbBnkMralEdlmanTMr (supported floor system) RtUv)aneKsg;BIebtugGarem:Edl

cak;enAnwgkEng. kMralxNBIrTisCakMralxNEdlmanpleFobbeNayelITTwgtUcCagBIr. karsikSa
viPaK nigkarsikSaKNnaRbBnkMralxNEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>1 rYmbBalTMrg;kMralxNeRcInCag
mYyRbePT. enAkgemeronenH nwgbgajBIrebobkMNt; (1) moment capacity, (2) slab-column shear
capacity nig (3) serviceability behavior EdlmandUcCakarRKb;RKgPaBdab nigsameRbH. cMNaMfa
flat plate CakMralxNEdlRTEdlQrelIssredaypal;edayminmanFwm dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbRtg;
cMnuc (a) cMENkkMralxNQrelIFwmRtUv)anbgajenAkgcMnuc (b) cMnuc (c) bgajBI waffle slab floor.
eKeRbIeKalkarN_dUcKakgkarsikSaviPaKRbBn flat plate ebtugGarem: edIm,IsikSaviPaK flat
plate ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCab;BIrTis. b:uEn beckeTskgkarsagsg;manlkNxusKa . CaerOy
lkNesdkicEtmYyminTMngGacbgajBIlkNsmehtuplkgkareRbIRbePTRbBnkMralxNBIrTisE
dlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9.1(b) nig (c) eT. CaTUeTA eKniymeRbIRbBn post-tensioned sMrab;RbBn twoway plate Edlcak;ehIy. eBlxH eKeRbIkMralxNBIrTisEdlcak;Rsab;enAkardan EdleKehAfa lift
slabs CaRbBneRKOgbgMdac;edayELkBIKaEdleFVIeGaykarsagsg;manel,nelOn nigmanlkN
esdkicCagkMralxNBIrTiseRbkugRtaMgcak;enAnwgkEng. b:uEn karxVHbeckeTskgkarsagsg; lift
slab nigGvitmannGkCMnajkeTsxagkargarsagsg;EbbenHGacbegItnUvlkxNeRKaHfak;Edl
GaceFVIeGay)at;bg;nUvesrPaB nigeFVIeGayeRKOgbgMdYlrlM.
beckeTssMrab;plit lift slab rYmmankarcak; ground-level slab EdlmantYnaTIBIrKW casting
bed EdlenABIelIvaeKGaccak;kMralxNepSgTaMgGs; nigdak;KelIKa EdlEckdac;BIKaeday membrane b sprayed parting agent. ssr EdlGacCaEdk bebtugRtUv)ansg;rhUtdl;kMBs;rbs;GKar
munnwgcak; basic bottom slab. kMralxNdTeTotTaMgGs;RtUv)aneKcak;CMuvijssr edayman steel
collar pl;nUvKMlatRKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuBaat listing (jacking) kMralxNdl;kMritnIv:Usmrmrbs;kMral
xN dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>1 (d). eKsMerc)ankargar lifting tamrykareRbI jack Edldak;enAelI
kMBUlrbs;ssr nigPab;eTAnwgr)arEdkEdlmaneFj (threaded rod) EdlbgtcuHeRkamelIprbs;ssr
553
T.Chhay
554
NPIC
eTAnwg lifting collar Edlbgb;enAkgkMral. skmPaBnkar jack TaMgGs;RtUvrkSaPaBedkrbs;kMral

edIm,IeCosvagkar)at;bg;lMnwg.
karsikSaviPaKkareFVIkarrbs;kMralxNeRkamkarBt;begagrhUtdl;TsvtSr 1940 nigedImTsvtSr 1950 eFVIeLIgedayGnuvttamRTwsIeGLasic (classical theory of elasticity). RTwsIPaBdabtUc
rbs; plate (small-deflection of plates) Edlsnt;sMParmanlkNsac;mYy (homogeneous) nig
esIsac; (isotropic) EdlbegItCaeKalkarN_n ACI Code recommendation CamYynwgtaragemKuN
m:Um:g;.
enAqaM 1943, Johansen )anbgajRTwsI yield-line sMrab;kMNt;lTPaBTb;Tl;kardYlrlMrbs;
kMralxN. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk kargarsikSaRsavRCavCaeRcInRtUv)aneFVIeLIg EdlkargarTaMgenHTak;
TgnwgkareFVIkarrbs;kMralebtugGarem:eRkamGMeBI ultimate. karsikSaedayGkRsavRCavCaeRcIndUcCa
555
T.Chhay
nig Park
)ancUlrYmdmhimasMrab;karyl;dwgBI limit-state behavior rbs;kMralxN nig plate enAeBl)ak; kdUc
enAeBlrgbnkesvakm.
eKmanviFICaeRcInEdlRutUv)aneRbIsMrab;sikSaviPaK nigsikSaKNnakMralxN nig plate BIrTis
RtUv)ansegbdUcxageRkam
Ockleston, Mansfield, Rzhanitsyn, Powell, Wood, Sawcczuk, Gamble-Sozwn-Siess
9.1.1.
viFI ACI Code Bak;kNaleGLasic
The Semielastic ACI Code Approach
viFI ACI pl;nUvCMerIsBIrsMrab;sikSaviPaK nigsikSaKNnaRbBn plate bkMralxNBIrTisKW viFI

sikSaKNnaedaypal; (direct design method) nigviFIeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame method).
viFITaMgBIrnwgRtUv)anykmkBiPakSaenAkgcMnuc 9.3.. eKeRbI equivalent frame method enAkgkar
sikSaKNna nigsikSaviPaK plate nigkMralxNeRbkugRtaMg.
9.1.2. The Yield-Line Method
eKGnuvt semielastic code approach sMrab;krNI nigragsg;dar ehIyvamanemKuNsuvtiPaB

sMrab;lTPaBRTRTg;FMNas; cMENk yield-line theory CaRTwsI)asicEdlgayRsYlGnuvteTAelIlkxNRBMEdn nigrUbragminRbRktI. RbsinebIeKGnuvt serviceability constraints, yield-line theory
rbs; Johansen bgajnUvkareFVIkarBItR)akdrbs; plate nigkMralxNebtug EdlGnuBaatdl;karkMNt;
m:Um:g;begagBI collapse mechanism Edl)ansnt;EdlGnuKn_eTAnwgRbePTnbnkxageRkA nigrUbrag
rbs; floor panel. eyIgnwgBiPakSaRTwsIenHkan;EtlMGitenAkgcMnuc 9.14..
9.1.3. The Limit Theory of Plates
cMNab;GarmN_kgkarbegIt limit solution kayCacaM)ac;edaysarlTPaBkgkarkMNt;

collapse field CaeRcIn EdlGaceGayeKkMNt;)annUv lower failure load. dUcenH upper bound
solution EdlTamTarnUv valid mechanism enAeBlEdkrksmIkarkmn (work equation) kdUc lower
bound solution EdlTamTareGayEdnkugRtaMg (stress field) bMeBjlkxNsmIkarlMnwgDIepr:g;Esl
RKb;TIkEng (differential equation of equilibrium) Edl
2M x
x 2
2 M xy
xy
2M y
y 2
= w
(9.1)
Edl M x / M y nig M xy Cam:Um:g;Bt; nig w CaGaMgtg;sIuetnbnkkta. brimaNEdkEdlERbRbYl

556
NPIC
GnuBaateGay lower bound solution enAEtmanny. Wood, Park nigGkRsavRCavdTeTot)anpl;

nUv semiexact prediction EdlsuRkitrbs; collaps load.
sMrab; limit-state solution eKsnt;fakMralxNmanlkNrwgdac;xatrhUtdl;eBldYlrlM.
eRkaymk Nawy )anbBal\TiBlnPaBdabeRkamGMeBIbnkFM kdUc\TiBlkMlaMg membrane rgkar
sgt;eTAkgkar)a:n;san collapse load.
9.1.4.
viFIcMerok
The Stripe Method
viFIenHRtUv)anesIeLIgeday Hillerborg kgkicRbwgERbgedIm,ItMerobEdkenAkgEdncMerok

(stripe field). edaysarkarKitkgkarGnuvtenAkardanCak;EsgTamTarnUvkardak;EdkkgTisEkgKa
(orthogonal direction), Hillerborge kMNt;eGaym:Um:g;rmYl (twisting moment) esIsUn ehIybMElg
kMralxNeGayeTACacMerokFwmEdlkat;Ka (intersection beam stripe) dUcenHeTIbeKeGayeQaHfa
stripe method.
elIkElg yield-line theory rbs; Johansen ecj dMeNaHRsayPaKeRcInCa lower bound.
Upper-bound solution rbs; Johansen Gacpl;nUv collaps load FMbMput kgkrNIeKeRbI valid
failure mechanism kgkar)a:n;RbmaN collapse load.
9.1.5.
esckIsegb
Summary
viFIeRKagsmmUlCaviFIcMbgEdlnwgRtUvBiPakSa edaysareRbIR)as;n direct design method

enAkgkarGnuvtrbs;vasMrab;RbBnkMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTismanEdnkMNt; nigtMrUvkarnUvkarkMNt;
stiffness enARtg;tMNrvagssr nigkMralxNenAkgdMeNIrkarnkarsikSaKNna. RTwsI yield-line
sMrab;sikSakMralxN nig plate eRkamsanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;kRtUv)anbgajy:agsegb.
9.2.
kareFVIkarrbs;kMralxNBIrTiseRkamkarBt;begag
Flexural Behavior of Two-Way Slabs and Plates
9.2.1.
GMeBIBIrTis
Two-Way Action
eKmankMralctuekaNeTalEdlRCugTaMgbYnrbs;vaRtUv)anRTeday unyielding support dUcCa

shear wall b stiff beam. eyIgBinitkareFVIkarrbs;kMraleRkamGMeBI gravity load. kMralnwgdabkg
557
T.Chhay
TMrg;EdleKmincg;)aneRkamGMeBIbnkxageRkA ehIykac;RCugrbs;vanwgehIbeLIgRbsinebIvaminRtUv)an
cak;ebtugCamYynwgTMrkgeBlEtmYyeTenaH. ExSvN (contour) EdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 9>2 (a) bgaj
faExSekagm:Um:g;enARtg;cMnuckNal C maneRKaHfak;enAelIRCugxItamTis y CagenAelIRCugEvgtamTis
x.
karkMNt;m:Um:g;tamTis x nigtamTis y BitCamanlkNsKsaj edaysarvaeFVIkarCaeRKOg
bgMsaTicminkMNt;dWeRkx<s;. eKbriyaykMralenAkgEpk (a) nrUbTI 9>2 CakrNIsamBaedayykcMerok AB nig DE EdlenAkNalElVg dUckgEpk (b) EdlPaBdabrbs;cMerokTaMgBIrenAcMnuckNal
C mantMlesIKa.
558
NPIC
FwmTMrsamBaEdlrgbnkBRgayesImanPaBdab 5wl 4 / 384EI b = kwl 4 Edl k cMnYnefr.

RbsinebIkMras;rbs;cMerokTaMgBIrdUcKa enaHPaBdabrbs;cMerok AB KW kwAB L4 ehIyPaBdabrbs;cMerok
DE KW kwDE S 4 Edl w AB nig wDE CacMENknGaMgtg;sIuetbnksrub w EdlepreTAcMerok AB nig
cMerok DE erogKa Edl w = wAB + wDE . dak;eGayPaBdabRtg;cMnuckNal C ncMerokTaMgBIresI
Ka enaHeyIg)an
w AB =
wS 4
L4 + S 4
wL4
(9.2a)
(9.2b)
nig
wDE = 4
L + S4
BIsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIenH eyIgeXIjfaElVgEdlxI S rbs;cMerok DE RTnUvcMENknbnkFMCag. dUc
enH ElVgxIrbs;kMralEdlenAelI unyielding support KWrgnUvm:Um:g;FMCag EdlRTnUvExSekagEdlman
lkNecatenAkgrUbTI 9>2 (a).
9.2.2. Relative Stiffness Effects
eKmankMralxNmYyEdlRTeday flexible support dUcCaFwm nigssr b flat plate EdlRT

edayssr. enAkgkrNImYyNakeday karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkgTisxI nigTisEvgmanlkNsKsaj
Nas;. PaBsKsajenHekIteLIgBIdWeRkn stiffness rbs; yielding support EdlkMNt;PaBecatn
ExS contour enAkgrUbTI 9>2 (a) enAkgTis x nigTis y nigkMNt;nUvkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij.
pleFob stiffness rbs;FwmTMrelI stiffness rbs;kMralxNGaceFVIeGayExSekag nigm:Um:g; enA
elITisEvgFMCagExSekag nigm:Um:g;enAelITisxI edaysarkMralsrubeFVIkardUc orthotropic plate Edl
QrelIssrEdlKanFwm. RbsinebIElVgEvg L enAkgRbBnkMralenHFMCagElVgxI S xaMg
enaHm:Um:g;GtibrmaenAcMnuckNalrbs;kMralnwgmantMlRbhak;RbEhlnwgm:Um:g;Rtg;kNalElVgrbs;cMerokElVg L
EdlrgbnkBRgayesI ehIyEdlcugrbs;vaRtUv)anTb;mineGayvil.
Casegb edaysarkMralmanlkNrlas; (flexible) nigmanbrimaNEdkticEmnETn enaHkar
EbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenAkgTisTaMgBIrGaRsynwg relative stiffness rbs;TMr nigrbs;kMral. kugRtaMg
EdlFMRCulenAkgtMbn;mYyRtUv)ankat;bnyedaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenHeTAkan;tMbn;Edlmankug
RtaMgtUc.
559
T.Chhay
viFIeRKagsmmUl
9.3.1. esckIepIm
9.3.
The Equivalent Frame Method

Introduction
xageRkamCakarerobrab;BIviFI equivalent frame sMrab;karviPaKkMralxNBIrTisEdlsegb

ACI Code approach edIm,IkMNt; nigEbgEckm:Um:g;srubenAkgkMralBIrTis. kUdsnt;kat;tambg;GKar
ragctuekaNeRcInCan;tamTisbBartambeNayExS AB nig CD enAkgrUbTI 9>3 cenaHkNalElVg.
eKTTYl)an rigid frame enAkgTis x . dUcKa bg;kat;bBar EF nig HG pl;nUv rigid frame enAkg
Tis y . Idealized frame EdlpSMeLIgedayFwmedk bkMralxNsmmUl nigssrEdlCaTMrGaceGay
eKKNnakMralxNedaycat;TukvadUcCaFwm. dUcenH viFI equivalent frame cat;Tuk idealized frame
eFVIkarRsedogKanwgeRKagBitR)akd ehIyvamanEdnkMNt; nigpl;nUvlTplsuRkitCag direct design
method. viFIenHRtUvkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijeRcIndg cMENk direct design method RtUvkarkarEbg
Eckm:Um:g;eLIgvijEtmgKt;.
560
9.3.2.
NPIC
EdnkMNt;rbs;viFIKNnaedaypal;
Limitations of the Direct Design Method
xageRkamCaEdnkMNt;rbs; direct design method:

!> enAkgTisnImYyRtUvmanbIElVgCab;Kay:agtic.
@> pleFobElVgEvg elIElVgxIminRtUvFMCag 2.0.
#> ElVgkgTisnImYyminRtUvxusKaedaytMlFMCagmYyPaKbInElVgEdlEvg.
$> ssrGacsitenAxusBIGkSedaytMlGtibrma 10% nElVgenAkgTisEdlvasitenA.
%> bnkTaMgGs;KYrEtCabnkTMnaj nigCabnkBRgayesIelIkMralTaMgmUl. bnkGefrminRtUvFM
CagbnkefrbIdgeT.
^> RbsinebI kMralRtUv)anRTedayFwmRKb;Tis/ relative stiffness rbs;FwmkgTisBIEkgKamin
RtUvtUcCag 0.2 bFMCag 5.0.
edayeKeGayEdnkMNt;TaMgenHsMrab;karviPaKkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMg eKcaM)ac;eRbI
equiva-lent frame method RbesIrCag.
9.3.3.
karkMNt;m:Um:g;saTic M
Determination of the Statical Moment M o
eKmanCMhankgkarKNnakMralxNsMxan;cMnUn 4dUcxageRkam
!> kMNt;m:Um:g;saTicsrubenAkgTisnImYy.
@> EbgEckm:Um:g;srubsMrab;karKNnamuxkat;sMrab;m:Um:g;viCman nigGviCman.
#> EbgEckm:Um:g;GviCman nigm:Um:g;viCmaneTAcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalElVg nigeTAFwmRb
sinebIvaman. cMerokelIssr (column strip) CacMerokEdlmanTTwgesInwg 25%nTTwgeRKag
smmUlenAelIRCugnImYynGkSssr ehIyTTwgrbs;cMerokkNalElVgCaRbEvgEdlenA
sl;.
$> kMNt;TMhM nigkarEbgEckEdkenAkgTisnImYy.
tamGVIEdleGaydUcxagelI eKRtUveFVIkarEksMrYltMlrbs;m:Um:g;Edl)anEbgEckehIy. eKman
kMralxNxagkgEdlmanTMhM l1 KitBIGkSenAkgTisnm:Um:g;EdlRtUvBicarNa nigTMhM l2 enAkgTis
Ekgnwg l1 dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 9>4. Clear span ln CaTMhMEdlKitBIpeTAprbs;ssr b capital
bCBaaMg. tMlrbs;vaminRtUvtUcCag 0.65l1 ehIysMrab;TMrEdlmanmuxkat;mUl
eKRtUvKitCamuxkat;kaer:
561
T.Chhay
562
NPIC
EdlmanRkLapmuxkat;esIKa. m:Um:g;saTicsrubrbs;FwmTMrsamBargbnkBRgayesIEdlCa onedimensional member KW M o = wl 2 / 8 . enAkgkMralxNBIrTisEdlCa two-dimensional member,

eKbMElgeRKOgbgMeGayeTACaeRKagsmmUlEdlGaceGayeKKNna M o mgenAkgTis x nigmgenA
kgTis y . RbsinebIeKKitkMralxagkgenHCadaRkamGgesrIdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>5 (a) PaBsIuemRTI
kat;bnykMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;rmYl (twisting moment) rhUtdl;sUntambeNayRCugnkMNat;Edlrg
karkat;. RbsinebIenAxagcugcMnuc A nigcMnuc B minmankarTb;nwgkarvil (restraint) enaHeKKitkMral
CakMralTMrsamBaenAkgTisnElVg ln . RbsinebIeKkat;enARtg;kNalElVg dUcenAkgrUbTI 9>5 (b)
ehIyKitkMralBak;kNalCadaRkamGgesrI enaHm:Um:g; M o enAkNalElVgKW
wl 2 l n1 l n1 wl 2 l n1 l n1
2
2
2
4
2
wl (l )
M o = 2 n1
8
Mo =
(9.3)
b
edaysarman restraint enARtg;TMr/ eKEbgEck M o enAkgTis x eTATMr nigeTAkNalElVgdUcxag
eRkam
Mo = MC +
1
(M A + M B )
2
(9.4a)
karEbgEckenHGaRsynwgdWeRknPaBrwgRkajrbs;TMr. enAkgrebobdUcKa M o enAkgTis y CaplbUk

563
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;enAkNalElVg nigtMlmFmnm:Um:g;elITMrenAkgTisenaH.
enAkgTisEdlEkg smIkar 9.4a kayCa
M ' o = M 'C +
1
(M A + M B )
2
(9.4b)
Edl M 'o / M ' A / M 'B nig M 'C Cam:Um:g;enAelIGkSEdlEkgKanwg M o / M A / M B nig M C erogKa.

dUcKa enAkgrebobRsedogKanwgsmIkar 9.3 eyIg)an
wl1 (l n 2 )2
M 'o =
8
(9.5)
GaMgtg;sIuetbnk w eRkambnkesvakmenAkgkMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgGacCa Ww kgmYyktap.

9.3.4.
viPaKeRKagsmmUl
Equivalent Frame Analysis
eRKOgbgM EdlEckecjCaeRKagCab;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>6 sMrab;eRKagkgTisTaMgBIrEkg

Ka manssrmYyCUr nigFwm kMralxNCab; ABCDE sMrab;bnkTMnaj. kMralnImYyRtUv)anviPaK
dac;edayELkBIKa EdlssrRtUv)ansnt;fa fixed enARtg;kMralxagelI nigxageRkam. edIm,IbMeBj
lkxNsaTic niglkxNlMnwg eRKagsmmUlnImYyRtUvRTbnkGnuvtn_srub. kardak;bnkelIElVg
qas;RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;rklkxNbnkGefrGaRkk;bMput.
eKcM)ac;KitBIersIusg;Tb;mMurgVil (rotational resistance) rbs;ssrenARtg;tMN enAeBlKitBI
moment relaxation bkarEbgEckm:Um:g; elIkElgenAeBlssrmanlkNEvgEdleFVIeGayvaman
PaBrwg (rigidity) tUceFobeTAnwg rigidity rbs;kMralenARtg;tMN. enAkgkarsagsg; lift slab eKcaM
)ac;KitEtFwmCab;Etb:ueNaH. rUbTI 9>7 bgajBIbNaGgt;neRKagsmmUl. cMerokkMralRtUv)ansnt;
RTedaykMralTTwg (transverse slab). ssrpl;nUversIusg;Tb;m:Um:g;rmYl M T EdlsmmUleTAnwgGaMg
tg;sIuetm:Um:g;rmYlGnuvtn_ mt . muxkat;cugxageRkArbs;cMerokkMralvilFMCagmuxkat;Rtg;kNaleday
sarkMhUcRTg;RTayedaykarrmYl. edIm,IKitBImMurgVil nigkMhUcRTg;RTayenH eKRtUvCMnYsssrCak;Esg
nig transverse slab strip edayssrsmmUlEdl flexibility rbs;ssrsmmUlesInwgplbUk flexibility nssrCak;Esg nigcMerokkMral. karsnt;enHsMEdgedaysmIkarxageRkam
1
1
1
=
+
K ec K c K t
Edl
K ec =
(9.6)
PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt; (flexural stiffness) rbs;ssrsmmUl m:Um:g;kgmYykta

mMurgVil.
564
NPIC
565
T.Chhay
plbUk flexural stiffness rbs;ssrxagelI nigxageRkamenARtg;tMN

K t = flexural stiffness rbs;FwmEdlrmYl
ma:gvijeTot eKGacsresrsmIkar 9>6 CasmIkar stiffness
Kc =
K ec =
Kc
Kc
1+
Kt
(9.7)
ehIyeKGackMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrsMrab;eRKagsmmUlCa
Kc =
EI
l'
L
1 + 3
L'
(9.8)
Edl I Cam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ssr/ L CaRbEvgElVgKitBIGkS/ L' CaRbEvgElVgrbs;FwmsmmUlEdl

KitBIpssr. eKykemKuN carryover RbEhlnwg 12 (1 + 3h / L ) . eKGacKNnaemKuN carryover )anCak;Elkeday column-analogy method edayeRbIkMralxNCa analogous column.
smIkarsMrYlsMrab; K c eGaylTplxusBItMlEdl)anBIsmIkar 9.8 RbEhl 5%.
Kc =
4 EI
Ln 2h
(9.9)
Edl h CakMras;kMralxN. PaBrwgRkajkgkarrmYl (torsional stiffness) rbs;kMralxNenAkgCYr

ssr
Kt =
Edl
Edl
9 Ecs C
c
L2 1 2
L2
(9.10a)
TTwg band
Ln = ElVg
c2 = TMhMrbs;ssrkgTisRsbnwgFwgrgkarrmYl ehIyefrrmYl (torsional constant) KW
L2 =
x
1 0.63 x 3 y
y
C =
3
(9.10b)
TMhMxInEpkctuekaNrbs;muxkat;enARtg;TIRbsBVrbs;ssr dUcCakMBs;kMral
y = TMhMEvgnEpkctuekaNrbs;muxkat;enARtg;TIRbsBVrbs;ssr dUcCaTTwgssr
PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxNRtUv)aneGayedaysmIkar
x=
Ks =
4 Ecs I s
Ln c1 / 2
(9.11)
566
NPIC
enAeBlEdleKkMNt;PaBrwgRkajRbsiTPaB (effective stiffness) K ec rbs;ssr nigPaBrwgRkajrbs;

kMralxN K s eKGacviPaKeRKagsmmUledayviFINamYyk)an dUcCa relaxation method b moment
distribution method.
emKuNEbgEck (distribution) sMrab;m:Um:g;bgb;cug (fixed-end moment) x = KW
DF =
Ks
K
(9.12)
Edl K = K ec + K s(left ) + K s(right ) . eKGaceRbIemKuN carryover COF 1/ 2 edayminman)at;

bg;PaBsuRkit edaysar nonprismatic section bg\TiBlticNas;eTAelI fixed-end moment nigeTA
elIemKuN carryover. m:Um:g;bgb;cug FEM sMrab;m:Um:g;BRgayesIKW wl2 (ln )2 /12 enARtg;TMr EdlenA
eRkayeBlkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij plbUkm:Um:g;EdlEbgEckGviCmanenARtg;TMr nigm:Um:g;enAkNal
ElVgEtgEtesInwgm:Um:g;saTic M o = wl2 (ln )2 / 8 .
9.3.5.
KMrUnkardak;bnkenAelIElVg
Pattern Loading of Spans
eKmincaM)ac;eFVIkarBRgaybnkelIElVgTaMgGs;kg eBlEtmYyeT eRBaHvamin)anbegItkugRtaMg

Bt;begagGviCman nigviCmanGtibrmaeT. dUcenH eKENnaMeGayviPaKeRKageRcInCan;edayeRbIKMrUnkar
BRgaybnkqas;sMrab;bnkGefr. sMrab;eRKagbIElVg KMrUnkardak;bnkEdlesIeLIgsMrab;bnkGefr
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>8.
567
T.Chhay
9.4.
bnklMnwgBIrTis
Two-Directional Load Balancing
dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgCMBUkTI 1 bnklMnwg (load balancing) CakMlaMgRbqaMgnwgbnkTMnaj

xageRkA. bnkenHRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaybgMTTwg (transverse component) nkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgtam
beNayenAkg parabolic b harped tendon. bnk w enAkgsmIkar 9.3 eTAdl; 9.5 CabnkTTwgGkS
xageRkAEdlmanTiscuHeRkam (downward external transverse load) EdlGacCabnkeFVIkar ww bCa
bnkemKuN wu . bnkEdlmanTiseLIgelI (upward load) enAkgkMralxNEdlbNalBI transver
component nkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Edlmanerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 1 kat;bny\TiBlrbs; ww ehIy
eKGaceRCIserIsvaCabnklMnwgBitR)akdEdlmanTisedAcuHeRkam. eRkamlkxNEbbenH kMralxNBIr
Tisminrgm:Um:g;begag ehIykminrgm:Um:g;rmYl ehIykarviPaKRtUv)ansMrYly:ageRcIn.
bnklMnwgBIrTisenAkgkMralxNBIrTisxusBIbnklMnwgmYyTisenAkgFwm. bnklMnwgEdl
begIteday tendon enAkgTismYyGacbegIn bkat;bnybnklMnwgEdlbegIteday tendon kgTis
Ekg. dUcenH kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg nig tendon profile enAkgTisBIrEkgKaKWmanTMnak;TMngKaeTAvijeTA
mk edayrkSanUveKalkarN_saTic. plRbeyaCn_dFMCageKrbs;bnklMnwgKWkarKNnakMraleRbkug
RtaMgEdlbgMeLIgelIrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgpl;nUvkarBRgaybnkenAkgTisnImYysmmUleTAnwgbn
kxageRkAEdlmanTisedAcuHeRkam. karsikSaKNnaEbbenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa pure balanced
design. eKRtUvviPaKral;kargakecjBIlkxNlMnwg (balanced condition) dUcbnkEdlmanGMeBIelI
kMralEdlminrg\TiBlBI bgMeLIgelIrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg.
568
NPIC
RbsinebIkMralxNBIrTisEdlmanTMrrwgdUcCaCBaaMgrgeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisEkgKaEdlmanElVg
LS nig LL kgTisxI nigTisEvg erogKa dUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 9>9 enaHeKTTYlbnklMnwgEdlmanTis
eLIgelIEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegIt balanced design load Edl)anBIsmIkar 1.15a edaysmIkar
Wbal (S ) =
nig
Wbal (L ) =
8PS eS
(9.13a)
L2S
8 PL eL
(9.13b)
L2L
Edl PS nig PL CakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkaykMhatbg;kgmYyktaTTwgrbs;kMralxNenA

kgTisxI LS nigTisEvg LL erogKa/ eS nig eL CacMNakpitGtibrmarbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. bnklMnwg
srubkgmYyktaTTwgnwgkayCa
Wbal = Wbal (S ) + Wbal (L ) =
8PS eS
L2S
8PL eL
L2L
(9.14)
GksikSaKNnaKYreRCIserIs Wbal ehIykMNt;tMlrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg PS nig PL . bnSMn

PS nig PL GacbMeBjsmIkarsaTic 9.14. RbsinebIkMralxNQrelIFwm bRbsinebIkMralxNsamBa
QrelICBaaMg enaHkarKNnaEdlmanlkNesdkicCageKGacRTbnk W EtkgTisxI bRT W / 2 kg
TisnImYysMrab;krNIkMralxNragkaer:. kMralxNEdlrgedaybnk Wbal nigrgkugRtaMgedaykMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMg PS nig PL nwgRbQmnwgkarBRgaykugRtaMgesI PS / h nig PL / h enAkgTisnImYy Edl
kgenaH h CakMras;kMralxN. kMralxNRtUvEtrabesI edayminmanPaBdab nig camber. KMlatn
bnkGnuvtn_BI Wbal nwgTamTarnUvkareRbIRTwsIeGLasicFmtasMrab;viPaK two-way plate.
CaTUeTA edaysarkMralxNBIrTisebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarTajCaeRkay (prestressed posttensioned two-way slab) Ca flat plate EdlRTedayssredaypal; enaHbnkTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTkg
TisTaMgBIredayeRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMgBRgayesI b banded tendon CamYynwgkarRbmUlpMEdkeRbkugRtaMg
enAmMcMerokssrrbs;kMralBIrTis.
karEbgEckkugRtaMgesI nigPaBdab b camber sUnminmansarsMxan;sMrab;karkMNt;smamaRtmuxkat;RbBnkMraleT. RbsinebImindUecaHeT bnklMnwgminEmnCaviFIEdlmanlkNesdkic
CageKkgkarkMNt;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgeT. ma:gvijeTot CaerOyGksikSaKNnaEtgeRbIbnklMnwg
edayEpk (partial balancing load) Wbal < WD + WL sMrab;RbBnkMraleRcIn dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI
9>2. RbsinebIbnk Ww = WD + WL FMCagbnklMnwg Wbal Edl)anBIsmIkar 9.14 enaHm:Um:g;kta
M S nig M L nigekItmanenAkgTis S nigTis L erogKa.
569
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgktaenAkgebtugenAkgTisxI nigTisEvgEdlbNalBIbnkKanlMnwg (unbalanced

loading) RtUv)anTTYledaykardak;bEnmkMlaMgsgt;esIEdlbNalBIbnklMnwgeTAelIkugRtaMgbegag
enAkgebtugEdlbgeLIgedaym:Um:g;Bt;begag M S nig M L EdlekItBI unbalanced load Ww Wbal .
kugRtaMgebtugenAsrsxagelI nigsrsxageRkamkgTisnImYyRtUv)aneGaydUcxageRkam
TisxI
PS M S c
bh
IL
P
M c
fb = S + S
bh
IL
ft =
(9.15a)
(9.15b)
TisEvg
PL M L c
bh
IL
P
M c
fb = L + L
bh
IL
ft =
(9.16a)
(9.16b)
enAkgsmIkarTaMgenH GkSr t tMNageGaysrsxagelIbMputrbs;kMral ehIyGkSr b tMNageGay

srsxageRkambMputrbs;ebtug/ c = h / 2 / TTwg b = 12in. ehIy
PS total
L
P total
PL = L
S
PS =
ehIy
CakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgkta. emKuNm:Um:g;bnkesvakm (service-load moment coefficient) sMrab;kM
Nt; M S nig M L GacTTYl)anBI chart enAkgrUbTI 9>10 sMrab;lkxNRBMEdnTaMgGs;. eKmanem
KuNm:Um:g;Bt;sMrab;m:Um:g;Bt;viCman nigGviCmanGtibrma Edl x2 nig x'2 GnuvteTAelI + M nig M
enAelIElVgxI Lx erogKa. dUcKa y2 nig y'2 GnuvteTAelIm:Um:g;Bt;viCman nigGviCmanGtibrmaenA
elIElVgEvg Ly erogKa. tamrebobdUcKa chart enAkgrUbTI 9>11 pl;nUvviFIy:asrhskgkarkMNt;
ultimate bending moment coefficient enAkg plate ebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisCab;.
ersIusg;begagrbs;kMraleRbkugRtaMg Flexural Strength of Prestressed Plates

Design Moments M
9.5.1. m:Um:g;KNna M
9.5.
eKkMNt; design moment sMrab; bonded member eRbkugRtaMgsaTicminkMNt;edaybnSMrvag

m:Um:g; M u EdlbNalBIbnkemKuNefrbUknwgbnkemKuNGefr CamYynwg secondary moment M s
570
NPIC
EdlekItmanenAkgeRKagedaysar tendon. m:Um:g;em (primary moment) M1 nig secondary moment

M s kmanerobrab;enAkgviFIbnklMnwgEdr. dUcenH sMrab;tMlbnkesvakm eKcaM)ac;BicarNa Etm:Um:g;
net load M net enAkgkarKNnam:Um:g;bgb;cugemKuN xNEdleKRtUvKit Wbal sMrab;karviPaKersIusg;
begag.
m:Um:g;bgb;cug M sMrab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;
u
RbsinebI M1 = Pee = Fe Ca primary moment/ M net Cam:Um:g;lMnwgEdlbNalmkBI Wbal /

M S = M bal M 1 Ca secondary moment/ ehIy M u Cam:Um:g;bgb;cugemKuNEdlbNalBIbnkemKuN
Wu enaHy:agehacNas;k design ultimate moment
Mu = M u Ms
(9.17)
ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekItmanKW
Mn =
Mu
(9.18)
eKGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijCa enlastic EdlbNalBIPaBCab;eTAelIersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekIt

man M n enARtg;TMreTAkan;ersIusg;m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n enAkNalElVg.
enAeBlEdleKdak; bonded reinforcement enARtg;TMr ehIyEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgGb,brma
RtUv)andak;edayGnuelamtamsmIkar 9.19 nig 9.20 enaHm:Um:g;GviCmanEdlKNnaedayRTwsIeGLasic
sMrab;kardak;bnksnt;GacnwgekIneLIg bfycuHedayPaKryEdlminFMCagPaKryEdleGayedayem
KuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij inelastic Edlerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 4 nigCMBUk 6.
eKKYreRbIm:Um:g;GviCmanEkERb (modified negative moment) sMrab;KNnam:Um:g;vICmanenARtg;
muxkat;enAkgElVg sMrab;kardak;bnkdUcKa. eKGaceFVIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij inelastic sMrab;m:Um:g;
GviCmanEtenAeBlNaEdlm:Um:g;enARtg;muxkat;enaHRtUv)ankat;bny ehIyvaRtUv)aneKsikSaKNna
edaymineGay p b p + (d / d p )( / ') FMCag 0.241 eT ehIyma:gvijeTotemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;
eLIgvijminRtUvFMCag 1000 t eT.
]TahrN_ 9>2 bgajy:aglMGitBIviFIsaRsviPaKeRKagsmmUlTaMgsMrab;lkxN service load
nig ultimate load nigkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij enealsic EdlbNalBIPaBCab;EdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkg
karviPaKersIusg;.
571
T.Chhay
572
NPIC
573
T.Chhay
9.6. Banding of Prestressing Tendons and Limiting Concrete Stresses

9.6.1.
karBRgayEdkeRbkugRtaMg
Distribution of Prestressing Tendons
eKsnt;fakMral plate nImYymanTMrCab;tambeNayTTwgGkSssr. karsnt;RtUv)aneFVIeLIg

dUckarerobrab;BIelIkmuxfakMralxNeFVIkardUckMralFwmBIrEkgKaEdlTTwgrbs;vaesInwgTTwgrbs;kMral
EdlRtUv)anRTtambeNayGkSssr. dUcenH eKKitfabnk 100% EdlRtUveFVIeGaymanlMnwgRtUv)an
RTedaykMralFwmkgTisedABIrEkgKa.
eKkdwgfakarEbgEckm:Um:g;minmanlkNesItamTTwgrbs;kMral b:uEnvaeRcInEtRbmUlpMenAelI
cMerokelIssr. Cavi)ak eKminmanehtuplkgkarRbmUlpMPaKryy:ageRcInn tendon enAkgcMerok
elIssreT dUckarkMNt;enAkgrUbTI 9>4 ehIyeKRtUvBRgay tendon EdlenAsl;enAkgcMerokkNal
ElVg. sMrab;ElVgCab; m:Um:g;BI65 eTA75% kgTisnImYyRtUv)anRTedaycMerokssr xNEdleKRtUv
rkSaRkLapsrub nigcMnYnrbs; tendon EdlTamTaredaym:Um:g;Gnuvtn_srub.
574
NPIC
TTwgrbs;knHcMerokelIssresInwgmYyPaKbYnnTMhMEdltUcCageKrbs;kMralxN. cMerok
kNalElVgCa slab band EdlenAGmedaycMerokelIssrBIr. dUcenH karEbgEck b banding rbs;
EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUveFVIeLIgeTAtamPaKrynkarEbgEckm:Um:g;rvagcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNal
ElVg. Cavi)ak RbsinebI 70%nEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anRbmUlpMenAkgcMerokelIssr enaHeKrMBwgfa
cMerokelIssrnwgRT 70%nm:Um:g;srub ehIycMerokkNalElVgRTnUv 30%nm:Um:g;srubEdlenAsl;.
rUbTI 9>12 bgajBIkarEbgEckEdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkgTisBIrEkgKa. tameKalkarN_ENnaM
TUeTA EdkeRbkugRtaMgkgcMerolelIssrRtUvmanKMlatesInwg3 eTA4dgnkMras;kMralxN ehIyKMlat
Gtibrmarbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgenAkgcMerokkNalElVgminRtUvFMCag 6dgnkMras;kMralxNeT. kug
RtaMgsgt;mFmenAkgebtugkgTisnImYyKYrmantMly:agticbMputesInwg 125 psi(0.90MPa ) .
575
T.Chhay
karGegt)anepgpat;tamrykarBiesaF plate eRbkugRtaMgbYndUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>13

bgajfakarERbRbYlnkarBRgay tendon eRbkugRtaMgEdlmanbrimaNdUcKaminman\TiBleTAelIPaB
dabeT. Banding rbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgdUcbgajenAkgEpk (b) nrUb EdlmanEdkeRbkugRtaMg 65%
eTA75% enAkgcMerokelIssr hak;manRbsiTPaBCageK CaBiessbegInlTPaBepr shear-moment
enARtg;muxkat;TMrssrrbs;kMralxNBIrTis.
9.6.2.
kugRtaMgTajkMNt;rbs;ebtugeRkamlkxNbnkesvakm
Limiting Concrete Tensile Stresses at Service Load
9.6.2.1.
karBt;begag
Flexure
kMNt;kugRtaMgTajkgebtugsMrab;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMgedIm,IRKb;RKgkarekItman
samedaykarBt;begag (flexural crack). xageRkamCatMlkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgGgt;eRb
kugRtaMgsMrab;tMbn;m:Um:g;epSg
!> RkLapm:Um:g;GviCmanCamYynwgkarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)
0
@> RkLapm:Um:g;GviCmanEdlKankarbEnmEdlminrgeRbkugRtaMg
#> RkLapm:Um:g;viCmanCamYynwgkarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg 2 f 'c psi(0.166 f 'c MPa)
0
$> RkLapm:Um;g;viCmanEdlKankarbEnmEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg
%> kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtug eRkamlkxNCak;Elk/ 0.60 f 'c
f c = 0.45 f 'c
ACI 318 Code
9.6.2.2.
EdkBRgwg
Reinforcement
RkLapGb,brmarbs; bonded reinforcement edayelIkElgGIVEdlTamTaredaysmIkar

9.20 xageRkam KW
As = 0.004 A
(9.19a)
Edl A CaRkLaprbs;Epknmuxkat;cenaHprgkarTajedaykarBt;begagCamYynwgTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;
gross section. sMrab;RkLapm:Um:g;viCmanEdlkugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugeRkamlkxNbnkesvakmFM
Cag 2 f 'c psi(0.166 f 'c MPa) enaHeKKNnaRkLapGb,brmarbs; bonded reinforcement BI
As =
Nc
0.5 f y
(9.19b)
576
NPIC
Edl N c CakugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugEdlbNalBIplbUkbnkefr nigbnkGefrKanemKuN ehIy

f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa ) . sMrab;RkLapm:Um:g;GviCmanenARtg;ssrTMr RkLapGb,brmarbs;
bonded reinforcement enAkgTisnImYyRtUv)ankMNt;BI
As = 0.00075hL
Edl
(9.20)
RbEvgElVgenAkgTisRsbeTAnwgEdkBRgwgEdlRtUv)ankMNt;
h = kMras;kMralxN
eKRtUvBRgayEdkBRgwgEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 9.20 kg slab band width cenaHExSEdlmanRbEvg
1.5h BIxageRkApQmrbs;ssr. y:agehacNas;eKRtUvdak; bar b wire 4 kgTisTaMgBIr.
RbEvgGb,brmarbs; bonded reinforcement enAkgRkLapviCmanKYresInwgmYyPaKbIn
clear span ehIyvaRtUv)aneKdak;enARtg;kNalRkLapm:Um:g;viCman. RbEvgGviCmanrbs; bonded
reinforcement enAkgRkLapGviCmanKYrRtUv)andak;bgt 1/6 n clear span enAelIRCugnImYyrbs;
TMr ehIyeKdak;vaenAsrsxagelI. kugRtaMg f ps enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkam nominal strength
EdlTamTareday ACI 318 Code RtUv)anpl;eGaydUcxageRkam
L=
sMrab; Bonded Tendon
p
f ps = f pu 1
1
Edl
nig
f pu
d
( ')
+
p
f 'c d p
(9.21)
' = ' = f y / f 'c
sMrab; f py / f pu 0.85
= 0.28
sMrab; f py / f pu 0.90
RbsinebIeKKitEdkrgkarsgt; enaHtY [ p f pu / f 'c +(d / d p )( ')] enAkgsmIkar 9.21 RtUv)aneK
ykmineGaytUcCag 0.17/ ehIy d ' minRtUvFMCag 0.15d p .
sMrab; Unbonded Tendon EdlmanpleFobElVgelIkMras;kMralxN 35
p = 0.40
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
Edl
f 'c
100 p
(9.22)
f ps f py f pe + 60,000
sMrab; Unbonded Tendon EdlmanpleFobElVgelIkMras;kMralxN > 35

f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
Edl
f 'c
300 p
(9.23)
f ps f py f pe + 30,000
577
T.Chhay
9.6.2.3.
kMlaMgkat;
Shear
muxkat;TMrssrenAkg flat plate: nominal shear strength Edlpl;edayebtugenARtg;TIRbsBVrbs;

ssrnkMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneGayeday
Vc = ( f 'c + 0.3 f c )bo d + V p
b nominal unit shearing strength KW
vc =
f 'c + 0.3 f c +
Vp
bo d
(9.24a)
(9.24b)
brimaRtrbs;muxkat;rgkMlaMgkat;eRKaHfak;enAcMgay d / 2 BIprbs;TMr
f c = tMlmFmrbs;kugRtaMgrgkarsgt;RbsiTPaBenAkgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xag
eRkAsMrab;TisBIrEkgKaEdlKNnaenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;eRkaykMhatbg;eRbkug
RtaMg enAkg ACI Code eKeRbI f pc
V p = bgMbBarnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBTaMgGs;Edlkat;tammuxkat;eRKaHfak;
= tMltUcCageKkgcMeNam 3.5 nig ( s d / bo + 1.5) Edl s esInwg 40 sMrab;ssrxag
kg nig 30 sMrab;ssrxag nig 20 sMrab;ssrkac;RCug.
enAkgkMralxNEdlmankarBRgaykabeRbkugRtaMg eKminKittY V p eT ebImindUecaHeTvakayCacMa)ac;
kgkareRbIragFrNImaRtkMeNagkabeRbkugRtaMgbRBaasenAkgkarKNnaedIm,I)a:n;RbmaNkMlaMgkat;
EdlRTeday tendon Edlkat;tammuxkat;eRKaHfak;. eyagtam ACI 318 Code/ KancMENkNarbs;
muxkat;ssrKYrenAEk,rcugEdlminCab;FMCagbYndgkMras;kMralxN/ f 'c enAkgsmIkar 9.24 minKYrFM
Cag 5,000 psi ehIy f c enAkgTisnImYyminRtUvtUcCag 125 psi bFMCag 500 psi eT.
RbsinebIeKminGacbMeBjlkxNTaMgenHeT eKKYryktMl
Vc CatMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam smIkarxageRkam
Edl
bo =
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
4
f 'c bo d
Vc = 2 +
c
Vc = s + 2 f 'c bo d
bo
Vc = 4 f 'c bo d
(9.25a)
(9.25b)
(6.25c)
Edl c = pleFobRCugEvgelIRCugxIrbs;ssr bRkLapbnkRbmUlpM.
578
NPIC
smIkar 9.25(a) nig (b) CalTplrbs;karBiesaFEdlbgajfa enAeBlpleFob bo / d ekIneLIg enaH

nominal shear strength Vc EdlGacekItmanfycuH dUcenHenAkgsanPaBEbbenH smIkar 9.25(c)
nwgminlubedaysarvakayCaKansuvtiPaB.
TMrcugCab; (Continuous Edge Support): sMrab;bnkBRgay nigTMrcugCab;dUcCaFwm nigCBaaMg/ Rbsin
ebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBmintUcCag 40%nkugRtaMgTajrbs;EdkBRgwg enaHkugRtaMgkat;GnuBaat
GtibrmaKW
V d
Vc = 0.60 f 'c + 700 u bw d p 2 f 'c bw d
Mu
< 5 f 'c bw d
xat US
(9.26)
f 'c
V d
Vc =
+ 5 u bw d p 0.166 f 'c bw d
M u
20
xat SI
Edl bw RtUv)anykCaTTwgcMerok ehIy Vu d / M u enAcMgay d p / 2 BIprbs;TMr/ d p 0.80h .
tMl
f 'c enAkgRKb;smIkarxagelITaMgGs;RtUvKuNnwgemKuN = 1.0 sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/
= 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight concrete nig = 0.75 sMrab; all-lightweight concrete.
emKuNkMlaMgkat; (Shear Force Coefficients): eKGackMNt;tMlRbhak;RbEhlrbs;kMlaMgkat;
GtibrmaenARtg;cugrbs;kMralxNBIrTisEdlRTbnkBRgayesI ehIyvaRtUv)anRTtambeNayRbEvg
brimaRtrbs;vadUcxageRkam
1
RCugxI
(9.27a)
V = wLS
3
V = kwLS / (2k + 1)
RCugEvg
(9.27b)
Edl k CapleFobElVgEvg LL elIElVgxI LS . eKGaceRbItMldUcKasMrab;kMralEdlRtUv)anbgb; b
Cab;tambeNayRCugTaMgbYn. sMrab;krNIdTeTot eKRtUvEktMrUvkarEbgEckkMlaMgkat; nigkarEbgEck
kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIGVIEdlsUveRKaHfak;edayQrelIeKalkarN_kMlaMgkat;enAelIRCugCab;FMCagkMlaMg
kat;enAelIRCugsamBabnicbnc.
ACI Code GnuBaateGaybegInkMlaMgkat; 15%enARtg;TMrCab;xagkgTImYysMrab; one-way
action.
< 0.415 f 'c bw d
579
T.Chhay
9.7. Load-Balancing Design of a Single-Panel Two-way Floor Slab
]TahrN_ 9>1
manbg;dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 9>14. vaRtUv)anRTenAelICBaaMg\dTaMgbYnRCug edayminKit rotational restraint enA
Rtg;RBMEdnTaMgenH b:uEnkac;RCugRtUv)anTb;nwgkarrmYl (torsional restraint) . kMralxNRtUvRTnUv
superimposed service dead load 15 psf (0.72kPa ) bEnmBIelIbnkpal;rbs;va nigRTnUv service live
load 75 psf (3.59kPa ) . eKminGnuBaaeGaymanPaBdabeRkamGMeBI full dead load.
Two-way single-panel prestressed warehouse lift slab 20 ft 24 ft (6.10m 7.32m )
sikSaKNnakMralxNCa post-tensioned nonbonded prestressed two-way floor edayeRbI

kabeRbkugRtaMg 7-wire 270-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) . eKeGayTinnydUcxageRkam
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ci = 3,750 psi(25.9MPa )
fc
GtibrmakgTis E-W EdlbNalBI net prestress eRkaykMhatbg; = 200 psi
580
NPIC
GtibrmakgTis N-S EdlbNalBI net prestress eRkaykMhatbg;minRtUvFMCag

350 psi ACI GnuBaatrhUtdl; 500 psi
f c GtibrmaEdlbNalBIkugRtaMgpb (combined stress) = 0.45 f 'c
Ec = 57,000 f 'c = 4.03 106 psi (27.8 106 MPa )
f ps 0.70 f pu = 189,000 psi(1,303MPa ) dUckarTamTareday ACI Code
fc
f py = 240,000 psi(1,655MPa )
f pe = 159,000 psi(1,096MPa )
E ps = 29 10 6 psi 200 103 MPa

f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa )
E s = 29 10 6 psi 200 103 MPa
dMeNaHRsay
eS = e L =
6
1 = 2.0in.(51mm )
2
eRCIserIskMras;kMralxNsakl,gedayQrelIpleFobElVgelIkMras; (span-to-depth ratio) 45

h=
(20 + 24) 12
2
1
= 5.87in.
45
dUcenH sakl,gkMras;kMralxN 6in.(153mm) edaysnt;Ggt;pitbMBg; (duct) 0.5in. ehIykMBs;

RbsiTPaB d p = 6.0 (0.5 / 2 + 3 4 ) = 5.0in.(127mm) .
bnklMnwg (Balancing Load)
WD = 15 psf +
6
150 = 90 psf (4.31kPa )
12
edaysar balancing load RtUv)antMrUvsMrab;PaBdab b camber EdlbNalBIbnkefresIsUn enaH

snt; Wbal = WD = 90 psf (4.31kPa) . ehIyedaysar f c EdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg = 200 psi
smtikm snt;vaCakugRtaMgenAkgTis E-W. bnab;mkkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenAkgTis E-W
KW PL = 200 6 12 = 14,400lb kgmYycMerok nigBIsmIkar 9.13b eyIg)an
Wbal (L ) =
8 PL eL
L2L
8 14,400 2
(24)2 12
33 psf (1.58kPa )
EdlRtUvpl;eday tendon enAkgTisxI bnkTMngRtUvRTedayElVgenAelITisxI kayCa

Wbal (S ) = WD Wbal (L ) = 90 33 = 57 psf (2.73kPa ) . BIsmIkar 9.13a
Wbal (S ) L2S 57 (20)2 12
PS =
=
= 17,100lb / ft (249.7kN / m ) bnab;BIkMhatbg;
8e
8 2
Uplift
581
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugeRkaykMhatbg;enAkgkabeRbkugRtaMgkgTis N-S KW
fc =
PS 17,100
=
= 238 psi < 350 psi
bh 12 6
EdlvabMeBjlkxN. dUcenH eRbIkabeRbkugRtaMg 7-wire 270-K Ggt;pit 1/ 2in. EdlmankMlaMgeRb

kugRtaMgRbsiTPaB Pe = 159,000 0.153 = 24,327lb(108.2kN ) .
KMlattMrUvkarenAkgTis N-S KW
sS =
24,327
= 1.42 ft = 17in.(432mm )
17,100
KMlattMrUvkarenAkgTis E-W KW
sL =
24,327
= 1.69 ft 20in.(508mm )
14,400
cMNaMfa KMlatTaMgBIrRtUvKanwgKMlatEdl)anENnaM 3eTA 5dgnkMras;kMral.

edIm,IkarBarkarEbkebtugenARtg;tMbn; anchorage enAmMCBaaMg bEnmEdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaMg 2#4
12.7mm cMnYnBIr tambeNay anchorage line enAelIbrimaRtkMral.
kugRtaMgbnkesvakm (Service-load Stresses)

bnkGefresvakm
WL = 75 psf (3.59kPa )
aspect ratio
L
24
k= L =
= 1.20
LS 20
BIrUbTI 9>10/ emKuNm:Um:g;sMrab;m:Um:g;kNalElVgGtibrmaenAkgTisxI nigTisEvgKW N S = 0.062

nig E W = 0.035 erogKa edaysnt;fakac;RCugrbs;kMralxNBIrTisRtUv)anTb;nwgkarrmYl
(torsionally restrained).
eyIgsnt;faRbEvgRbsiTPaBtamTisxI nigTisEvg
LS = 19.5 ft nig
LL = 23.5 ft
m:Um:g;bnkGefr (Live-load Moment) KW
M S = 0.062 75 (19.5)2 12 = 21,218in. lb / ft
M L = 0.035 75 (23.5)2 12 = 17,396in. lb / ft
nig
m:Um:g;niclPaBKW
Is =
12(6 )3
= 216in.3
12
582
NPIC
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGefr
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGefrenAkgTisxUIKW
f =
M S c 21,218 3
=
= 295 psi (2.03MPa )
Is
216
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalBIbnkGefrenAkgTisEvgKW
f =
M L c 17,396 3
=
= 242 psi (1.67 MPa )
Is
216
kugRtaMgtamGkSpb (combined axial stresses) EdlbNalBIbnklMnwg nigkugRtaMgBt;begagpb

(combined flexural stresses) EdlbNalBIbnkGefr BIsmIkar 9.15 nig 9.16 enAkgTisxI (N-S)
kayCa
ft =
PS M S c
= 238 295 = 533 psi (C )(3.68MPa )

bh
Is
f b = 238 + 295 = +57 psi (T )

nig
ehIyenAkgTisEvg (E-W)
edayvamantMltUc eKGacecal)an
f t = 200 242 = 442 psi (C )(3.05MPa )
nig
f b = 200 + 242 = +42 psi (T )
Gacecal)an
kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaat ACI KW f c = 0.45 5,000 = 2,250 psi EdlvamantMlFMCagkugRtaMgCak;Esg
dUcenH vabMeBjlkxN. CamYynwgkugRtaMgtUcTaMgenH eKGacEksMrYlkMras;kMralxNeGayesIgCag
6in. kgkrNIEdlPaBdabedaysarbnkGefrGacTTYl)an. cMNaMfa kMralxNbegItPaBdab nig
camber eRkamGMeBIbnkGefrsUnenAkg]TahrN_enH bNalmkBIbnklMnwg.
RtYtBinitPaBdab (Deflection Check)
eyIgRtYtBinitEtPaBdabedaysarbnkGefrEtb:ueNaH. BIeKalkarN_emkanic eyIgman

=
5 ML2
48 Ec I s
I s = 216in.4
Ec = 4.03 10 6 psi
E W =
N S
5 17,396(24 12)2
= 0.17in.
48 4.03 10 6 216
5 21,218(20 12)2
=
= 0.15in.
48 4.03 10 6 216
0.17 + 0.15
= 0.16in.(4.1mm )
=
2
PaBdabkNalElVgmFm
583
T.Chhay
LS
20 12
PaBdabEdlGacTTYlyk)an = 360
=
= 0.67in.(17 mm ) >> 0.16in.
360
dUcenH eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaCMuTIBIrCamYynwgkMras;kMralxN 5.5in. kgkrNIEdlersIusg;m:Um:g;
nominal rbs;kMralmanlkNRKb;RKan;edIm,IRTbnk. kgkrNIenH h = 5.5in. minmanlkNRKb;
RKan;sMrab;ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal dUckarbgajxageRkam.
ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal
Wu = 1.2 90 + 1.6 75 = 228 psf (11.0kPa )
dUcKa ElVgRbsiTPaBtamTisxI
LS = 19.5 ft
ElVgRbsiTPaBtamTisEvg LL = 23.5 ft
BIrUbTI 9>11 emKuNm:Um:g;sMrab;m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrmaKW
N S = 0.072
nig
E W = 0.038
enAkgTis N-S eyIgman

M u = 0.072 228(19.5)2 12 = 74,906in. lb / ft
Mn =
Mu
74,906
= 83,229in. lb / ft
0.9
cMNaMfa kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAkgeRKOgbgMenHmin)anbegIt secondary moment M s edaysarvamin

manPaBCab;enARtg;RBMEdnkMralxN. eyIgman Aps = 0.153in.2 enAelI 1.42 ft BIGkSeTAGkS Edl
)anBIelIkmun nig Aps / f = 0.153 /1.42 = 0.11in.2 / ftt . dUcKa kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe
= 159,000 psi . dUcenH kgkrNIEdl A ps EdleRbIFMCag Pe / initial A ps eKRtUvkat;bny f pe ;
eyIgman
N S =
0.11
= 0.0018
12 5
20 12
= 40
=
6
pleFobElVgelIkMras;kMral
BIsmIkar 9.23b
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
f py f pe + 30,000
300 p
f ps = 159,000 + 10,000 +
5,000
= 178,259 psi
300 + 0.0018
< f py = 240,000 psi < f pe + 30,000 = 189,000 psi

< f ps
lImIt = 189,000 psi O.K.
584
a=
NPIC
A ps f ps
0.85 f 'c b
0.11 178,259
= 0.38in.
0.85 5,000 12
m:Um:g; nominal EdlGacman M n = Aps f ps d a2 = 0.11178,259 5 0.238

= 94,316in. lb / ft > M n tMrUvkar = 83,229in. lb
enAkgTis E-W eyIgman
O.K.
M u = 0.038 228(23.5)2 12 = 57,417in. lb / ft

Mn =
Mu
57,417
= 63,797in. lb / ft
0.9
A ps = 0.153in.2
kg 1.69 ft. EdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS BIelIkmun
0.153
= 0.09in.2 / ft
1.69
0.09
= 0.0015
E W =
12 5
5,000
= 180,111 psi
f ps = 159,000 + 10,000 +
300 0.0015
0.09 180,111
a=
= 0.32in.
0.85 5,000 12
0.32
nominal
= 0.09 180,111 5
A ps / ft =
m:Um:g;
O.K.
EdlGacman
= 78,456in. lb / ft > M n
tMrUvkar = 63,797in. lb / ft
O.K.
(29.1kN .m / m > 23.6kN .m / m )
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
BIelIkmun/ aspect ratio k = 1.2 nigBIsmIkar 9.27
BIsmIkar 9.26
1
1
Vu = wu LS = 228 19.5 = 1482lb / ft (N-S)
3
3
kw L
(E-W)
Vu = u S
2k + 1
19.5
= 1.2 228
= 1,569lb / ft (22.9kN / m )
2 1.2 + 1
V d
2 f 'c bw d p Vc = 0.6 f 'c + 700 u bw d p 5 f 'c bw d p
Mu
eKman 700(Vu d ) / M u = 0 enARtg;RBMEdnn single-panel wall-support slab enAkg]TahrN_enH.

enAkgkrNIEbbenH
Vc = 0.6 5,000 12 5 = 2,546lb / ft (37.2kN / m ) >> 1,569lb / ft
585
T.Chhay
EdlvabMeBjlkxN. dUcenH TTYlykkarsikSaKNnaenH

h = 6in.(152mm )
d p = 5in.(127mm )
eRbIkabeRbkugRtaMg 7-wire 270-K Ggt;pit 1/ 2in. EdlmanKMlat 17in.(432mm) KitBIGkSeTAGkS

kgTis N-S nig 20in.(508mm) GkSeTAGkS kgTis E-W. dUcKa eRbIEdk 2#4 Ggt;pit 12.7mm
tambeNay anchorage zone EdlBTCMuvijbrimaRtkMralTaMgGs;.
9.8.
RbBnkMralmYyTis
One-Way Slab Systems
kMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgmYyTiseFVIkarRsedogKaeTAnwgFwmedayminKitfavaCakMralTMr
samBa bkMralTMrCab;KaeRcIneT. dUcenH eKsikSaKNnakMralmYyTisCaFwmEdlmanTTwg 12in. . eK
dak;kabeRbkugRtaMgemenAkgTisnbeNayrbs;kMral EdltamsnwgtamElVgCab;. pleFobElVgelI
TTwgrbs; slab band RtUvman tMlFMCag 2 edIm,IeGayeKKitkMralxNCakMralxNmYyTis.
eyIgGaceRbIdMeNIrkarsikSaKNna nigkarsikSaviPaK nigeRbI]TahrN_enAkgCMBUkTI 6 sMrab;
karsikSaviPaK nigkarsikSaKNnaRbBnkMralxNeRbkugRtaMgmYyTisCab;.
9.9.
karepr Shear-Moment eTAssrEdlRT Flat Plate

Shear-Moment Transfer to Column Supporting Flat Plates
9.9.1.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
Shear Strength
kMlaMgkat;rbs; plate nigkMralxNBIrTisKWCa three-dimensional stress problem. bg;Edl

)ak;edaykMlaMgkat;eRKaHfak;RbRBwttambrimaRtrbs;RkLaprgbnk nigmanTItaMgenARtg;cMgayEdl
pl;eGayedaybrimaRtkMlaMgkat;Gb,brma bo . edayEpkelIkarepgpat;tamkarBiesaF nigkarviPaK
CaeRcIn bg;kMlaMgkat;minKYrenAEk,rcMgay d / 2 BIRkLapRbtikm bRkLapbnkRbmUlpM.
RbsinebIeKmindak;EdkBRgwgkMlaMgkat;Biess ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal Vc dUckarTamTar
eday ACI RtUv)ankMNt;enAkgsmIkar 9.24, 9.25 nig 9.26. eKGaceRbIsmIkar 9.27 sMrab;kMNt;tMl
Rbhak;RbEhlrbs;emKuNsMrab;KNnakMlaMgkat;emKuNxageRkA Vu enAkgkMralxNCab;BIrTisEdl
brimaRtrbs;manTMrBTCMuvij.
586
NPIC
9.9.2. Shear-Moment Transfer
m:Um:g;KanlMnwg (unbalanced moment) enARtg;pssrEdlCaTMrrbs;kMralminmanFwmCakrNI

mYynkarsikSaKNnaEdleRKaHfak;CageKenAkgkarkMNt;smamaRtmuxkat; flat plate b flat slab.
edIm,IFanaPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; eKTamTareGaymaneprm:Um:g;eTAssredaykarBt;begag
Edlkat;tambrimaRtrbs;ssr nigedaykugRtaMgkat;cakpit EdlRbEhl 60%RtUv)aneprdaykarBt;
begag nig 40%RtUv)anepredaykMlaMgkat;.
cMENk nm:Um:g;EdlepredaycMNakpitnkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;fycuH enAeBlEdlTTwgrbs;
pnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;EdlTb;Tl;m:Um:g;ekIneLIg
v = 1
1
2 b1
1+
3 b2
(9.28)
Edl b2 = c2 + d CaTTwgnprbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;EdlTb;Tl;m:Um:g; ehIy b1 = c1 + d CaTTwgnp

EdlEkgeTAnwg b2 .
cMENkEdlenAsl; f nm:Um:g;KanlMnwgEdlepredaykarBt;begag nigEdlGMeBIelITTwgkMral
xNRbsiTPaBcenaHExSEdlesInwg 1.5 dgnkMras;kMralsrub h enAelIRCugTaMgBIrrbs;ssr.
f =
1
= 1 v
2 b1
1+
3 b2
(9.29)
sMrab;ssrxageRkA b1 = c1 + d / 2 . tMlrbs; f GacekIneLIgrhUtdl; 1.0 RbsinebI Vu tUcCag

0.75Vc . enARtg;TMrxagkg eKGacbegIn f 25% RbsinebI Vu 0.4Vc nig 0.375 b .
karEbgEckkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;CMviujEKmssrRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>15. vaERbRbYlCa
lkNbnat;CMuvijTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;. kMlaMgkat;emKuN Vu nigm:Um:g;emKuNKanlMnwg
M u EdlRtUv)aneKsnt;favamanGMeBIenARtg;pssrRtuv)anepreTAkat;GkSTIRbCMuTMgn; c c rbs;mux
kat;eRKaHfak;. dUcenH GkSRtUv)ankMNt;TItaMgedayTTYl)anBIdXas;kMlaMgkat; g cMgayBIpssr
eTAbg;GkSTIRbCMuTMgn; nmuxkat;eRKaHfak; c c sMrab;karepr shear-moment.
sMrab;karkMNt;kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;GtibrmaEdlRtUvRTRTg;eday plate enAkgtMbn;RCugssr/ ACI
Code TamTarkareRbIR)as; full nominal moment strength M n RtUv)anpl;eGayedaycMerok
ssrenAkgsmIkar 9.30 edIm,IeFVItamdUcCam:Um:g;KanlMnwgEdlRtUv)anKuNedayemKuNcMENkepr (transfer fraction factor) v . m:Um:g;KanlMnwg M n M ue / RtUv)anpMeLIgedayBIrEpk m:Um:g;cugkMral
GviCman (negative end panel moment) M ne = M e / enARtg;prbs;ssr nigm:Um:g; (Vu / )g Edl
587
T.Chhay
588
NPIC
bNalBIkMlaMgkat;brimaRtemKuNcakpit (eccentric factored perimetric shear factor) Vu . tMl

kMNt;rbs;kugRtaMgkat;RtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkarxageRkam
vu ( AB )
vu (CD )
Vu v M ue c AB
+
Ac
J c
(9.30a)
Vu v M ue cCD
Ac
J c
(9.30b)
EdlersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal KW
Vn =
Edl
vu
(9.30c)
RkLaprbs;ebtugnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;snt;
= 2d (c1 + c2 + 2d ) sMrab;ssrxagkg
J c = lkNnmuxkat;eRKaHfak;snt;EdlRsedogKanwgm:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrnmuxkat;
tMl J c sMrab;ssrxagkgKW
(c + d / 2)(d )3 + 2(d ) (c 3 + c 3 )+ (c + d )dc 2
Jc = 1
AB
CD
AB
2
6
3
BIeKalkarN_eKalnemkanicsMPar ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;KW
Ac =
vu =
Vu
Mc
+v
Ac
J
EdltYTIBIrenAGgxagsaMCakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlekItBIm:Um:g;rmYlenARtg;pssr.
RbsinebIersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal M n ntMbn;eprm:Um:g;-kMlaMgkat;eRkayBIkarKNnanEdk
BRgwgmantMlFMCag M ue / enaHeKKYreRbI M n enAkgsmIkar 9.30a nig b CMnYseGay M ue / . enA
eBlEdlersIusg;m:Um:g; M n = M ne + (Vu / )g mankarekIneLIgedaysarkareRbIEdkrgkarBt;begag
eRcInCagtMrUvkarsMrab;Tb;Tl;nwg M ue / enaHPaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralmankarekIneLIg dUcenHkarekIn
eLIgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Edlepr vu EdlKNnaBIsmIkar 9.30a nig b sMrab;begIt full moment transfer.
dUcenH eKENnaM eGayrkSa design moment M ue EdlmantMlEk,rnwgtMlm:Um:g;emKuN M ue Rbsin
ebIeKcg;eCosvagkarekIneLIgkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkareprm:Um:g;bEnm nigkarBarkarekIneLIg
bEnmeTotn kMras;kMralxN.
]TahrN_ 9>2 bgajBIviFIsaRssMrab;KNnakugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;brimaRtkMNt;enAkg plate Rtg;
tMbn;EKmssr.
kgkrNIssrxagkg kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;brimaRt vu GacmantMlFMCag kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Edl
589
T.Chhay
KNnaedaysmIkar 9.30a nig b enAeBlEdlElVgEdlenAEk,rminmanTMhMesIKa bminrgbnkesIKa. sM

rab;muxkat;kMralxNEdlCab;Tak;Tgnwgm:Um:g;emKuNenAkgssr nigCBaaMg/ ACI Code kMNt;faGgt;
EdlCaTMrdUcCassr bCBaaMgRtUvTb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;KanlMnwg
M ' = 0.07 (wnd + 0.5wnl )l2ln 2 w'nd l '2 (l 'n )2
(9.31)
Edl w'nd / l '2 nig l'n sMedAdl;ElVgxI. dUcenH eKRtUvEfmtYbEnmeTAkgsmIkar 9.30a b b

vu =
Vu v M u c AB v M ' c
+
+
Ac
Jc
J 'c
(9.32)
Edl J 'c Cam:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrEdlmanRkLapm:Um:g;EdlRtUv)anykkgTisedAEkgnwgTisEdleRbI

sMrab; J c .
9.9.3.
tMrUvkarPaBdabsMrab;kMras;Gb,brma viFIminpal;
Deflection Requirements for Minimum Thickness: An Indirect Approach
sMrab;kar)a:n;RbmaNkMras;kMralxNBIrTisdMbUg eKcaM)ac;eRbInUveKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;tMlRb
hak;RbEhledIm,IeRCIserIskMras;sakl,gelOn nigmanRbsiTPaB. eKrMBwgfapleFobElVgelIkMras;
kMralxNsMrab;kMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgnwgmantMlFMCagpleFobElVgelIkrM as;kMralxNsMrab;kM
ralxNebtugGarem: RbsinebIminmankar)at;bg;KuNsm,tnGgt;eRbkugRtaMg.
eKniymeRbI service live load CaplbUksrubnbnkefr nigbnkGefredIm,IkMNt;PaBdab.
eKeRbIbnklMnwgEdl)anBIbgMTTwgrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm,IeFVIeGayPaBdabEdlekItBI dead load
NWt bbegIteGayman camber RbsinebIbnkGefrmantMlFMEmnETn. eKeRbIeKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;
tMlRbhak;RbEhlnpleFobElVgelIkMras;kMralxN 16 eTA 25 sMrab; solid cantilever slabs nig
40 eTA 50 sMrab;kMralxNCab;BIrTis. sMrab; waffle slab eKENnaMeGayeRbItMl 35 eTA 40. sMrab;
ElVgTMrsamBa nigsMrab; single-T nig double-T eRbI 90%ntMlTaMgenHsMrab;karsakl,gelIkTImYy.
ACI tMrUvfapleFobElVgelIPaBdabGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;y:agtwgrwgEdlGaRsynwgRbePT
nkardak;bnk niglkxNnkareRbIR)as;. karkMNt;enHminRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karkarBarsameRbHnkargarbegIyenAelIBIdan nigsameRbHelI partition nigkardk;TwkenAelIdMbUl. taragTI 9>1 eGaynUvtMl
ENnaMnpleFobElVgelIPaBdabsMrab;karRKb;RKgPaBdab.
karkMNt;PaBdab b camber rbs; plate nigkMralxNBIrTisebtugeRbkugRtaMg nigebtugeRbkug
RtaMgEdlmanlkNsuRkitCagRtUv)anbgajenAkgcMnuc 9.12. viFIenHeRbIPaBrwgRkajnGgt;EdlRbsBVKaedayeRbIviFIeRKagsmmUlkgkarsikSaviPaKPaBdab. viFIenHmanlkNgayRsYl nigsmehtu
590
NPIC
pledaysaremKuNPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggt;epSgRtUv)anKNnarYcehIyenAkgkarviPaKkarBt;begag
(flexural analysis) neRKagCab;smmUl.
9.10. Step-By-Step Trial-and-Adjustment Procedure for the Design of a

Two-Way Prestressed Slab and Plate System
xageRkamenHCaCMhanbnbnab;EdlRtUv)anesIreLIgsMrab;kargarsikSaKNna nigsMrab;kargar
viPaKkMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
!> kMNt;faetIragFrNImaRtrbs;kMralxN nigkardak;bnktMrUvrviPaKtamlkNBIrTiseday
viFIeRKagsmmUlbGt;.
@> eRCIserIskMras;kMralxNsakl,gsMrab;beNayGtibrma h = L / 45 bTTwgGtibrma h =
L / 45 . KNnabnkefresvakmsrub bnkGefresvakmsrub nigbnkemKuN.
#> snt; tendon profile kat;tamElVgCab;kgTis E-W nigTis N-S ehIykMNt;kMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMg F / kugRtaMgebtug f c = F / Ac / nigcMnYn strand kgmYyElVg. KNna balancing
load intensity Wbal = 8Fa / L2 nigKNna net load Wnet = Ww Wbal .
$> kMNt;lkNeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame characteristics) tamviFIeRKagsmmUl
nigkMNt;PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt; nigPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;kMralEdleGayeday
Kc
4 EI
Ln 2h
591
T.Chhay
nig
Kt =
9 Ecs C
c
L2 1 2
L2
Edl C = (1 0.63x / y )x3 y / 3 . nigbnab;mkKNna

K ec
1
1
=
+
Kc Kt
sMrab;ssrxageRkA nigxagkg ehIyPaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxN

Ks
4 EI
L1 c1 / 2
Edl L1 CaElVgEdlKitBIGkS nig c1 CakMras;ssrsMrab;tMNrvagssr nigkMralxNnImYy.

%> KNnaemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;sMrab;kMralBItMl K ec nig K s EdlTTYl)anenARtg;tMNnImYy
DF =
Ks
K
Edl K = K ec + K S (left ) + K S (rkght ) . bnab;mkKNna fixed-end moment FEM enA

Rtg;tMNsMrab; net load EdleGayeday FEM = WL2 / 12 sMrab;bnkBRgay.
^> GnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;sMrab; net load moment M net nigEktMrUvm:Um:g;EdlEbgEckeLIgvij
edIm,ITTYl)antMl net moment enARtg;prbs;TMr. smIkarKW M n = M n(centerline) Vc / 3 .
bnab;mkepgpat;fakugRtaMgebtug
ft =
P M net
+
A
S
EdlTTYl)anm:Um:g;TaMgBIrtUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrma ft = 6 f 'c psi(0.5 f 'c MPa)

sMrab;muxkat;TMr nig ft = 2 f 'c psi(0.166 f 'c MPa ) sMrab;muxkat;kNalElVg.
&> KNna balanced service-load fixed-end moment
FEM bal =
Wbal L2
12
nigGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;nm:Um:g;bnklMnwg M bal . bnab;mkkMNt; primary moment

M 1 = Pe e nig secondary moment M s = (M bal M 1 ) .
*> KNna fixed-end factored load moment FEM u = (Wu L2 )/ 12 ehIyGnuvtkarEbgEck
m:Um:g;n factored moment. bnab;mkKNna required design moment M u = M u M s
sMrab;kMralxNenARtg;RKb;tMN nigenARtg;m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrma M u tambeNayElVg.
592
NPIC
(> kMNt; required nominal moment strength M n = M u / sMrab;m:Um:g;TMrGviCman M u

nigm:Um:g;ElVgviCman + M u . bnab;mkRtYtBinitemIlfa M n nig + M n EdlGacman
sMrab;kMralxN nigsMrab;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRKb;RKan;bGt;. bnab;mkeTot kMNt; inelastic
moment redistribution M R BIdMeNIrkarEdlmanerobrab;enAkgcMnuc 4.12.4 nig 6.7.2.
Edl M R = D (support M u ) . bEnmEdkFmtaenARtg;TMr nigkNalElVgRbsinebI
caM)ac; edayrMlwkfaEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgGb,brma As = 0.00075hL .
!0> RtYtBinit nominal shear strength rbs;kMralxNenARtg;TMrxageRkA nigTMrxagkg rYcKNna
karepr shear-moment nigkarepr flexure-moment eTAssr. emKuNkMlaMgkat;m:Um:g;
(moment shear factor) KW
v = 1
1
1+
2
b1 / b2
3
ehIyemKuNkarBt;begagm:Um:g; (moment flexure factor) KW

f =
1
1+
2
b1 / b2
3
Edl b1 = c1 + d / 2 sMrab;ssrxageRkA
b1 = c1 + d
sMrab;ssrxagkg
b2 = c2 + d
eKGacbegIntMl f 25%enARtg;TMrxagkg nigbegInrhUtdl;esInwg 1.0 enARtg;TMrepSg

eTotdUcbgajenAkgsmIkar 9.29. bnab;mkKNna c AB nig cCD sMrab;ssrxageRkA kdUc
total nominal unbalanced moment strength M n = M ue + Ve g .
!!> KNna shear ultimate stress EdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat;brimaRt nig\TiBlrbs; M n
V
c M
vn = u + AB n vc GnuBaatGtibrma
J
A
v c
Edl kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrma vc = p f 'c + 0.3 f c + bV pd

o
p = tMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam 3.5 nig ( s d / bo + 1.5)
= 0.75 sMrab;kugRtaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgrmYl
Edl s = 40 sMrab;ssrxagkg/ 30 sMrab;ssrxag nig 20 sMrab;ssrkac;RCug.
593
T.Chhay
ssrRtUvmanmuxkat;y:agticbMput 4in. BIpnRCugGt;Cab; ehIy f 'c minKYrFMCag

5,000 psi nig f RtUvmantMlGb,brmaesInwg 125 psi nigGtibrmaesInwg 500 psi ebImin
dUecaHeT eKKYrKNna vc BItMlEdltUcCageKEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkarxageRkam
4
f 'c b
b vc = 4 f 'c
vc = 2 +
vc = s + 2 f 'c
!@> KNnatMlm:Um:g;emKuN f M n nigRtYtBinitersIusg;EdlGacekItman M n nmuxkat;

EdlRbmUlpMEdkenAkg column band [c + 2(1.5h)] .
!#> RtYtBinitPaBdab nig camber rbs;kMralxN
!$> TTYlykkarsikSaKNnaRbsinebIvabMeBjRKb;lkxNEdl)anerobrab;xagelI. bnab;mk
GnuvtkarKNnasMrab;Tis E-W nigTis N-S rbs;RbBnkMralxN.
rUbTI 9>16 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;karsikSaKNna nigkarsikSaviPaK plate nigkMralxNeb
tugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
594
NPIC
595
T.Chhay
596
9.11.
NPIC
sikSaKNnaRbBnkMral Flat-Plate ebtugeRbkugRtaMgTajCaeRkay

Design of Prestressed Post-Tensioned Flat-Plate Floor System
]TahrN_ 9>2 RbBnkMral post-tensioned prestressed nonbonded flat-plate sMrab;GKarsak;enA
RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>17. kMralxagmanTMhM 17 ft 6in. 20 ft (5.33m 6.10m) EdlKitBIGkS

eTAGkS ehIykMralxagkgmanTMhM 24 ft 20 ft (7.32m 6.10m) . kMBs; lu rbs;Can;KW 8 ft 9in.
(2.67m ) . sikSaKNnakMralxNenHedIm,IRTnUv working live load WL = 40 psf (1.92kPa ) nig
superimposed dead load WSD = 20 psf (0.96kPa ) EdlbNalBI partition nig flooring. snt;enA
kgdMeNaHRsayenHfaRKb;kMralTaMgGs;TTYlbnkGefrkgeBlCamYyKa nigepgpat;lTPaBkarepr
kMlaMgkat;-m:Um:g; (shear-moment transfer capacity) rbs;kMralenARtg;ssr. eRbIkabeRbkugRtaMg 7wire 270-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. ehIyeRbIviFIeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame method) kgkarsikSa
KNnaenH. xageRkamenHCaTinnyEdleKeGay
f 'c = 4,000 psi (27.6MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ct = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa )
enARtg;TMr f t = 6 f 'c = 380 psi(2.62MPa)

enARtg;kNalElVg f t = 2 f 'c = 127 psi(0.88MPa)
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;rbs;ebtugGtibrma vc RtUv)anTamTareday ACI Code
f pu = 270,000 psi (1,862MPa )
f ps
minRtUvFMCag 185,000 psi(1,276MPa )
f py = 243,000 psi (1,675MPa )

f pe = 159,000 psi (1,096MPa )
E ps = 29 10 6 psi 200 10 3 MPa
f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
Tis N-S
!> bnk
I. Service Load analysis
edIm,IRKb;RKgPaBdab snt;fakMras;kMralxN h L / 45 . TisbeNay 20 12 / 45 = 5.33in.

ehIy h = 24 12 / 45 = 6.40in. . dUcenHsakl,g h = 6 12 in.(165mm) TMgn;pal;rbs;kMral = 81 psf .
597
T.Chhay
598
NPIC
bnkGefrEdldak;bEnmBIelI = 20 psf dUcenHeyIg)an

bnkGefrsrub WD = 101 psf
bnkesvakm
WL = 40 psf
Ww = WD + L = 141 psf (6.75kPa )
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 1.2 101 + 1.6 40 186 psf (8.9kPa )
sMrab;EpkndMeNaHRsayenH)
L2 = band width (Tis E-W)
@> bnklMnwg nig tendon profile
edIm,IeFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNelIkdMbUgsMrab;bnklMnwg snt;tMlkugRtaMgsgt;enAelIebtugmFm
EdlbNalBIbnklMnwgKW f c = 170 psi(1.17MPa) . kMlaMgkta F = 170 6.5 12 = 13,260lb / ft
(193.6kN / m ) . dUcenH sakl,gEdkeRbkugRtaMg 7-wire 270-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. . eyIgeXIjfakMlaMgRbsiTPaB Pe kgkabeRbkugRtaMgmYy = Aps f pe = 0.153 159,000 = 24,327lb . sMrab; L =
20 ft tamTisbeNayrbs;eRKOgbgM kMlaMgsrubKW Fe = FL = 13,260 20 = 265,200lb(1,180kN ) .
cMnYnrbs; strand kgmYy bay KW Fe / Pe = 265,200 / 24,327 11 ehIykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRb
siTPaBsrub Pe = Fe = 24,327 11 = 267,597lb . kMlaMgktaCak;Esg F = 267,597 / 20 =
13,380lb / ft (195.3kN / m ) ehIykugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugCak;Esg f c = F / A = 13,380 / (6.5 12 )
172 psi 170 psi KWbMeBjlkxN. dUcenH yk f c = 172 psi EdlbNalBIbnklMnwg ehIysnt;
parabolic tendon profile dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>18.
Ln = bay span (N-S
ElVgxageRkA AB b CD enARtg;kNalElVg
a1 = a3 =
3.25 + 5.50
1.75 = 2.625in.
2
BIsmIkar 1.16 sMrab; parabolic tendon
599
T.Chhay
W=
8Fa
Wbal
Net load
L2n
8 13,380 2.625 / 12
=
72 psf
(18)2
EdlbegItm:Um:g;Bt;KW
Wnet = Ww Wbal = 141 72 = 69 psf (3.30 KPa )
ElVgxagkg BC
a 2 = 6.5 1 1 = 4.5in.
8Fa 8 13,380 4.5 / 12
Wbal = 2 =
70 psf
Ln
(24)2
Wnet = 141 70 = 71 psf (3.40kPa )
#> lkNrbs;eRKagsmmUl (Equivalent Frame Characteristics)

ykeRKagsmmUlenAkgTis N-S Edlbg;RtUv)anbgajedaykarqUtenAkgrUbTI 9>17.
PaBrwg RkajTb;nwgkarBt;Rbhak;RbEhlrbs;ssrxagelI nigxageRkamtMNkMralxN
m:Um:g;kgmYykta mMurgVil nigBIsmIkar 9>9 KW
Kc =
4 Ec I c
Ln 2h
Edl Ln = Lu = 8 ft 9in. = 105in.

(a)
PaBrwgRkajssrxageRkA (14in.12in. )
sMrab;ssrxageRkA b = 14in. dUcenH I c = 14(12)3 /12 = 2,016in.4 . snt;fa Ecol / Eslab =

Ecc / Ecs = 1.0 nigeRbI Ecc = Ecs = 1.0 enAkgkarKNna eday Ecs minRtUv)anKitenAkgsmIkar
sMrab; K c . bnab;mk eyIgTTYl)an
4 1 2,016
K c srub =
2 sMrab;cug nigKl;ssr
105 (2 6.5)
= 175.3in. lb / rad / Ecc
BIsmIkar 9.10b efrkMlaMgrmYlKW
x x3 y
C = 1 0.63
y 3
6.5 3 12
= 1 0.63
6.5 = 724
12
3
PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;kMralenARtg;GkSssrKW
600
Kt =
NPIC
9 Ecs C
3
c
L2 1 2
L2
9 1 724
14
20 121
12 20
9 1 724
14
20 121
12 20
= 65.0in. lb / rad / Ecs
BIsmIkar 9.7/ PaBrwgRkajsmmUlrbs;ssrKW

K ec
(b)
1
1
=
+
K
K
t
c
1
1
=
+
175.3 65
= 47in. lb / rad / Ecc
PaBrwgRkajssrxagkg (14in. 20in. )
sMrab;ssrxagkg b = 14in. / dUcenH I = 14(20)3 /12 = 9,333in.4 . dUcenH eyIgman

4 1 9,333
2 = 812in. lb / rad / Ecc
K c srub =
105 2 6.5
6.5
3 20
C = 1 0.63
= 1,456
(6.5)
20
3
9 1,456
9 1,456
Kt =
+
= 131in. lb / rad / Ecs
3
3
14
14
20 121
20 121
12 20
12 20
1
1
+
K ec =
812 131
(c)
= 113in. lb / rad / Ecc
PaBrwgRkajrbs;kMralxN
BIsmIkar 9.9
Ks =
4 Ecs I s
c
Ln 1
2
Edl Ln CaRbEvgElVgEdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS nig c1 CakMras;ssr. TTwg slab band enAkgTis

E-W KW 20 / 2 + 20 / 2 = 20 ft . dUcenH I s = 20 12(6.5)3 / 12 = 5,493in.4 ehIysMrab;kMralenA
xagsaMssrxageRkA A
4 1 20(6.5)3
Ks =
12 17.5 12 / 2
sMrab;kMralxNenAxageqVgssrxagkg B
4 1 20(6.5)3
Ks =
12 17.5 20 / 2
ehIy sMrab;kMralenAxagsaMssrxagkg B
601
T.Chhay
Ks =
4 1 20(6.5)3
12 24 20 / 2
BIsmIkar 9.12/ emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;enAelIkMralxNRtg;tMNKW DF = K s / K Edl K =

K ec + K s (left ) + K s (right ) . dUcenHsMrab;tMNkMralxNxageRkA A / DF = 108 / (47 + 108) =
0.697 sMrab;tMNkMralxNxageqVg B / DF = 110 / (113 + 110 + 79 ) = 0.364 nigsMrab;tMN
kMralxNxagsaM B / DF = 79 /(113 + 110 + 79) = 0.262 .
$> Design Service-Load Moment and Stresses
Design net load moment
sMrab;ElVgxageRkA AB nig CD / Wnet = 69 psf . dUcenHm:Um:gbgb;cug (fixed-end moment) KW

WL2n 69 (17.5)2
FEM =
=
12 = 21.1 10 3 in. lb
12
12
dUcKa sMrab;ElVgxagkg BC / Wnet = 71 psf . dUcenHm:Um:g;bgb;cugKW

71(24 )2
FEM =
12 = 40.9 10 3 in. lb
12
edayGnuvtkarviPaKkarEbgEckm:Um:g;dUcbgajkgtarag 9>2/ eKGaceRbIemKuN carryover COF

= 1 / 2 sMrab;RKb;ElVgTaMgGs;. eKRtUveFVIkarEksMrYlkarsnt;EbbenH edaysareKecal\TiBln
nonprismatic section eTAelI fixed-end moment nigemKuN carryover. enAkgeRKageRcInElVg
eKGacsnt;faeRKagenARtg;tMNnElVgBIrEdlKitBIxageqVgtMN C RtUv)anKitfaCaTMrbgb;kg
karEbgEckm:Um:g;.
602
NPIC
kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugkMralenARtg;TMr
Net moment
Vc / 3
enARtg;pxagkgrbs;ssr B Caplsgnm:Um:g;Rtg; centerline CamYynwg
Edl
M net , max = 39.56 10 3
20 71 24
= 33,880in. lb / ft
3 2
m:UDulmuxkat;rbs;kMralxN S = bh 2 / 6 = 12(6.5)2 / 6 = 84.5in.3 ehIyeyIgmankugRtaMg

ebtugsMrab;TMr
P M
33,880
ft = +
= 172 +
= +229 psi (1.63MPa )(T ) ]
A S
84.5
dUcenH kugRtaMgGnuBaat f t = 6 f 'c = 380 psi > 229 psi RKb;RKan;.
kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugkMralenARtg;kNalElVg
Net moment
GtibrmakNalElVgKW WL2 / 8 39.56 103 b
M net , max =
71(24 )2
12 39.56 10 3 = 21,784in. lb / ft (7.85kN / m )
8
21,784
P M
= +
= 172 +
= +86 psi (0.545MPa )(T )
84.5
A S
ehIy f t Rtg;kNalElVg
dUcenH kugRtaMgGnuBaati ft = 2 f 'c = 127 psi > 86 psi RKb;RKan;.
RbsinebI f t > kugRtaMgGnuBaat f t / kMlaMgTajTaMgmUlRtUv)anykedayEdkBRgwgFmtaCamYy
kugRtaMg f s = f y / 2 .
Ultimate Flexural Strength Analysis
II. Design Moment M u
!> Balanced moments M bal

Secondary moment RtUv)aneGayeday M s = M bal M 1 / Edl M bal Ca balanced
moment nig M 1 Ca primary moment = Pe e = Fe . sMrab;ElVg AB b CD
FEM bal =
nigsMrab;kMral BC
FEM bal =
72(17.5)2
12 = 22,050in. lb / ft
12
70(24 )2
12 = 40,320in. lb / ft
12
karGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;dUcenAkgtarag 9>3 nwgkMNt;m:Um:g; M bal GtibrmasMrab;tMNssr

xageRkA.
603
T.Chhay
@> Secondary moments M s nigm:Um:g;bnkemKuN M u
ElVg AB
BI tendon profile nrUbTI 9>18/ e = 0 . dUcenHeyIgman

Primary moment M 1 / ft enARtg;TMr A = Pe e = 0
M bal = 5,670in. lb / ft
BItarag 9>3
M s = M bal M 1 = 5,670 0 = 5.67 10 3 in. lb / ft
m:Um:g;bgb;cugbnkemKuN
ElVg BA
Wu l 2 186(17.5)2
FEM u =
=
12 = 56,963in. lb / ft
12
12
BI tendon profile enAkgrUbTI 9>18/ e = 6.5 / 2 1 = 2.25in. . dUcenHeyIgman

M 1 = 13,380 2.25 = 30,105in.lb / ft (11.16kN .m )
BItarag 9>3
M s = 34,460 30,105 = 4,355in. lb / ft (1.61kN .m / m )
ElVg BC
m:Um:g;bgb;cugbnkemKuN FEM u = 56,963in. lb / ft (21.1kN .m / m)

e = 2.25in.
M 1 = 30,105in. lb / ft
BItarag 9>3
604
NPIC
M s = 39,320 30,105 = 9,215in. lb / ft (3.4kN .m / m )
m:Um:g;bgb;cugbnkemKuN FEM u = 18612(24) 12 = 107,136in. lb / ft (39.7kN .m / m)

GnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;sMrab;m:Um:g;emKuNdUcenAkgtarag 9>4. sikSaviPaKKMrUnkardak;bnkelI
ElVgqas;edIm,ITTYllkxNGaRkk;bMputsMrab;m:Um:g;esvakm nigm:Um:g;bnkemKuN.
2
#> Design moments M u

m:Um:g;KNna (design moment) M u Caplsgnm:Um:g;bnkemKuN M u nig secondary
moment M s b M u = M u M s BIsmIkar 9.17.
m:Um:g; M u Rtg;tMN A ElVg AB
sMrab;m:Um:g;Rtg;tMN A ElVg AB / M s = 5,670in. lb / ft )anBIelIkmun ehIym:Um:g;Rtg;
centerline M u = 12,310 5,670 = 6,640in. lb / ft . karkat;bnym:Um:g;BIssr A = Vc / 3 . dUcenH
V AB
Wu L M u @ B M u @ A 186 17.5 103 (89.88 12.31)

=
2
Ln
2
17.5 12
= 1627.5 369.4 = 1231.1lb / ft

c = 12in.
m:Um:g;Rtg; centerline M u = 12,310 5,670 = 6,640in. lb / ft

m:Um:g;Rtg;pssrtMrUvkar M u = 6,640 12313.112
605
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar
= 6,640 4,924 = 1,716in. lb / ft (0.64kN .m / m )

M
1,716
Mn = u =
= 1,987in. lb / ft (0.4kN .m / m )
0.9
m:Um:g; M Rtg;tMN B ElVg BA

u
sMrab;m:Um:g;Rtg;tMN B ElVg BA / M s = 4,355in. lb / ft )anBIelIkmun ehIym:Um:g;Rtg;

centerline M u = 89,880 4,355 = 85,525in. lb / ft . dUcenH
V AB = 1627.5 + 369.4 = 1,996.9lb / ft
c = 20in.
m:Um:g;Rtg;pssrtMrUvkar M u = 85,525 1,996.39 20

m:Um:g;tMrUvkar
= 85,525 13,313 = 72,212in. lb / ft (26.7 kN .m / m )

M
72,212
Mn = u =
= 80,236in. lb / ft (31.7 kN .m / m )
0.9
m:Um:g; M Rtg;tMN B ElVg BC

u
sMrab;m:Um:g;Rtg;tMN B ElVg BA / M s = 9,215in. lb / ft ehIym:Um:g;Rtg; centerline

M u = 93,440 9,215 = 84,225in. lb / ft . dUcenH
VBC =
186 24
= 2,232lb / ft
2
m:Um:g;Rtg;pssrtMrUvkar M u = 84,225 22323 20

m:Um:g;tMrUvkar
= 84,225 14,880 = 69,345in. lb / ft (25.7 kN .m / m )

M
69,345
Mn = u =
= 77,050in. lb / ft (28.56kN .m / m )
0.9
m:Um:g; + M GtibrmakNalElVg AB
u
snt;facMnuckMlaMgkat;sUn nigm:Um:g;GtibrmaKW x BIp A . enaH

x = V AB / Wu = 1231.1 / 186 = 6.62 ft . dUcKa BItarag 9>4 m:Um:g;cug M u Rtg;
A = 12,310in. lb / ft nigBIelIkmun M s = 12 (5,670 + 4,355) = 5,013in. lb / ft . dUcenH eyIgman
2
m:Um:g;Gtibrma + M u = V AB x Wu2x M u + M s
= 1231.1 6.62 12
186(6.62 )2
12 12,310 + 5,013
2
= 97,799 48,908 12,310 + 5,013

= 41,594in. lb / ft (15.4kN .m / m )
enARtg; 6.62 ft BI A
606
NPIC
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar + M n = Mu = 410,594
= 46,216in. lb / ft (17.2kN .m / m )
.9
m:Um:g; + M GtibrmakNalElVg BC
u
BIelIkmun VBC = 2,232lb / ft nig x = Ln / 2 = 24 / 2 = 12 ft . m:Um:g;kNalElVgrbs;ElVg

samBaKW
M u = V AB
Ln
L (L )
Wu
2
2 4
24 186(24 )2
= 2,232
= 13,392 ft lb / ft = 160,704in. lb / ft
2
8
ma:gvijeTot/ m:Um:g;kNalElVgrbs;ElVgsamBaKW
Wu L2 186(24 )2
M=
=
12 = 160,704in. lb / ft
8
8
+ M u = M M u + M s
BItarag 9>4 eyIgman M u = 93,440in. lb / ft nig M s = 9,215in. lb / ft .

dUcenHersIusg;m:Um:g;GtibrmatMrUvkarenAkNalElVgKW
+ M u = 160,704 93,440 + 9,215 = 76,479in. lb / ft (27.13kN .m / m )
ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal tMrUvkarKW

+ Mn =
Mu
79,479
= 84,977in. lb / ft (30.14kN .m / m )
0.9
rUbTI 9>19 eGaynUvdaRkamnersIusg; design moment tMrUvkar M u tambeNayElVg nigtMlx<s;

bMputrbs;m:Um:g;.
III. Flexural Strength M n (Nominal Moment Strength)
ACI Code
RtUvkarbrimaNEdkGb,brmarbs;EdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaM. BIsmIkar 9.20

As = 0.00075hLn
!> muxkat;TMrxagkg B
sMrab;muxkat;TMrxagkgRtg;cMnuc B / m:Um:g; nominal tMrUvkarEdllubKW M n = 77,050in. lb / ft
dUcenH/ RkLapGb,brmarbs;EdkBRgwgminrgeRbkugRtaMgkgTisnImYyEdlsitenAkgRkLapm:Um:g;
GviCmanrbs;kMralRtg;ssrRtUv)anKNnadUckgsmIkar 4.55(b) KW As = 0.00075hl Edl h = kMras;
kMralxNsrub nig l = RbEvgElVgkgTisRsbeTAnwgTisrbs;EdkEdlRtUvkMNt;.
18 + 24
2
2
As = 0.00075 6.5
12 = 1.23in. (7.93cm )
2
607
T.Chhay
dUcenH sakl,g 6#4 EdlmanRbEvg 11 ft ehIyKMlatGtibrmarbs;EdkKW 6in.(152mm) edayKitBI

GkSeTAGkS EdlvaRtUv)anRbmUlpMenAmMssrelI band width EdlesIeTAnwgTTwgssrbUkCamYynwg
1.5 dgnkMras;kMralelIRCugnImYyrbs;ssr. enaH
As = 6 0.20 = 1.20in.2 1.23in.2 EdlRtUvkar
O.K.
TTwgkMral = 20 ft
As / ft =
1.2
= 0.06in.2
20
BIsmIkar 9.23b/ design stress enAkg tendon KW

f ps = f pe +
ehIy
p =
A ps
bd
f 'c
+ 10,000 psi
300 p
11 0.153
= 0.0013
(20 12)5.5
f pe = 159,000 psi
f ps = 159,000 +
4,000
+ 10,000 = 179,256 pis (1,236 MPa )
300 0.0013
608
F ps =
NPIC
179,256 0.153 11
= 15,084lb / ft
20
Fs = 60,000 As / ft = 60,000 0.06 = 3,600lb / ft
kMlaMgsrub F / ft = Fps + Fs = 15,084 + 3,600 = 18,684lb / ft ehIyeyIgkman

kMBs;bksgt; a = As 0f .y85+ fA'psbf ps
c
18,684
=
= 0.46in.(11.7mm )
0.84 4,000 12
eKRtUvdak; tendon nig bar elInIv:UdUcKa d = 6.5 1 = 5.5in. . ehIy M n = (As f y + Aps f ps )(d a / 2)
m:Um:g;EdlGacekItman M n = 18,684 (5.5 0.46 / 2) = 98,465in. lb / ft (36.5MPa) ehIym:Um:g;
tMrUvkar M n = 77,050in. lb / ft < 98,465in. lb / ft . dUcenH vaminRtUvkarersIusg;m:Um:g;bEnmeT.
kgkrNIenHeKminRtUvkarkarEbgEckm:Um:g;GviCman inelastic eLIgvijeT edaysarEdkm:Um:g;
viCmanEdlGacekItmanRKb;RKan;. RbsinebIeKcg;GnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij/ BIrUbTI 4>46
5.5
dt
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.027in. / in. > 0.0075in. / in. O.K.
0.46 / 0.85
c
t = 0.003
eKGnuvtkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijBITMreTAkNalElVg tMlkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGtibrma
= 1000 t 20% .
emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijCak;Esg = 1000 0.027 = 27% FMCagtMlGnuBaatGtibrma.
GnuvtemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij 15% eTAelIm:Um:g;kNalElVgviCman.
dUcenH + M n = 1.15 84,977 = 97,724in. lb / ft
eKFanakarkat;bnyRkLaprbs;EdkBRgwgFmtasMrab;m:Um:g;GviCman kgkrNIEdlbrimaN
EdkGb,brmaRKb;RKan;.
@> muxkat;kNalElVgenARtg;ElVg BC
BIelIkmun Fps = Aps f ps = 15,084lb / ft ehIy
a=
A ps f ps
0.85 f 'c b
15,084
= 0.37in.
0.85 4,000 12
dUcenH m:Um:g;EdlGacman M n = Aps f ps (d a / 2) = 15,084(5.5 0.37 / 2) = 80,171in. lb / ft

ehIym:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n = 97,724in. lb / ft > 80,171in. lb / ft dUcenHvaminRKb;RKan;. dUcenH bEnm
6#4 Rtg;kNalElVgelITTwg 20 ft edIm,ITTYl)an
As = 6 0.20 = 1.20in.2
609
T.Chhay
1.20 60,000
= 3,600lb / ft
20
(15,084 + 3,600) = 0.46in.
a=
0.85 4,000 12
As f y =
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman + M n = (As f y + Aps f ps ) d a2

0.46
= (15,084 + 3,600) 5.5

= 98,465in. lb / ft
2
> +M n
tMrUvkar = 97,724in. lb / ft
O.K.
karsegbsrsEdk
eRkaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij eRbIEdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaMg #4 Ggt;pit 12.7mm cMnYn 6 edIm
enAsrsxageRkamRtg;kNalElVgbEnmBIelI tendon eRbkugRtaMgCab;elIkMNat; 20 ft . ehIyeRbI
EdkFmtaminrgeRbkugRtaMg 6#4 enAsrsxagelIenARtg;TMr edaydak;ecjBIGkSrbs;ssrCamYynwgKM
lat 6in. edayKitBIGkSeTAGkS EdkGgt;pit 12.7mm cMnYn 6 edImCamYynwgKMlat 152mm BIGkS
eTAGkS CabrimaNEdkGb,brmaEdlRtUvepgpat;sMrab;karepr shear-moment.
muxkat;kNalElVgrbs;ElVg AB nig CD KYrmantMlFMCagersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal viCman
edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;emKuNviCman. ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal GviCmanrbs;muxkat;Rtg;TMrxageRkA A nig
D RtUv)anRKb;RKgeday moment-shear transfer stress.
#> Banding the reinforcement enARtg;tMbn;ssr
kabeRbkugRtaMgGgt;pit 12 in. cMnYn 11 ehIyTTwgrbs;cMerokelIssr = 2(14 20 12) = 120in. .
snt;fa EdkeRbkugRtaMg 70% RtUv)anRbmUlpMenARtg;cMerokelIssr. enaHcMnYnkabeRbkugRtaMg =
0.7 11 = 7.7 . dUcenH kabeRbkugRtaMgcMnYn 7 RtUv)andak;enAelIcMerokssr EdlkgenaHkabeRbkug
RtaMg 3 RtUvkat;tammuxkat;ssr.
enAelIcMerokkNalElVgmankabeRbkugRtaMg 11 4 = 7 . eKGacsnt;PaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;
cenaHcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNaledaytMlRbhak;RbEhldUcxageRkam
emKuNm:Um:g;cMerokelIssr = 7 /11 = 0.64
emKuNm:Um:g;cMerokkNal = 0.36
m:Um:g;srubGtibrma + M Rtg;pssr B = 33,880in. lb / ft emIltarag 9>2
m:Um:g;srubGtibrma + M Rtg;kNalElVg 21,784in. lb / ft
dUcenH EbgEck tendon eRbkugRtaMgcenaHcMerokelIssr nigcMerokkNalElVgdUckarbgajcxageRkam
610
NPIC
IV. Nominal Shear Strength
!> ssrxageRkA A nig D

(a) rUbragFrNImaRt nigbnkxageRkA
BIelIkmun eyIgman VAB = 1231.1lb / ft ehIykMlaMgkat;TTwgsrubKW VB = 1231.1 20 =
24,622lb . snt;CBaaMgxageRkA nigkBak;manTMgn;mFm 500 plf
kMlaMgkat;EdlekItBIbnkCBaaMg Vu = 1.2 500 20 = 12,000lb
kMlaMgkat;EdlekItBIkMralxN Vu = 24,622lb
kMlaMgkat;emKuNsrub VuA = 36,622lb(162.9kN )
muxkat;kMlaMgkat;eRKaHfak;RtUv)anKitenARtg; d / 2 BIprbs;ssr dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>20.
eyIgman
d = 6.5 1.0 = 5.5in.
tMlGtibrma d p = dv = 0.8h = 0.8 6.5 = 5.2in.(132mm)

c1 = 12in.
c2 = 14in.
5.2
d
b1 = c1 + = 12 +
= 14.6in.
2
2
b2 = c2 + d = 14 + 5.2 = 19.2in.
Ac = bo d = 5.2(2 14.6 + 19.2) = 252in.2
611
T.Chhay
BIrUbeyIg)an
b
d (2c1 + c2 + 2d )x = d c1 +
2
5.2(2 12 + 14 + 2 5.2 )x = 5.2(14.6 )2
x = c AB = 4.40in.
5.2
d
g = x = 4.4
= 1.8in.
2
2
ma:gvijeTot
c AB
b12 d (14.6 )2 5.2

=
=
= 4 .4
252
Ac
cCD = b1 c AB = 14.6 4.4 = 10.2in.
BIlkNFrNImaRtrbs;ssrxageRkAEdlbgajkgrUbTI 9>20 nigBIsmIkar 9.28 nig 9.29

v = 1
1
1 + 23
b1
b2
= 1
1 + 23
14.6
19.2
= 1 0.63 = 0.37
edayeRbI d v sMrab; d / enaHm:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrKW

d 3
c1 + d
2d 3
2
3
Jc =
+
c AB + cCD
+ (c2 + d )(d )(c AB )2
6
3
14.6(5.2)3 2 5.2
+
4.4 3 + 10.2 3 19.2 5.2(4.4 )2
6
3
= 342 + 3,974 + 1,933 = 6,249in.4
BIelIkmun m:Um:g;kta M u = 6,640in. lb / ft enARtg; column centerline. dUcenH bay moment

srubenARtg; column centerline KW M c = 6,648 20 = 132,960in. lb . snt;fakMlaMgkat;pb
Vu manGMeBIRtg;prbs;ssrsMrab; shear-moment transfer. kMlaMgkat;-m:Um:g;EdlepredaycMNak
pitKW Vu g = 24,644 1.8 = 44,320in. lb / m:Um:g;xageRkAemKuN M ue = 132,960 + 44,320 =
177,280in. lb / ft ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;KanlMnwgtMrUvkarsrub M n = M ue / = 177,280 / 0.9 =
196,978in. lb .
(b) Shear-moment transfer
cMENknersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal EdlRtUvepredaykMlaMgkat;KW v M n = 0.37 196,978 =

72,882in. lb . BIsmIkar 9.30a/ kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat;brimaRt (perimeter
shear)/ \TiBlrbs; v M n nigTMgn;rbs;CBaaMgKW
vn =
Vu v c AB M n
+
Ac
Jc
612
NPIC
36,622
0.37 4.4 196,978
+
0.75 252
6,249
= 193.8 + 51.2 = 245 psi
BIEpkbnklMnwgndMeNaHRsay kugRtaMgsgt;mFmenAkgebtugRtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;muxkat;Edl
bNalBIkMlaMgGnuvtxageRkA Pe KW f c = Pe / Ac = 172 psi .
BIsmIkar 9.24 nig 9.25 edayminKitBI\TiBlrbs;bgMkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar V p ersIusg;
kMlaMgkat;GnuBaatGtibrmakayCa
vc = p
f 'c + 0.3 f c
Edl emKuN p CatMltUcCageKn ( s d / bo + 1.5) nig 3.5 ehIy s = 3.0 sMrab;cugssr. BIrUbTI
9>20/ bo = 2 14.6 + 19.2 = 48.2in. ehIy
sd
bo
+ 1.5 =
30 5.5
+ 1.5 = 4.92 > 3.5
48.2
dUcenH eRbI p = 3.5

kugRtaMgkat;GnuBaatGtibrma vc = 3.5
4,000 + 0.3 172
Cak;Esg = 245 psi O.K.

RbsinebIeKKit V p bBalkgkarKNna enaH vc GnuBaatGtibrmaRtUvmantMlFMCag 273 psi .
= 221 + 52 = 273 psi > vu
(c) Flexure moment transfer
cMENknersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal EdlRtUvepreday flexure KW M n = 0.63 196,978 =

124,096in. lb . BIsmIkar 9.20 RkLapEdkGb,brma As , min = 0.00075hl =
0.00075 6.5 17.5 12 = 1.02in.2 . dUcenH eRbI 6#4 6 ft EdlrYmbBalTaMg standard
hook/ RkLapEdkEdleFVIkardl; yielding As = 6 0.2 = 1.2in.2 . kugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRb
kugRtaMgRtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkar 9.23 edaysnt;eGayEdkeRbkugRtaMgbIedImkat;tammux
kat;ssrenARtg;TMrkNalRtg; e = 0 . eyIgman d p = 6.5 / 2 = 3.25in. ehIyTTwgRbsiTPaB
b = c2 + 2(1.5 h ) = 14 + 2(1.5 6.5) = 33.5in. . ehIy
p =
A ps
bd p
3 0.153
= 0.0042
33.5 3.25
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
300 p
= 159,000 + 10,000 +
4,000
300 0.0042
= 172,174 psi
613
T.Chhay
A ps = 3 0.153 = 0.459in.
a=
As f y + A ps f ps
0.85 f 'c b
1.20 60,000 + 0.459 172,174

0.85 4,000 33.5
= 1.33in.
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacmanenAtMbn;ssr M n = As f y d a2 + Aps f ps d p a2
1.33
1.33
= 1.2 60,000 5.5

+ 0.459 172,101 3.25
2
2
= 347,400 + 203,410 = 550,810in. lb

>> f M n = 124,096in. lb
614
NPIC
dUcenH ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal EdlGacekItmanmantMlFMCagm:Um:g;EdlnwgRtUvepreday

flexure. rUbTI 9>21 bgajBIKMrUmYysMrab; banding kgkardak;EdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkFmtasMrab;
shear-moment transfer Rtg;tMbn;ssrxageRkA.
@> ssrxagkg B nig C
(a) ragFrNImaRt nigbnkxageRkA
BIelIkmun/ VBA + VBC = 1996.9 + 2232 4229 plf . kMlaMgkat;srubKW VuB = 4229 20 =
84,578lb(376kN ) ehIy c1 = 20in. / c2 = 14in. nig d = 6.5 1 = 5.5in.
snt;fa d v = 0.8h 5.2in. / KNna g = 12 c1 = 20 / 2 = 10in.
b1 = c1 + d = 20 + 5.2 = 25.2in.
b2 = c2 + d = 14 + 5.2 = 19.2in.
Ac = bo d = 2(25.2 5.2 + 19.2 5.2) = 462in.2
edayeRbI d v sMrab; d / m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrKW
d (c1 + d )3 d 3 (c1 + d ) d (c2 + d )(c1 + d )2

+
+
Jc =
6
6
2
=
5.2(25.2 )3 (5.2 )3 (25.2 ) 5.2(19.2 )(25.2 )2

+
+
6
6
2
= 46,161in.4
615
T.Chhay
rUbTI 9>22 bgajlkNFrNImaRtrbs;ssrxagkg

v = 1
1 + 23
1
= 0.433
25.2 / 19.2
f = 1 0.433 = 0.567
m:Um:g; M ue = M e sMrab;ssrxagkgnImYy ehIy net unit moment M e = 80,236 77,050 =

3,186in. lb . m:Um:gEdl)anBIkMlaMgkat;KanlMnwg (unbalanced shear momnet) KWesInwg Vu g =
10(2,232 1,996.9 ) = 2,351in. lb . cugeRkay m:Um:g;srubKW
M ue = 3186 20 + 2351 = 66,071in. lb
ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;KanlMnwgtMrUvkarKW
M n = M ue / = 66,071 / 0.9 = 73,412in. lb
(b) Shear-moment transfer
cMENkersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal EdlRtUvepredaykMlaMgkat;KW

v M n = 0.433 73,412 = 31,787in. lb
ehIy c AB = 12 (c1 + d ) = 12 b1 = 25.2 / 2 = 12.6in.

BIsmIkar 9.30a/ kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat;brimaRt (perimeter shear)
nig\TiBlrbs; M n KW
Vu v c AB M n
+
Ac
Jc
84,578
0.433 73,412 12.6
=
+
= 244.0 + 8.68 = 253 psi (173MPa )
0.75 462
46,161
vn =
< vc
GnuBaat = 273 psi /
O.K.
(c) Flexure moment transfer
cMENknersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal EdlRtUvepreday flexure KW f M n = 0.567 73,412 =

41,625in. lb ehIy b = c2 + 2(1.5 h ) = 14 + 2(1.5 6.5) = 33in. dUcKasMrab;ssrxageRkA A .
dUckrNIssrxageRkA snt;fakabeRbkugRtaMgbIkat;tamssrxagkg B nig C . eyIgman
d p = 6.5 1 = 5.5
p =
A ps
bd p
3 0.153
= 0.0025
33.5 5.5
f ps = f pe + 10,000 +
f 'c
300 p
616
= 159,000 + 10,000 +
NPIC
4,000
= 174,333 psi
300 0.0025
EdlmantMlEk,rnwgtMl f ps sMrab;ssr A . dUcenH eRbI 6#4 12 ft CabrimaNEdkGb,brmadUcssrxageRkA a 1.48in. ehIyersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekItman (available moment capacity)
enAkgssrKW
M n = 1.2 60,000(5.5 1.33 / 2) + 0.459 174,333(5.5 1.33 / 2)
= 348,120 + 386,891 = 735,011in. lb
tMrUvkar = 73,412in. lb dUcenHvaRKb;RKan;

rUbTI 9>23 bgajBI schematic layout rbs;EdkBRgwgenAkg flat plate Cab;. kabeRbkug
RtaMgGgt;pit 1/ 2in. cMnYnbIkgTisnImYyRtUvkat;tambrievNkMlaMgkat;eRKaHfak;rbs;ssr. Cakar
BiteKRtUvRtYtBinittMrUvkar serviceablity sMrab;PaBdab dUcenAkgEpk 9>13.
>> M n
617
T.Chhay
BIkarsikSaviPaK eyIgTTYlykkarsikSaKNna ehIyeRbIKMrUnkardak;EdkBRgwgdUcKasMrab;Tis

TaMgBIr N-S nig E-W rbs;RbBnkMral edaysarTMhMrbs;kMralxNTaMgBIrTisesIresIKa.
eKcaM)ac;RtUvcMNaMfakarcUlrYmrbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgeTAkgersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekItmanrbs;kM
ralRtg;tMbn;ssrmannyEtkgkrNIeKdak;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;kat;tamssr dUcbgajkgrUbTI 9>21.
kgkarsikSaKNnaCaeRcIn EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUg)aneKdak;eGaygakecjBIGkSrbs;ssredayCMraltic
tYc dUcenHmanEtEdkBRgwgFmtab:ueNaHEdlbegItersIusg;m:Um:g;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;KanlMnwg. eTaHbI
kgkrNIEbbenHkedaykersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacekItmanEdl)anBIEdkBRgwgFmtaEdlRbmUlpMtamry
muxkat;ssrenAEtmantMlFMCagm:Um:g;tMrUvkar dUckarKNnaEdlbgajkg]TahrN_enHRsab;.
9.12.
viFIedaypal;kgkarKNnaPaBdab
Derect Method of Deflection Evaluation
9.12.1.
viFIeRKagsmmUl
The Equivalent Frame Approach
dUcKanwgviFIeRKagsmmUlsMrab; flwcural analysis Edlerobrab;;y:aglMGitenAkgEpkelIkmun

eKEckeRKOgbgMCaeRKagCab;EdlsittamGkSrbs;ssrkgTisEkgTaMgBIr. eRKagnImYypMeLIgeday
ssrmYyCYr nig band rbs;kMraldFMEdlenAcenaH panel centerline rYmCamYynwgFwmtambeNay
GkSssr.
tamtMrUvkarrbs;saTic eKRtUvKitbBalbnkGnuvtenAkgTisEkgnImYy. edIm,IKitbBal
torsional deformation rbs;Fwm eKRtUveRbIssrsmmUlEdl flexibility rbs;vaCaplbUkn
flexibility rbs;ssrCak;EsgCamYynwg torsional flexibility rbs;FwmTTwg (transverse beam)
bcMerokkMralxN (stiffness CacMras;n flexibility).
1
1
1
=
+
K ec K c K t
(9.33)
rbs;ssrsmmUl/ m:Um:g;Bt;kgmYyktamMulrgVil.
K c = plbUkPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt; (flexural stiffness) rbs;ssrxagelI nigssrxag
eRkam/ m:Um:g;Bt;kgmYyktamMurgVil.
K t = PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl (torsional stiffness) rbs;FwmTTwg (transverse beam)
bcMerokkMralxN/ m:Um:g;rmYlkgmYyktamMurgVil.
dUcenH eKRtUvsal;tMlrbs; K ec edIm,IKNnaPaBdabedayviFIsaRsenH.
Edl
K ec = flexural stiffness
618
NPIC
eKKitfacMerokkMralxN-FwmminRtUv)anRTedayssreT b:uEncMerokkMralxN-FwmTTwgsitenA
elIGkSssr. rUbTI 9>24 (a) bgajBIcMnucenH. eKKitkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;KMrUkMralxNkgmYyTismg.
dUcenH eKeFVIplbUkPaBdabtamTisnImYy Tis x nigTis y edIm,ITTYl)anPaBdabsrubRKb;cMnucTaMg
Gs;enAelIkMralxN b plate.
619
T.Chhay
dMbUg eKRtUvKNnaPaBdabEdlbNalBIkarBt;begagkgTis x rUbTI 9>24 (b). bnab;mk

eKRtUvrkPaBdabEdlbNalBIkarBt;begagkgTis y . eKGacTTYl)anPaBdabkNalkMralxN
(midpanel) CaplbUknPaBdabkNalElVg (senter-span) rbs;cMerokelIssrkgTismYyCamYynwg
PaBdabkNalElVgrbs;cMerokkNalElVgkgTisEdk rUbTI 9>24 (c).
9.12.2.
PaBdabcMerokelIssr nigPaBdabcMerokkNalElVg
The Equivalent Frame Approach
eKGacKitPaBdabrbs;kMralnImYyBIplbUknFatupSMbIKW
!> PaBdabkNalElVgeKalrbs;kMralxN edaysnt;cugTaMgBIrbgb;KW
wl 4
'=
384 Ec I frame
(9.34)
PaBdabenHRtUvsmamaRteTAnwgPaBdab c rbs;cMerokelIssr nigPaBdab s rbs;cMerok

kNalElVg Edl
c = '
M col , strip Ec I cs
M frame Ec I c
(9.35a)
620
nig
s = '
NPIC
M slab, strip Ec I cs
M frame Ec I s
(9.35b)
Edl I cs Cam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;eRKagsrub/ I c Cam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;cMerokelIssr nig I s Ca

m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;cMerokkNalElVg.
@> PaBdabRtg;kNal (center deflection) "L = 18 L bNalBImMurgVilRtg;cugxageqVg xN
EdleKKitfacugxagsaMRtUv)anbgb; (fixed) Edl L Ca M net / K ec xageqVg ehIy K ec Ca
flexural stiffness rbs;ssrsmmUl m:Um:g;kgmYyktamMurgVil.
#> PaBdabRtg;kNal (center deflection) "R = 18 L bNalBImMurgVilRtg;cugxagsaM xN
EdleKKitfacugxageqVgRtUv)anbgb; (fixed) Edl L Ca M net / K ec xagsaM. dUcenH
cx b cy = c + "L + "R
(9.36a)
sx b sy = s + "L + "R
(9.36a)
kgsmIkar 9.36a nig 9.36b eRbItMl c / "L nig "R EdlRtUvKanwgTisrbs;ElVg. BIrUbTI
9>24 (b) nig (c) PaBdabsrubKW
= sx + cy = sy + cx
9.13.
(9.37)
KNnaPaBdabrbs;kMralxNebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis
Deflection Evaluation of Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Slabs
]TahrN_ 9>3 KNna central deflection rbs;kMralxageRkArbs;kMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisEdl
karTajCaeRkayEdl)ansikSaKNnaenAkg]TahrN_ 9>2 sMrab;kardak;bnkryeBlxI nigkardak;

bnkryeBlyUr. snt;fa PaBdabGnuBaat GtibrmaKW l / 480 nElVg.
dMeNaHRsay
Tinnyrbs;eRKOgbgM BI]TahrN_ 9>2/ eyIgmanTinnydUcxageRkam

kMras; plate h = 6.5in.(165mm)
bnk Wd = 101 psf (4.84kPa)
WL = 40 psf (1.92kPa )
bnklMnwgElVg AB / Wbal = 72 psf (3.45kPa)

Wnet = WD + WL Wbal = 101 + 40 72 = 69 psf (3.3kPa )
bnklMnwgElVg BC / Wbal = 70 psf (3.35kPa)

621
T.Chhay
Wnet = 141 70 = 71 psf (3.4kPa )
bg;kMralRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>25/ ehIybg;lMGitTaMgGs; nigmuxkat;bBarrbs;sMNg;

RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>17. eKykm:Um:g;begagEdl)anEbgEckenAkgTis N-S BI flexural
analysis sMrab; Wnet enAkgtarag 9>2 EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>26.
Stiffness Fatores
nig strip moment Tis N-S ElVg 18 ft
tMlemKuNPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrsmmUl K ec RtUv)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_ 9>2 CamYynwg

lTpldUcxageRkam
ssrxageRkA A K ec = 47 Ec in. lb / rad
ssrxagkg B K ec = 113Ec in. lb / rad
Net frame moment M A = 5.30 10 3 in. lb / ft
Net frame moment M B = (39.56 33.94 )10 3 = 5.62 10 3 in. lb / ft
622
NPIC
dUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_ 9>2/ cMerokelIssrTTYlykm:Um:g; 64% ehIycMerokkNalElVgTTYlyk

m:Um:g; 36% . m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;eRKagsrub I cs = bh3 /12 = 20 12(6.5)3 /12 = 5,493in.4 xNEdl
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;cMerokelIssr I c = m:Um:g;niclPaBcMerokkNalElVg I c = 5,493 / 2 = 2,747in.4 .
BIsmIkar 9.34 PaBdabkNalElVgeKalkgTis N-S Rtg;cMNuckNal O kgrUbTI 9>27

eday`snt;cugTaMgsgxagrbs;kMralxNbgb; (fixed) KW
'=
WL4
69 20(18)4 (12)3
=
= 0.029in.
384 Ec I cs 384 4.03 10 6 5,493
PaBdabenHRtUvsmamaRteTAnwgPaBdab c rbs;cMerokelIssr nig s rbs;cMerokkNalElVg

c = '
M col , strip Ec I cs
M frame Ec I c
BI]TahrNI 9>2/ M col, strip / M frame = 0.64 dUcenH PaBdabtamTis N-S c = 0.029 0.64 2 =
0.037in. nig s = 0.029 0.36 2 = 0.021in. ehIymMurgVilenARtg;cMnuc A KW
A =
M A 5.30 10 3 20
=
= 5.6 10 4 rad
K ec 47 4.03 10 6
B =
MB
5.62 10 3 10
=
= 2.5 10 4 rad
6
K ec 113 4.03 10
"=
l
8
(5.6 + 2.5)10 4 (18 12) = 0.022in.

8
dUcenH/ N-S net cy = 0.037 + 0.022 = 0.059in. ehIy N-S net sy = 0.021 + 0.022 = 0.043in.
623
T.Chhay
Stiffness Fatores
nig strip moment Tis E-W ElVg 18 ft
sMrab;Tis E-W/ TTwg b rbs;eRKagsmmUl = 12 (18 + 24) = 21.0 ft .

bh 3 21 12(6.5)3
m:Um:g;niclPaBeRKagsrubKW I cs = 12 = 12 = 5,767in.4
m:Um:g;niclPaBcMerokelIssr I c = m:Um:g;niclPaBcMerolkNalElVg I s = 5,767 / 2 = 2,884in.4
BIsmIkar 9.24/ central deflection Rtg;cMnuc O Edlmancugbgb;KW
'=
WL4
69 21(20 )4 (12)3
=
= 0.045in.
384 Ec I cs 384 4.03 10 6 5,767
sMrab;krNIEdlkMralTaMgGs;rgbnkenAkg]TahrN_enH/ net moment enARtg;ssrnImYy

EdlbNalBIplsgnm:Um:g;GviCmanBIkMraleTAxagssrxageqVg nigm:Um:g;GviCmanBIkMraleTAssr
xagsaMesIsUn. dUcenH eKman net rotation = 0 nigeRbI E-W net cx = 0.058in. nig E-W net
sx = 0.032in. .
624
NPIC
rUbTI 9>27 eGayPaBdabcMerolelIssr nigPaBdabcMerokkNalElVgkgTisTaMgBIr N-S nig

.
E-W
Central Deflection
Central deflection
srub (Total Immediate Central Deflection)
srub
= sx + cy = sy + cx
dUcenH N S = sy + cx = 0.043 + 0.058 = 0.101in.

ehIy E W = sx + cy = 0.032 + 0.059 = 0.091in.
dUcenH PaBdabPammFmEdlbNalBI net load KW net = 12 ( N S + E W )
=
PaBdabryeBlEvg (Long-term Deflection)
1
(0.101 + 0.091) = 0.096in.(2.44mm)
2
sMrab;PaBdabryeBlEvg/ bnk Wnet = 69 psf nigbnkGefr WL = 40 psf edaysnt;fa

kMralxNRtUvRTbnkGefr 65% dUcenHbnkGcinsrubEdlkMralxNRtUvRTKW
Wsusl = (69 40) + 40 0.65 = 55 psf
edaysnt;emKuN creep srubesInwg 2 / eyIg)an

0.096 2 = 0.153in.(4.09mm )
PaBdabryeBlEvg = 55
69
PaBdabsrub = 0.096 + 0.153 = 0.249in.(6.33mm)
PaBdabGnuBaatGtibrmaenAkgeRKOgbgMKW
20 12
L
allow =
=
= 0.50in.(12.7 mm) > Cak;Esg = 0.249in.
480
480
9.14.
O.K.
RTwsI Yield-Line sMrab; Plates BIrTis

Yield-Line Theory for Two-Way-Action Plates
karsikSaBI hinge-field mechanism enAkMralxN b plate eRkamGMeBIrbs;bnkrhUtdl;Cit

)ak;CYydl;nisitSvisVkrkgkarbegItGarmN_sMrab;kareFVIkarCalkNBIrTisrbs; plates. Hing field
CadMeNIrEdlmantKan hing band EdlRtUv)aneKKitfamanragCabnat; dUcenHvaRtUv)anGkR)aCJ
K.W.Johansen eGayeQaHfa yield-line theory.
edIm,IbgajBIPaBlRbesIrrbs;RTwsIenH eKRtUvkarBNnalMGitBIvaelIeRcInCMBUk. eKalbMNgenA
eBlenHKWRKanEtENnaMGksikSaBIeKalkarN_dMbUgrbs;RTwsI yield-line nigkarGnuvtrbs;vaEtb:ueNaH.
625
T.Chhay
RTwsI yeild-line CadMNaHRsay upper-bound kgkarKNna plate. enHmannyfaersIusg;m:Um:g;

EdlTsSn_Tayrbs;kMralxNmantMlFMNas;ebIeRbobeFobnwglTplBiesaFn_. elIsBIenH RTwsIenH
snt;kMralxNkMralxNenAEtmansPaBrabesIenAeBl)ak; (totally rigid-plastic behavior). dUcenH
PaBdabmikKitbBalkMlaMgsgt;EdleFVIGMeBienAkgbg;rbs;kMral b plate EdlBicarNaeT. eKsnt;fa
kMrallCakMralxNEdlmanbrimaNEdkticEmnETn (considerably underreinforced)/ kgTMrg;Edl
PaKryEdkGtibrma minFMCag 0.5% nmuxkat; bd .
edaysardMeNaHRsaymanklN upper bound, kMras;kMralxNEdlTTYl)anBIviFIenHnwg
esIgCagkMras;kMralxNEdlTTYl)anBI lower bound solution dUcCaviFIeRKagsmmUl. dUcenH eKcaM
)ac;RtUvKNna serviceablilty requirment sMrab;PaNdab nigsameRbH.
KuNsm,tidsMxan;mYyrbs;RTwsIenHKWeKGacsikSaKNnakMralxNRKb;ragFrNImaRtTaMgGs;
EdlviFIPaKeRcInGnuvt)anEtsMrab;ragctuekaN. visVkrGacrkersIusg;m:Um:g;sMrab;ragRtIekaN ctuekaN
Bay ctuekaN rgVg; bragepSgeTot RbsinebIeKsal; bGacTsSn_TayBI failure mechanism. enAeBl
EdleKGackMNt;KMrUnkar)ak;)an eKnwgTTYl)annUvdMeNaHRsayrbs;va.
9.14.1.
eKalKMnitn Hinge-Field Failure Mechanism kgkarBt;begag

Fundamental Concepts of Hinge-Field Failure Mechanisms in Flexure
eRkamskmPaBrbs;m:Um:g;Bt;begagBIrTis/ yielding rbs; rigid-plastic plate ekItmanenA

eBlm:Um:g;embMeBjlkNvinicy Johansens square yield dUcbgajkgrUbTI 9>28. eyagtamlkN
626
NPIC
vinicyenH eKKitfa yielding ekItmanenAeBlm:Um:g;emEdlmantMlFMCageKxiteTArktMlrbs; M

enARtg; yield line crack. TisedArbs; principal curvature rates RtUv)anKitfaRtYtKaCamYynwg
kMeNagrbs;m:Um:g;em. TMnak;TMngrvagm:Um:g; nigkMeNagRtUv)anbgajCaExSDitkgrUbTI 9>29. eKKitfa
ExS OA esIrEtQrRtg;enARtg;cMnuc O ehIy strain hardening RtUv)anecal.
RbsinebIeKBicarNakrNIsamBabMputrbs;kMralxNkaer:EdlmanTMr CamYynwgdWeRknkarbgb;
(fixity) i EdlERbRbYlBI i = 0 sMrab;TMrsamBaeTA i = 1.0 sMrab;TMrEdlTb;nwgkarvileBjeljenAelI
RCugTaMgbYn/ failure mechanism rbs;vanwgmanlkNdUcbgajkgrUbTI 9>30 enAeBleKGnuvtbnk
BRgayesI.
eKmankrNIkMralxNTMrsamBa (a). m:Um:g; yield line tambeNay yield line Cam:Um:g;em. dUcenH m:U
m:g;rmYlesIsUnkg yield line ehIyenAkgkrNICaeRcInkMlaMgkat;kesIsUnEdl. dUcenHmanEtm:Um:g;
627
T.Chhay
kgmYyktaRbEvgrbs; yield line eFVIGMeBItamExS AD nig BE kgrUbTI 9>31. eKtagm:Um:g;srub

edayviucTrenAkgTisrbs; yield line EdltMlrbs;vaCaplKuNrbs; M nigRbEvgrbs; yield line
Edl M (a / 2)cos kgrUbTI 9>31 (c). Virtual work rbs; yield moment rbs;kMNt;RtIekaNEdl
qUt ABO plKuNsaElrrbs;viucTrm:Um:g;TaMgBIr Ma / 2 cos enAelIExS)ak; AO nig BO nigmMurgVil
. ma:gvijeTot kmnxagkgKW
M
EI = M
RbsinebIkMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;kMNat;EdlqUtenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn; c KW enaHkmnxageRkAKW
E E = force displacement = wu dxdy
Edl wu CaGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkxageRkAkgmYyktap. b:uEn EI = EE . dUcenH

M = wu d x d y
(9.38)
628
NPIC
edayGnuvtsmIkar 9.38 sMrab;krNIEdlkMBugBicarNa eyIgTTYl)an

M = Ma
a/2
edaysarmMu enAkgrUbTI 9>31 (b) tUc [ = /(a / 2)] .

kmnkgmYykMNat;RtIekaNKW
E I = M = 2M
wu a 2
EE =
4
3
EdlPaBdabenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;RtIekaNKW / 3 . dUcenH
w a2
4(2M ) = 4 u
12
w a
M= u
ehIym:Um:g;kta
(9.39)
24
RbsinebIRCugTaMgbYnrbs;kMralxNkaer:RtUv)anbgb;eBjelj/ EI = 4(4M ) edaysarExSrdac;
(fracture line) ekItmanCMuvijGgt;RTUg kdUcRCugTaMgbYnrbs;va dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 9>30(c). dUcenH
sMrab;kMralkaer:bgb;eBjelj (fully fixed squared slab)
wu a 2
m:Um:g;kta M = 48
(9.40)
eyIgsegteXIjfa lower bound solution EdlesIeLIgeday Mansfields fialure pattern kgrUbTI
9>30 (c) eGaytMl M = wu a 2 / 42.88 . dUcenH sMrab;kMralkaer:EdlrgbnkrayesICamYynwgGaMg
tg;sIuetbnk wu kgmYyktap nigdWeRknkarbgb;TMr (support fixity) i enARKb;RCugTaMgGs;
wu a 2 = M [24(1 + i )]
(9.41)
smIkarTUeTAsMrab;ersIusg;m:Um:g; yield line rbs;kMralctuekaNenAelIFwmEdlmanTMhM a b dUcbgaj

kgrUbTI 9>32 EdlRCug a CaRCugxIKW
m:Um:g;kta
Edl
a
w d2
M = u r 3 + r
24
br
ar =
2a
1 + i2 + 1 + i 4
br =
2b
1 + i1 + 1 + i3
i=
ar

br
(9.42)
dWeRknkarTb;nwgkarvil (restraint) EdlGaRsynwgpleFobPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness ratio)

Edlmanerobrab;enAkgEpk 9>2.
629
T.Chhay
cMNaMfa smIkar 9.42 nwgkayeTACaTMrg;samBansmIkar 9.40 b 9.41 sMrab;krNIkMralxN

kaer:Edl restrained RCugTaMgbYn i = 1.0 .
Affine Slabs: kMralxNEdlBRgwgedayEdkkgTisEkgTaMgBIrxusKaRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa
orthotropic slab b plate. m:Um:g;kgTis x esI M ehIyenAkgTis y esI M Edl CargVas;
ndWeRk orthotrophy bCapleFobn
My
Mx
( As ) y
( As )x
edIm,IsMrYlkarsikSaviPaK eKbMElgkMralxNeGayeTACa affine (isotropic) slab EdlersIusg; nig

RkLapEdkkgTisTaMgBIr x nig y mantMldUcKa. karbMElgenHRtUvGnuvtdUcxageRkam
!> EckTMhMkgTis M eday sMrab;kMralxNEdlRtUvBRgwgedayEdksMrab;m:Um:g; M kgTis
TaMgBIredayeRbIGaMgtg;sIuetbnk wu kgmYyktapdUcKa.
@> bnkkRtUvEcknwg kgkrNIbnkcMcMnuc bbnksrub.
#> kgkrNIbnkragbnat; eKRtUvEckbnknwg cos 2 + sin 2 / Edl CamMurvagbnkrag
bnat;CamYynwgTis M .
RbsinebIeKsikSaviPaKkMralCa affine slab CamYynwgm:Um:g; M kgTisedATaMgBIr eKRtUvKuN
TMhMkgTis M CamYynwg . kgkrNINakeday lTplEdlTTYl)anBitCadUcKa.
630
NPIC
9.14.2. Failure Mechanism and Moment Capacities of Slabs of Various Shapes

Subjected to Distributed or Concentrated Loads
karENnaMy:agsegbxagelIBI virtual work method kgkarkMNt; yield line moment sMrYl

dl;karyl;dwgy:aglBIdMeNIrkarKNitviTankMralxNragctuekaNEdlrgbnkBRgay. kMralxN
EdlmanragsKsaj nigkardak;bnkRbePTsIuemRTI bminsIuemRTITamTarnUvcMeNHdwgBImuxviCaenHeRcIn.
ehIy muxkat;)ak;snt; nigkareFVIeGayfamBl principle mantMlGb,brmaGaceGaytMlsMrab;
krNIBiessxusKaBIlTplBiesaFn_bnicbnc edayGaRsyeTAnwgkarsnt;CalkNKNitviTanUvrUb
rag)ak;.
karsegbxageRkamBIKMrUnkar)ak; nigersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlKitCabnk.
!> bnkcMcMnucenARtg;kac;RCugrbs; cantilever plate ctuekaN
@> kMralkaer:rgbnkcMkNal nigmanTMrsamBaRbqaMgnwgclnaeLIgcuH
#> kMral n RCugEdlmanTMrsamBa nigrgbnkcMkNal n > 4
631
T.Chhay
$> kMralkaer:rgbnkcMkNal nigmanTMrsamBaRbqaMgniwgclnacuHeRkam EtGnuBaatclnaeLIg

elI
%> kMralxNmUlrgbnkcMkNalnwgmanTMrsamBatambeNayRCugEKm
^> kMralmUlrgbnkcMkNal P CamYynwgEKmbgb;
&> bnkcMcMnuc P GnuvtRtg;cMnucNakedayelIkMralragTUeTAEdlmanTMrbgb;tambeNayRCug
632
NPIC
*> kMralRtIekaNsamBaCamYynwgTMrsamBa ehIyrgbnkcMkNaledaybnkcMcMnuc P
(> kMralRtIekaNsamBaelITMrsamBaEdlrgbnkcMcMnucRtg;pitrgVg;carikkgRtIekaN
!0> kMralRtIekaNEdlmanmMuTalmanTMrsamBa ehIybnk P manGMeBIRtg;pitrgVg;carikkgrgVg;
!!> kMralxNRTEvgEdlmanTMrsamBa ehIyrgbnkcMcMnuc P Rtg;cMnuckNal
!@> kMralRTEvgTMrsamBaCamYynwgbnk P esIKasitenAcenaHRCugEKm
633
T.Chhay
!#> kMralRTEvgTMrsamBargbnkminesIKa P nig kP Rtg;cenaHRCugEKm Edl k < 1.0 ehIy

bnkmancMgayqayBIKaRKb;RKan;
!$> kMralkaer:rgbnkBRgayCamYynwgdWeRkbgb; i EdlERbRbYlcenaHBIsUn eTAmYy
634
NPIC
!%> kMralRtIekaNsmgS = 60o rgbnkBRgayesI
635
T.Chhay
!^> kMralctuekaNrgbnkrayesIEdlmanGaMgtg;sIuetbnkkta wu ehIyTMrTaMgbYnRCugrbs;

vamandWeRk restraint i EdlERbRbYlBIsUn eTAmYy cMNaMfa eKRtUvbg;elxerogbneTA
elIRCugrbs;kMral
eKRtUvcMNaMCaTUeTAfa sMrab;smIkarBImunEdlPab;TMnak;TMngbnk P eTAnwgm:Um:g; M eKsnt;

bnk P eFVIGMeBIRtg;cMcMnuc. edIm,IEktMrUvsMrab;karBitEdlfa P eFVIGMeBIelIpkMNt;mYy eKRtUvsnt;fava
eFVIGMeBIelIRkLaprgVg;EdlmankaM . sMrab;kMralxNEdlRBMEdnRtUv)anTb;eBjelj/ eKRtUvPab;
hinge field edayrgVg;Edlb:HeTAnwgRBMEdnkMral kaMrgVg; = r . kgkrNIenH
M + M '=
2
1
2
3r
(9.43)
Edl M Cam:Um:g;ktaviCman nig M ' Cam:Um:g;ktaGviCman.

eKGacKitRbtikmrbs;ssrEdlRT flat plate RsedogKanwgkarviPaK flexural local capacity
rbs; plate enAkgtMbn;ssr. sMrab;TMrctuekaN eKGacKittMlRbhak;RbEhlCaTMrrgVg;smmUleday
eRbIsmIkar 9.43.
9.15.
ersIusg;m:Um:g; Yield Line rbs;kMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTis

Yield-Line Moment Strength of a Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Plate
]TahrN_ 9>4 kMNt;ersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal rbs;kMralebtugeRbkugRtaMgBIrTisenAkg]TahrN_ 9>2
edaysnt;fakabeRbkugRtaMgsitCab;CamYyebtug prestressing strands are bonded.
dMeNaHRsay
bnk
BI]TahrN_ 9>2/ GaMgtg;sIuetbnksrubenAsanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak;KW
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 186 psf
636
NPIC
edaysnt;fa RbtikmssrCabnkcMcMnucbRBaasenAkgEdnkMralCab; (continuous plate

field) eKGackMNt;ersIusg;m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n BIkrNITI & rbs;Epk 9.4.12 dUcxageRkam
PA = 4M n
bnkemKuN Pu = 186 20 24 2+ 18 = 78,120lb(34.8kN )
TMgn;ssrRtUv)anecal
bnktMrUvkar Pn = Pu = 780,120
= 86,800lb(38.6)
.9
m:Um:g;ktatMrUvkar M n sMrab;bnkcMcMnuc = 4Pn = 486,3800
= 6910lb(30.7 kN )
.14
kaMsmmUl = 20214 = 28.4in.
snt; r 17.5 ft = 210in. ehIy M = M ' . enaH
Pn
4
M 'n =
2
2 28.4
1
= 69101
= 6287lb(28kN )
3r
3 210
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman M n
EdkkMralxNtMbn;ssrEdlGacmanRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
EdkeRbkugRtaMg
Aps =
kabeRbkugRtaMg 270-K Ggt;pit 0.5in. cMnYnbI = 3 0.153 = 0.459in.2
f py = 243,000 psi (1,675MPa )

f ps = 179,256 psi
enARtg;ssrxagkg
f 'c = 4,000 psi (27.58MPa )
dUcenH eRbI f py enAsanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak;.
EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg
As = 6#4 = 6 0.2 = 1.2in.2

f y = 60,000 psi
ersIusg;m:Um:g; (moment strength) M
d p = d = 6.5 1 = 5.5in.
b = 33.5in.
a=
BI]TahrN_ 9>2
As f y + A ps f py
0.85 f 'c b
1.2 60,000 + 0.459 243,000

= 1.61in.(40.9mm )
0.85 4,000 33.5
ersIusg;m:Um:g;EdlGacman M n = As f y d a2 + Aps f py d p a2
637
T.Chhay
1.61
1.61
= 1.2 60,000 5.5

+ 0.459 243,000 5.5
2
2
= 338,040 + 523,666 = 861,706in. lb
m:Um:g;kta M n = 86133,706
= 25,723in. lb / in. = 25,723lb
.5
RtYtBinit M sMrab;TTwgkMralTaMgmUl
n
TTwg slab band Tis N-S = 18 +2 24 = 21 ft (6.4m)

TTwg slab band Tis E-W = 20 ft
dUcenH eRbI b = 21 ft = 252in. . ehIykabeRbkugRtaMgsrub Aps = 270-K Ggt;pit 0.5in.
cMnYn 11. edaysarEdkrgeRbkugRtaMgxagelIsitenAEtkgtMbn;ssr EdlminKitfavasitenAelIRCug
suvtiPaB. enaHeyIgman
0.153
kabeRbkugRtaMgkta Aps = 11252
= 0.0067in.2 / in.
0.0067 243,000
= 0.48in.
0.86 4,000 1
0.48
M n = 0.0067 243,000 5.5

= 8.564in. lb / in.
2
a=
m:Um:g;kta
= 8,564ib(38.09kN )
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n = 6287lb. < M n EdlGacman = 8,564lb O.K.

eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;fa BI limit theoru solution/ eyIgGaceFVIkarviPaKkMraleRbkugRtaMg)an
y:agelOn. b:uEn karviPaKEbbenHRtUvKitbBalkarkMNt; ersIusg; yield-line shear enARtg;TMr nigRtYt
Binit serviceability sMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbH nigPaBdab. GksikSaKNnaGaceRCIserIstMlm:U
m:g;y:agRsYlsMrab; failur mechanism Edl)anbgajenAkgEpk 9.14.2. eKGaceFVIkarRtYtBinit serviceability sMrab;karRKb;RKgsameRbH)any:agRsYldUcEdlnwgerobrab;kgEpk 11.9 enAesovePAenH
sIBIkarRKb;RKgsameRbHenAelICBaaMgGagebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
638
NPIC
X.
tMNsMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Connections for Prestressed Concrete Elements
10.1.
esckIepIm
Introduction
tYnaTIrbs;tMNKWkareprbnk nigkugRtaMgBIEpkmYyrbs;rcnasm<neTAEpkEdlenAEk,rRbkb
edaylkNesdkic ehIypl;nUvesrPaBdl;RbBneRKOgbgM. bnkEdleFVIGMeBIRtg;tMNminRtwmEt
ekItecjEtBIbnkTMnajb:ueNaHeT vakGacekItBIbnkxl; \TiBlrBaydI karpas;brmaDEdlekIteLIg
edaysar long-term creep nig shrinkage/ differential movement rbs;kMral nig\TiBlrbs;
sItuNPaB.
edaysartMNCacMnuctPab;EdlmanlkNexSayCageKenAkgRbBneRKOgbgMTaMgmUl dUcenH
vaRtUvman nominal design strength FMCag nominal design strength rbs;Ggt;EdlvaRtUvtPab;. em
KuNbnkbEnmy:agehacNas; 1.3 RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNnakartPab; EtelIkElgkrNI
insensitive connection dUcCa pad sMrab; column base. eKsikSaKNnatMNTaMgGs;sMrab;kMlaMgTaj
tamTisedkGb,brma 0.2 dgnbnkefrbBar elIkElgEteKRtUveRbI bearing pad Edl)ansikSa
KNnadRtwmRtUv.
krNIEdlRtUv)aneKKitBicaNasMrab;ersIusg;enAkgkarsikSaKNnatMNmandUcxageRkam
!> Load transfer mechanism
@> emKuNbnk (load factors)
#> karpas;brmaD (volumetric changes)
$> PaBsVit (ductility)
%> PaBrwgmaM (Durability)
^> karTb;Tl;nwgGKIPy (fire resistance)
&> kMritGt;eGan nigRbeLaHtMrUvkar (required tolerance and clearance)
*> karBicarNaEdlTak;TgnwgkargartMeLIg (erection-related consideration)
(> karBicarNaEdlTak;TgnwgGakasFatuekA nigGakasFatuRtCak;
!0> esdkicnkarlMGittMN (economics of the details of the connection)
639
T.Chhay
10.2.
kMritGt;eGan
Tolerance
eKRtUvkMNt;)a:n;RbmaNRbeLaHrvagGgt;tamPaBCak;Esg. eKRtUvkMNt;TItaMgEdlmankMrit
Gt;eGanx<s;RtUv)anGnuBaat nigkEngEdlkMritlMeGanminRtUv)anGnuBaat ehIyeKkKitbBalRbeLaH
sMrab;ktaTaMgenH. xageRkamCakMritlMeGanEdlENnaMsMrab;TMhMlMgakenAkgFwm ssr nig spandrel
panel
!> karERbRbYlkgbg;BITItaMgEdl)ankMNt;enAkgbg; 0.5in. sMrab;ssr bFwm
@> kargakecjenAkgbg;BIbnat;Rtg;EdlRsbeTAnigGkSGaKar 1 / 40in. kg 1 ft RKb;FwmEdl
xICag 20 ft bKMlatrbs;ssrBIrEdlenAEk,rKatUcCag 20 ft / 0.5in. sMrab;KMlatssr
EdlXatqayBIKa 20 ft .
640
NPIC
#> PaBxusKan relative position rbs;ssrEdlenAEk,rBI relative position Edl)ankMNt;

0.5in. enARtg;nIv:UkMral (deck level).
$> lMgakBIkUnRbeyal (plumb) 0.25in. sMrab;ral;kMBs; 10 ft / GtibrmaRtwm 1in. sMrab;
kMBs;TaMgmUl.
%> PaBERbRbYlnkMritkMBs;rbs; bearing surface BIkMritkMBs;Edl)ankMNt; 0.5in. sMrab;
ssr nigFwmTaMgGs; nigsMrab;RKb;TItaMg.
^> lMgakEpkxagelIrbs; spandrel BIkMritkMBs;Edl)ankMNt; 0.5in. / sMrab;RKb; spandrel
&> lMgaknkMritkMBs;rbs; bearing surface BIExSRsbeTAExSrnIv:UEdl)ankMNt; 1 / 40in. kg
1 ft sMrab;RKb;FwmxICag 20 ft bssrEk,rBIrEdlXatBIKaticCag 20 ft / GtibrmaRtwm
0.5in. sMrab;RKb;FwmEvgCag besI 20 ft bssrEk,rBIrXatBIKaeRcInCag besI 20 ft .
*> bMErbMrYlBI bearing length Edl)ankMNt;enAelITMr 3 / 4in. .
(> bMErbMrYlBI bearing width enAelITMr 0.5in. .
!0> PaBrt;Rtg;rbs;RCugEKm 0.25in.
tarag 10>1 eGaynUvkMritlMeGogEdlGacGnuvtsMrab;tMN.
10.3.
Ggt;smas
Composite Members
dUcEdl)anerobrab;lMGitenAkgCMBUkTI5 BIEpkEpk5>7 eTAEpk5>11/ eKRtUvFanakarepr

kMlaMgkat;tamTisedkenARtg;pb:HrvagGgt;cak;Rsab; nig situ-cast-topping. ]TahrN_ 5>14
bgajBIkMlaMgGnrGMeBI (interaction forces) nig flowchart nEpk 5>8>2 eGay operational stepby-step design procedure nigsmIkarKNnaEdlGacGnuvt)an (applicable design equation). rUbTI
5>18 n]TahrN_ 5>3 ehIykarsikSaKNnapl;nUvTMhM nigKMlatrbs; dowel Edlman\TiBldl;kar
epreBj eljnkMlaMgkat;tamTisedkrvagGgt;EdlPab;Ka.
10.4.
RTnab;TMrebtugGarem:enAkgGgt;smas
Reinforced Concrete Bearing in Composite Members
rUbTI 10>1 bgajBI composite-action dowel reinforcement. edIm,IkarBarebtugEdlb:H

bearing edaypal;kuMeGaypHEbkedaysarkMlaMgsgt;FeM lIslub eKRtUvGnuvtkMlaMgxageRkAeTAelI
bearing EdlmanTMhMFMRKb;RKan;. kareFVIEbbenHkugRtaMgEdlTTYl)anBIsanPaBkMNt;nwgminFMelIs
641
T.Chhay
ersIusg;sgt;rbs;ebtugeT. eKGackMNt; nominal bearing strength rbs;ebtugsuTtamsmIkarxag

eRkam
Vn = C r (0.85 f ' c A1 ) A2 / A1 1.2 f ' c A1
Edl
(10.1)
enAeBleKdak;EdkBRgwgenAkgTisrbs;kMlaMgb:HtamTisedk (horizontal frictional

force) N u dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 10>2 benAeBlEdleKyk N u = 0 . eKGackMNt; C r
= (S W / 200) Nu / Vu EdlRkLap S W minRtUvFMCag 9.0in.2 ehIyvaRtUv)anbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 10>3 .
A1 = RkLap direct bearing
A2 = RkLapGtibrmarbs;cMENknpTMrEdlmanragFrNImaRtRsedogKanwgRkLaprg
bnk dUcbgajkgrUbTI 10>3.
Design bearing strength KW
C r = 1 .0
Vu = Vn
Edl = 0.70 . edIm,IeCosvagsameRbH nig spalling EdlekIteLIgedaycdnenAxagcugrbs; thinstemmed member, eKENnaMeGayeRbIEdkGb,brmaEdlesInwg N u / f y b:uEnminRtUvtUcCag 1#3
Ggt;pit 9.52mm enAeBlEdl bearing area tUcCag 2in.2 (12.9cm 2 ).
RbsinebIbnkemKuN Vu FMCag design bearing strength Vu = Vn dUcEdl)anKNnaBI
smIkar 10>1/ enaHeKRtUvkarEdkBRgwgenAkg bearing area. eKGacsikSaKNnaEdkenHedayRTwsI
642
NPIC
Edlerobrab;enAkgCMBUk 5. eKRtUvsikSaKNna reinforced bearing sMrab;Ggt;cak;

Rsab;TaMgGs; elIkElgEtkMraltan; nig hollow-core slab edIm,IkarBarsameRbHtamTisedk nigsam
eRbHtamTisbBarenARtg;EdkxageRkAbMputrbs;FwmRtg;TMr. eKGacsnt;PaBeRTtrbs;sameRbHxag
cugedaysuvtiPaBRbhak;RbEhlnwg 20o dUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 10>2. RbsinebI Vu esInwgkMlaMgkat;
emKuN EdlRsbeTAnwgbg;sameRbHsnt; eKKYrkMNt;tMlrbs;kMlaMgkat;dUcbgajenAkgtarag
10>2 sMrab;emKuN shear-friction RbsiTPaBGtibrma e .
shear friction
eKGacrkRkLapEdkEdlEkgeTAnwgbg;sameRbHsnt;BIsmIkarxageRkam
Avf =
Edl
Vup
e f y
(10.2)
Vu / = nominal strength Vn
f y = yield strength
rbs; Avf
643
T.Chhay
Vup =
kMlaMgkat;emKuNGnuvtn_ EdlkMNt;edaytMlEdleGayenAkgtarag 10>2 ehIy

e =
Edl
1,000Acr
Vup
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Rsal/ 0.85 sMrab; sand-lightweight nig 0.75 sMrab; all-lightweight

concrete.
Acr = RkLaprbs;pb:Hbg;sameRbH EdleKGacykvaesInwg l d b Edl l d Ca development
length rbs; Avf ehIy b CaTTwgmFmrbs;Ggt;.
= 1 .0
tarag 10>3 eGay development length ld sMrab;TMhMEdkepSg. eKGackMNt;EdkbBar

Ash Edlkat;tamsameRbHtamTisedkdUcxageRkam
644
Ash =
Edl
ehIy
'e =
NPIC
(Avf + An ) f y
'e f ys
1,000Acr
Avf + An f y
(10.5)
rbs; Ash
An = RkLaprbs;EdkedIm,ITb;Tl;kMlaMgTajtamGkS N u enAkgrUbTI 10>2 Edl
f ys = yield strength
( )
An = N u / f y
Edl
(10.4)
(10.6)
kMlaMgTajtamTisedkGnuvtn_emKuNEdlEkgeTAnwgbg;sameRbHsnt;
= emKuNkat;bnyersIusg; = 0.75
Nu =
645
T.Chhay
cMNaMfa eKRtUvf<k;EdkBRgwgTaMgGs;enAelIRCugNakedayrbs;bg;sameRbHsnt;eGay)an
leday development length bedaykarpSareTAnwgEdkEkg (angles)/ EdkbnH bEdkTMBk; (hooks)
edIm,IbegItkMlaMgTb;Tl;Edl)anKNna.
KNnaRTnab;TMrebtugGarem:
Reinforced Bearing Design
]TahrN_ 10>1 FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgragctuekaN PCI standard 16RB28 rgkMlaMgkat;emKuNbBar
10.4.1.
nigkMlaMgTajtamTisedk N u = 21,000lb(93.4kN ) . FwmRtUv)anRTenAelI

Teflon pad TMhM 4in. 4in.(10cm 10cm ) . KNna end reinforcement enAkgFwmEdlGackarBarkar
ekItman bearing crack tamTisedk btamTisQr. eKeGayTinnyxageRkam
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.47 MPa ) ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f y = 60,000 psi sMrab;EdkFmtaTaMgGs; (413.7 MPa )
Vu = 90,000lb(400kN )
dMeNaHRsay
= 20 o
EdktamTisedk (Avf + An )
sMrab;karkMNt;EdkBRgwgtamTisedk/ sakl,gEdk #6
kMBs;Fwm h = 28in. b = 16in.
BItarag 10>3/ ld = 29in.
Acr = l d b = 29 16 = 464in.2
BItarag 10>2/ = 1.4 nigBIsmIkar 10.3

e =
1,000Acr 1,000 1.0 464 1.4

=
= 10.61 > e
90,000
Vup
dUcenHeRbI e = 3.4
BIsmIkar 10.2
Avf =
Vup
f y e
90,000
= 0.59in.2 3.4cm 2
0.75 60,000 3.4
GnuBaat = 3.4
N u = 21,000lb
N u 21,000
=
= 0.23 >
Vu 90,000
tMlGb,brma 0.20
dUcenH yk N u = 21,000lb .
646
NPIC
BIsmIkar 10.6/ An = N u / f y = 21,000 /(0.75 60,000) = 0.47in.2 (2.94cm 2 )

Edksrub
As = Avf + An = 0.59 + 0.47 = 1.06in.2 (6.63cm 2 )
dUcenH eRbI 3#6 = 1.32in.2 (8.52cm 2 )
EdkbBar Ash
BItarag 10>3/ ld = development length rbs;Edk #6 = 29in.(74cm) nig Acr = ld b =
29 16 = 464in 2 (3,159cm 2 ). BIsmIkar 10.5
1,000Acr 1,000 1.0 464 1.4
'e =
(A + A ) f = 0.93 60,000 = 11.64 > e GnuBaat = 3.4
vf
dUcenH eRbI 'e = 3.4 . BIsmIkar 10.4

Ash =
(Avf + An ) f y = 0.93 60,000 = 0.27in.2 (1.74cm 2 )

'e f ys
dUcenH eRbIEdkkg (stirrup)
3.4 60,000
= 0.66in.2 4.26cm 2
10.5. Dapped-End Beam Connections
CaGgt;eRKOgbgMEdlmankarbnykMBs;FwmPamenAxagcugrbs;vaedIm,I
nUv seating b bearing caM)ac;enAelI corbel b bracket edayKankar)at;bg; clear height rvagkMral.
Dapped end beam
647
T.Chhay
rUbTI 10>4 bgajBIFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlman dapped end KMrUenAxagcug. sameRbHBIrRbePTGac

ekItman sameRbHelx @ CasameRbHkMlaMgkat;edaypal; (direct shear crack) cMENksameRbH
elx #/ elx $ nigelx % CasameRbHkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgEdlbgedaykMlaMgTajtamGkS nigkMlaMg
begagenAkgkMBs;FwmEdlkat;bny ehIykugRtaMgRbmUlpMenAmMkac;RCug. dUcenH eKRtUvdak;RbePT
EdkBRgwgxageRkam dUcbgajenAkgrUb
!> EdkrgkarBt; (flexural reinforcement) A f bUknwgEdkrgkarTajtamGkS An Edl
As = A f + An edIm,IkarBar cantilever bending stresses.
@> Shear-friction reinforcement A f + An bUknwgEdkrgkarTajtamGkS An edIm,IkarBar
kMlaMgkat;bBaredaypal; (direct vertical shear force) enARtg;RbsBVnEpk dapped nig
EpkEdlmin dapped rbs;FwmEdlbgeGaymansameRbHelx @.
#> EdkrgkMlaMgkat; (shear reinforcement) Ash edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUgEdl
ekItmanenARtg;cMnuckac;RCugEdlbgeGaymansameRbHelx #.
$> EdkrgkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUg (diagonal tension reinforcement) Ah + Av edIm,IkarBarsam
eRbHelx$ EdlekItBIkugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUgenAkgEpk papped rbs;Fwm.
%> Development length As = A f + Ah edIm,IkarBarsameRbHelx% EdlbNalBIkugRtaMg
TajGgt;RTUg enAkgEpkmin dapped rbs;Fwm.
10.5.1.
karkMNt;EdkBRgwgedIm,ITb;Tl;kar)ak;
Determination of Reinforcement to Resist Failure
10.5.1.1.
EdkrgkarBt; nigEdkrgkarTajtamGkS
Flexure and Axial Tension
sMrab;lMnwgm:Um:g;enAkgrUbTI 10>4/ m:Um:g;emKuNsrubEdleFVIGMeBIenAelIEpk cantilever dapped

enARtg;bg;rbs; As KW
M u = Vu a + N u (h + d )
Edl
(10.7a)
kMBs;rbs;Ggt;BIelI dap
d = kMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs; dap eTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkBRgwg As
a = ElVgkMlaMgkat; (shear span)
M u RtUvTb;Tl;edayersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal M n = M u / / b
h=
648
Mn =
Vu a + N u (h d )
(10.7b)
edaysnt;fadXas;m:Um:g;
Fn =
NPIC
jd 0.9d
Vu a + N u (h d )
0.9d
(10.8)
Edl = 0.90 sMrab;karBt;begag. edaysar 0.9 = 0.81 edIm,ICakarsMrYleKeRbItMl = 0.85 enA

kgsmIkar 10.8 edIm,ITTYl)an
Vu a + N u (h d )
d
V a N hd
Fn = u + u
d d
Fn =
(10.9a)
b
enaHEdkrgkarBt;begagKW
As =
(10.9b)
Fn Vu a + N u (h d )
=
fy
f y d
(10.10)
ehIyEdkrgkarTajedaypal;EdlbNalBIkMlaMgTaj Nu KW
An =
Nu
f y
(10.11)
BIsmIkar 10.10 nig 10.11/ RkLapsrubrbs;EdkrgkarBt;begag nigEdkrgkarTajedaypal;kayCa

As = A f + An =
1
f y
a
h
Vu d + N u d

(10.12)
Edl tMlEksMrYlrbs; = 0.85 .

10.5.1.2.
EdkrgkMlaMgkat;bBaredaypal;
Direct Vertical Shear
sameRbHelx@ EdlekItBIkMlaMgkat;edaypal;RtUv)anTb;edaybnSMnEdk As nig Ah enAkg

rUbTI 10>4. eKGackMNt;EdkBRgwgtamTisedk Ah EdlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgkat;edaypal;
tamsmIkarxageRkam
Edl
Ah = 0.5( As An )
2Vu
As =
+ An
3f y e
An =
Nu
Fy
e =
1,000bh
Vu
(10.13)
(10.14a)
(10.14b)
CamYynwg = 0.85 nig e dUcenAkgsmIkar 10.3. dUcenH

649
T.Chhay
As =
1
f y
2Vu
+ N u
3 e
(10.15)
tMlrbs; As EdleRbIenAkgsmIkar 10.13 KYrFMCagtMlTaMgBIrEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar 10.12

nig 10.15.
eKRtUvbgtEdk As edaytMlGb,brma 1.7ld kat;tamcMnuccugnEpk dap b ld kat;sameRbH
elx% ehIyf<k;enAxagcugrbs;FwmedaypSarPab;eTAnwg cross bar/ angle b plates. ekRtUvbgtEdk
tamTisedk Ah dUcKa ehIyEdkbBar Ash nigEdkbBar bEdkeRTt Av kRtUv)anf<k;edayTMBk;
(hook) tamkarTamTarrbs; ACI Code.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs; dap end RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm
Vn 0.30 f 'c bd 1,000bd
(10.16a)
sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta/
0.07a
Vn 0.20
f 'c bd
d
280a
Vn 800
bd
d
(10.16b)
(10.16c)
b
sMrab; sand-lightweight b all-lightweight concrete, edayykmYyNaEdltUcCag Edl a Ca shear
span nig d CakMBs;RbsiTPaBrbs;Fwm.
10.5.1.3.
EdkrgkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgRtg;kac;RCug
Diagonal Tension at Reentrant Corner
eKTTYl)anEdkBRgwgEdlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgsameRbHedaysarkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgeRTtE
dlralBIpitnkugRtaMgRbmUlpMenARtg;kac;RCugeTAkan;EpkEdlmin dapped BIsmIkarxageRkam
Ash =
Vu
f y
(10.17)
Edl = 0.85 ehIy f y Ca yield strength rbs;EdkBRgwg Ash .

10.5.1.4.
EdkrgkMlaMgTajGgt;RTUgenAkg Dapped end

Diagonal Tension in the Dapped end
edIm,IkarBarsameRbHGgt;RTUgelx$ enAkg dapped end/ eKRtUvdak;EdkbEnm As y:agNa

edIm,IeGayersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal srub Vn bMeBjsmIkar
650
Vn =
Vu
NPIC
= Av f y + Ah f y + 2bd f 'c
(10.18)
y:agehacNas;keKRtUvdak;EdkBak;kNalnEdkBRgwgenHbBar dUcenHsmIkar 10.18 eGay

Av, min =
1
2 fy
Vu
2bd f 'c
(10.19)
cMNaMfa karKitBIkareFVIkarTamTardUcxageRkam
!> kMBs;rbs; dapped end y:agehackesIBak;kNalnkMBs;Fwm elIkElgkMBs;FwmFMCag
tMrUvkar.
@> RbsinebIkugRtaMgBt;begagEdlKNnasMrab;kMBs;eBjelj (full depth) rbs;muxkat;eday
eRbIbnkemKuN nig gross section propertied FMCag 6 f 'c PamBIeRkay dap/ eKKYrdak;
EdkBRgwgbeNaybEnmenAkgFwmedIm,IbegItersIusg;Bt;begagtMrUvkar.
#> eKRtUvdak;EdkrgkarTajGgt;RTUg Ash eGaykan;EtEk,rkac;RCug. EdkBRgwgenHCaEdk
bEnmeTAelIEdkrgkMlaMgkat;KNna (design shear reinforcement) EdlRtUvkarsMrab;mux
kat;FwmEdlmankMBs;eBj.
10.5.2.
KNnatMNrbs; Dapped end Beam

Dapped-End Beam Connection Design
]TahrN_ 10>2 FwmebtugeRbkugRtaMg PCI standard 16RB28 Edl dapped enAxagcugsMrab;
enAelI column corbel/ rgnUvkMlaMgkat;TMnajemKuNenAxagcug Vu = 110,000lb(489kN )

nigkMlaMgTajtamGkStamTisedk Nu = 20,000lb(97.9kN ) . KNnaEdkrgkarBt;begag Edkrg
kMlaMgkat;edaypal; nigEdkrgkarTajGgt;RTUg As / Ash / Ah nig Av EdlRtUvkarsMrab;karBarsam
eRbH EdlbNalBI dapping nFwmxagcug. TinnyEdleKeGayman f 'c = 5,000 psi(34.5MPa)
ebtugTMgn;Rsal ehIy f y = 60,000 psi(414Mpa) .
bearing
dMeNaHRsay
snt;fa shear span a = 6in.(152mm) / kMBs;RbsiTPaB dapped-end d = 16in.(406mm)

nig h = 18in.(457mm) .
EdkrgkarBt; nigEdkrgkarTajtamGkS As
Nu
20,000
=
= 0.18 < 0.20
Vu 110,000
dUcenH N u = 0.20 110,000 = 22,000lb(97.9kN )

651
T.Chhay
As =
a
h
Vn d + N u d

1
f y
1
6
18
110,00 + 22,000 = 1.46in.2
0.75 60,000
16
16
EdkrgkMlaMgkat;edaypal; As nig Ah
BItarag 10>2 / = 1.4 Edl = 1.0 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 10.14c Edl b sMrab;muxkat; 16RB28
esInwg 16in.
1,000bh 1,000 1.0 16 18 1.4
e =
=
= 3.67 > e GnuBaatGtibrma = 3.4
Vu
110,000
dUcenH eRbI e = 3.4 . bnab;mk BIsmIkar 10.5
As =
2Vu
1
2 110,000
+ 22,000 = 0.96in.2
+ N u =
3 e
0.75 60,000 3 3.4
1
f y
)anmkBIelImun
dUcenH eRbI As = 1.46in.2 (9.1cm2 ) . enaHEdk 3#7 = 1.80in.2 EdlRKb;RKan;.
BIsmIkar 10.4b
N
22,000
An = u =
= 0.49in.2 (3.0cm 2 )
f
0.75 60,000
< As = 1.46in.2
BIsmIkar 10.13/ EdkrgkMlaMgkat;tamTisedkkat;tamkMBs;rbs;FwmKW Ah = 0.5( As An ) =

0.5(1.29 0.43) = 0.43in.2 (2.77cm 2 ) . dUcenH sakl,gEdk 2#3 = 2(2 0.11) = 0.44in.2
(2.84cm 2 ) EdleKRtUvepgpat;vaCabnbnab;. tamkarRtYtBinitBIsmIkar 10.16a ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
nominal KW
Vn EdlGacekItman = 800bd = 800 16 16 = 204,800lb
V
110,000
Vn tMrUvkar = u =
= 146,667lb < 204,800lb
O.K.
0.75
EdkBRgwgbBarrgkarTajGgt;RTUgenAkac;RCug
BIsmIkar 10.19
V
110,000
Ash = u =
= 2.45in.2 (15.3cm 2 )
f
0.75 60,000
y
dUcenH sakl,gEdkkgbiTCit #4 / As = 2 0.20 = 0.40in.2 . cMnYnrbs;Edkkg 2.16 / 0.4 = 5.4

dUcenHeRbI 6#4 EdlRtUv)anRbmUlpMenAmMkac;RCug.
EdkBRgwgkarTajGgt;RTUg Av enAkg Dapped End
BIsmIkar 10.19
652
Av =
NPIC
1 Vu
2bd f 'c
2 f v
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs;ebtugsuTKW

2bd f 'c = 2 1.0 16 16 5,000 = 36,204lb
1
110,000
Av =
36,204 = 0.92in.2
bnab;mk
2 60,000 0.75
sakl,gEdkkgGkSr U 4#4 = 4(2 0.20) = 1.60in.2 . BIelIkmun/ Ah = 0.44in.2 . dUcenH

BIsmIkar 10.18 ersIusg; kMlaMgkat; nominal srubrbs;muxkat;KW
Vn EdlGacekItman = Av f y + Ah f y + 2bd f 'c
= 1.60 60,000 + 0.44 60,000 + 36,034

V
= 158,434 > u = 146,667lb
O.K.
RtYtBinittMrUvkar Development Length sMrab;karf<k;

EdkBRgwg As KW 3#7 . BItarag 10>3/ sMrab;Edk #7 / f 'c = 5,000 psi nig ld = 42in. .
kMBs;FwmEdlmin dapped = 2 ft 4in. = 28in. ehIy development length srub = 28 d + ld =
28 16 + 42 = 54in. . edaysar development length Gb,brma l d = 42in. eRbI l d = 54in.
= 4 ft 6in.(108cm ) .
653
T.Chhay
EdkBRgwg Ah KWEdkGkSr U #4 . dUcenHBItarag 10>3/ 1.7ld = 32in.(81cm) BIeRkayFwm

dap. rUbTI 10>5 bgajBIkarlMGitEdksMrab;tMNFwm dapped.
10.6. Brackets
nig Corbel ebtugGarem:
Reinforced Concrete Brackets and Corbels
CaFwm cantilever xI EdlpleFob shear span elIkMBs; a / d minRtUvFMCag 1.0 . varg

kMlaMgkat;edaypal; Vu nigkMlaMgTajtamTisedk N u . Epk 5.14 enAkgCMBUk5/ design flowchart
enAkgEpk 5.14.4 nig]TahrN_ 5>7 bgajBIkMlaMgsgt; nigkarGnuvtnRTwsI shear-friction enAkg
karsikSaKNna corbel. karlMGitsrsEdkrbs;tMNCakargardsMxan;mYyedIm,ITTYleCaKCykgkar
sikSaKNna corbel edayKitBIlTPaBrbs;vaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgGnuvtkMlaMgGnuvtn_. srsEdklMGit
rbs; corbel KMrURtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>6.
Corbel
654
10.7.
NPIC
Epklyecjrbs;FwmebtugGarem:
Concrete Beam Ledges
eKeRbI beam ledge edIm,IRTbnkcMcMnuccugFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab;tamTisTTwg ehIyva

eFVIkarkgTMrg;RsedogKanwg corbel Edr. kM;laMgedaypal;EdleFVIGMeBIelI ledge GacbgeGaymansam
bBardUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 10>7. RbsinebIbnkCabnkminCab; ehIymkBIRCugmag/ ledge beam kg
TMrg;GkSr L eFVIGMeBIdUc spandrel beam nigrgm:Um:g;rmYlbEnmBIelIkMlaMgkat;edaypal;. karKNna
ledge beam KWGnuvttamkarsikSaKNna nig]TahrN_enAkgCMBUk5. enAkgemeronenHbgajBIkar
sikSaKNnaEdkrgkMlaMgkat;sMrab; cantilevering ledge EdlCaTUeTAmanpleFob shear span elI
kMBs; l p / d tUcCag besInwg 0.5 .
eKRtUvkMNt;esIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs; ledge Rtg;kac;RCugedaytMltUcCageKkg

cMeNamtMlEdlTTYlBIsmIkar nigeRkamlkxNEdleKeGaydUcxageRkam
!> s > b + h
655
T.Chhay
Vn = 3h f 'c 2l p + b + h
Vn = h f 'c 2l p + b + h + 2d e
@> s < b + h nigbnkcMcMnucesIKa
Vn = 1.5h f 'c 2l p + b + h + s
)
)
b+h
Vn = h f 'c l p +
+ de + s
2
Edl
(10.20a)
(10.20b)
(10.21a)
(10.21b)
RbEvglyecjrbs; ledge
b = TTwgrbs; bearing area
h = kMBs;rbs; ledge
s = KMlatnbnkcMcMnuc
d e = cMgayBIGkSnbnkeTAcugFwm
RbsinebI ledge RTbnkCab; bbnkcMcMnucEdlmanKMlatEk,rKa eKkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;
nominal rbs;muxkat; ledge BI
lp =
Vn = 24h f 'c
(10.22)
Edl Vn CakMlaMgkat;kgmYyktaRbEvg. y:agehacNas; eKRtUveGayersIusg;KNna Vu esInwgkM

laMgemKuN Vu = Vn sMrab; = 0.85 . RbsinebIbnkemKuNGnuvtn_ Vu FMCagersIusg;KNna dUc
EdlkMNt;BIsmIkar 10.20, 10.21 b 10.22/ eKRtUvdak;EdkBiessEdlKNnaRsedogKaeTAnwgEdk
EdlRtUvkarenAkgcug dapped beam dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkgEpk 10.5. enAkgkrNIenH eKRtUv
kMNt;EdkrgkarBt; As BIsmIkar 10.12/ EdkBRgwgrgkarTajGgt;RTUgbBar (hanger) Ash BI
smIkar 10.17 ehIyEdkBRgwgbEnm At Edldak;enAsrsxagelI nigsrsxageRkamrbs; ledge BI
At =
200l p d
fy
(10.23)
Edl At CaRkLaprbs;EdkbeNayenAkg ledge. eKdak;EdkBRgwg Ash edayKMlatesIKaelITTwg

6h nRCugnImYyrbs; bearing b:uEnminRtUvFMCagBak;kNalcMgayeTAkan;bnkbnab;. KMlatEdkmin
RtUvFMCagkMBs; ledge h b 18in. ehIy Ash RtUv)ansikSaKNnasMrab; ledge EdlminRtUvbEnmeTAelI
EdkrgkMlaMgkat; nigEdkrgkMlaMgrmYlrbs; ledge beam srub.
karKNnatMNFwmlyecj
Design of Ledge Beam Connection
]TahrN_ 10>3 eRKOgbgMkMralGaKarcMNtrfynRtUv)anpSMeLIgBI 10 ft -wide double-T RtUv)an
10.7.1.
656
NPIC
RTenAmuxkat;FwmGkSr L sg;dar. eKRtUvdak;eCIgrbs; double-T y:agNaenAelIRKb;cMnucTaMgGs;enA

elI ledge. kMlaMgkat;emKuNbBarxagcug Vu = 24,000lb(107kN ) kgeCIgmYy nigkMlaMgTajtamTis
edk Nu = 5,000lb(22.4kN ) kgeCIgmYy. KNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs; ledge nigsikSa
KNnaEdkRbsinebIcaM)ac;. eKeGay
b = 4in.
h = 12in.
d = 10.5in.
l p = 6in.(15cm )
s = 48in.(122cm )
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Rsal
f y = 60,000 psi (414MPa )
dMeNaHRsay
Vu = 24,000lb
N u = 5,000lb
s = 48in.
b + h = 4 + 12 = 16in.
tMlGb,brmarbs; d e = 12 b = 2in.
2l p + b + h = 2 6 + 4 + 12 = 28in.
edaysar s > b + h nig d e < 2l p + b + h ehIyGnuvtsmIkr 10.20b ehIyersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Edl

GacekItman Vn = h f 'c (2l p + b + h + 2de ) = 12 1.0 5,000 (2 6 + 4 + 12 + 2 2) = 27,153lb
(120.8kN ) . dUcenHersIusg;kMlaMgkat;KNna Vu = Vu = 0.75 27,153 = 20,365lb < kMlaMgkat;em
KuN Vu = 24,000lb ehIyeyIgRtUveRbIEdkBRgwgEdlKNnadUcEdkBRgwgsMrab;muxkat; dapped Edr.
EdkrgkarBt;begag As
Shear span a 3l p / 4 + 1.5 = 3 6 / 4 + 1.5 = 6in.(15cm )
edaysar Nu / Vu = 5,000 / 24,000 = 0.21 > 20% dUcenHeKeRbI Nu = 5,000lb .

BIsmIkar 10.12
As =
1 a
h
Vu + N u
f y d
d
657
T.Chhay
(
)
edaysar 6h = 6 12 > s / 2 = 24in. / EbgEckEdkBRgwg s / 2 = 24in. enARCugnImYynbnk.
TTwgrbs; band sMrab;kardak;EdkrgkarBt;begag A = 2 24 = 48in. ehIyKMlatEdkGtibrma h = 12in. . dUcenHeRbIEdk 4#3 enAkg band width 48in. nImYy = 0.44in. > EdktMrUvkar
0.38in. . dUcenH dak;EdkbEnmBIrenARtg;cugFwmedIm,Ipl;EdksmmUlsMrab;eCIgFwmEdldak;Ek,r
xagcug.
EdkbBarrgkarTajGgt;RTUg A
BIsmIkar 10.17
V
24,000
A =
=
= 0.53in. (3.42cm )
0.75 60,000
f
=
1
6
12
+ 5,000
24,000
= 0.38in.2 2.45cm 2
0.85 60,000
10.5
10.5
sh
sh
elI hand width 48in. . dUcenH Ash / ft = 0.47 / 4 = 0.12in.2 / ft b #3@11in. . Cavi)akeRbIEdkkg
biTCit 5#3 enAkg bad width 48in. = 0.55in.2 > muxkat;EdktMrUvkar 0.53in.2 . bnab;mk sMrab;kargar
Gnuvtn_ eRbIcMnYn nigKMlatdUcKasMrab;Edk As nig Ash EdkkgbiTCit 5#3 . cMNaMfa manEteCIgmag
rbs;Edkkg Ash RtUv)anKitbBaleTAkgmuxkat;n 5#3 edIm,Ipl;karRbmUlpMtMrUvkarnEdkEk,rkac;
RCug.
EdkbeNay Al
BIsmIkar 10.23
Al =
200l p d
fy
200 6 10.5
= 0.21in.2
60,000
sMrab;kargarGnuvtn_ eRbIEdk #4 mYyenARtg;kac;RCugrbs; ledge edayeGay 4#4 = 0.80in.2 Ggt;

pit 12.7mm > 0.21in.2 / O.K.
CakarBit karKNnaEdlmanlkNeBjeljTamTarkarviPaKkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYlrbs;
muxkat;srubedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgkat;srubEdlbBanedayeCIgrbs; double-T TaMgGs; nigm:Um:g;rmYl
EdlekIteLIgedaykarGnuvtrbs;kMlaMgcakpitBIeCIgrbs; double-T. karerobrab;BIRkLapEdkBRgwg
rbs; ledge Edl)anKNnaenAkg]TahrN_enHCaRkLapEdkbEnmeTAelIelIEdkrgkMlaMgTaj nig
Edkrg kMlaMgrmYlEdlTamTarsMrab;Fwmsrub.
rUbTI 10>8 bgajBIkarlMGitrbs;srsEdksMrab;tMN ledge, b:uEnmin)anrab;bBalEdkrgkMlaMgTaj nigEdkrgkMlaMgrmYlEdlRtUvsikSasMrab;FwmGkS L TaMgmUl.
658
10.8.
lMGittMNEdl)aneRCIserIs
NPIC
Selected Connection Details
dUcEdl)aneerobrab;enAkgEpk 10.1 tMNCaeRKOgPab;cMbgenAkgRbBneRKOgbgMTaMgmUl Edl

kareFVIkarrbs;vakMNt;faeRKOgbgMmansuvtiPaB nigmanesrPaB. dUcenH design engineer RtUvmankar
Rbyty:agxaMgkgkarsikSaKNna nigeRCIserIsnUvmuxkat;EdlsmRsbsMrab;mUlehtu suvtiPaB nig
esdkic. BIrUbTI 10>9 dl;rUbTI 10>16 manbgajBIkarlMGitnRbePTtMNEdl)aneRCIserIsCaeRcIn.
659
T.Chhay
660
NPIC
661
T.Chhay
662
NPIC
663
T.Chhay
664
NPIC
665
T.Chhay
666
XI.
NPIC
GagskragmUl nigdMbUlekagebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Prestressed Concrete Circular Storage Tanks and Shell Roofs

11.1.
esckIepIm
Introduction
CaTUeTA GagragmUlebtugeRbkugRtaMgCabnSMdlbMputnTMrg;eRKOgbgM nigsMParsMrab;sksarFaturav nigsarFaturwg. kareFVIkarrbs;vaGs;ryeBlCagknstvtSbgajfa enAeBlEdleKsikSa

KNnavaCamYynwgCMnaj nigkarykcitTukdak;KYrsm vaGaceFVIkar)an 50qaM beRcInCagenHedayKan
karEfTaMFMdMueT.
kicxMRbwgERbgdMbUgkgkareRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgvNeTAelIeRKOgbgMragmUlKWeFVIeLIgeday W.S.
Hewett Edl)anGnuvteKalkarN_ tie rod nigeKalkarN_rwtk,al (turnbuckle principle) enAedIm
TsSvtSqaM 1920. b:uEnEdkBRgwgEdlmanenAeBlenaHman yield strength TabNas; EdlkMNt;nUv
kugRtaMgTajGnuvtn_mineGayFMCag 30,000 psi b 35,000 psi 206.9 eTA 241.3MPa . CakarBit
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgryeBlEvgdFMEdlbNalBI concrete creep, shrinkage nig steel relaxation
swgEtlubbM)at;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. edaysareRkaymk eKrkeXIjEdkEdlmanersIusg;x<s; enAkg
TsSvtSqaM 1940 J.M. Crom )anbegItedayeCaKCynUveKalkarN_rMu high-tensile wire CMuvijCBaaMg
ragmUlrbs;GagebtugeRbkugRtaMg. taMgBIeBlenaHmk eRKOgbgMskragmUlCag 3,000 RtUv)anksag
eLIgedaymanTMhMGgt;pitepSg. GagskEdlmanTMhMFMCageKmanGgt;pitrhUtdl; 300 ft (92m) .
KuNsm,tidcMbgkgkareFVIkar nigesdkicnkareRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgvNkgGagebtugBIelI
EdkBRgwgFmtaKWkarminGnuBaateGaymansameRbH. kugRtaMgsgt;vN (circumferential hugging
hoop stress in compression) Edlpl;edaykarrMuEdkeRbkugRtaMgBIxageRkACMuvijGagskragmUlKWCa
beckeTsFmCatisMrab;lubbM)at;sameRbH enAkgCBaaMgxageRkAEdlbNalBIsMBaFrbs;sarFaturwg
sMBaF]sn nigbnksarFaturwgEdlGagsk. beckeTsepSgeTotkgkareFVIeRbkugRtaMgvNedayeRbI
tendon mYyf<k;Cab;eTAnwgCnl;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlayenAGWur:ubCagenAGaemricxageCIg eday
sarmUlehtuesdkickgtMbn; nigbeckeTs.
GagskEdleRbIeRbkugRtaMgvN ehIyEdlGaccak;enAnwgkEng bcak;Rsab;CakMNat; Edl
rYmmanGagskTwk GagTwksy silo GagskeRbg nigsarFatuKImI eRKOgbgMsanIybUmeRbgenAkNal
smuRT (offshore oil platform structure), cryogenic vessel nig nuclear reactor pressure vessels.
eKcat;TukeRKOgbgMTaMgenHCakMralekagesIg (thin shell) edaysarpleFobdEsntUcnkMras;elIGgt;
667
T.Chhay
pitrbs;va. edaysarminGnuBaateGaymansameRbHeRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar eKrMBwgfa shell eFVIkarCa

lkNeGLasiceRkamGMeBIbnkeFVIkar nigeRkamlkNbnkelIs (overload condition).
eKalkarN_ nigdMeNIrkarsikSaKNna
11.2.1. kMlaMgxagkg
Internal Loads
11.2.
Design Principles and Procedures
BicarNaBIkareFVIkarrbs;GagragmUlEdlBak;BnnwgkarBinitTaMgsMBaFxagkgEdlbNalBI
sMParEdlpkenAxagkgmanGMeBIelImuxkat;kMralCBaaMgekagragsIuLaMgesIg (thin-wall cylindrical
shell) nigkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg radial xageRkA nigeBlxHkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBarEdleFVIeGaykMlaMgxag
kgmanlMnwg. sMBaFxagkgCasMBaF radial edk b:uEnERbRbYltamTisbBarEdlGaRsyeTAnwgRbePT
sMParEdlpkenAkgGag. RbsinebIsMParCaTwk bCaGgFaturav sMBaFbBarBRgayeTAelICBaaMgGag
manragRtIekaN CamYynwgGaMgtg;sIuetGtibrmaenARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMg. sarFatu]snnwgpl;sMBaF
edkefrelIkMBs;TaMgmUlrbs;CBaaMg. karBRgaysMBaFbBarrbs;sMParEdlmanlkNdMuRKab; dUcCa
Fgf bRKab;FBaCatimanragRsedogKaniwgkarBRgaysMBaFrbs;]snmkelICBaaMgGagEdr. rUbTI
11>1 bgajBIkarBRgaysMBaDsMrab;krNInkardak;bnkTaMgbIenH.
668
NPIC
RTwsIeGLasicmUldanrbs; cylindrical shell GnuvteTAelIkarsikSaviPaK nigeTAelIkarsikSa

KNnaCBaaMgrbs;GageRbkugRtaMg. kMlaMgkg (ring force) bgkMlaMgTajkg (ring tension) enAkg
CBaaMgsIuLaMgesIg (thin cylindrical wall) edaysnt;KankarTb; (unrestrained) enAxagcugnmuxkat;
edknImYyeT. TMhMrbs;kMlaMgKWsmamaRteTAnwgsMBaFEdlGnuvtenAxagkg nigKanm:Um:g;bBarekIt
mantamkMBs;rbs;CBaaMgeT. RbsinebIcugrbs;CBaaMgRtUv)anTb; (restrained) TMhMrbs; ring force ERb
RbYl ehIym:Um:g;Bt;nwgekItmanenAkgmuxkat;bBarrbs;CBaaMgGag. dUcenHTMhMrbs; ring force nigm:U
m:g;bBarCaGnuKmn_nkMritnkarTb;rbs; cylindrical shell enARtg;RBMEdnrbs;va ehIyvaRtUv)anKNna
BIRTwskMralekageGLasic (elastic shell theory).
bnksarFaturavenAelI)atrGiledayesrI
Liquid Load on Freely Sliding Base
BIemkanicmUldan (basic mechanics), ring force KW
F=
pd
= pr
2
(11.1a)
ehIykugRtaMgkg (ring stress) KW

fR =
Edl
pd pr
=
2t
t
(11.1b)
Ggt;pitrbs;sIuLaMg
r = kaMrbs;sIuLaMg
t = kMras;CBaaMg
p = sMBaFktaxagkgRtg;)atCBaaMg = H
= TMgn;maDrbs;sMParEdlpkenAkgGag.
Tensile ring stress enARtg;RKb;cMnucBIxageRkamprbs;sMParEdlpkenAkgGagkayCa
d=
f R = (H y )
d
r
= (H y )
2t
t
(11.2a)
Edl H CakMBs;rbs;sarFaturav ehIy y CacMgayBIelI)at. Ring force EdlRtUvKaKW

F = (H y )r
(11.2b)
dUckgsmIkar 11.1b/ Tensile ring stress GtibrmaenARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMgEdlrGiledayesrIsMrab;

y = 0 kayCa
f R (max ) =
Hd
2t
hr
t
(11.2c)
669
T.Chhay
bnk]snenAelI)atEdlrGiledayesrI
Gaseous Load on Freely Sliding Base
mgeTotBIeKalkarN_emkanicmUldan/ tensile ring stress efrKW
fR =
pd pr
=
2t
t
(11.3)
cMNaMfa eKRtUveRbITMhMGgt;pittamRTwsIEdlKitBI centerline EdlmanlkNsuRkit Etedaysarpl

eFob t / d manTMhMtUceBk dUcenHeKGaceRbIGgt;pitxagkg d )an.
bnkGgFaturav nigbnk]snenAelI)atCBaaMgEdlTb;
Liquid and Gaseous Load on Restrained Wall Base
RbsinebI)atrbs;CBaaMgRtUv)anbgb; b pinned/ enaHeKlubecal ring tension enARtg;)at.

edaysarkarbgb;enARtg;)at enaHeKminGacGnuvt simple membrane theory rbs; shell EdlbNal
BIkMhUcRTg;RTayedaysar restraining force enARtg;)atCBaaMg. eKcaM)ac;eFVIkarbMElgm:Um:g;Bt;eTACa
membrane stress ehIylMgakecj (deviation) rbs; ring tension enARtg;bg;kNalrbs;kMBs;CBaaMg
RtUv)anKitCatMlRbhak;RbEhl nigRtUv)anerobrab;enAkgEpk 11.3.
RbsinebIm:Um:g;Bt;bBarenAkgbg;edkrbs;CBaaMgenARtg;kMBs;NamYyKW M y / kugRtaMgbegag
(flexural stress) ebtugrgkarsgt; brgkarTajkayCa
M y 6M y
ft = f c =
= 2 kgmYyktakMBs;
(11.4)
S
t
karBRgaykugRtaMgbegagelIkMras;rbs;CBaaMgGagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>2.
670
11.2.2.
NPIC
m:Um:g;Tb; M nigkMlaMgkat; Radial Q enARtg;)atCBaaMgEdlrGiledayesrIEdl

ekItBIsMBaFsarFaturav
o
Restraining Moment M o and Radial Shear Force Qo at Freely Sliding

Wall Base Due to Liquid Pressure
11.2.2.1. Membrane Theory
karsikSaBIkMlaMg nigkugRtaMgenAkgCBaaMgGagragmUlKansameRbHCakarviPaKkMralragekag
sIuLaMgEdleFVIkarCalkNeGLasic. RbsiinebI shell minxUcRTg;RTayeRkam\TiBlrbs;sMBaFsarFaturavxagkg eKGacGnuvtsmIkarlMnwg basic membrane )an. kMlaMgtambeNaykta N y / kMlaMg
ktavN (circumferential unit force) N nigkMlaMgkat;ktaRtg;pit N y nig N y RtUv)anbgaj
enAkg differential element nrUbTI 11>3 (b). cMNaMfa GBatiTaMgbYnenHeFVIGMeBIenAkgbg;rbs; shell.
671
T.Chhay
smIkarlMnwgmUldanbIsMrab;kMlaMgktaGBatiTaMgbYnenHKW
N y
N
+ p r = 0
+r
y
N y
N y
+ pyr = 0
+r
r
y
N
+ pz = 0
r
(11.5a)
(11.5b)
(11.5c)
Edl N y = N y KWbNalmkBIkardak;sIuemRTI. dUcenHcMnYnGBatiRtUv)ankat;bnymkenARtwmbIEdl

bgajBIeRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTicEdlrgEtnwgkMlaMgedaypal;. sMrab;kardak;bnk axisymmetic dUc
bgajenAkgrUbTI 11>3 (d)/ p = p y = 0 ehIy p z = p f ( y ) . kardak;bnkEbbenHminGaRsynwg
eT. dUcenH
p z = (H )
(11.6)
ehIydMeNaHRsayrbs;smirk 11.5 KW
N y = N y = 0
ehIy
11.2.2.2.
N = (H y )r
RTwsIbTBt;begag
(11.7)
Bending Theory
karENnaMBIkarTb; (restraint) enARtg;RBMEdnrbs;GagnaMeGayman radial horizontal shear

nigm:Um:g;bBarenAkg shell. dUcenH smIkarkMlaMg membrane EdlbgajenAkgEpkelIkmunRtUv)an
EkERbedaykardak;bEnmm:Um:g; nigkMlaMgkat;. smIkarEdlEkERbRtUvkMNt;Ca bending theory rbs;
circular shell EdlRTwsIenHKitTaMgtMrUvkarPaBRtUvKanbMErbMrYlrageFob (strain compatibility) enA
kgkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlbgeLIgedaykarekItmankMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;xagelI.
m:Um:g;Bt; nig central shear enAkgkMralragekagsIuLaMgEdlrgbnk axisymmetric RtUv)an
bgajedayviucTrkMlaMg nigviucTrm:Um:g;enAkgrUbTI 11>4. FatuGnntUc ABCD bgajBIcMnucGnuvtn_
nigTisedArbs;m:Um:g;kta M y eFobnwgGkS x nig M eFobGkS y / circumferential unit moment
M y nig M y / kMlaMgkat;Ekgkta Q y EdlmanGMeBIenAkgbg;nkMragekagbBar nigEkgeTAnwg
shell axis ehIy unit radial shear Q EdlmanGMeBIkat;tamkaM shell enAkgbg;EdlRsbnwg shell.
eFVItMrYlplnm:Um:g; nigkMlaMgkat;enAkgrUbTI 11>4 eTAelIkMlaMgenAkgrUbTI 11>3 (b) begIt
)ansmIkarlMnwgxageRkam
672
N N y
Q + p r = 0
+
y
N y
N y
r+
+ pyr = 0
y
Q Q y
+
r + N + p z r = 0
y
M y
M y
r+
+ Qy r = 0
y
y
M M y
+
r Q r = 0
NPIC
(11.8a)
(11.8b)
(11.8c)
(11.8d)
(11.8e)
edaysarPaBsIuemRTInkardak;bnk/ N y = N y = M y = M y = 0 ehIyeKGacminKit
dQ Edlkat;bnysmIkarDIepr:g;EsledayEpk 11.8 mkCasMnMunsmIkarDIepr:g;EslFmta
(ordinary differential equation)
dN y
r + pyr = 0
dy
dQ y
r + N + p z r = 0
dy
dM y
r + Qy r = 0
dy
(11.9a)
(11.9b)
(11.9c)
CamYynwg central membrane forces N y efr ehIyeKykvaesInwgsUn enaHeKGacsresrsmIkar

EdlenAsl; 11.9b nig 11.9c kgTMrg;sMrYldUcxageRkamEdlmanGBatibI N / Qy nig M y
673
T.Chhay
dQ y
dy
dM y
dy
1
N = p z
r
(11.10a)
Qy = 0
(11.10b)
edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarTaMgenH eKRtUvKitBIbMlas;TI nigsmIkarFrNImaRt.

smIkarkMlaMg
RbsiebI v nig w CabMlas;TIenAkgTis y nig z enaHbMErbMrYlragktaenAkgTisTaMgenHKW
dv
dy
w
=
r
y =
ehIy
ehIyeKTTYl)an
Ny =
nig
N =
Et
1
Et
1 2
( y + ) =
( + y )
dv
w
= 0
r
1 dy
Et w
dv
dy
1 2 r
Et
(11.11a)
(11.11b)
pleFobBrsug
t = kMras;rbs;CBaaMg
BIsmIkar 11.11a
Edl
dv
w
=
dy
r
(11.12a)
BIsmIkar 11.11b
N = Et
w
r
(11.12b)
smIkarm:Um:g;
edaysarPaBsIuemRTI kMeNagenAkgTisvNminmanERbRbYleT dUcenH kMeNagenAkgTis y RtUv
esInwg d 2v / dy 2 . edayeRbIsmIkarm:Um:g;dUcKasMrab;kMraleGLasicesIg (thin elastic plate) eKTTYl
)an
M = M y
M y = D
d 2w
dy 2
(11.13a)
(11.13b)
Edl D = Et 3 / 12(1 2 ) CaPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;begagrbs;kMralekag (shell) bkMral (plate)

674
NPIC
bBalsmIkar 11.12 nig 11.13 eTAkgsmIkar 11.10 eKTTYl)an

d 2 d 2 w Et
D
+ w = pz
dx 2 dy 2 r 2
(11.14)
RbsinebIkMras;CBaaMg t efr enaHsmIkar 11.14 kayCa

D
edayyk
d 4w
dy 2
=
4
Et
r2
Et
2
4r D
w = pz
=
(11.15)
31 2
(rt )
smIkar 11.15 kayCa

d 4w
dy
+ 4 4 w =
pz
D
(11.16)
smIkar 11.16 RsedognwgsmIkarEdlTTYlsMrab;Ggt;FwmEdlmanPaBrwgRkaj D EdlRTedayRKwHeG

LasicCab; nigRbQmnwgGMeBInGaMgtg;sIuetbnkkta p z . dMeNaHRsayTUeTAnsmIkarenHsMrab;
radial displacement kgTis z KW
w = e y (C1 cos y + C2 sin y ) + e y (C3 cos y + C 4 sin y ) + f ( y ) (11.17)
Edl
f (y)
CadMeNaHRsayTUeTAnsmIkar 11.16 Ca membrane solution EdleGaynUvbM;las;TI

w=
11.2.3.
pz r 2
Et
smIkarTUeTAnkMlaMg nigbM;las;TI
General Equations of Forces and Displacements
edayedaHRsaysmIkar 11.17 nigbBalnUvnimitsBaaxageRkam

(y ) = e y (cos y + sin y )
( y ) = e y (cos y sin y )
(y ) = e y cos y
(y ) = e y sin y
eKGackMNt;smIkarsMrab; radial deformation tamTis z nigkargakecjbnrbs;vaRtg;kMBs; y BI)at

CBaaMgBIsmIkarsMrYlxageRkamCaGnuKmn_nm:Um:g;ktaRtg;)atCBaaMg M o nig radial shear Qo
(11.18a)
PaBdab w = 213 D [M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
1
[2M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
mMurgVil dw
=
dy 2 2 D
(11.18b)
675
T.Chhay
d 2w
dy
d 3w
dy 3
=
=
1
[2M o (y ) + 2Qo (y )]
2D
1
[2M o (y ) Qo (y )]
D
(11.18c)
(11.18d)
GnuKmn_ shell (y ) / (y ) / (y ) nig (y ) RtUv)aneGayenAkgemKuN\TiBlsg;dar

(standard influence coefficient) ntarag 11>1 sMrab;EdntMl 0 y 3.9 .
BIsmIkar 11.18a bMlas;TI radial Gtibrma bPaBdabenARtg;)atCBaaMgEdlTb;KW
(w) y = 0 =
1
2 3 D
(M o + Qo )
(11.19a)
ehIyBIsmIkar 11.18b mMurgVil (rotation) Gtibrmarbs;CBaaMgRtg;)atkayCa

dw
1
(2M o + Qo )
=
2
dy y = 0 2 D
(11.19b)
Edl M o nig Qo Ca restraining moment nig ring shear enARtg;)atdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>1.

sMrab;GagEdlmankMras;CBaaMgefr kMlaMgktatamkMBs;CBaaMgmandUcxageRkam
Etw
r
d 3w
Qy = D 3
dy
M = M y
N =
M y = D
(11.20a)
(11.20b)
(11.20c)
d 2w
(11.20d)
dy 2
BIsmIkar 11.18c, 11.18d, 11.20b nig11.20d smIkarsMrab;m:Um:g;bBar nig radial shear tamTisedk
enARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMg Edl y = 0 kayCa
(M y )y = 0 = M o = 1 1H
(Q y )y = 0
Hrt
12 1 2
rt
= Qo = (2 H 1)
12 1 2
( )
eKGacTTYl)ansmIkarsMrab;m:Um:g;bBarenARtg;kMBs; y BIelI)atCBaaMgBI
My =
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
(11.21a)
(11.21b)
(11.22)
bMErbMrYlkMlaMg ring shear force Q y EdlRtUvniwgbMlas;TI radial wy rbs;CBaaMgRtg;kMBs; y BIelI

)atenAeBlGagTeT CamYynwgtMlrbs; Qo nig M o EdlbNalBIkardak;bBalsarFaturav nig]sn
eBj dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>5. eKGacsresrsmIkarkMlaMgenHCa
676
NPIC
677
T.Chhay
Q y = +
Q y =
Q y =
Et
2r 3 D
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
61 2
3rt 2
( )
Et
wy
r
) [M (y) + Q (y )]
o
(11.23)
enARtg;bg; y BIelI)atesInwgplsgrvag ring force sMrab;)atEdlrGiledayesrI

CamYynwg Q y
Ring shear Q y
Q y = F Q y
(11.24)
678
NPIC
eKcaM)ac;eKarBtamkarkMNt;sBaaEdleRbIkgdMeNaHRdayTaMgenH. viFIEdlgayRsYlKWKUrragEdlxUc
RTg;RTayrbs;CBaaMg ehIyeRbIsBaabUksMrab;lkxNxageRkam
!> m:Um:g;EdleFVIeGaymankugRtaMgTajenAelIsrsxageRkAbMputnpxageRkA.
@> kMlaMg Ring tension radial.
#> kMlaMg thrust EdlmanTisedAcUlkgeTArkGkSbBar. enATIenH eKeRbITisedAdUcKasMrab;
kMlaMg ring tension edIm,IKUrdaRkamsMrab;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMglMnwg (balancing prestressing
forces) enAelIRCugdUcKanwgkMlaMg ring tension sMrab;kareRbobeFob.
$> clnaCBaaMgxagcUlkgeTArkGkSbBar.
%> muMrgVilbRBaasTisRTnicnaLika.
sMBaFsarFaturavmanGMeBIelICBaaMgEdlman)atCaTMr Pinned (Pinned Wall Base, Liquid Pressure)
enAeBl)atCBaaMgmanTMr pinned ehIyrgnUvm:Um:g;bnksarFaturav M o = 0 enARtg;)at
Qo = +
Qo = +
2 3H (rt )2
12 1 2
1/ 2
rt
1/ 4 2

[12(1 )]
2
(11.25)
eKGacKNnarktMlrbs; shell constant , 2 , nig 4 sMrab;eRbIenAkgsmIkarelIkmun)any:aggay

BIsmIkarsMrab; 4 dUcxageRkam
Et
3(1 2 )
4 =
=
(11.26a)
4r 2 D
[3(1 )]
=
(rt )2
2 3/ 4
(rt )3 / 2
[3(1 )]
=
(11.26b)
2 1/ 2
(rt )
[3(1 )]
=
(11.26c)
2 1/ 4
(rt )1/ 2
(11.26d)
11.2.4. Ring Shear Qo and Moment 4 Gas Containment
hoop
RbsinebIEKmrbs; shell manlkNesrIenARtg;)atCBaaMg sMBaFxagkgbegItEtkugRtaMg

f R = pr / t ehIykaMrbs;sIuLaMgnwgekIneLIgedayTMhM
679
T.Chhay
rf R
pr 2
w=
=
E
Et
(11.27)
dUcKa sMrab; full restraint enARtg;)atCBaaMg

(w) y =0 =
nig
1
2 3 D
(M o + Qo )
(11.28a)
dw
1
(2M o + Qo ) = 0
=
2
dy y =0 2 D
(11.28b)
edaHRsayrk M o nig Qo eyIgTTYl)an

M o = 2 Dw =
nig
Qo = +4 3 Dw = +
2
p
=+
prt
12 1 2
p (2rt )1 / 2
[12(1 )]
2 1/ 4
(11.29a)
(11.29b)
sMBaFsarFatu]snmanGMeBIelICBaaMgEdlman)atCaTMr Pinned (Pinned Wall Base, Gas Pressure)

RbsinebI)atCBaaMgCaTMr pinned ehIyrgm:Um:g;bnk]sn M o = 0 enARtg;)at
pr 2
Qo = 2 3 D
Et
Qo =
1/ 2
rt

1/ 4 2

[12(1 )]
2
(11.30)
tarag 11>2 bgajkarsegbnsmIkarKNnasMrab;GagsksarFaturav ehIytarag 11>3 bgajBI

taragsegbRsedogKasMrab;GagpksarFatu]sn.
11.3.
m:Um:g; M nig kMlaMg Ring Shear Q enAkgGagsksarFaturav

o
Moment M o and Ring Force Qo in Liquid Retaining Tank
]TahrN_ 11>1 GagragmUlebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anTb;eBlelj (full restrained) enARtg;)at
CBaaMg. vamanGgt;pitxagkg d = 125 ft (38.1m) nigpkTwkEdlmankMBs; H = 25 ft (7.62m) .

kMras;CBaaMg t = 10in(25cm) . KNna (a) m:Um:g;bBarkta M o nigkMlaMg radial ring force Qo
enARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMg nig (b) m:Um:g;bBarkta M y enARtg;kMBs; 7.5 ft (2.29m) BIelI)at. eRbIpl
eFobBrsug = 0.2 ehIyTMgn;maDrbs;Twk = 62.4lb / ft 3 (1,000kg / m3 ) .
680
NPIC
681
T.Chhay
dMeNaHRsay
(a)
enARtg;)atCBaaMg
1
r = 125 = 62.5 ft (19m )
2
t = 10in. = 0.83 ft (0.25m )
BIsmIkar 11.26d
[3(1 )]
=
2 1/ 4
(rt )1 / 2
[3(1 0.2 0.2)]1 / 4 = 0.181

(62.5 0.83)1 / 2
BIsmIkar 11.21a
1 Hrt
M o = 1
H 12 1 2
62.4 25 62.5 0.83

= 1
12(1 0.04)
0.181 25
= 18,574 ft. lb / ft (7.68kN .m / m )
BIsmIkar 11.21b
Qo = +(2 H 1)
rt
12 1 2
62.4 62.5 0.83
= +(2 0.181 25 1)
12(1 0.04 )
= +7,677lb / ft (112kN / m )
(b)
enARtg;kMBs; 7.5 ft BI)atCBaaMg

y = 7.5 ft
kMBs;Twk = (H y ) = 25 7.5 = 17.5 ft (5.33m)

pleFobkMBs; = 1 Hy = 1 725.5 = 0.7
y = 0.181 7.5 = 1.36
BIsmIkar 11.22
My = +
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
BItarag 11.1 sMrab; y = 1.36

= 0.311
= 0.252
682
My = +
NPIC
1
( 0.181 18,574 0.311 + 7,677 0.252)
0.181
= +4,912 ft lb / ftt
11.4.
kMlaMg Ring Shear Q enARtg;Bak;kNalkMBs;rbs;CBaaMg

y
Ring Force Q y at Intermediate Heights of Wall
]TahrN_ 11>2 KNna radial ring force Q enAkg]TahrN_ 11>1 Rtg; (a) y = 7.5 ft (2.29m)
y
nig (b) y = 10 ft (3.05m) BIxagelI)atrbs;CBaaMg sMrab;CBaaMgrGiledayesrI.
dMeNaHRsay
kMlaMg ring force enARtg;)atEdlrGilesrI F = Hr = 62.4 25 62.5 = 97,500lb / ft

(1,423kN / m ) . BIsmIkar 11.23/ bMErbMrYlkMlaMg ring force KW
Q y = +
6(1 )
3 rt 2
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
BIsmIkar 11.1/ = 0.181 . dUcenH 3 = 0.0059

(a) Q y enARtg; 7.5 ft BIelI)atCBaaMg
y = 0.181 7.5 = 1.36
BItarag 11.1 sMrab; y = 1.36

(y ) = 0.1965
(y ) = +0.0543
Q y = +
6(1 0.04 )
0.0059 62.5(0.83)2
[0.181( 18,574)( 0.1965) + 7,677(+ 0.0543)]
= 24,431lb / ft (356kN / m )
BIsmIkar 11.2b/ ring force F = (H y )r = 62.4 (25 7.5) 62.5 = 68,250lb / ft . dUcenH
Q7.5 = F Q y = 68,250 24,431 = 43,819lb / ft (705kN / m ) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>6(a).
(a) enARtg;kMBs; 7.5 ft BI)at (b) enARtg;kMBs; 10 ft BI)at.
(b) Q y enARtg;kMBs; 10 ft BI)atrbs;CBaaMg
y = 0.181 10 = 1.81
BItarag 11>1 sMrab; y = 1.81 /

683
T.Chhay
( y ) = 0.1984
( y ) = 0.0387
Q y =
6(1 0.04 )
0.0059 62.5(0.83)2
[0.181( 18,574)( 0.1984) + 7,677( 0.0387 )]
= 8,387lb / ft
kMlaMg ring force F = (H y )r = 62.4(25 10) = 62.5 = 58,500lb / ft . dUcenH Q10 = F Q y

= 58,500 8,387 = 50,113lb / ft (731kN / m ) dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>6 (b). eRbobeFobCamYynwg
tMl Q y = 50,115lb / ft EdlTTYl)anedayeRbI membrane coefficient enAkg]TahrN_ 11>3.
11.5. Cylindrical Shell Membrane Coefficients
eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;kMBs;NakedayBI)atrbs;GagragsIuLaMgBIsmIkarm:Um:g;Bt;sMrab;
Fwmkugsul (cantilever beam). eKTTYl)ansmIkarenHedayKuNm:Um:g; cantilever edayemKuNEdl
TMhMrbs;vaCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgTMhMFrNImaRtrbs;Gag ehIyRtUv)aneGayeQaHfa membrane coefficients. eKGacerobcMsmIkarm:Um:g;mUldanEdl)anbegItenAkgEpk 11.2 sMrab;GagskragmUleLIg
vijedaybBalemKuN H 2 / dt EdltMNageGayragFrNImaRt nigemKuN H 3 b pH 2 EdltMNag
eGay\TiBl cantilever sMrab;kardak;bnksarFaturav nigsarFatu]sn.
684
NPIC
tMlefr enAkgsmIkar 11.26d CaGnuKmn_n rt b dt Edl d CaGgt;pitGag. edayeRbI

pleFobBrsug 0.2 sMrab;ebtug eyIg)an
[3(1 )]
=
2 1/ 4
(rt )
1/ 2
1.30
(rt )
1/ 2
1.84
(dt )1 / 2
eKGacsresremKuN 1 / H EdleRbIenAkgsmIkarm:Um:g;Bt;begagmUldannEpk 11.2 edayeRbItY

(dt / H 2 )1 / 2 edaysar = 1.84 /(dt )1 / 2 . eKkGacsresrplKuN y eLIgvijedayeRbItY
1/ 2
(H 2 / dt ) edayeRbI y = H Edl y CakMBs;BI)at.
dUcenH eKGacbgajm:Um:g; M y nsmIkar 11.22 enAkgmuxkat;CBaaMgEdlmancMgay y BI)at
edayeRbIemKuNrag (form factor) H 2 / dt CamYynwgemKuN cantilever H 3 b pH 2 dUcxageRkam
M y = numerical variant form factor cantilever facotor
H2
3
2
M y = variant
H or pH
dt
(11.31)
emKuNrag (form factor) H 2 / dt CatMlefrsMrab;eRKOgbgMCak;lak;. dUcenH plKuNn variant nig

form factor begIt)an membrane coefficient C dUcenH smIkar 11.31 kayCa
M y = CH 3
(11.32a)
sMrab;bnksarFaturav ehIy
M y = CpH 2
(11.32b)
sMrab;bnksarFatu]sn.
tarag 11>4 dl; 11>16 bgajBI membrane coefficient C sMrab; form factor H 2 / dt Ca
mYynwglkxNRBMEdnEdlniymeRbICageK niglkxNbnkepSg. vakat;bnykarKNnaCaeRcInEdl
TamTarCaTUeTAenAkgkarKNna nigkarviPaK shell edayminman)at;bg;suRkitPaBnlTpleT. eday
eRbI membrane coefficient sMrab;dMeNaHRsaynkMlaMg nigm:Um:g;GagragmUl vanwgpl;lTplRsedog
KanwglTplEdlTTYl)anBIdMeNaHRsaym:Um:g;Bt;EdlbgajenAkgEpk 11>2 nigsMnMunsmIkarEdl
manenAkgtarag 11>2 nig 11>3 .
685
T.Chhay
686
NPIC
687
T.Chhay
688
NPIC
689
T.Chhay
690
NPIC
691
T.Chhay
692
NPIC
693
T.Chhay
11.6. Prestressing Effects on Wall Stresses for Fully Hinged, Partially

Sliding and Hinged, Fully Fixed, and Partially Fixed Bases
sarFaturav b]snEdlskenAkgGagragsIuLaMgGnuvtsMBaF radial ecjeRkA h b p enAelI

CBaaMgGag EdlbegIt ring tension enAkgmuxkat;edknImYyRtg;srsxageRkAbMputrbs;CBaaMgEdl
begItCasameRbHEdlminGacGnuBaat)an. edIm,Ikat;bnysameRbHTaMgenHEdlbNaleGayRCab nig
eFVIeGayeRKOgbgMeFVIkarminl eKRtUvGnuvtkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedkxageRkAEdlbegIt radial thrust cUl
kgEdlGaceFVIeGay radial tension ecjeRkAmanlMnwg. elIsBIenH edIm,IkarBarkarekItmansameRbH
enAelIpxagkgrbs;CBaaMgenAeBlGagTwkTeT eKRtUvbBalkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBaredIm,Ikat;bnykug
RtaMgTajEdlenAsl; (residual tension) eGayenAkgEdnnm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug nigedIm,IbMeBjlkxNemKuNsuvtiPaB.
edIm,IFanakarRbqaMgnwgkarekItmansameRbHenApxageRkArbs;CBaaMgGag eKKYrGnuvtkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgedkFMCagkMlaMgEdlvaRtUvkarbnicedIm,IeFVIeGaykMlaMg radial ecjeRkAEdlbgedaysarFaturav b]snxagkgmanlMnwg GBaWgehIyvabegIteGaymankugRtaMgsgt;EdlenAesssl; (residual
compression) enAkgGagenAeBlvaeBj. karekIneLIgnkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgvN (circumferential
prestressing forces) tamrykareRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMgedkbEnm nigeBlxHmanEdkbBarFmtakRbqaMg
nwg\TiBlrbs;sItuNPaB nigbMErbMrYlsMeNIm (moisture gradient) Edlqgkat;kMras;CBaaMgkgbrisan
minlpgEdr.
11.6.1.
)atCBaaMgrGiledayesrI
Freely Sliding Wall Base
enAeBllkxNRBMEdnn)atrbs;CBaaMgGacrGiledayesrI enaHeBlGagrgbnkxagkg vanwg

minmanm:Um:g;enAkgCBaaMgbBarEdlbNalBIbnksarFaturav bkbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg eTaHbIenA
eBlGageBjdl;kMBs; H keday. manEt nominal moment dtUcb:ueNaHekItmanenAeBlGagmineBj
brgeRbkugRtaMgedayEpk bkTeT ehIyvaminRtUvkarkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBareT. rUbragxUcRTg;RTay
rbs;GagEdlrGiledayesrIRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>7.
enAeBlEdlkarrGiledayesrICalkxNdlEdlpl;nUveRKOgbgMkMNt;edaysaTic ehIyman
lkNesdkicCaeK b:uEneKBi)aknwgTTYl)ankgkarGnuvtCak;Esg. kMlaMgkkit (frictional force)
EdlekItmanenARtg;)atCBaaMgeRkayeBlEdleKdak;eGayGagdMeNIrkareRbIR)as; dUcenHCMerIsenHmin
GaceRbIkar)aneT.
694
11.6.2.
)atCBaaMgCaTMrsnak;
NPIC
Hinged Wall Base
sMrab;CBaaMgEdlmantMNsnak;enA)at kMlaMg radial force GtibrmaEdlbNalBIsarFaturav

Edlvapk ehIyeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;Rtg;cMgay y BIelI)atswgEtesInwgeRbkugRtaMgkg
krNI)atrGiledayesrIRtg;kMBs; y Edr. b:uEneKRtUvbBalm:Um:g;bBar ehIykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar
kayCacMa)ac;edIm,Ikat;bnykugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugenARtg;pCBaaMgxageRkA.
rUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;CBaaMgEdlmanTMr hinged RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>8. cMNaMfa
muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab; ring force mincaM)ac;enARtg;kMBs;dUcKanwgmuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;m:Um:g;eT.
edIm,Ikat;bnysameRbHEdlGacekItmanrhUtdl;cMnYnGb,brma/ eKcaM)ac;RtUvkar residual
ring compression EdlmantMlGtibrma 200 psi(1.38MPa ) sMrab; wire-wrapped presstressed
tank Edlminman diaphragm nigmantMlGtibrma 100 psi (0.7 MPa ) sMrab;GagEdlman continuous
metal diaphragm. kugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenApxagkgrbs;CBaaMgminRtUvFMCag 3 f 'c eRkamGMeBIbnk
eFVIkar (working load) dUcEdleGayenAkgtarag 11>17 enAkgEpkxagmux. rUbragxUcRTg;RTay
rbs;GacCBaaMg nigbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgenAkgebtugEdlkat;tamkMras;rbs;muxkat;enAeBlGagTeT nigenA
eBlvaeBj dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>8. sMrab;GagEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg pretensioned tendon
nig post-tensioned tendons kugRtaMgsgt;EdlenAesssl;Gb,brmaKYrmantMldUcGVIEdlerobrab;enA
kgEpk 11.10.
695
T.Chhay
696
11.6.3.
NPIC
)atCBaaMgrGiledayEpk nigmanTMrsnak;
Partially Sliding and Hinged Wall Base
edIm,ITTYl)an partially slinging and hinged wall-base system eKRtUveFVIrnenAkgkMralRT

)atCBaaMgy:agNaedIm,IeGayCBaaMgGacrGilkgGMLgeBlrgeRbkugRtaMg. eRkayeBlrgeRbkugRtaMg
nigkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysar creep, shrinkage nig relaxation, eKRtUvbiTrn ehIyCBaaMgGageFVI
karCa hinged eRkamGMeBIlkxN service load. eKRtUvRKb;RKgTMhMnkarrGil eTaHbIvaCa full sliding
b partial sliding keday edIm,IeGayvasitkgkMritGnuBaatmunnwgeKTTYl)anTMr hinged. karrGil
edayEpkRbEhl 50% nkarrGileBjelj nigedaymansnak;enAxagcugrbs;CBaaMg vapl;RbeyaCn_
dl;clnarbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgsMrab;)atrGileBjelj nigTaMgsMrab;)atmansnak; ehIykarbiTrnenARtg;
tMN pinned Rtg;)atCBaaMgRbqaMgnwgkarelcRCabnsarFaturav b]snKWvakan;EtGaRsyeTAnwgkMrit
rGil EdleKGnuBaatcMeBaH full sliding CagcMeBaH anchorage. rUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;CBaaMgkg
GMLgdMeNIrkarGnuvteRbkugRtaMg rYmCamYynwg ring force/ m:Um:g;bBar nigbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgebtugkg
kMras;CBaaMg RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>9. eRbkugRtaMgbBarEdlRtUvkarsMrab;krNI partial slidepinned mantMltUcCagkrNI fully pinned EdlminmankarrGileRcInNas;.
11.6.4.
)atCBaaMgbgb;eBlelj
Fully Fixed Wall Base
PaBbgb;eBjeljrbs;CBaaMgenARtg;)atmannyfaTb; (restraint) mineGayvilTaMgRsugenA

Rtg;)atCBaaMg. eKGacTTYl)anlkxNenH RbsinebIkMNat;TabCageKrbs;CBaaMgRtUv)ancak;kgeBl
CamYyKanwgkMral ehIymankarf<k;)any:agleTAkgkMral)atEdlmanPaBrwgRkajdUcKa. b:uEneKBi)ak
nwgTTYl)anRbBnminkMNt;EbbenHNas; ehIyvakminmanlkNesdkicpg edaysarp)atGagman
TMhMFM ehIyPaBbgb;edayEpkkayCacaM)ac;. kMlaMg radial tamTisedkEdl)anBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg
nig)anBIsMBaFxagkgminmankarERbRbYlBIragRtIekaNsMrab;sarFaturag ragctuekaNsMrab;]sn nigrag
ctuekaNBaysMrab;GgFatuRKab;eT. b:uEn restraint EdlbegItedaykMral)atEkERb ring force nig
bBalm:Um:g;bEnmeTAkgmuxkat;bBarrbs;CBaaMg. edaysarPaBbgb;enARtg;)at vanwgminmanbMlas;
TIekItmanenARtg;)at bkMBUlrbs;CBaaMgeT ehIykarERbRbYlnkMeNagrbs;kMBs;CBaaMgekItmanenA
eBlGagTeT dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>10. cMNaMfa eKKYrsikSaKNnaCBaaMgeGayQrRtg; CamYynwg
kugRtaMgsgt;Edlesssl;Gb,brmaEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg 200 psi dUckgkrNIelIkmun.
697
T.Chhay
eRbkugRtaMgbBarEdlRtUvkarsMrab;GagEdlman)atCBaaMgbgb;eBjeljmantMlFMCagsMrab;krNI
lkxNRBMEdkdTeTotxaMgNas;. eKcaM)ac;eFVIeGaymanbMErbMrYlkugRtaMgTajenAkg)atCBaaMgRtg;p
xageRkAEdlbNalBIm:Um:g;GviCmandFMenARtg;)ateGaymantMlFM emIlrUbTI 11>10 a nig b ehIy
bRBaaskMeNagEdlenAEk,rva. eBlxH vamanlkNesdkicCagedayeRbIEdkBRgwgFmtaenAEpkxag
eRkamrbs;CBaaMgbEnmBIelIEdk eRbkugRtaMg edIm,IGaceRbIeRbkugRtaMgbBartUcCag nigeGayEdkBRgwg
FmtaTTYlnUvm:Um:g;GviCmandFMenaH. eKkGackat;bnykugRtaMgTajenAkgebtugedayeRbIkMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMgbBarcakpitCamYynwgcMNakpitsmrm rYmCamYynwgEdkBRgwgFmtabEnm. b:uEn EdkeRbkugRtaMg
698
NPIC
bBarEdleRbIenAkgGagskmantMlf edaysartMrUvkar anchorage enAxagcug nig)atrbs;CBaaMg

Gag. dUcenH eKRtUvkarkat;bnyeRbkugRtaMgbBarkgkarsikSaKNnaedIm,IbEnmlkNesdkicdl;
karsikSaKNna RbBneRKOgbgMGagTaMgmUl.
699
T.Chhay
)atCBaaMgbgb;mineBjelj Partially Fixed Wall Base

11.6.5.1. karTb;nwgkarvil
Rotational Restraint
11.6.5.
dUckarbgajBIxagedIm eKBI)akkgkareFVIeGay)ankarTb;eBleljRbqaMgnwgkarvilenARtg;)at
CBaaMgNas;. mUlehtusMxan;manbI ! eKRtUvpl;nUvPaBrwgRkajcaM)ac;enAkgkMral)atGagRtg;kEng
RbsBVCamYyCBaaMgedIm,ITTYl)ankarbgb;eBjelj. @ clnarbs;dIxageRkamCBaaMgGacbgkarvil
rbs;)atCBaaMg. nig # eKTamTarkarRb mUlpM anchorage sMrab;TaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar nigTaMgeRb
kugRtaMgvNedkrbs;kMNat;CBaaMg-)at edaysarCBaaMg nig)atrgeRbkugRtaMgdac;edayELkBIKa.
edaysarkMral)atmanpFM \TiBlnkarTb; bkareFVIeGayrwgrbs;vaRtUv)ankMNt;RtwmbrievN
toe dtUccegtEdleFVIkarCalkN cantilever BI)atCBaaMg. CMerIsdRtwmRtUvnTTwgrbs; toe b base
ring kMNt;nUvPaBRtwmRtUvntMlPaBrwgRkajkgkarKNnaEdl)anBIdWeRknkarbgb;snt;rbs;)at
CBaaMg. rUbTI 11>11 bgajBI\TiBlnTTwg base ring eTAelImMurgVilrbs;CBaaMg nigbMlas;TIrbs;
ring. Epk (c) rbs;rUbbgajBIsanPaBlMnwgEdlcugrbs; ring sitenAelInIv:UdUcKanwg)atrbs;CBaaMg
b:uEnlkxNEdlbgajenAkgEpk (a) nig (b) Bak;BnnwgbMlas;TIBIxageRkam)atrbs;CBaaMg ehIyva
min)anbMeBjlkxNeT.
700
NPIC
eKGacTTYl)anrUbmnkgkaredaHRsayrkTTwg ring base eRKaHfak;tamrykareRbIeKalkarN_

tMrYtpl (superposition) edaybUkbBalkrNInCBaaMgviledayesrI (freely rotating wall) CamYYynwg
krNICBaaMgbgb;eBjelj dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>12. eKyk
M o = m:Um:g;bgb;eBjeljtamRTwsIenARtg;)atCBaaMg
M p = m:Um:g;edayEpkenARtg;)atCBaaMgEdlbNalBI loaded cantilever toe
1 = mMurvilesrIrbs;)atCBaaMgsMrab;EtTMr pinned EdlRtUvnwgPaBdab 1 rbs; stiff unloaded
toe
2 =
mMurgVil)atCBaaMgEdlbNalBI restraining moment M p EdlRtUvnwgPaBdab 2 n

straight unloaded toe
mMurgVileFobxagcugn stiffening toe EdlmanlkNCa cantilever eRkamGMeBIbnkbBar

EdlRtUvnwgPaBdab 3 rbs;cug toe EdlbNalBIbnkbBar.
L = TTwgrbs; stiffening toe.
q = bnkktaEdlGnuvteTAelI stiffening toe = H Edl H CakMBs;rbs;Gag EdlGgt;pit
rbs;vaesInwg d / kMras;CBaaMgrbs;vaesInwg t ehIykMras;kMralrbs;vaesInwg h .
3 =
701
T.Chhay
eKTTYl)anmMurgVilkta rbs;CBaaMgRtg;)atrbs;vaEdlbNalBIm:Um:g; M o b:uEnminmanbMlas;

TI radial BIsmIkar 11.18a edayeGay w = 0 edIm,ITTYl)an Q = M . smIkar 11.18b sMrab;mMurgVil
ktakayCa
1 =
Mo
2D
2 =
1 =
LM o
2D
2 =
Mp
2D
(11.33)
dUcenH eyIg)an
LM p
2D
(11.34)
RbsinebIeKcat;Tuk stiffening wall toe Ca cantilever Edlrg transverse load H / Cantilever

moment Gtibrma M p ehIyPaBdabEdlRtUvKa 3 KW
Mp =
HL2
2
3 =
3HL4
2 Eh 3
(11.35)
eKGacTTYl)anm:Um:g;enARtg;)atCBaaMgEdlbgb;edayeRbI membrane coefficient C BItarag 11>4 sMrab;

form factor H 2 / dt nigRbePTbnk. sMrab;bnksarFaturag
M o = CH 3
(11.36)
BIsmIkar 11.12(c) rUbragEdlxUcRTg;RTayedaysarbnkeBjKW

1 = 2 + 3
snt;
= 0.2 nig = 2 / dt
edayCMnYs 2 nig 3 BIsmIkar 11.34 eTAkgsmIkar 11.35 nig 11.36 enaHeyIg)an
L2 =
2CH 2
(
t / h )3
(L = 1)
1+
(dt )1 / 2
nig
Mo =
yktY
S=
HL2
2
(t / h )3
(dt )1 / 2
(11.37)
(11.38)
(11.39)
tY S nsmIkar 11.39 enHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa modifying factor sMrab;karbgb;edayEpk. em

KuNenHCaTUeTAmantMltUc ehIybgajnUvplsgrvagm:Um:g;bgb;srub M o nigm:Um:g;Tb;edayEpk
(partial restraint moment) M p . dUcenH
M p = M o (1 S )
(11.40)
tMlrbs; L enAkgPaKEbgnsmIkar 11.37 RtUv)ansnt;esInwg 1 sMrab;karsMrYlenAkgkarEkERb

emKuN S .
702
NPIC
RbsinebItMlrbs; S tUcEmnETn dUckgkrNIGagEdlmanGgt;pitFM Ggt;pitFMCag 125 ft

eTA 150 ft smIkarkarsMrab; L nig M p kayCasmIkrsMrab;karbgb;eBjelj
L2 = 2CH 2
nig
M p = CH 3
11.6.5.2. Base Radial Deformation
kMhUcRTg;RTay radial s n base ring EdlrgkMlaMg radial enAkgbg;rbs;vaGacTTYlBIRTwsI

rbs;kMralmUlEdlmanRbehagcMpit. smIkarsMrab;PaBdabrbs;kMralEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>13
(a) KW
s =
d o Q d o2 + d 2
2hE d o2 d 2
(11.41)
Edl = pleFobBrsug ~ 0.2 sMrab;ebtug ehIy E Cam:UDuleGLasic. kMlaMg radial edkktaEdl

RtUvkarsMrab;begItbMlas;TIktaenAkgkMlagmYltan;KW
703
T.Chhay
Q2 =
2.5hE
do
(11.42)
ehIytMlRtUvKan radiant thrust EdlGnuvteTAelI ring xageRkAKW

Q3 =
Edl
2hE
do K
(11.43)
d2 + d2
K = o2
d d2
ehIy d = Ggt;pitxagkgrbs; base ring = (do 2L) .

eKkMNt;PaBrwgRkaj relative rbs;CBaaMgedayeRbItYnkMlaMgEdlRtUvkarsMrab;begItbMlas;TI
ktaenAkgCBaaMg nigkMral)atBIeKalkar virtual work dUcEdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>13 (b) nig
(c). kar BRgayfamBleRbkugRtaMgcenaHCBaaMg nig base slab ring CaGnuKmn_n relative radial
stiffness rbs;va dUcenHeKcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;PaBrwgRkaj relative. b:uEn eKRtUvdwgfa PaBrwgRkajrbs;
base ring enAkgGageRbkugRtaMgEdlmankugRtaMgsgt; radial enAkgbg;rbs;vamantMlFMCagPaBrwg
RkajnCBaaMgsIuLaMgrbs;GageRkamsMBaF radial xagkg. dUcenH kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgBIPaBxusKa
nPaBrwgRkajminsMxan;eTsMrab;GagGgt;pitFM EteKRtUvBicarNavasMrab;GagGgt;pittUc.
eKGacTTYlbMlas;TIkta EdlbNalBIkMlaMg radial Q' EdlminmanmMurgVilenARtg;)at
CBaaMgBIsmIkar 11.8 b edayeRbI 2M = Q sMrab;mMurgVil dw / dy = 0 . PaBdabkta enAkg
smIkar 11.18a kayCa
=
Edl
D=
Q3
4 3 D
Q'
(11.44)
4 3 D
Et 3
( )
edayeRbI ~ 0.2 / smIkar 11.44 sMrab;bMlas;TI radial ktarbs;CBaaMgenARtg;)atCBaaMgEdlmin
manmMurgVilkayCa
12 1 2
t
Q ' = 2 .2 E
d
3/ 2
(11.45)
Edl E Cam:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug. BIsmIkar 11.42/ kMlaMg radial EdlRtUvkarsMrab;begItbMlas;TI

radial ktaenAkgkMlagragmUltan;KW
h
Q2 = 2.5 E
do
(11.46)
704
NPIC
edaybUk Q' nig Q2 enaHkMlaMgsrubEdlmanGMeBIenARtg;kEngRbsBVrvagCBaaMg nig)atRtUv)anEbg

EckeTACBaaMg nigeTA)atedayQrelIsmamaRtnfamBl relative EdlRtUvkarsMrab;begItbMlas;TI
ktanImYy.
smamaRtnkMlaMgsrub Q'+Q2 EdlRtUv)anRTedayCBaaMgKW
Q'
Q'+Q2
1
R=
1 + S1
R=
edayyk
kMNt; S1 edayCMnYssmIkar 11.45 nig11.46 eTAkgsmIkarxagelI eyIg)an
S1 =
2.5(h / d )
2.2(t / d )3 / 2
edaysnt; d ~ do / b
1/ 2
h d
S1 = 1.1
t t
(11.47)
RbsinebI S1 tUc enaHeKGacyksmamaRtnkMlaMgedkEdleprBI)atkMraleTACBaaMg suRkitRKb;RKan;

R=
100
%
S1
(11.48)
enAeBlEdl ring xageRkArbs;kMralrgkugRtaMgsgt;eday radial thrust enARtg;EKm eKRtUvEksMrYl

tMlrbs; Q2 EdlTTYlBIsmIkar 11.42 ehIy S1 enAkgssmIkar 11.48kayCa
1/ 2
1 h d
S1 =
Kt t
(11.49)
Edl BIelIkmun
d o2 + d 2
K = 2
d d2
EdlkgenaH d CaGgt;pitxagkgrbs; slab ring = d o = 2L ehIy d o CaGgt;pitxageRkA.

11.7. Recommended Practice for Situ-Cast and Precast Prestressed
Concrete Circular Storage Tanks
11.7.1.
kugRtaMg
Stresses
eKalkarN_ENnaMTUeTAsMrab;GagskragmUlebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlcak;enAnwgkEngRtUv)anpl;
eGayeday Prestressed Concrete Institute/ American Concrete Institute nig Post-Tensioning
Institute sMrab;eRCIserIskugRtaMgGnuBaat/ karkMNt;TMhM kMras;CBaaMgGb,brma nigdMeNIrkardMeLIg nig
705
T.Chhay
sagsg;. kugRtaMgGnuBaatenAkgebtug nig shotcrete RtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 11>17. kugRtaMg

GnuBaatenAkgEdkBRgwgRtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 11>18.
11.7.2.
emKuNbnk nigersIusg;tMrUvkar
Required Strength Load Factors
eRKOgbgM rYmCamYynwgrcnasm<nrbs;va nigeCIgtag KYrRtUv)ansikkSaKNnay:agNaeGay

ersIusg;KNna (design strength) FMCag\TiBlrbs;bnSMbnkemKuNEdlkMNt;eday ACI 318, ANSI/
ASCE 7-95 bGaRsyelIkarEksMrYledayvisVkrEdlQrelIkarviPaKdsmehtupl CamYynwglkxN
xageRkam
706
NPIC
smIkarersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal M n RsedogKanwgsmIkarEdleRbIsMrab; linear prestressing

a
M n = A ps f ps d p
2
a
a
M n = A ps f ps d p + As f y d
2
2
b
enAeBlEdleKeRbI As ehIy
Edl Aps = EdkeRbkugRtaMgbBarkgTTwgmYykta
f ps = kugRtaMgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;ersIusg; nominal
f y = yield strength rbs;EdkFmta
11.7.3.
(11.50a)
(11.50b)
tMrUvkarGb,brmakgkarKNnaCBaaMg
Minimum Wall-Design Requirements
11.7.3.1.
sarFaturav
kMlaMgvN
Circumferential Forces
kMlaMgedIm Fi = r (H ) ff pi
(11.51a)
ps
karcak;bMeBj (backfill)
kMlaMgedIm Fbi = p(r + t )

Edl t CakMras;CBaaMgsrub.
kMras; nigkugRtaMg
kMras;CBaaMg (Core Wall Thickness)
11.7.3.2.
t co =
Fi
f ci
(11.51b)
Thickness and Stresses
(11.52)
707
T.Chhay
b:uEnminRtUvtUcCagkMras;CBaaMgGb,brmaEdlmanerobrab;enAkgEpk 11.7.3.6.
kugRtaMgcugeRkayEdlbNalBIkarcak;bMeBj nigeRbkugRtaMgedIm
f =
11.7.3.3.
Fbi Fi f pe
+
t
t co f pi
PaBdab
(11.53)
Deflections
PaBdab radial eGLasicedImrbs;CBaaMgEdlbNalBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImKW

i =
Fi r
t co Ec
(11.54)
kaMxagkgrbs;Gag
t co = kMras;rbs;CBaaMgenAxagcug xag)atrbs;CBaaMg
Ec = 57,000 f 'c psi (4,700 f 'c MPa ) sMrab;ebtugTMgn;Fmta nig shotcrete.
PaBdab radial cugeRkay f GacmantMlesInwg1.5 eTA3dgnPaBdabdMbUg. sMrab;lkxN
eKGacykPaBdab radial EdlGnuBaatcugeRkaydUcxageRkam
Edl
r=
f = 1.7 i
(11.55)
\TiBlTb;
Restraint Effects
m:Um:g;Bt;bBarGtibrmarbs;CBaaMgEdlbNalBIkMlaMgkat; radial
11.7.3.4.
M f = 0.24Qo rt co
(11.56a)
m:Um:g;enHekItmanenAcMgay
y = 0.68 rt co
(11.56b)
BI)at bcugEKm
kMlaMgkat; radial sMrab;)atEdlcak;rYmKaEdlsnt;favaCatMNsnak;

Qo = 0.38 Fi
t co
r
(11.57)
RbePTnkarlMGitenaHRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;EtGagskEdlcak;enAnwgkEngEdlsagsg;edayman
diaphragm enAkgCBaaMgrbs;vab:ueNaH.
11.7.3.5.
EdkFmtasMrab;karf<k;enA)at
Mild Steel for Base Anchorage
RbsinebIeKeRbI diaphragm/ eKRtUvbgtEdkxagkgEdlmanragGkSr UTaMgGs;cMgay

708
NPIC
y1 = 1.4 rt co
(11.58a)
BIelI)at. RbsinebIeKmineRbI diaphragm eKRtUvbgtvacMgay

y2 = 1.8 rtco
(11.58b)
BIelI)at. cMNaMfa eKRtUvbUkbEnmRbEvgf<k; (anchorage length) BIelI y1 b y2 . RkLapGb,brma

rbs;EdkbBar nominal enARtg;tMbn;)atKW
As = 0.005t co
(11.59)
ehIyeKRtUvbgtvaBI)atnUvcMgay 3 ft b
y3 = 0.75 rt co
(11.60)
edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag.
kMras;CBaaMgGb,brma
CBaaMgcak;enAnwgkEng
11.7.3.6.
Minimum Wall Thickness
CBaaMgcak;Rsab;
eKRtUvcMNaMfa sMrab;GagEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg tendon, eKENnaMkMras;CBaaMgminRtUvtUc

Cag 9in. sMrab;kargarGnuvtn_.
709
T.Chhay
11.8.
RKb;RKgsameRbHenAkgCBaaMgrbs;GagebtugeRbkugRtaMgragmUl
Crack Control in Walls of Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks
nig Preston ENnaMsmIkarxageRkamedayQrelIkargarrbs; Nawy sMrab;TMhMsameRbH

GtibrmaenApxageRkArbs;CBaaMgGageRbkugRtaMg
Vessy
wmax = 4.1 10 6 ct E ps I x
Edl
ct =
(11.61)
bMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;prgkarTaj (tensile surface strain) enAkgebtug
I x = grid index =
8 s 2 s1tb
KMlatEdkkgTiselx 2
s1 = KMlatEdkkgTisEkgelx 1 Tisedk
tb = kMras;karBarEdkKitdl;GkSEdk
1 = Ggt;pitEdkkgTisem 1
eKGacKNnabMErbMrYlrageFobrgkarTajBI
s2 =
ct =
Edl
11.9.
t f pi
(11.62)
E ps
)a:ra:Em:RtkugRtaMg (stress parameter) f p / f pi

f p = kugRtaMgCak;EsgenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg
f pi = eRbkugRtaMgedImmuneBlkMhatbg;
sMrab;GagEdlsksarFaturav TMhMsameRbHGnuBaaGtibrmaKW 0.004in.
t =
karsikSaKNnadMbUg
Roof Design
dMbUlsMrab;GagEdlsagsg;kgTMrg;ekag (shell dome) b CadMbUlrabesIEdlRTenAelIssr

xagkg. CaTUeTA tMlrbs;dMbUlRbEhlCamYyPaKbIntMleRKOgbgMTaMgmUl. kgkrNIdMbUlrabesI
eTaHcak;Rsab; bcak;enAnwgkEng karKNnaeFVItameKalkarN_KNnaRbBnkMralebtugGarem: bebtug
eRbkug RtaMgmYyTis bBIrTisFmta dUcEdlerobrab;enAkg ACI 318 Code. RbsinebI dMbUlCaRbePT
ebtugeRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab; ehIyGgt;pitGagminFM enaHeKmincaM)ac;eRbIssrxagkgeT. ebIminGBawg
eT tMlrbs;ssrxagkgbEnm nigeCIgtagrbs;vaGacbegIntMlrbs;eRKOgbgMTaMgmUl.
dMbUlekagmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;GagEdlmanGgt;pitminFMCag 150 ft edaysarvaminRtUvkar
ssrTMrxagkg nigehIyvamanlkNesdkicsMrab;GagEdlbgb;eRkamdIkgkarTb;Tl;nwgbnkcak;bM
710
NPIC
eBj (backfill). dUcenH TMrg; shell nigtMNrbs;vaeTAnwgCBaaMgGagman\TiBly:agxaMgeTAelItMl.

CakareBjniym dMbUl shell RtUv)anRTedayCBaaMgGagCamYynwgtMNEdlman flexible completely
ebImindUecaHeT eKRtUvEksMrYlkarKNnaTaMgCBaaMgGag nigTaMg roof dome EdlTak;TgnwgdWeRknkar
Tb; nigPaBrwgRkaj relative CamYynwgtMlsagsg;bEnmkgeBlCamYyKa.
dMbUlekagragEsVrEdlman rise-to-diameter ratio h' / d tUc eKeRcInyktMlRbEhl 1/ 8 .
dMbUlekagEbbenH b axisymmetrical shell begItkMlaMgedkEdlmanTisecjeRkAenARtg; springing
EdlvaRtUv)anTb;Tl;eday ring beam eRbkugRtaMgEdlKNnay:agRtwmRtUvenARtg;TMr. RbePT ring
beam kMNt;RbtikmelIs nigm:Um:g;elIsEdlbNalBIkugRtaMgbEnmedaypal; nigkugRtaMgBt;enARtg;
cugbgb;enAkg shell Ek,r springing. eKGacniyayma:geTotfa membrane solution RtUvbMeBjkar
EkERbedaydak;vabEnmBIelI\TiBlm:Um:g;Bt;EdlkMNt;edaytMrUvkar strain compatibility n bending
theory.
11.9.1. Membrane Theory of Spherical Domes
11.9.1.1. Shell of Revolution
smIkarlMnwg membrane sMrab;kMlaMgedaypal;enAkg shell of revolution dUcEdlbgajenA

kgrUbTI 11>14 RtUveRbIsMrab;kMNt; kMlaMg meridional kta N / kMlaMg tangential kta N nig
kMlaMg central kta N nig N edayeRbItYbnkTMnaj p / p nig p z . smIkarTaMgenHman
Meridional:
Tangential:
N ro
) N
r N
+
r1 + p ro r1 = 0
ro N
+
+ po ro r1 = 0
N
r1 + N
N N
+
+ pz = 0
r1
r2
(11.63a)
(11.63b)
(11.63c)
Tis z
edaysarbnkmanlkNsIuemRTI/ RKb;tYTaMgGs;EdlTak;Tgnwg RtUv)anbM)at; ehIyeKGacsresr
tYEdlTak;Tgnwg eLIgvijCaDIepr:gEslsrub d edaysarKantYNamYyERbRbYlGaRsynwgtY .
ehIybgM circumferential load p = 0 edaysarkMlaMgpbkMlaMgkat;RtUv)anbM)at;tambeNay
meridional nigrgVg;EdlRsb. dUcenH eKGacsresrsmIkar 11.63 eLIgvijCa
d
N ro N r1 cos + p y r1ro = 0
d
N N
+
+ pz = 0
r1
r2
(11.64a)
(11.64b)
711
T.Chhay
dMbUlekagragEsVr
Spherical Dome
smIkarlMnwgrbs; Membrane Analysis
11.9.1.2.
dMbUlekagragEsVrmankMeNagefr. dUcenH r1 = r2 = ro . edaysnt;fa kaMrbs;EsVresInwg a

enaH ro = a sin enAkgrUbTI 11>14(c) ehIyedayyk p z = wD sMrab;bnkpal; enaHsmIkarlMnwg
712
NPIC
TUeTA 11.64 kayCa
1
cos
N = awD
1 + cos
nig
N =
awD
1+ cos
(11.65a)
(11.65b)
Edl wD CaGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkpal;kgmYyktap. eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;BIsmIkar 11.65 b fa

kMlaMg meridional N nwgGviCmanCanic. dUcenH kMlaMgsgt;nwgekItmantambeNay meridian
ehIyvanwgekIneLIgenAeBlEdlmMu ekIneLIg enAeBl = 0 / N = awD / 2 ehIyenAeBlEdl
= / 2 / N = awD .
kMlaMg tangential N mantMlGviCman kMlaMgsgt; sMrab;EttMlkMNt;nmMu b:ueNaH.
edayyk N = 0 enAkgsmIkar 11.65a/ 1/(1 + cos ) cos = 0 eKTTYl)an = 51o 49' . kar
kMNt;bgajfa sMrab; > 51o 49' kugRtaMgTajekItmanenAkgTisEkgnwg meridian. karEbgEckkug
RtaMg meridional N ehIykarEbgEckkugRtaMg tangential N sMrab;TaMgbnkpal; wD nigbnk
GefrxageRkA wL RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>15.
RbsinebIbnkxageRkAefr bnkRBil EdleGayGaMgtg;sIuet wL / kMlaMg meridional N
RtUv)anTTYlBIlMnwgnGgesrIedayeGaybnkxageRkAesInwgkMlaMg meridional xagkg mannyfa
(d / 2)2 wL = 2 (a sin )N . edaysar d / 2 = a sin eyIgTTYl)an
N =
wL a
2
(11.66a)
dUcenH N CatMlefrelIkMBs; shell TaMgmUl dUcEdleXIjenAkgrUbTI 11.15.

N EdlbNalBIbnkGefr wL KW
N = awL cos 2 +
awL
1
awL
= awL cos 2 =
cos 2
2
2
2
(11.66b)
sMrab;krNI N = 0 / mMu = 45o . dUcenH kugRtaMg shell EdlbNalBIkMlaMg tangential N sMrab;

< 45o CakugRtaMgsgt; Edlkat;bnysameRbH. BIkarEbgEckkugRtaMg tangential N eKGacsnidan)anfadMbUlrbs;GagskmanlkN flat pleFob h' / d enAkgrUbTI 11>15(b) minRtUvFMCag
1 / 8 EdlebtugTaMgGs;nwgrgkugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalBI N nig N enAeBlEdlmMu < 51o 49'
sMrab;kMlaMg meridianal nig 45o sMrab;kMlaMg tangential.
713
T.Chhay
dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagedIm RbePTTMrenARtg; springing RbsinebIva restrainedvanwgbegIt

RbtikmminkMNt;EdlbgeGayekItmankugRtaMgedaypal; nigkugRtaMgBt;enAkg shell Ek,r springing.
dUcenH eKGacGnuvt bending theory sMrab; plate nig shell edIm,IkMNt;kugRtaMgBt;. xageRkamenH
Cakarerobrab;BIkarsikSaKNna ring beam eRbkugRtaMgenARtg; springing edIm,IRbqaMgnwgbgMkMlaMg
sgt; meridional edk N EdkeFVIeGayEKmrbs; dome cltcUlkg.
714
NPIC
BIsmIkar 11.65b nig11.66a eKGacsresrkMlaMg meridional N sMrab;bnkpal; wD kgmYy

ktap nigbnkGefrBRgayesI wL kgmYyktapRbeyal (unit projected area)
w
wD
N = a
+ L
2
1 + cos
(11.67)
Edl a = d / 2 sin CakaMrbs; sheall.

cMNaMfakMlaMg (thrust) N kayCakMlaMgbBarRtg; springing = / 2 n hemispherical dome nigesInwg W = a / 2(2 wD + wL ) kgmYyktaTTwg. cMeBaHtMlepSgeTotrbs; / N
manlkNeRTt ehIyeKRtUvtMlnbgMedkrbs;vasMrab;karsikSaKNna ring beam eRbkugRtaMgenA
Rtg; springing EdleKGacehAfa shell rim. bgMkMlaMgedkenHKW p = N cos . RbsinebI P Ca
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgkgmYykMBs;FwmenAkg ring beam enaHBIsmIkar 11.1a P = pd / 2 ehIy
P=
d
N cos
2
(11.68)
Cak;Esg RbsinebIeKGacGnuvt P edaypal;eTAelI dome rim enaHeKGackMNt;kugRtaMgenA

kg dome edaysmIkar 11.67. CaTUeTA vamingayRsYleT edaysareKRtUvkarEdkeRbkugRtaMgkg
brimaNdeRcIn Edl P minGacsitenAkgkMras;desIgrbs;CBaaMg)an ehIykugRtaMgenAkgebtugRtg;
tMbn; rim GacmantMlx<s;Nas;. dUcenH eKRtUvkardak; edge beam EdlbMElg shell eGayeTAeRKOg
bgMkMNt;edaysaTic
kMraldMbYlekagminkMNt;edaysaTiceRbkugRtaMg
lkxNRBMEdndsamBabMputEdlTTYl)anenAeBlEdlRbtikm edge beam manTisbBar nig

TMrminman restraint dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>16 Edl dome thrust N qgkat;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Fwm.
RbsinebIeKkat;vatamExS A A kMlaMgedk N cos eFVIeGayEKm dome cltcUlkg)ancMgay
s =
Edl
d
N N
2 Et
(11.69)
pleFobBrsug ~ 0.2 sMrab;ebtug

d = ElVg shell (shell aspan)
=
715
T.Chhay
ehIyeKTTYl)ankMlaMgkta tangential BIsmIkar 11.65 dUcxageRkam

N =
wD d
w d
1
cos L (cos 2 )
2 sin 1 + cos
4 sin
(11.70)
Rcasmkvij kMlaMg meridional N eFVIeGay ring beam cltecjeRkA)ancMgay

b =
N (cos )d 2
(11.71)
4 Ebh
dUcenHeKRtUvmankMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRKb;RKan;edIm,Iclt ring beam cUlkgCamYynwgcMgaysrub

T = s + b
dUcenHkMlaMgsrubEdlmanGMeBIelImuxkat; ring beam KW

P=
) (
d N cos
bh
N N +
2
t
(11.72)
Edl h CakMBs; ring beam srub. kareRbobeFobrvagsmIkar 11.72 nig 11.68 bgajfakMlaMgeRbkug
RtaMgRbsiTPaBEdlRtUvkarelIkmunmantMlFMCagkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBEdlRtUvkarelIkeRkay.
TMhMnkarekIneLIgenHmanRbEhlBI 5% eTA10%. lkxNdUcKamanlkNBit sMrab; dome EdlExS
716
NPIC
rbs;kMlaMgBI dome minkat;tamTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; ring beam ehIyFwmRtUv)anPab;y:agrwgeTAnwgCBaaMg

dUcenAkgrUbTI 11>17 (a). eKGacTTYltMlRbhal;RbEhlrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgtMrUvkar P eday
begIntMlrbs; P enAkgsmIkar 11.68 cMnYn 10%. kgkrNIEbbenH kugRtaMgenAkg shell Rtg;tMbn;
springing GacxusBIkugRtaMgEdlTTYl)anBI membrane solution y:agxaMg ehIyeKRtUveFVIkarEktMrUv
bending solution.
RbsinebIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg radial edkenAkg ring beam mantMlFMCagtMrUvkar enaHkMhUcRTg;

RTayedaysarkarBt;dFMnwgekItmanenAkg shell beam dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>17 (b) CamYynwg
karekIneLIgntMlrbs;kMlaMg tangential N y:agxaMg ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgkarekIneLIgnkMlaMg
meridional N . CalTpl kugRtaMgBt;enAkgebtugenARtg;tMbn;Edl\TiBlGacelIskugRtaMgGnuBaat
GtibrmaeRkamGMeBI service load. RbsinebI kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedImmuneBlrgkMhatbg;KW Pi enaHRkLaprbs;muxkat;FwmKW
Ac =
Edl
Pi =
Pi
fc
(11.73)
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm P /
717
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatenAkgebtug
= PaKrykugRtaMgEdlenAesssl;.
eKcg;rkSaeGaytMlrbs; f c mantMlTab Rbhak;RbEhlnwg 0.2 f 'c nigminelIs 800 psi
eTA 900 psi eT edIm,IeFVIeGaybMErbMrYlrageFobdFMEdlekItmanenAkg edge ring beam mantMlGb,brma EdlRtLb;mkvijeKGacbegItkugRtaMgFMenAkg shell Rtg;tMbn; springing.
RkLaprbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenAkg dome ring KW
fc =
Pi
f pi
A ps =
Edl
(11.74b)
CakugRtaMgGnuBaatenAkgEdkrgeRbkugRtaMgmuneBlxatbg;. RbsinebIeKminRtUvkarkMNt;
A ps CatMlsuRkit enaHeKGacykRkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMg
f pi
A ps =
Edl
W cot
2f pe
bnkefr nigbnkGefrsrubenAelI dome EdlbNalBI wD + wL

f pe = eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlkMhatbg;
eKGacykkMras;Gb,bramrbs; dome EdlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl; buckling dUcxageRkam
W=
hd = a
Edl
(11.74b)
1.5 pu
i c Ec
(11.75)
kaMrbs; dome shell

pu = sMBaFKNnaktaBRgayesI ultimate EdlbNalBIbnkefr nigbnkGefr
a=
= (1.2 D + 1.6 L ) / 144
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;sMrab;sMParEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt; = 0.65
i = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab;bMErbMrYlrbs;pragEsVrEdlbNalBIPaBminl
i = (a / ri )2 / Edl ri 1.4a
c = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab; creep/ sMParEdl nonlinearity nigsameRbH
= 0.44 + 0.003WL / b:uEnminFMCag 0.53 .
Ec = m:UDuleGLasicedImrbs;ebtug = 57,000 f 'c psi (4,700 f 'c MPa )
718
11.10.
NPIC
GagebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlmanEdkeRbkugRtaMgvN
Prestressed Concrete Tanks with Circumferential Tendons
CMnYseGaykarrMuEdkeRbkugRtaMg (wire or strand) dUcEdl)aneFVIenAkg preload system eKeRbI

EdkeRbkugRtaMg (tendons) edkxagkg bxageRkA. kabeRbkugRtaMgTaMgenHrgkugRtaMgeRkayeBleK
dak;BYkvaenAkgCBaaMg. Edk post-tensioning bBarRtUv)aneKeRbIkgCBaaMgCaEpkmYynEdkBRgwg
bBar. CBaaMgebtugGaccak;enAnwgkEng bcak;Rsab; ehIyeKcat;TukslCBaaMgCaEpkmYynCBaaMg
ebtugEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgvN. RbePTsMNg;enHminmaneRbIEdk diaphragm dUcRbePTGagEdlrMuEdk
eRbkugRtaMg ( wrapped-wire prestressing) EdlCBaaMgGagGacman bkKanEdk diaphragm.
EdkEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgxagkgRtUv)ankarBaredaykMras;ebtugkarBardUctMrUvkarrbs; ACI 318
ehIyeKRtUvbMeBjkgbMBg; (duct or sheathing) CamYynwgsMParEdlkarBarERcH b grouted. eKRtUv
karBarEdk bonded post-tensioned eday portland cement grout dUckarTamTarenAkg ACI 318
ehIyeKRtUvkarBarkabeRbkugRtaMgxageRkACamYynwg shotcrete cover EdlmankMras;Gb,brma 1in.
(25mm ) .
dMeNIrkarsikSaKNnaCBaaMgmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarsikSaKNnaGagragmUlEdlrgeRbkug
RtaMgedaykarrMuEdkeRbkugRtaMg ehIyvaTamTarnUvkarRtYtBinitsameRbHdUcKa. eKRtUvykkugRtaMg
sgt;esssl;Gb,brmaenAkgebtugCBaaMgeRkayeBlrgkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgTaMgGs;esInwg 200 psi
(1.4MPa ) kgkarsikSaKNna enAeBlEdlGagRtUv)anbMeBjdl;nIv:UKNna. RbsinebIGagKanKMrb eK
RtUvykkugRtaMgesssl;enAcugCBaaMgesInwg 400 psi(2.8MPa ) Edlkat;bnyCaragbnat;rhUtdl;
tMlmYyEdlmintUcCag 200 psi enAcMgay 0.6 Rh BIcugnnIv:UsarFaturav.
RbePT)atCBaaMg nigtMNdMbUgragekag
BIkarerobrab;xagelI eyIgeXIjy:agc,as;falkxNRBMEdnenARtg;)atrbs;GageRbkugRtaMgrag
mUl nigenARtg; ring beam support sMrab;dMbUgragekagkMNt;nUvlkNnkarGnuvt lkNesdkic
nigeCaKCynkarsikSaKNnaTaMgmUl. Cavi)ak bTBiesFn_CaeRcInEdlTTYl)anBIkarbegIttMNeRkam
lkxNTaMgenHKWmantMlxaMgNas;. karlMGitBItMNRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>18 dl;TI 11>22.
719
T.Chhay
720
NPIC
721
T.Chhay
722
NPIC
11.11. Step-by-Step Procedure for the Design of Circular Prestressed

Concrete Tanks and Dome Roofs
viFIsakl,g nigEktMrUv (trial-and adjustment procedure) RtUv)anENnaMsMrab;karsikSaKNna

GagragmUlebtugeRbkugRtaMg nigdMbUg shell
!> eRCIserIsRbBneRbkugRtaMg RbePTEdkeRbkugRtaMg ersIusg;ebtug nigRbePTTMr EdleyIgGac
rk)anenAkgtMbn;.
@> kMNt;sMBaFsMParEdlskkgGagmanGMeBIelICBaaMg H sMrab;sarFaturav nig p sMrab;sarFatu
723
T.Chhay
]sn. eRbIkarBRgayragctuekaNBaysMrab;GgFaturwgEdlpkenAxagkgGag.
kMNt;kMlaMg ring kta F = (H y )r sMrab;)atrGileBjelj Edl r CakaMGag nig y Ca
cMgayBI)at.
#> BItarag 11>4 dl; 11>16 eRCIserIsemKuNm:Um:g;bBareTAtamRbePTbnk niglkxN
restraint rbs;)atEdlbNaledaysMBaFsarFaturav
My =+
[M o (y ) + Qo (y )]
nigkMNt;kMlaMgTaj ring radial edk

Qo = +(2 H 1)
rt
( )
ehIy Q = (F Q ) EdlbMErbMrYln
6(1 )
(M (y ) + Q (y ))
Q = +
y
12 1 2
nig = [3(1 )]
3 rt 2
2 1/ 4
(rt )1 / 2
Edl = 0.2 sMrab;ebtug.

$> kMNt;emKuN membrane C BItarag 11>4 rhUtdl; 11>16. KNnakMlaMg ring F = CHr .
%> KNnam:Um:g;bBareRKaHfak;enAkgCBaaMgEdleRbIemKuN membrane C . smIkarsMrab;m:Um:g;
EdlbNalBIbnksarFaturavKW
M y = C (H 3 + pH 2 )
M y = CpH 2
b
EdlbNalBIbnk]sn. KNnam:Um:g;enARtg;)at nigRtg;cMnuceRKaHfak;EdlmancMgay y BI)at.
^> eRCIserIskMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar.
&> KNnakugRtaMgebtugkat;tamkMras;rbs;CBaaMgsMrab;lkxNGagTeT nigsMrab;GageBj.
eKGnuBaatkugRtaMgsgt;tamGkSesssl;Gtibrma f cv = 200 psi eRkamGMeBIr service load
ehIykugRtaMgTajGtibrma f t = 3 f 'c dUcbgajenAkgtarag 11>17.
*> sikSaKNnaEdkeRbkugRtaMgedk nigEdkeRbkugRtaMgbBarEdlkugRtaMgkMNt;manenAkgtarag
11>18.
(> KNnam:Um:g;emKuN M u EdleRbIemKuNbnkEdleGayenAkgEpk 11.7.2. m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n =
M u / Edl = 0.9 . KNnaersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal EdlGacman M n = A ps f ps (d p a / 2 )
724
NPIC
b M n = Aps f ps (d p a / 2)+ As f y (d a / 2) . m:Um:g;EdlGacman M n RtUvEtFMCag besInwg

m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n .
!0> sikSaKNnaRbEvg L rbs; ring enARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMgBIsmIkar
2CH 2
L =
2
1+
(t / h )3
(dt )2
Edl t CakMras;rbs;CBaaMg nig h CakMras;rbs;kMral)at.

!!> KNnaPaKryrbs;eRbkugRtaMgenAkg)atEdlRtUvepreTACBaaMgBIrUbmn
R=
1
1+ S
Edl S = 1.1(h / t ) (d / t )1 / 2 .
enAeBlEdl rim xageRkArbs; slab ring rgkMlaMgsgt;edaykMlaMg radial Rtg; rim enaHtMl
rbs; S RtUv)anEksMrYleTACa
1/ 2
1 h d
S1 =
K t t
Edl
d2 +d2
K = o2
d d
EdlkgenH
Ggt;pitxagkg
d = Ggt;pitkMral ring xagkg = d o 2 L .
!@> RtYtBinittMrUvkarkMras;CBaaMgGb,brma nigKNnaPaBdab radial eGLasicedImEdlKanTb;
do =
(unrestrained initial elastic radial deflection)

i =
E;dl
Fi r
t co Ec
(
)
t co = kMras;rbs;slCBaaMgenARtg;cug b)atrbs;CBaaMg
Ec = 57,000 f 'c psi 4,700 f 'c MPa
r=
d
2
PaBdab radial cugeRkay f = 1.7 i .

!#> f<k;EdkBI)ateTACBaaMgEbbNaedayeGayEdkbgscUleTAkgCBaaMgcMgay y2 = 1.8 rtco
b 3 ft.(0.9m) edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag. dUcKa eKRtUvFanafaEdkbBar nominal Gb,brma
enARtg;tMbn;)atKW
725
T.Chhay
As = 0.005t co
!$> epgpat;TMhMsameRbHGtibrma wmax = 4.1106 ct E ps I x

Edl ct = bMErbMrYlrageFobprgkarTajenAkgebtug = (t f p )/ E ps
f p = kugRtaMgCak;EsgenAkgEdk
f pi = eRbkugRtaMgedImmuneBlxatbg;
t ~ f p / f pi
I x = grid index =
8 s 2 s1tb
KMlatEdkkgTis 1
1 = Ggt;pitrbs;EdkenAkgTis 1
s 2 = KMlatEdkkgTis 2
tb = kMras;karBarEdkEdlKitdl;pitrbs;Edk
cMNaMfa TTwgsameRbHGnuBaatGtibrma wmax = 0.004in. sMrab;GagsksarFaturav.
!%> sikSaKNnadMbUgragekageRkaykareRCIserIsRbePTtMNenARtg;cugrbs;CBaaMgGag. kMNt;pl
eFobnkMBs;rbs;dMbUgragekag h' elI)at d rbs;vay:agNamineGay h' / d > 1/ 8 .
KNnakMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg radial tamTisedktMrUvkar P sMrab; edge beam BIsmIkar
s1 =
Edl
)]
d N cos
bh
(N N ) +
2
t
w d 1
w d
N = D
cos L (cos 2 )
2 sin 1 + cos
4 sin
P=
w
wD
N = a
+ L
2
1 + cos
kMBs;srubrbs;Fwm rim
b = TTwgFwm rim
wD = GaMgtg;sIuetnbnkpal;rbs; shell kgmYyktap bnkefr
wL = GaMgtg;sIuetrbs;bnkGefrRbeyal
!^> KNnamuxkat; ring-edge beam
nig
h=
Ac =
Pi
fc
726
Edl
NPIC
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedIm = P /
= PaKrykugRtaMgesssl;
f c = kugRtaMgsgt;GnuBaatenAkgebtug minRtUvFMCag 0.2 f 'c b:uEnminRtUvFMCag
800 ~ 900 psi enAkg edge beam.
!&> KNnaRkLaprbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgrbs; edge beam
Pi =
Pi
f si
A ps =
Edl f si CakugRtaMgGnuBaatenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgmuneBlxatbg; b
A ps =
W cot
2f pe
RbsinebIeKminviPaKedaysuRkit. kgtYcugeRkay W Cabnksrubefr nigGefrenAelIdMbUgrag

ekag EdlbNalBI wD + wL nig f pe CaeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeRkayeBlxatbg;.
!*> RtYtBinitkMras;kMraldMbUgekagGb,brmaEdlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwg buckling
hd = a
Edl
1 .5 p u
i c Ec
kaMrbs; dome shell

pu = sMBaFKNnaktaBRgayesI ultimate EdlbNalBIbnkefr nigbnkGefr
a=
= (1.2 D + 1.6 L ) / 144
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;sMrab;sMParEdlrgkugRtaMgsgt; = 0.65
i = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab;bMErbMrYlrbs;pragEsVrEdlbNalBIPaBminl
i = (a / ri )2 / Edl ri 1.4a
c = emKuNkat;bny buckling sMrab; creep/ sMParEdl nonlinearity nigsameRbH
= 0.44 + 0.003WL / b:uEnminFMCag 0.53 .
Ec = m:UDuleGLasicedImrbs;ebtug = 57,000 f 'c psi (4,700 f 'c MPa )
rUbTI 11>23 bgajBI step-by-step flowchart sMrab;CMhanEdlENnaMkgkarsikSaKNnaGag

ebtugeRbkugRtaMgragmUl nigdMbUgragekagrbs;va.
727
T.Chhay
728
NPIC
729
T.Chhay
730
NPIC
11.12. Design of Circular Prestressed Concrete Water-Retaining Tank and Its Domed
Roof
]TahrN_ 11>3 kMNt;kMlaMg ring edkGtibrma nigm:Um:g;bBarGtibrma nigsikSaKNnakabeRbkug
RtaMgrbs;CBaaMgsMrab;GagebtugeRbkugRtaMgragmUl EdlGgt;rbs;va d = 125 ft (38.1m) nigskTwk

kMBs; H = 25 ft (7.62m) sMrab;lkxNTMr)atCBaaMgdUcteTA (a) hinged; (b) bgb;eBjelj/ (c) Bak;
kNalrGil nig (d) bgb;edayEpk (partially fixed). ehIy sikSaKNna ring edge beam ebtugeRb
kugRtaMgsMrab;dMbUlragekag (domed roof shell) edaysnt;fa shell rise-span ratio h' / d = 1 / 8 .
eRbI eRbIdMbUlragekag flat Edlman shell angle = 36o nigrkRkLapEdkeRbkugRtaMgsMrab;lkxN
EdkeRbkugRtaMgrMu (wire-wrapped) niglkxNBRgwgedayEdkeRbkugRtaMg (tendon reinforced condition). eKeGayTinnydUcxageRkam
f 'c = 5,000 psi (34.5MPa )
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
f 'ci = 3,750 psi (25.9MPa )
f t = 212 psi (0.86MPa ) 3 f 'c
f c = 0.45 f 'c = 2,250 psi (15.5MPa )
kugRtaMgEdlesssl;
f cv = 225 psi (1.55MPa )
f pu (wire ) = 250,000 psi (1,724 MPa )

f pu (stands and tendons ) = 250,000 psi (1,724MPa )
f pi = 0.7 f pu = 175,000 psi (1,207 MPa )
f ps = 220,000 psi (1,517 MPa )
sMrab;bnkRBilelI dome
snt; kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubesI 26% sMrab;\TiBlryeBlEvg.
dMeNaHRsay minKit\TiBlTMgn;pal;rbs;CBaaMg nigdMbUl dome edaysarkugRtaMgrbs;vaminFMebI
eRbobeFobeTAnwg\TiBlrbs;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar. eKmankarBRgaysMBaFTwkenAelICBaaMg dUc
EdlbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>24
d 125
= 62.4lb / ft 3 (1,000kf / m 3 )
r= =
= 62.5 ft (19.1m )
2
2
snt;fa kMras;CBaaMg t = 10in. = 0.83 ft (25.4cm) . enaH emKuNrag (form factor)
wL = 15 psf (718 Pa )
H2
25 25
=
=6
dt 125 0.83
nig Hr = 62.4 25 62.5 = 97,500lb / ft
kMlaMgeKal nigm:Um:g;eKal (basic forces and moment)
tarag 11>19 dl; 11>21 eGaynUv basic force nig basic moment enAkgCBaaMgGag.
731
T.Chhay
732
NPIC
733
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgebtugGtibrmarbs;CBaaMgenARtg;kMBs; 20 ft BIcug )atCaTMrsnak; (Hinged Base)
edayviFI trial-and-adjust, ykeRbkugRtaMgcMpitbBar Pv = 50,000lb / ft (730kN / m) . sMrab;kMras;

CBaaMg t = 10in. KNnakugRtaMgdUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 11>25.
734
NPIC
kugRtaMgebtugGtibrmarbs;CBaaMgenARtg;kMBs; 17 ft 6in. BIcug )atbgb;eBjelJj (Fully Fixed

Base)
m:Um:g;viCmanGtibrma M y KWenARtg; 17 ft 6in. BIcugkMBUlrbs;CBaaMg. eday trial and adjustment,

eRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpitbBar Pv = 100,000lb / ft Ek,reTAnwgpxageRkA [e = 1.05in(26.7mm)] .
bnab;mkKNnakugRtaMgenAkgCBaaMgdUceXIjenAkgrUbTI 11>26.
735
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgebtugGtibrmaCBaaMgenARtg;)at )atbgb;eBjelj (Fully Fixed Base)
eRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakpitbBar Pv = 100,000lb Ek,reTAnwgpxageRkA (e = 1.05in.) .

KNnakugRtaMgenAkgCBaaMgdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>27.
736
NPIC
kugRtaMgebtugGtibrmaCBaaMgenARtg;)at )atBak;nkNalrGil (Semisliding Base)
edayeRbI trial and adjust/ eRbIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMpitbBar Pv = 20,400lb / ft (297kN / m) . enaH

m:Um:g; semislide M = 12 (+ 10.880) = 5,440 ft lb / ft KNnakugRtaMgenAkgCBaaMgdUcbgajenAkg
rUbTI 11>28.
737
T.Chhay
karbgb;edayEpkenARtg;)atCBaaMg
m:Um:g; restraint KW M p = M o (1 S ) Edlm:Um:g;bgb;eBjelj (full fixity moment) M o =

18,233 ft lb / ft . emKuNEktMrUvsMrab;karbgb;edayEpk S = (t / h )3 / (dt )1 / 2 .
rUbTI 11>29 bgajBIrUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;kMral)at. RbsinebIkMral)atmankMras; h =
10in. enaHBIsmIkar 11.39 nig 11.40
(10 / 10)3 = 0.10
(125 0.83)1 / 2
M p = M o (1 S ) = 18.233(1 0.1) = 16,410 ft lb / ft
S=
nig
m:Um:g;xatbg;edaysarkarbgb;edayEpk = 18,233 16,410 = 1,823 ft lb / ft . BIsmIkar 11.37
sMrab;TTwg base ring L
L2 =
2CH 2
1+ S
dUcKa BItarag 11>4/ emKuN membrane enARtg;)atsMrab; form factor H 2 / dt = 6 KW C = 0.0187

dUcenH eyIg)an
2 0.0187(25)2
L =
= 21.25
1 + 0 .1
2
L = 4.61 ft = 4 ft 7 12 in.
dUcenH eRbITTWg ring slab base L = 4 ft9in.(145cm) . edaysar sMrab;GagEdlmanGgt;pitFM S

mantMltUceBk enaHdWeRknkarbgb;sMrab; fully fixed nig partially fixed wall bases swgEtdUcKa
dUckarbgajrbs;dMeNaHRsay.
738
NPIC
BIsmIkar 11.47 nig 11.48/ PaKry R rbs;eRbkugRtaMgenAkg)atEdlRtUvepreTACBaaMg

= 100 / S1 Edl
1/ 2
h d
S1 = 1.1
t t
100
R=
= 7.4%
13.5
1/ 2
10 125
= 1.1
10 0.38
= 13.50%
dUcenH
EdlmannyfaeKGackat;bnyeRbkugRtaMgKNnatMrUvkarsMrab;CBaaMg)anbnic edaysarvaGacmankug
RtaMgsgt;xHBI base ring.
sikSaKNnaEdkBRgwgeRbkugRtaMg
kabeRbkugRtaMgedk
eRbITMhM wire dUcKaedIm,IrMuCBaaMgmUl Edl wire manKMlatERbRbYlenAkg band EdlmankMBs;

ral; 5 ft tamkMBs;Gag. enAkgkrNI CBaaMgGagrGiledayesrI eKRtUvdak;KMlatGb,brmaenAkg band
xageRkameKbMputenARtg;)at dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>30.
edIm,IkMNt;bMErbMrYlrbs; wire pitch elIkMBs;rbs;Gag eKRtUveFVIkarKNna ring thrust edk
Q y enARtg;)atrbs; band nImYy bEnmeTot. Cavi)ak eyIgnwgbgajkarKNnaTMhM nigkarEbgEck
wire KMrUEtmYyb:ueNaH.
BItarag 11>21 sMrab;krNI fixed wall base kMlaMgGtibrma Q15 = 77,115lb / ft . dUcenH
sakl,gEdkeRbkugRtaMg 250-K wire Ggt;pit 0.192in.(4.88mm) enaHeyIg)an Aps = 0.0289in.2
nig f pi = 0.7 f pu = 0.7 250,000 = 175,000 psi(1,207MPa) .
739
T.Chhay
snt;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg 26% sMrab; elastic shortening, seating, creep, shrinkage nig

steel relaxation. enaH
f pe = 0.74 175,000 = 129,500 psi (893MPa )
Aps =
77,115
= 0.60in.2
129,500
sMrab;kMBs;CBaaMg 1 ft
5
cMnYn wire kg band 5 ft = 00..600289
= 104
dUcenH eRbI wire 104 enAkg wall band 5 ft Edl)atrbs;vaenABIeRkamnIv:UTwk 15 ft . ehIyykkMras;
shotcrete 2in. edIm,IkarBar wire Ggt;pit 0.192in. .
RbsinebIGagrgeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwg 7-wire strand tendon 250-K Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. enaH
Aps = 0.144in.2 / strand ehIycMnYn strand EdlRtUvkarkg band kMBs; 5 ft KW 0.6 5 / 0.144 20 .
kabeRbkugRtaMgbBar
kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar Pv = 100,000lb / ft (1,459N / m) enARtg; e = 1.05in.(26.7mm) enA

pxageRkA. dUcenH sakl,g 7-wire 250K strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) . eyIgTTYl)an
Aps = 0.144
f pu = 250,000 psi (1,724MPa )
f pi = 0.7 f pu = 0.7 250,000 = 175,000 ps (1,207 MPa )
snt;kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrub 26% . enaH f pe = 0.74 175,000 = 129,5000 psi(889MPa) / Aps tM

rUvkarkg 1 ft = 100,000 / 129,500 = 0.772in.2 (4.98cm2 ) ehIycMnYnkabeRbkugRtaMgbBarkg 1 ft =
0.772 / 0.144 = 5.36 . dUcenH eRbI 7-wire 250-K strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. sMrab;eRbkugRtaMgbBar
edaymanKMlat 2.25in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS = 0.769in.2 0.772 O.K..
RtYtBinitersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal rbs;CBaaMgGag
BItarag 11>21/ m:Um:g;bBarGtibrmasMrab;CBaaMg)atbgb;KW M = 28,056 ft lb / ft b in. lb / in. .

dUcenH eyIg)an
S .F . = 1.3
CMhanTI 5n flowchart
M u = 1.3 28,056 = 36,473in. lb / in.
M
36,473
Mn = u =
= 40,525in. lb / in.
0.9
0.9
10
d = + 1.05 = 6.05in.(15.37cm )
2
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar
740
NPIC
TTwg
0.144
1in.
= 0.064in.2 /
2.25
Aps f ps
0.064 220,000
a=
=
= 3.31in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 5,000 1
Aps =
m:Um:gEdlGacman M n = Aps f ps d a2 = 0.064 220,000 6.05 3.231

= 61,882in. lb / in. >> m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M n = 40,525in. lb / in. O.K.
karsikSaKNnaCBaaMgRtUvRtYtBinitPaBdabEdlmanerobrab;enAkgCMhan 8 n flowchart. ehIy eK
RtUveFVIkarkMNt; anchor steel enARtg;)atrbs;CBaaMg kdUcTMhMsameRbHGtibrma wmax enAkgCMhan 9
n flowchart. cugeRkaybMput RtYtBinit\TiBlsItuNPaB nig creep edIm,IeGayR)akdfaeKRtUvkar
EdkFmtabEnmBIelIEdkeRbkugRtaMgbGt;.
sikSaKNna roof dome prestressed edge ring beam
eRbI rise-span ratio h' / d = 1 / 8 . ehIy eRCIserIsTMresrIenARtg;cugkMBUlrbs;CBaaMgGag edayeRbI

neoprene pad BIeRkam edge ring beam. enaH Shell manTMrg;dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>31 nig
11>32.
edaysar d = 125 ft / h' = 125 / 8 = 15.63 ft (4.76m) . ehIy edaysar = 36o tUcCag
51o 49' enaH shell TaMgmUlrgkugRtaMgsgt; ehIyRtUvkarEtEdkTb;sItuNPaB (temperature reinforcement) b:ueNaH.
kaMrbs; shell KW
a=
62.5
a/2
=
= 106 ft (32.3m )
sin 0.588
BIsmIkar 11.75/ kMras; shell Gb,brmaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg buckling KW

hd = a
1.5 Pu
i c Ec
741
T.Chhay
dUcenH snt;fa t = 3.0in. eyIg)an

3
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 150 + 1.6 15 = 69lb / ft 2

12
= 0.65
i = (a / ri )
106
=
= 0.51
1.4 106
c = 0.44 + 0.003 15 = 0.49 < 0.53
yk c = 0.49
Ec = 57,000 5,000 = 4.03 106 psi

1.5 pu
1.5 69
= 106
i c Ec
0.65 0.51 0.49 4.03 106
= 1.33in.(3.4cm ) < 3in.
O.K.
kMras;Gb,brma h = a
dUcenH ykkMras; shell t = 3in.(7.6mm) . enaH sin = sin 36o = 0.59 / cos = cos 36o = 0.81 nig
a = kaMEsVr = 106 ft .
BIsmIkar 11.70/ kMlaMg tangential kgktaRbEvgrbs;vNKW
742
NPIC
W d
WD d
1
cos L (cos 2 )
2 sin 2 + cos
4 sin
37.5 125 1
15 125
(0.31)
=
0.81
2 0.59 1 + 0.81
4 0.59
N =
= 1,269lb / ft
BIsmIkar 11.67/ kMlaMg meridional kgmYyktaRbEvgrbs;vN CamYynwg a = 106 ft KW

wD
w
N = a
+ L
2
1 + cos
37.5 15
= 106
+ = 2,991lb / ft (43.6kN / m )
18.1 2
BIsmIkar 11.72/ kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg radial enAkg ring beam EdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegItkMhUcRTg;

RTayRtUvKaCamYynwg shell rim KW
P=
bh
d
N N + N cos
t
2
edIm,IkMNt;RkLapmuxkat; bh rbs; ring beam/ eRbI P = (d / 2)(N cos )sMrab;karsakl,gelIkTI

1/ edaysartYTI1 rbs;smIkarmantMltUcCagtMlsrubrbs; P 10% emIlkarerobrab;EdlnaMeGay
mansmIkar 11.62. eyIgTTYl)an
P=
125
d
( 2,991 0.81) = 151,149lb / ft
N cos =
2
2
edayeyIgmankMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg 26% enaHeyIg)an

= 1 0.26 = 0.74
151,419
nig
Pi =
= 204,620lb / ft
0.74
eRbI kugRtaMgsgt;ebtugGtibrma fc = 800 psi(5.52MPa) edIm,IeFVIeGaybMErbMrYlrageFobdFMenAkg
edge beam mantMlGb,brma ehIyvaGaceFVIeGaymankugRtaMgFMenAkg shell rim.
RkLapmuxkat;tMrUvkarrbs; ring beam eRbkugRtaMgKW
Ac = bh =
Pi 204,620
=
= 256in.2
fc
800
sakl,g b = 14in. nig h = 20in. . enaH Ac = 280in.2 . edayCMnYsvaeTAkgsmIkar 11.72 eyIg)an

P=
eRbI
280 1
125
( 2,991 0.81)
1,269 0.2( 2,991) +
3.0 12
2
= 5,217 151,419 = 156,636lb / ft

156,636
Pi =
= 211,671lb(717kN )
0.74
743
T.Chhay
BIelIkmun
dUcenH
f pi = 0.7 f pu = 175,000 psi

Aps =
Pi
211,671
=
= 1.21in.2 7.56cm 2
f pi 175,000
sakl,g 7-wire 250K strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in.(12.7mm) eyIgTTYl)an

Aps / strand = 0.144in.2
21
= 8.4
ehIycMnYnrbs; strand = 01..144
RbsinebIkMhateRbkugRtaMgFMCag 26% bnicbnc eKGacyk strand cMnYn 9. dUcenH eRbI 7-wire
strand Ggt;pit 1 / 2in. cMnYn 9 edIm,IeFVIeRbkugRtaMgelI edge ring beam.
RtYtBinitkugRtaMgebtugenAkgmuxkat;eRKaHfak; t = 3in. rbs; shell rim
kMlaMgsgt; meridional N = 2,991lb / ft ehIykugRtaMgsgt; fc = 2,991 /(12 3) = 83 psi b:ueNaH

dUcenHvaRKb;RKan;. karlMGitBITMrrbs; edge ring beam nigdMbUgragekagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI
11>32. cMNaMfa rign beam RtUv)anRTenAelI neoprene pad EdlGaceGayvarGil)an. KMehIj nig
muxkat;KMrUrbs;GageRbkugRtaMgragmUl CamYydMbgU ragekagRtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 11>33.
744
XII.
NPIC
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar
AASTHO
nig
LRFD
LRFD and Standard AASTHO Design of Concrete Bridges

12.1.
esckIepIm suvtiPaB nigTMnukcit

Introduction: Safety and Reliability
dUc)anerobrab;enAkgEpk 4.10.1/ Load-resistance factor design method (LRFD) CaviFI

mYyEdlQrelITMnukcit sMrab;vaytMlkarsikSaKNnaedayeRbIemKuNEdlQrelIRbU)abIlIet. viFI
enHmanbMNgsMrab;kMNt;smamaRtmuxkat;rbs;eRKOgbgMedayQrelIRbePTbnk edayeFVIy:agNa
eGayersIusg;Tb;Tl;FMCagbnkemKuN bm:Um:g;emKuN.
rUbTI 12>1 (a) nig (b) kdUcenAkgrUbTI 4>36 nCMBUk 4 bgajBIdaRkamnkarEbgEck
frequency dac;edayELkBIKanbnkCak;Esg W nigersIusg; R CamYynwgtMlmFm (mean) R .
rUbTI 12>1 (c) bgajBIkarbUkcUlKankarEbgEckTaMgBIr ehIyExSekagTaMgBIrkat;KaRtg;cMnuc C .
eKGacrMBwgfaeRKOgbgMman suvtiPaB nigGacTukcit)an RbsinebIbnk W sitenAxageqVgcMnuc
RbsBV C enAelIExSekagersIusg;. pymkvij eKrMBwgfaeRKOgbgMnwg)ak; RbsinebIbnkenAelIExSekag
ersIusg;sitenAkgpqUt enAkgrUbTI 12>1 (c). RbsinebI CasnsSn_suvtiPaB enaH
=
R W
R2
+ W2
(12.1)
Edl R nig W Ca standard deviation rbs;ersIusg; nigbnk erogKa.

karbnSMbnkepSgKaenAkgsmIkar 4.29 CMBUk 4 KWQrelIPaBxusKadsmrmrvag R nig
W EdlBicarNanUvlkNesdkic.
dUcenH TMnukcitnkareFVIkarrbs;eRKOgbgMEdlRbkbedaysuvtiPaBRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaykarBicarNarvagTMnak;TMngbnk nigersIusg;edayeRbIemKuNbnk nigemKuNersIusg;enAkgkarsikSaKNna.
viFI LRFD rbs; AASTHO manbMNgGPivDTMnak;TMngrvagbnk nigersIusg; nUvsmIkarsMrab;
kMhUcRTg;RTay nigbnk nigemKuNersIusg;EktMrUv BIemKuNersIusg;EdleRbIeday ACI 318. emKuN
rbs; LRFD RtUv)anbgajenAkgtarag 12>1 (a).
emeronenHnwgbgajBIkareRbIR)as;smIkarrbs; LRFD EdlmanlkNxusKaBIsmIkarrbs;
standard AASTHO nig ACI 318. ehIysmIkarEdl)aneRbIenAkgCMBUk 3/ 4 nig5 nigeKalkarN_
rbs;vakRtUv)anykmkGnuvt. dUcenHnisiSt nigvisVkrnwgyl;BIeRbIR)as;smIkaTaMgenHy:agRsYl.
karsikSaKNnas<anebtugsg;dar AASTHO nig LRFD
745
T.Chhay
746
12.2.
NPIC
lkNbeckeTsnbnkrfynrbs; LRFD nig AASTHO Standard (LFD)

AASTHO Standard (LFD) and LRFD Truck Load Specification
karsikSaKNnaBIGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrbs;s<anRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayeKarBeTAtam AASTHO
(American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials). kgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgM
EpkxagelI (superstructure) rbs;s<an eKRtuveRCIserIs nigdak;pvcracrN_ (traffic lane) nigbnky:ag
NaEdleFVIeGaymankugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkgGgt;eRKOgbgM.
kardak;bnkGefrenAelIs<anRtUvman standard truck b lane load EdlsmmUleTAnwg truck
trains. sMrab;s<anrfePIg (railway bridge), tMrUvkarRtUv)ankMNt;eday AREA (American Railway
Engineering Association). CaTUeTA tMrUvkarsMrab;kMNt;smamaRtmuxkat;eRKOgbgMrbs;Ggt;TMreRcIn
GnuvttambTdan ACI nig PCI.
12.2.1.
bnk
Load
kardak;bnk highway mancMNat;fak;bTdan 4KW H20, H15, Hs20 nig HS15. kardak;bnk
HS15 KWesInwg 75%nkardak;bnk HS20. RbsinebImankardak;bnkepSgeRkABIenH eKRtUveFVIkarEk
747
T.Chhay
tMrUvTMgn;sMrab; standard truck nig land load EdlRtUvKatamlkNsmamaRt. eKsikSaKNna s<an

Highway sMrab;kardak;bnk HS20-44 bkardak;bnkEdlmanePArfyn (axles) BIrEdlmanKMlatBIKa
14 ft ehIy axle nImYymanTMgn; 24,000lb edayeKRtUvdak;bnky:agNaedIm,ITTYl)ankugRtaMgFM.
rUbTI 12>2 bgajBIbnk standard H Truck ehIyrUbTI 12>3 bgajBIbnk standard HS
truck CamYynwgKMlatkg;rfyn nigkarEbgEckbnk. rUbTI 12>4 bgajBI lane load smmUlsMrab; H
20-44, HS 20-44, H 15-44 nig HS 15-44. rUbTI 12>5 bgajBIRbBnkMrals<anepSgEdleKeRbICa
TUeTA.
(i) \TiBlTgic (impact): bnkclt (movable load) TamTarnUvkarGnuBaatPaBTgic EdlCaEpk
mYyrbs;bnkGefr. eKGackMNt;va)antam standard AASTHO (LFD)
I=
Edl
50
30%
L + 125
(12.2)
PaKry\TiBlTgic (impact fraction)

L = RbEvgKitCa feet rbs;cMENknElVgEdlkardak;bnkeFVIeGaymankugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkgGgt;enaH.
I=
748
NPIC
749
T.Chhay
750
NPIC
RbEvgdak;bnk L sMrab;Ggt;TTwg (transverse member) dUcCaFwmkMral (floor beam) CaRbEvgrbs;Ggt;EdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS.

(ii) kMlaMgtamTisbeNay (Longitudinal Forces): eKRtUvdak;nUvkMlaMgtambeNayesInwg 5%
nbnkGefrenARKb; lane TaMgGs;EdlRTcracrN_kgTisedAdUcKa. pbnk EdlKan\TiBl
Tgic RtUvmanlkNdUcxageRkam
land load + bnkcMcMnuc RtUv)andak;enAelIElVgy:agNaedIm,IbegItkugRtaMgGtibrma.
bnkcM cMnuc nigbnkBRgayRtUv)anBicarNaBRgayesIelITTwg 10 ft enAelIExSEdl
EkgeTAnwgGkSrbs; land. eKsnt;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; longitudinal force manTItaMg
enARtg; 6 ft BIelIkMral.
eKGnuvtemKuNkat;bnyenAeBl traffic lane CaeRcInRtUv)andak;bnkkgeBlCamYyKa dUcenA
kgEpk (iv) xageRkam.
(iii) kMlaMgcakpitedk (Centrifugal Horizontal Force): kMlaMgenHekItBIclnarbs;rfynenA
elIExSekag. eKkMNt;vaCaPaKryrbs;bnkGefr edayKan\TiBlTgic dUcxageRkam
C = 0.00117 S 2 D =
Edl
6.68S 2
R
(12.3)
kMlaMgcakpitKitCaPaKryrbs;bnkGefrEdlKam\TiBlTgic
S = el,nKNna (design speed) KitCa miles kgmYyema:g
D = dWeRkrbs;kMeNag
R = kaMrbs;ExSekag KitCa ft
(iv) karkat;bnyGaMgtg;sIuetbnk (Reduction in Load Intensity): enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgGtibrmaRtUv)anbegIteLIgedaykardak;bnkenAelI traffic lanes CaeRcInkgeBlCamYyKa eKRtUv
eFVIkarkat;bnyGaMgtg;sIuetbnkdUcxageRkam
PaKry
mYy bBIr lane
100
90
bI lane
bYn lane beRcInCagenH
75
C=
751
T.Chhay
12.2.2.
karEbgEckbnkkg;enAelIkMrals<an lkNbeckeTssg;dar AASTHO

Wheel Load Distribution on Bridge Decks: Standard AASHTO
Specifications (LFD)
kMlaMgkat; (Shear): minmankarEbgEckbnkkg; (wheel load) tamTisbeNaysMrab; wheel

load b axle load enAxagcug enAeBlKNnakMlaMgkat;xagcug nigRbtikmenAkgFwmTTwg
(transverse beam) bFwmbeNay (longitudinal beam).
(ii) m:Um:g;Bt;begag FwmbeNay (Bending moment: longitudinal beam)
kgkarKNnam:Um:g;begagenAkg longitudinal beam b stringer eKminGnuBaateGaymankar
BRgaybnkkg;tamTisbeNayeT. sMrab;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg kgkrNI stringer xagkg
m:Um:g;Bt;bnkGefrsMrab; stringer nImYyRtUv)ankMNt;edayGnuvtcMENkn wheel load
eTAelI stringer dUcxageRkam
(i)
(iii) Side by Side Precast Beams in Multi-Beam Decks
s<anBhuFwm (multi-beam bridge) RtUv)ansagsg;eLIgCamYynwgFwmebtugGarem: bFwmebtug

eRbkugRtaMgcak;Rsab;Edldak;Ek,rKaelITMr. GnrGMeBI (interaction) rvagFwmRtUv)anbegIteLIg
eday continuous longitudinal shear key EdleRbIrYmpSMCamYynwg transverse tie EdlGacrg
bminrgeRbkugRtaMg dUcCabULg r)arEdk bkabeRbkugRtaMg bkmeFa)ayemkanicepSgeTot.
eKRtUvkar Full-depth rigid end diaphragm edIm,IFanakarBRgaybnkeGaylsMrab;FwmrUbrag
channel, single-stemmed tee beam nig multi-stemmed tee beam.
kgkarkMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;begagenAkgs<anebtugBhuFwmcak;Rsab; ebtugGarem: beRbkug
RtaMg eKsnt;faminmankarBRgaybnkkg;tamTisbeNayeT. m:Um:g;Bt;begagbnkGefr
sMrab;muxkat;nImYyRtUv)ankMNt;edayGnuvtcMENkn wheel load TaMgmux nigeRkay Edl
kMNt;edaysmIkarxageRkameTAelIFwm
752
NPIC
Load Frcation =
Edl
S=
S
D
TTwgrbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab;
D = (5.75 0.5 N L ) + 0.7 N L (1 0.2C )2
enAeBlEdl C > 5
D = (5.75 0.5 N L )
NL =
enAeBlEdl C 5
cMnYn traffic lane
C = K (W / L )
Edl
TTwgTaMgmUlrbs;s<anEdlvas;EkgeTAnwgr:tbeNay
L = RbEvgElVgEdlvas;RsbeTAnwgr:tbeNay. sMrab;r:tEdlman end diaphragm
cak;enAnwgkEng ykRbEvgcenaH end diaphragms
W =
K = [(1 + )I / J ]1 / 2
RbsinebItMlrbs; I / J FMCag 5.0 karBRgaybnkRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIviFIEdlsuRkitCag

dUcCa Articulated Plate Theory b Grillage Analysis.
Edl I = mU:m:g;niclPaB
J = efrrmYl Saint-Venant
= pleFobBrsugrbs;r:t
sMrab;viFIEdlkat;EtsuRkit eKkMNt;tMlrbs; J edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
sMrab;FwmctuekaNEdlKanRbehag/ FwmGkSr C/ Fwm Tee

J = {(1 / 3)bt (1 0.630t / b )}
3
Edl
RbEvgrbs;FatubgMctuekaNnImYyEdlmanenAkgmuxkat;
t = kMras;rbs;FatubgMctuekaNnImYyEdlmanenAkgmuxkat;
sab nigeCIgrbs;muxkat;EdlmaneCIg bmuxkat;GkSr C RtUv)anKitCaFatubgMctuekaNdac;
edayELkEdltMlrbs;vaRtUv)anbUkbBalKaedIm,IKNna J . cMNaMfa sMrab;FwmctuekaN
EdlmanRbehagmUl tMlrbs; J GacKitCatMlRbhak;RbEhledayeRbIsmIkarxagelIsMrab;
muxkat;ctuekaN nigedayminKitRbehag.
b=
sMrab;Fwmmuxkat;RbGb;
J=
Edl
b=
2tt f (b t )2 d t f
)2
bt + dt f t 2 t 2f
TTwgsrubrbs;RbGb;
753
T.Chhay
kMBs;srubrbs;RbGb;
t = kMras;rbs;RTnugTaMgsgag
t f = kMras;rbs;sabTaMgBIr
rUbmnsnt;fasabTaMgBIrmankMras;esIKa ehIyeKeRbIkMras;rbs;sabEtmYyeT. dUcKasMrab;
RTnug.
sMrab;karsikSaKNnabzm eKGaceRbItMlrbs; K xageRkam
d=
(iv)
kugRtaMgenAkgebtug (Stresses in Concrete)

krNI I bnkTaMgGs;edayrYmbBalTaMgeRbkugRtaMg D + L + P / S
f c = 0.6 f 'c
f t = 6 f 'c
krNI II eRbkugRtaMg + bnkefrTaMgGs;
D+ P/S
f c = 0.4 f 'c
f t = 6 f 'c
krNI III 12 eRbkugRtaMg + bnkefr + bnkGefr
[0.5(D + P / S ) + L]
f c = 0.4 f 'c
f t = 6 f 'c
12.2.3.
m:Um:g;Bt;begagenAkgkMrals<an lkNbeckeTssg;dar AASTHO (LFD)

Bending Moments in Bridge Decks Slabs: Standard AASHTO
Specifications (LFD)
karKNnam:Um:g;Bt;manBIrRbePT RbePT A nigRbePT B sMrab;EdkBRgwgEdlEkg nigRsb

eTAnwgcracrN_ erogKa.
S = RbEvgElVgRbsiTPaB
754
NPIC
TTwgrbs;kMralEdleKEbgEck wheel load BIelIva

P = bnkenAelIkg;xageRkaymYyrbs; truck P15 b P20
P15 = 12,000lb sMrab;kardak;;bnk HS 15
P20 = 16,000lb sMrab;kardak;bnk HS 20
(a) krNI A- EdkemEkgeTAnwgcracrN_ ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 2 eTA 24 ft
eKkMNt;m:Um:g;bnkGefrsMrab;ElVgsamBatamsmIkarxageRkam
sMrab;kardak;bnk H 20
E=
S + 2
ML =
P20
32
(12.4a)
S + 2
ML =
P15
32
(12.4b)
Edl M L KitCa ft lb / ft nTTwgkMral

sMrab;kMralEdlCab;elITMrbI beRcInCagenH eKRtUvGnuvtemKuNnPaBCab; 0.80 eTAelI
smIkar 12.4 (a) nig 12.4 (b).
(b) krNI B- EdkemRsbeTAnwgcracrN_
sMrab; wheel load TTwgEbgEck E KYresInwg = 4 + 0.06S 7.0 ft . Lane loads RtUv)an
BRgayelITTwg 2E dUcxageRkam
S 50 ft
M L = 900 S
(12.4c)
S = 50 100 ft
M L = 1000 S
(12.4d)
Edl M L KitCa ft lb
sMrab;kardak;bnk H 15 kat;bny 25% BItMlenAkgsmIkar 12.4 (c) nig 12.4(d).
12.2.4.
bnkxl;
Wind Loads
edayKitbBalbnkxl; pRbQmesInwgplbUknprbs;Ggt;TaMgGs;edayrYmbBalTaMg
RbBnkMral nigbgan; dUceXIjenAkgkMritnIv:U 90o eTAnwgGkSbeNayrbs;eRKOgbgM. karsikSaKNna
KUrEpkelIel,nxl; V = 100mph(160km / h). RkLaprgsMBaFRtUv)ankat;dUcerobrab;enAkg
AASTHO.
755
T.Chhay
12.2.5.
kMlaMgrBaydI
Seismic Forces
eKGaceRbITaMgviFIkMlaMgsaTicsmmUl (equivalent static force method) nig response

spectrum method sMrab;karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgMEdlGgt;TMrmanPaBrwgRkajRbhak;RbEhlKa.
karlMGitmanenAkg AASTHO. karerobrab;bEnmsMrab; earthquake response, fundamental period
nrMjr nig International Building Code (IBC 2000) RtUv)anerobrab;enAkg Nawy. E.G.,
Reinforced Concrete.
12.2.6.
karbnSMbnk AASTHO LFD

AASTHO LFD Load Combination
karsikSaKNnaKYrKitRkumnkarbnSMbnkEbbNaedIm,IeGay)anlkxNkugRtaMgGtibrmaenA
kgGgt;EdlBicarNa. eKmanRkumnkardak;bnkeRkamlkxNbnkesvakm
Rkum I
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF
D + E + B + SF + W
Rkum II
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF + W + WL + LF
Rkum III
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + SF + (R + S + T )
Rkum IV
Rkum V
D + E + B + SF + W + (R + S + T )
D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF
Rkum VI
Rkum VII D + E + B + SF + EQ
Rkum VIII D + (L + I ) + CF + E + B + SF + ICE
D + E + B + SF + W + ICE
Rkum IX
Rkum X
D + (L + I ) + E
Edl D = bnkefr
L = bnkGefr
I = bnkGefrTgic
E = sMBaFdI
B = PaBGacGENt (buoyancy)
W = bgMxl;enAelIGaKar
WL = bnkxl;enAelIbnkGefr 100lb / ft
756
NPIC
bnkbeNayEdl)anBIbnkGefr
CF = kMlaMgcakpit
R = karrYjxIrbs; rib
S = karrYmmaD
T = sItuNPaB
EQ = kMlaMgrBaydI
SF = sMBaFrMhUrrbs;Twk
ICE = sMBaFTwkkk
sMrab; load factor design eKRtUvKuN)a:ra:Em:RtelIkmunCamYynwgemKuNbnkenAkgtarag
12>1(b).
sMrab;bnkemKuN tMlRKumKW
elxRkum (N ) = [ D D + L (L + I ) + C CF + E E + B B + S SF
LF =
+ W W + WLWL + L LF + R (R + S + T )
+ EQ EQ + ICE ICE ]
(12.5)
emKuNbnkEdlRtUvGnuvteTAelIbnSMbnkKWdUcxageRkam
E = 0.7 sMrab;bnkbBarenAelIRbGb;ebtugGarem:
= 1.0 sMrab;bnkxag (lateral load) enAelIRbGb;ebtugGarem:
= 1.0 sMrab;bnkbBar nigbnkxagenAelIlU (culvert) dTeTot
= 1.0 nig 0.5 sMrab;bnkxagenAelIeRKagrwg RtYtBinitkardak;bnkEdllub
sMrab;RkumCak;lak;
E = 1.3 sMrab;sMBaFxagrbs;dIenAeBlRtYtBinitm:Um:g;viCmanenAkgeRKagrwg (rigid
frame) lU blURbGb;ebtugGarem:
D = 0.75 enAeBlRtYtBinitGgt;sMrab;bnktamGkSGb,brma nigm:Um:g;Gtibrma
sMrab;cMNakpitGtibrma sMrab;karsikSaKNnassr.
= 1.0 enAeBlRtYtBinitsMRab;bnktamGkSGtibrma nigm:Um:g;Gb,brma
= 1.0 sMrab;Ggt;rgkarTaj nigkarBt;begag.
tarag 12>1 (b) eGaytMlnemKuN sMrab;)a:ra:Em:RtbnkepSgenAkgsmIkar 12.5
sMrab;lkNbeckeTs standard AASTHO.
757
T.Chhay
12.2.7.
karbnSMbnk LRFD
LRFD Load Combinations
karbnSMbnkedayeRbIlkNbeckeTs LRFD xusKaBIlkNbeckeTs standard AASTHO.

taragxageRkam 12>2 eTAdl; 12>3 bgajBIbnSMbnktMrUvkar ehIytarag 12>4 dl; 12>7 bgaj
BIsmIkarkMlaMgkat; nigsmIkarm:Um:g;EdlRtUveRbIenAkgkarsikSaKNna. Epk 12.1.1 bgajBIemKuNer
sIusg; LRFD EdlxusKaBIemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; standard AASTHO . eKRtUvcMNaMfa enAkg
758
NPIC
lkNbeckeTs standard eKeRbI lane load b truck load kgkarKNnabnkGefr. lkNbeckeTs

LRFD TamTareGayeRbInUvbnSMrvag lane load nig truck load kgkarkMNt;bnkGefr.
759
T.Chhay
tMlemKuNersIusg; LRFD RtUv)aneGayenAkgtarag 12>1 (a).

eKGaceRbIsmIkarenAkgtarag 12>4 nig 12>5 edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;Bt;begagGtibrma nigkMlaMg
kat;GtibrmaRKb;cMnucTaMgGs;kgmYy lane sMrab; HS 20 truck CamYynwgkarkMNt;EdlbgajenAkg
tarag. eKyktMlEdlKNnaRtwmBak;kNaledIm,ITTYl)ankMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;kgExSkg; (line of
wheel).
smIkarenAkgtaragRtUv)ankMNt;RtwmElVgTMrsamBa nigminrYmbBal\TiBlTgiceT.
eKGackMNt;m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma nigkMlaMgkat;GtibrmakgmYy lane enARtg;cMnucNamYyenAelI
ElVgsMrab; lane load 0.64kip / ft BIsmIkarEdlsMrYlehIydUcxageRkam
(12.6a)
kMlaMgkat;Gtibrma VLL = 02.64L (L x)2
0.64( x )(L x )
M LL =
m:Um:g;Gtibrma
(12.6b)
2
Edl x = cMgayBITMrxageqVg
L = ElVgFwm
LL = lane load
TamTar\TiBlTgic (impact factor) FMCag standard specification. ehIy

vakTamTarnUvkarBicarNaBIsanPaBkMNt; fatigue. sMrab; fatigue eKRtUvBicarNa truck load Biess.
LEFD Specification
760
NPIC
vapSMeLIgBI single design truck EdlmanTMgn; axle dUcKanwgGIVEdleRbIenAkgsanPaBkMNt;dTepSg

eTot b:uEnvamanKMlatefr 30 ft cenaH axle 32kips . tarag 12>6 bgajBI impact factor IM sMrab;
RbePTsanPaBkMNt;epSg.
tarag 12>7 bgajBIsmIkarsMrab;KNnam:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmakgmYy lane EdlbNalBIkardak;
bnk HL-93 fatigue truck. eKRtUvKuNtMlEdlTTYl)anBItaragedayemKuN 0.5 edIm,ITTYl)antMl
kgmYyExSkg;rfyn (line of wheel).
761
T.Chhay
Ca HL-93 truck configuration EdlrYmmanbnSM

(a) Design truck b design tandem CamYynwg dynamic allowance. Design truck KWdUcKanwg
HS20 design truck EdlmankMNt;enAkg Standard AASTHO specification. Design
tandem pSMeLIgeday axle 25kips mYyKUr EdlmanKMlatBIKa 4 ft .
(b) Design lane load 0.64kip / ft edayminman dynamic allowance.
LRFD design live load
762
NPIC
karBicarNaBIkarsikSaKNnakarBt;begag Flexural Design Considerations

12.3.1. bMErbMrYlnbMErbMrYlrageFob nigemKuN viFIbMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt;
12.3.
Strain and Factor Variations: The Strain Limits Approach
sMrab;kareFVIkarCalkNsVit (ductile behavior) rbs;muxkat; PaKryEdkBRgwgRtUvmantMl

tUcCagPaKrybMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt;lMnwg (balanced limit strain) EdlrgkarBt;begag dUcbgajenA
kgEpk 4.12.3. eKminRtUvkareRbIEdnx<s;bMputnbrimaNEdkenAkgFwmeT RbsinebIbMErbMrYlrageFob
minFMCagbMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt; ehIyeKeRbIemKuN smrm. bMErbMrYlrageFobrgkarTajEdnx<s;bM
put t = 0.005in. / in. edaysarbMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt;mantMlRbhak;RbEhlnwg 75%nPaKry
Edk balanced enAkg code elIkmun ehIyvaCaeKalkarN_rbs;viFIenH rUbTI 12>6. eKKitBicarNa
bMErbMrYlrageFobkMNt;enARtg;nIv:UEdkrgkarTajxageRkAbMput mannyfa enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;nRsTab;
EdkEdlenAEk,rprgkarTajrbs;muxkat;CageK. kan;EtCak;ElkCagenH t = 0.0041 EdlRtUvnwg
f y 230,000 psi enAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg.
sMrab;viFI AASTHO LRFD tMlkMNt;rbs;pleFobkMBs;GkSNWt c elIkMBs;RbsiTPaB
rbs;Fwm d t RtUv)aneKykesInwg 0.42 enAkgviFIbMErbMrYlragkMNt; (strain limits approach) EdleK
GacehAma:geTotfa unified approach. viFIenHCaviFIEdlFana strain-compatibility edayeRbIbMEr
bMrYlFmta nigsmIkarkugRtaMgedayminKitfaGgt;enHBRgwgedayEdk bedayeRbkugRtaMg bedayeRb
kugRtaMgedayEpk. kMBs; d t enAkgpleFob c / d t kayCa d p RbsinebIeKmineRbIEdkBRgwgFmtaeT
enaH. tarag 12>9 nEpk 12.7 bgajBIkareRbobeFobTUeTArvagviFIsaRs ACI nig LRFD sMrab;
kMNt;EdktMrUvkarenAkgGgt;rgkarBt;begag.
eKRtUveRbItMlbMErbMrYlrageFob t FMCag 0.005in. / in. dUcCag 0.007 eTA 0.009in. / in. .
sMrab;muxkat; beam-column bMErbMrYlrageFobnmux limit compression-controlled KW t = 0.002 .
763
T.Chhay
eKeRbI t = 0.002 CaeKalsMrab; yield strain dMbUg y = f y / Es = 0.002 eTaHbICatMlenHGacERb

RbYledayGaRsyeTAnwgRbePTEdkEdleRbIkeday. rUbTI 12>7 bgajBIEdnkMNt;nbMErbMrYlrag
eFobsMrab;muxkat;ebtug tension-controlled nig compression-controlled sMrab;RKb;krNITaMgGs;
BRgwgedayEdk nigrgeRbkugRtaMg Edl t = 0.003(dt / c 1) .
764
NPIC
enAeBl net tensile strain enAkgEdkrgkarTajxageRkAbMputFMRKb;RKan; FMCag besInwg

0.005 muxkat;RtUv)ankMNt;Ca tensioned-controlled section EdlvamankarRbkasGasnBIkar)ak;
RKb;RKan;CamYynwgPaBdabFM nigekItmansameRbH. enAeBlEdl net tensile strain enAkgEdkrgkar
TajxageRkAbMputtUc tUcCag besInwg compression-controlled strain limit eKrMBwgvanwgekItman
lkxN)ak;edaylkNRsYy CamYynwgkarRbkasGasnBIkar)ak;dtictYcbMput.
lkxN balanced strain ekItmanenARtg;muxkat;EdlbMErbMrYlrageFobGtibrmaenAsrsrgkar
sgt;xageRkAbMputmantMlesInwg 0.003 kgeBldMNalKaCamYynwg yield strain dMbUg y = f y / Es
enAkgEdkrgkarTajEdlRtUvnwg net tensile strain enAkgEdkrgkarTajEdlkMNt;enAkgviFIenH enA
eBlEdltMlrbs; t = 0.002in. / in. .
eKminGaceRbIviFIenHenAkgkarKNnaFwmEdlrgkarBt;begagEdlminrgkarsgt;eT. enAkg
Ggt;EbbenH bMErbMrYlrageFob t enAkgEdkrgkarTajxageRkAbMputminRtUvFMCag 0.0075 sMrab;kar
Gnuvt.
12.3.2.
ersIusg;m:Um:g;Bt;begagemKuN
Factored Flexural Resistance
m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;karBt;begagemKuN
M t = M n
(12.7)
EdlemKuNersIusg; = 1.0 .
enAkgkarviPaK strain compatibility eKENnaMeGaykat;bnyemKuN BItMl 1.0 sMrab; net
tensile strain 0.005 eTA 0.7 sMrab; net tensile strain 0.002 enAkgEdkrgkarTajxageRkAbMput man
nyfa
d
0.7 = 0.50 + 0.30 ext 1 1.0

c
(12.8)
Edl dext Ca dt nRsTab;xageRkAbMputrbs;EdkBRgwg KWRsTab;EdkEdlenAEk,rsrsrgkarTajxag

eRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
12.3.3.
)a:r:aEm:RtKNnakarBt;begag
Flexural Design Parameters
smIkarsMrab;KNnaersIusg;m:Um:g; nominal rbs;muxkat;eRbkugRtaMgeday LRFD method KW

Rsedonwg standard AASTHO ehIykRsedogKanwgviFIsaRsKNnaersIusg;rbs; ACI 318 EdlENnaM
765
T.Chhay
enAkgEpk 4.11 nCMBUk 4. ersIusg;KNnacugeRkay (ultimate design strength) f ps nEdkBRgwg

EdlGacKNnatamviFI strain-compatibility dUckg]TahrN_ 4>19 bedayviFIRbEhl (approximate
method) EdleRbIsmIkarxageRkam
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
d p
f py
k = 21.04
f
pu
Edl
= 0.28
(12.9a)
(12.9b)
sMrab; low relaxation steel
sMrab; unbonded tendons/

dp c
f ps = f pe + 900
le
Edl
(12.9c)
le = 2li / (2 + N s )
RbEvg embedment/ li = RbEvgkabeRbkugRtaMgcenaH anchorage/ N s = cMnYn tendon

enAkg standard AASTHO specification eKGac)a:n;RbmaNkugRtaMgmFmdMbUgenAkgEdkeRbkug
RtaMgBIsmIkarxageRkam
le =
f pu
f ps = f pu 1
1 f 'c
(12.9c)
eKTTYl)ankMBs;rbs;GkSNWt c BIsmIkarxageRkam
(a) muxkat;EdkDub (Doubly reinforced section)
c=
A ps f pu + As f y A' s f ' y
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1 + kA ps
dp
(12.10)
Edl f ' y = yield strength rbs;Edkrgkarsgt;

(b) muxkat;mansab (Flanged section)
c=
Edl
Aps f pu + As f y A' s f ' s 0.85 f 'c 1 (b bw )h f

f pu
0.85 f 'c 1bw + kAps
dp
(12.11)
TTwgRTnug
d p = cMgayBIsrsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
bw =
766
12.3.4.
(a)
EdnkMNt;rbs;EdkBRgwg
Reinforcement Limits
EdnkMNt;EdkBRgwgGtibrma (Maximum reinforcement limits)

brimaNGtibrmarbs;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMg bEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgRtUvmantMly:agNaedIm,I
c
0.42
de
A ps f ps d p + As f y d s
de =
A ps f ps + As f y
Edl
(b)
NPIC
(12.12a)
(12.12b)
EdnkMNt;EdkBRgwgGb,brma (Minimum reinforcement)

enARKb;muxkat;TaMgGs; brimaNEdkrgeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgRtUvRKb;RKanedIm,I
begItersIusg;Tb;Tl;karBt;begagemKuN M t y:agehacNas;RtUvesInwg 1.2M cr EdlkMNt;
edayEpkelIeKalkarN_viPaKeGLasic besInwg 1.33dgnm:Um:g;emKuNEdlTamTaredaybnSM
bnk.
S
M cr = ( f r + f ce )S b M dnc bc 1
Sb
Edl
12.4.
(12.13)
m:Um:g;EdlbNalBI non-composite dead load

Sb = m:UDulmuxkat; non-composite
S bc = m:UDulmuxkat;smas
f r = m:UDuldac; (modulus of rupture) = 7.5 f 'c psi = 0.24 f 'c ksi
f ce = kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugedaysarEteRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB eRkaykMhatbg;
enARtg;srsrgkarTajxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;EdlkugRtaMgTajekItBIbnk
xageRkA.
M dnc =
karBicarNaBIkarsikSaKNnakMlaMgkat;
Shear Design Considerations
12.4.1. The Modified Compression Field Theory
RTwsI compression field sMrab;kMlaMgkat; nigsMrab;kMlaMgkat;EdlpSMCamYynwgkarrmYlRtUv)an

erobrab;enAkgEpk 5.17.3 nCMBUk 5. enAeBlEdlmankarrmYl eKsnt;faebtugminTb;Tl;karTajeT
bnab;BImansameRbH ehIyEdn (field) n compressive strut Tb;Tl;kMlaMgkat;Ggt;RTUg. mMu rbs;
strut enHERbRbYlGaRsynwgbMErbMrYlrageFobbeNay (longitudinal strain), bMErbMrYlrageFobxag
(transverse strain) nigbMErbMrYlrageFobem (principal strain) enAkgRTnug
767
T.Chhay
tan 2 =
x 2
t 2
(12.14)
bMErbMrYlrageFobbeNayrbs;RTnug rgkarTaj viCman

t = bMErbMrYlrageFobTTWg rgkarTaj viCman
2 = bMErbMrYlrageFobrgkarsgt;em GviCman
rUbTI 12>8 bgajEdnkugRtaMg (stress field) enAkgRTnugrbs;FwmEdlminrgeRbkugRtaMgmun nigeRkay
eBlmansameRbH. muneBlFwmeRbH kMlaMgkat;RtUv)anTb;Tl;edaykugRtaMgTajGgt;RTUg nigkugRtaMg
sgt;Ggt;RTUgesIKa edayeFVIGMeBItammMu 45o rUbTI 12>8(a). eRkayeBlmansameRbH sameRbH
Ggt;RTUgEdlekItBIkugRtaMgTajenAkg ebtugRtUv)ankat;bnyy:ageRcIn.
Edl
x =
enAkgRTwsI compression field eKsnt;fakugRtaMgTajem f1 = 0 dUcenAkgrUbTI 12>8 (b)

eRkayeBlebtugeRbH. RTwsI modified compression field KitbBalkarcUlrYmnkugRtaMgTajenA
kgebtugcenaHsameRbH dUcenAkgrUbTI 12>8 (c). BIrgVg;kugRtaMgm: (Mohrs stress circle) enAkgrUb
TI 5>2 (b) enAkgCMBUk 5 CamYynwgrUbTI 12>8 (c) eKGacTTYl)ansmIkarxageRkam
f 2 = (tan + cot )v f1
EdlkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;Gnuvtn_KW
v=
dv = d p a / 2
Vu V p
V
=
bw jd
bw d v
(12.15a)
(12.15b)
) nig bw = TTwgRTnugRbsiTPaB. eKGackMNt;EdkRTnugrgkarTaj (tension web
EdlTamTarsMrab;eFVIeGaykugRtaMgsgt;manlMnwgdUcxageRkam
Av f v = ( f 2 sin 2 f1 cos 2 )bw s
reinforcement) Av
(12.16)
768
NPIC
Edl Av fv CabgMbBarn balancing tensile force edIm,IbiTPab;sameRbHeRTtEdlmanmMu nig f v

CakugRtaMgmFmenAkgEdkkgbBar. edayCMnYs f 2 enAkgsmIkar 12.15(a) eTAkgsmIkar 12.16
eyIg)an
V = f1bw d v cot +
Av f v
d v cot
s
(12.17)
Edl V tMNageGayVn ehIyvaesInwg (Vc + Vs ) / Edl Vs CakMlaMgkat;EdlTb;Tl;edayEdkkg

bBar.
12.4.2.
smIkarKNna
Design Expressions
tamkarsnt;EdlmanlkNsMrYl eKGacerobcMsmIkareKaln modified compression field

theory eLIgvij dUcenHeKGackMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal Vn enAkgebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p
Edl
(12.18)
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal EdleGayedaykugRtaMgTajenAkgebtug

Vs = ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal EdleGayedaykugRtaMgTajenAkgEdkRTnug
V p = ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal EdleGayedaybgMkugRtaMgbBarnEdkeRbkugRtaMg
harped b draped tamTisbeNay.
Vc =
12.4.2.1. AASTHO Standard Specification (LFD)
karpl;eGayrbs; AASTHO standard nig ACI 318 KWmanlkNRsedogKa edayeKyk Vc

nUv tMlEdltUcCagkgcMeNamsmIkarTaMgBIrxageRkamEdlbgaj nigerobrab;y:aglMGitenAkgEpk
5.5.1 nig 5.5.2 nCMBUk 5
(a) kMlaMgkat;Bt;begag (Flexural shear)
Vci = 0.6 f 'c bw d +
(b)
Vi M cr
M max
(12.19)
kMlaMgkat;RTnug (Web shear)

Vcw = [3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c ]bw d + V p
(12.20)
sMrab; AASTHO smIkarm:Um:g;eRbH (cracking moment) KW

(
M cr = St 6 f 'c + f pe f d
)
769
T.Chhay
12.4.2.2. LRFD Specification
karpl;eGayrbs; LRFD AASTHO TTYlsal;viFIBIr

(a) Strut-and-tie model EdlGacGnuvt)anRKb;ragGrNImaRtrbs;muxkat;TaMgGs;Edlman
lkNFmta nigminCab;.
(b) Modified compression field EdlEplelIm:UEdl truss EdlmanmMuERbRbYl EdlenAkgenaHeK
GnuBaateGayERbRbYlCMralrbs; diagonal compression field. vaxusBIviFI LFD Rtg;kar
snt;mMu eGayesInwg 45o EdlkgenHebtugsuTkcUlrYmeFVIkarEdr ehIy Vc RtUv)anGnuvt
karTajEdlqgkat; compression diagonal dUcerobrab;enAkgEpk 12.4.1.
eKykersIusg; nominal nUvtMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam
b
Edl
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p
(12.21)
Vn = 0.25 f 'c bv d v
(12.22)
TTwgRTnugRbsiTPaB
d v = kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB (d p a / 2 )
a = kMBs;rbs;bksgt;
muxkat;eRKaHfaksMrab;kMlaMgkat;sitenAcMgay dv b (0.5dv cot ) edayykmYyNaEdlFM
Cag. eKyktMl dv BIkarKNnaersIusg;Bt;begagkNalElVg.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs;ebtugsuT Vc EdlKitCa psi KW
bv =
Vc =
f 'c bv d v
(12.23)
nigKitCa ksi
Vc = 0.0361
f 'c bv d v
(12.24)
emKuN 0.0361 KW 1 / 1000 EdlCaemKuNsMrab;bMElgBI psi eTA ksi .

eKykersIusg;kMlaMgkat;nkarcUlrYmrbs;EdkRTnugbBarKW
Vs =
Av f y d v cot
(12.25)
eKRtUvdak;Edkkg (transverse shear reinforcement) enAeBlEdlkMlaMgkat;emKuN Vu FMCaglTPaB

Tb;kMlaMgkat;rbs;ebtugsuT b
(
Vu > 0.5 Vc + V p
(12.26)
EdlemKuNkat;bnyersIusg; RtUv)anykBItarag 12>1(a).
770
NPIC
elIsBIenH enAeBlEdlkMlaMgRbtikmrbs;FwmbBankarsgt;eTAcugrbs;Ggt;dUcEdlekItman
enAkgkrNICaeRcIn eKykmuxkat;eRKaHfak;enARtg;TItaMgqayCag 0.5dv cot b dv EdlvaBIprbs;
TMr.
edIm,IkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs;Ggt;eRbkugRtaMg visVkrKNnaeRKOgbgMRtUvkMNt;
tMlrbs; nig EdlRtUvkatsMrab;kMNt;Vc nig Vs enAkgsmIkar 12.21 nig 12.22. sMrab;muxkat;
ebtugminrgeRbkugRtaMg eKyk = 2.0 nig = 45o . sMrab;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg/ trial-andadjustment eRbItMl tUc. tarag 12>8 bgajBItMlrbs; nig sMrab;tMlepSgrbs; x .
eKTTYl)anbMErbMrYlrageFob x enAkgEdkrgkarTajBIsmIkarxageRkam RbsinebImuxkat;y:ag

ehacNas;manEdkTTwg (transverse reinforcement) Gb,brma
Mu
d + 0.5 N u + 0.5Vu cot Aps f po

0.002
x = u
2 Es As + E ps A
Edl
(12.27)
.
eKRtUvKuNtMlenAkgsmIkar 12.27 nwgBIr RbsinebImuxkat;manEdkkgticCagEdkkgGb,f po 0.70 f pu
brma.
kugRtaMg
f po
CakugRtaMgenAkgkabeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlGnuvteRbkugRtaMg (jacking) sMrab;Ggt;
771
T.Chhay
rgeRbkugRtaMgCamun (pretensioned member) ehIysMrab;suvtiPaB vaCakugRtaMgmFmsMrab;EdkeRb

kugRtaMgenAkgGgt;rgeRbkugRtaMgCaeRkay (post-tensioned member). sMrab;kabeRbkugRtaMgFmta
eKyk f po = 0.75 f pu sMrab;TaMgGgt; pretensioned nigTaMgGgt; post-tensioned.
f ce = kugRtaMgsgt;rbs;ebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;smasEdlTb;Tl;nwgbnkGefr
benARtg;TIRbsBVrvagRTnug nigsab RbsinebIvasitenAkgsabEdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg
nigm:Um:g;Bt;EdlTb;Tl;edaymuxkat;cak;Rsab;EdleFVIkarEtxng mannyfamunnwgeFVI
karCamuxkat;smas.
f pe = kugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkayeBlxatbg;/ CalkNsuvtiPaB eKyk
f po CaeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe .
RbsinebIbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkrgkarTajGviCman eKRtUvKuN x CamYynwgemKuN F
EdlmansmIkardUcxageRkam
F =
Edl
Ac =
Es As + E ps Aps
Ec Ac + Es As + E ps Aps
(12.28)
RkLaprbs;muxkat;ebtugnEpkrgkarTajedaykarBt;begagrbs;Ggt; dUcbgajenA
kgrUbTI 12>9.
EdkbeNayRtUvmansmamaRty:agNaedIm,IeGaymuxkat;FwmnImYybMeBjsmIkarxageRkam
As f s + Aps f ps
V
Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u + 0.5Vs + V p cot
d v

(12.29)
BIsmIkar AASTHO elIkmun GBaat CaemKuNy:agsMxan;kgkarkMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;

Fmta (nominal) Vc dUcenAkgsmIkar 12.21. karbgajtMlrbs; EdlEpkelI compression
772
NPIC
enAkgtarag 12>8 bgajfatMlTaMgenHhak;minGaceRbI)ansMrab;pleFob (v / f 'c )

FMCag 0.125 enAeBlEdlbMErbMrYlrageFobtUcCag 0.005 . Hsu )anerobrab;nUvPaBBi)akenH EdlekIt
eLIgenAeBlkMNt;tMlkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;sameRbH (crack shear stress) vci mannyfa lTPaBn
crack interface edIm,IeprkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlGaRsyelITMhMsameRbH w enAkgsmIkarxageRkam
field theory
vci
2.16 f 'c
psi, w(in.)
24 w
0 .3 +
a + 0.63
vci
0.18 f 'c
MPa, w(mm )
24 w
0 .3 +
a + 16
esIeGayeRbI vci = 0 edIm,IrkSalMnwg nigPaBRtUvKa (compatibility). ehIy mMusameRbH

enAkgtY Vs nsmIkar 12.25 KWCamMucenaHkugRtaMgbMErbMrYlrageFobEdkbeNay nigkugRtaMg bMEr
bMrYlrageFobsgt;emrbs;ebtug. edaysarEbbenH kugRtaMgkMlaMgsgt;tambeNayGkSemesInwg
sUn. ehIy karerobrabenHGnuvtenAkgkarpl;eGayrbs; LRFD sMrab;krNInbnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkar
rmYl.
Hsu
12.4.2.3.
KMlatGtibrmarbs;EdkRTnug
Maximum Spacing of Web Reinforcement
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrma s rbs;EdkRTnugKWtMlEdltUcCageKkgcMeNam
s 0.75h
b 24in.
RbsinebI Vs > 4 f 'c bwd / KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmaRtUv)ankat;bny 50% .
12.5. Horizontal Interface Shear
eKalkarN_n horizontal interface shear eRkamGMeBI service load nig ultimate load RtUv)an
erobrab;eBjeljenAkgCMBUk 5 Epk 5.7 EdlrYmman]TahrN_bgajEdlGnuelamtamtMrUvkar ACI
318 nig PCI. AASTHO standard specification tMrUveGayersIusg;kMlaMgkat;tamTisedk nominal
Vnh dUcKanwgersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs; ACI enAeBlEdleKmineRbI dowel reinforcement mannyfakug
RtaMgGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 80 psi . vaxusKa enAeBleKeRbI dowel reinforcement Gb,brma Edlkg
enaHkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkGnuBaatGtibrmaKW 350 psi EdlCMnYseGay 500 psi EdlGnuBaateday
ACI.
tamkarGegt nigBiesaFn_dsIuCMerArbs; Nawy )anbgajeGayeXIjfakugRtaMgGnuBaatBitCa
tUcEmnETn. karBiesaFbgajfa sUm,IEtersIusg;dMbUgeRkamlkxNsItuNPaB sub-freezing/ vaGac
773
T.Chhay
TTYlersIusg;eRkamGMeBI ultimate load FMCag 1200 psi(8.3MPa) edayeRbI dowel reinforcement

bBar.
Standard AASTHO TamTardUcxageRkam
(a) enAeBleKmindak; vertical ties
Vnh = 80bv d
(b)
(12.30a)
enAeBleKmindak; vertical ties Gb,brma

Vnh = 500bv d
(c)
(12.30b)
RkLaptMrUvkarrbs; Avh FMCag vertical ties Gb,brma

Vnh = 500bv d + 0.40 Avh f y
dp
s
(12.30b)
Edl kMlaMgkat;bBaremKuN Vu = Vnh

Vnh = ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edk nominal
= 0.90
Gb,brma = 50bv s / f y
bv = TTwgrbs;muxkat;enARtg;pb:HEdlRtUvviPaKkMlaMgkat;edk
b p = cMgayBIsrsrgkarsgt;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg b:uEn
minRtUvyktUcCag 0.80h
s = kMlatGtibrmarbs; dowel b:uEnminRtUvFMCagbYndgnTTwgRTnugEdltUcCageK
rbs;Ggt;TMr b 24in. .
LRFD specification min)anpl;nUveKalkarN_ENnaMsMrab;KNnakMlaMgkat;edk Vnh eT.
dUcenH eKGaceRbIsmIkarxageRkam
Avh
vuh =
Vu
bv d v
(12.31)
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;edkemKuN
Vu = kMlaMgkat;bBaremKuN
d v = cMgaycenaHkMlaMgpbnkMlaMgTaj nignkMlaMgsgt; = (d a / 2 )
bv = TTwg interface
LRFD kMNt;eGayKNnaersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal rbs; interface surface Vn edayeRbI
smIkarxageRkam
Edl
vuh =
Vn = cAcv + Av f y + Pc
(12.32)
774
nig
Edl
NPIC
vuh Acv Vn
(12.33)
emKuNsit (cohesion factor)

= emKuNkkit
Acv = RkLap interface rbs;ebtugEdlBak;BnnwgkareprkMlaMgkat;
Avf = RkLaprbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;Edlkat;tambg;kMlaMgkat;enAkgRkLap Ac
Pc = kMlaMg net compressive Gciny_EdlEkgeTAnwgbg;kMlaMgkat; Gaclubecal eday
lkxNsuvtiPaB
f y = yield strength rbs; dowel reinforcement
CaTUeTA eKEtgEteFVIeGaypxagelIbMputrbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab;manlkNeRKIm CMerARbEhl
0.24in. edIm,Icak;ebtugTMgn;FmtabEnm dUcerobrab;enAkgEpk 5.7. LRFD ENnaMnUvsmIkarsMrYl
12.32 nig 12.33 dUcxageRkamEdlmanxatCa ksi
c=
Avf
vuh 0.1 +
Acv
(12.34)
EdlRkLapGb,brma
Avf =
0.05bv s
fy
(12.35)
ehIy eKRtUvykersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal nUvtMltUcCageKkgcMeNam

Vn 0.20 f 'c Acv
(12.36a)
b
Vn = 0.80 Acv
(12.36b)
emKuNsit c nigemKuNkkit enAkgsmIkar 12.32 mantMldUcxageRkamsMrab;lkxNCak;lak;
rbs; interacting surface
(a) ebtugEdlcak;kgeBlCamYyKa
c = 145 psi
(b)
ebtugEdlcak;elIebtugrwg nigsatehIyprbs;vaeRKIm
c = 100 psi
(c)
= 1.0
ebtugEdlcak;elIebtugrwg sat nigminmansarFatuehIyprbs;vamineRKIm

c = 75 psi
(d)
= 1.4
= 0.6
ebtugRtUv)ancak;f<k;eTAnwg as-rolled structural steel eday headed stud beday reinforcing

bars EdlRKb;EdkTaMgGs;Pab;CamYynwgebtugKWsatminmanlabfaM
775
T.Chhay
c = 25 psi
Edl
= 0.7
sMrab;ebtugdg;sIuetFmta
= 0.85 sMrab; sand-low-density concrete
= 0.75 sMrab;ebtugEdlmandg;sIuettUcdTTaMgGs;
xNEdl LRFD AASTHO specification TamTareGaydak;EdkGb,brmaedayminKittMl
rbs;kugRtaMgenARtg; interface, GkKNnaGaceRCIserIsedIm,IkMNt;EdkenHeTAnwgkrNIEdlVuh / FM
Cag 100 psi(0.7MPa ) . kareFVIEbbenH edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnwg ACI 318 Code specification nig
standard AASTHO specification.
= 1 .0
12.5.1.
KMlat Dowel Reinforcement Gtibrma
KMlatGnuBatGtibrmarbs; dowel KW
(i) RbsinebI Vu < 0.1 f 'c bv d v
KMlatGtibrma s 0.8d v 24in.
(ii) RbsinebI Vu > 0.1 f 'c bv d v
KMlatGtibrma s 0.4d v 12in.
12.6.
bnSMkMlaMgkat; nigkarrmYl
Combined Shear and Torsion
kareobrab;enAkgEpk 12.4.1 GMBI compression field theory CamYynwgEpk 5.17.3 bgajBI

karbMErbMrYlrageFob kMlaMgkat; nigGgt;rgkarsgt;Ggt;RTUg. rUbTI 5>38/ 5>39 nig 5>40 bgajBI
rUbragxUcRTg;RTayrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;enAeBlrgm:Um:g;rmYl (torsional moment). eKsnt;eGay
bEnmkugRtaMgkat;EdlbNalBIkarmYl nigkMlaMgkat;enAelIRCugmagrbs;muxkat; nigdak;eGayRbqaMg
enAelIRCugQm. Edk transverse closed tie RtUv)ansikSaKNnasMrab;RCugEdlenAkgenaHeKRtUv
bEnmbnSMn\TiBlkMlaMgkat; nigkMlaMgrmYl.
bnkxageRkAEdlbgeGaymanm:Um:g;rmYlFMbMputmindUcKanwgbnkEdlbgeGaymankMlaMgkat;
GtibrmaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;eT. eKalbMNgrbs;GksikSaKNnaKWbUkbBaltMlx<s;bMputnkar
rmYl nigtMlx<s;bMputrbs;kMlaMgkat;kgkarKNnaEdkRTnug. enHBitCamansuvtiPaB. eKGaceRbIPaB
xusKankMlaMgTaMgBIrenH edIm,IKNna transverse reinforcement sMrab;kMlaMgrmYlx<s;bMput CamYynwg
kMlaMgkat;EdlekIteLIgkgeBlCamYyKa bkKNnasMrab;kMlaMgkat;x<s;bMput CamYynwgkMlaMgrmYlEdl
ekIteLIgkgeBlCamYyKa edayykmYyNaEdlnaMeGaymanersIusg;x<s;bMput. LRFD eRbIm:Um:g;Edl
776
NPIC
Tb;Tl;karrmYl nominal dUcKanwg ACI

Tn =
Edl
2 Ao At f y cot
(12.37)
RkLapmuxkat;EdlBTCMuvijeday shear flow path EdlrYmbBalTaMgRbehag

At = RkLaprbs;eCIgmYynEdkrgkarTajbiTCit
= mMunsameRbHEdl)aneRCIserIseday trial-and-adjustment edayeRbItarag 12>8
edIm,IkMNt;tMlrbs; / eKTTYl)anbMErbMrYlrageFob x enAkgEdkrgkarTajBIsmIkar 12.27
elIkElgsMrab;karCMnYs Vu eday
Ao =
Vu =
Vu2
PT
+ h u
2 Ao
(12.38)
eKTTYlbrimaN transverse reinforcement tMrUvkarsMrab;kMlaMgkat;BIsmIkar 12.21(a) CamYy

nwgsmIkar 12.23(a) nig 12.25 mannyfa
Vn =
f 'c bv d v +
Av f y d v cot
s
+Vp
dUcenH sMrab;kMlaMgkat;KitCa lb nigkugRtaMgKitCa psi

Av Vn ( f 'c bv d v + V p )
=
f y d v cot
(12.39)
(12.40a)
RbsinebIeKeRbIxat ksi eKRtUvKuN eday 0.0316 . ehIysMrab;karrmYl BIsmIkar 12.31

At
Tn
=
s 2 Ao f y cot
(12.40b)
RkLapsrubrbs;EdkRTnug (web reinforcement) KW

Avt Av
A
=
+2 t
s
s
s
(12.40c)
eKTTYl)anmMu BIrUbTI 12>9 edayeRbIkugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; v dUcxageRkam

(a) muxkat;RbGb;
V=
(b)
Vu V p
bv d v
T p Ph
(12.41)
2
Aoh
muxkat;epSgeTot
Vu V p
V =
bv d v
Edl
Ph =
Tu Ph
+
A 2
oh
(12.42)
brimaRtrbs;ExSGkSn enclosed transverse torsion reinforcement
777
T.Chhay
RkLapbiTCitedayExSGkSn closed torsional reinforcement xageRkAeK

bMput
Ao = gross area BTCMuvijeday shear flow path emIlrUbTI 5>45 sMrab;karbgaj
Ao nig Aoh Edl Ao 0.85 Aoh
Tu = m:Um:g;rmYlemKuN
= emKuNersIusg;
eKTTYl)antMlrbs; enAkgsmIkar 12.39 sMrab;kMNt;ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; Vc nebtugsuTenAkgRTnugBI chart enAkgrUbTI 12>9. edIm,IeCosvagkMueGayEdkbeNay yield eKRtUvRtYtBinitfaEdkrgkar
Bt;enAelIprgkarTajRtUvEtsmamaRtedIm,IbMeBjlkxNxageRkam
Aoh =
(As f y + A ps f ps )
Edl
M
u + 0.5 N u + cot Vu 0.5Vs V p
dv
0.45Tu Po
+
2 Ao
(12.43)
brimaRtrbs; shear flow path

N u = kMlaMgtamGkSGnuvtn_/ ykviCmanRbsinebICakMlaMgsgt;
Po =
12.7. AASTHO-LRFD Flexural-Strength Design Specifications vs. ACI

Code Provisions
vamanPaBxusKarvagviFIrbs; AASTHO-LEFD flexural-strength design specification nig

ACI-318 code provisions. viFI LRFD KWEpkelItMlkMNt;rbs;bMErbMrYlrageFobEdlerobrab;enAkg
Epk 12.3 nigRKb;RKgedaypleFobnkMBs;GkSNWt c elIkMBs;RbsiTPaB d e . viFIenHkRtUv)aneK
ehA fa unified approach edaysarvaGacGnuvt)ansMrab;karsikSaKNnasanPaBkMNt;cugeRkay
(ultimate) cMeBaHGgt;ebtugGarem: Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg nigGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpk.
eK)anGnuvt ACI 318 code strength provision sMrab;kMNt; ultimate design strength f ps enAkg
]TahrN_CaeRcIndUcmanenAkgEpk 4.9 nig 4.10. eKGnuvtvaenAkgkarsikSaKNnaGgt;ebtugeRbkug
RtaMgeBjelj nigGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpkenAkgeRKOgbgMsMNg;. AASTHO standard
specification bcb,nEdlKNnasmamaRtmuxkat;Ggt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlrgkarBt;KWGnuvttam
ACI code provisions. LRFD alternative EdlCaviFI rational design TamTarkarGnuvt strain
limits unified procedure. taragTI 12>9 bgajBIkareRbobeFobCasegbEdlbgajPaBxusKarvag
smIkarEdl)ankMNt;enAkgviFITaMgBIrenH.
778
NPIC
779
T.Chhay
12.8.
viFIsikSaKNnaCaCMhan
Step-by-Step Design Procedure (LRFD)
xageRkamCakarsegbnCMhankgkarsikSaKNna
!> kMNt;faetIeKRtUveRCIserIskMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgedayEpk bGt;
@> eRCIserIsm:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;BItarag 12.2(a) nig (b) Epk 12.7.
780
NPIC
#> GnuvttamCMhanbnbnab;sMrab;KNnaGgtr; gkarBt;begagEdlmanerobrab;enAkgCMhan 2

rhUtdl;CMhanTI 10 nEpk 4.13 kgCMBUk 4 nig flowchart nrUbTI 12>10 enAeBleRbI
LRFD method sMrab;karKNnaGgt;rgkarBt;begag. CaTUeTA d v = (d e a / 2) .
$> kMNt;kMlaMgkat;emKuN Vu EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_TaMgGs;enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHEdlsit
enAcMgay d v b 0.5d v cot BIprbs;TMr edayykmYyNaEdlFMCageK Edl
d e = kMBs;RbsiTPaBdUcbgajenAkgtarag 12>9
= d p RbsinebIeKmineRbIEdkBRgwgFmta
%> KNnabgMkMlaMgkat;rbs;kabeRbkugRtaMg VP . kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;emKuNKW
v=
Vu V p
bv d v
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;EdlGacman nominal vc = v / h
^> KNna v / f 'c nigsnt;tMlrbs; . karsnt;dMbUgdlsMrab;FwmrgeRbkugRtaMgKW = 25o
&> KNnabMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkrgkarTajedIm,ITTYl)antMlsakl,g nig enAkg
tarag 12>8
Mu
d + 0.5 N u + 0.5Vu cot A ps f po

Fe 0.002
x = v
2 E s As + E ps A ps
Edl
f po 0.70 f pu
kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkTajedayKitTaMgkMlaMg
eRbkugRtaMgbnab;BIkMhatbg; nigbnkGcinTaMgGs;.
RbsinebIbMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkrgkarTajGviCman eKRtUvKuN x edayemKuN F
f ce =
F =
E s As + E ps A ps
Ec Ac + E s As + E ps A ps
RkLaprbs;ebtugenAEpkrgkarTajedaysarBt;begagrbs;Ggt;
*> bBaleTAkg LRFD rUbTI 12>9 mgeTot CamYynwgtMl v / f 'c nig x RbsinebImMu min
mantMlEk,rnwgtMlsnt;enAkgkarsakl,geLIgdMbUgeTenaH edIm,ITTYl)antMlEktMrUv
rbs; . ebImindUecaHeT KNna Vc BIsmIkar 12.23 Edl Vc = f 'c bv d v (lb) b Vc =
0.0316 f 'c bv d v (kip ) edayeRbItMl Edl)anBI chart enAkgrUbTI 12>9.
Ac =
781
T.Chhay
(> KNna Vs sMrab;EdkRTnug eRkayeBlkMNt;tMlrbs; Vc rYcehIy. kMNt;KMlatrbs;Edk

kMlaMgkat;EdlRtUvKaBI
Av = 0.036 f 'c
bv s
fy
!0> enAkgtMbn;nkugRtaMgkat;FM FanafabrimaNrbs;EdkbeNay As nig Aps RtUvbMeBj

smIkarxageRkam
M
N
V
As f y + A ps f ps u + 0.5 u + u 0.5Vs V p cot

d v
eKENnaMeGayeFVIkarRtYtBinitenARtg;pn bearing EdlsitenAelIRbEvgeprrbs; strand

EdlminmanekItkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBeBjelj.
!!> enAeBlmankarrmYlrYmpSMCamYynwgkMlaMgkat; nigkarBt;begag eKcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvttamCM
hanxageRkam
kMlaMgrmYl nominal Tn = 2 Ao At sf y cot
bMErbMrYlrageFobenAkgEdkrgkarTaj
M
PT
u + 0.5 N u + 0.5 cot Vu2 + h u
dv
2 Ao
s =
Edl f po = 0.70 f pu
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal
Vn = Vc + Vs + V p =
f 'c bv d v +
Edl d v = (d p a / 2)
EdkkMlaMgkat;
A ps f po
Fe 0.002
Av f y d v cot
s
+Vp
Av Vn 0.0316 f 'c bv d v + V p
=
s
f y d v cot
kMlaMgKitCa kips ehIykugRtaMgKitCa ksi . sMrab;kareRbI lb nig psi ykemKuN 0.0316

ecj.
EdkrmYl
782
NPIC
At
Tn
=
s 2 Ao f y cot
EdkRTnugbiTCitsrub (total web closed ties reinforcement)

Avt Av
A
=
+2 t
s
s
s
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; v sMrab;TTYl)anmMu
(a) muxkat;RbGb;
v=
(b)
Vu V p
bv d v
TPh
Ao h 2
muxkat;epSgeTot
Vu V p
v =
bv d v
TPh
+
A 2
oh
edIm,IeCosvagkMueGayEdkrgkarTajbeNay yield
(As f s + A ps f ps )
M
u + 0.5 N u + cot Vn 0.5Vt V p
dv
0.45Tu Ph
+
2
A
o
!@> RtYtBinitkMlaMgkat; interface edk

vn Acv Vn
Edl
Edl
Vn = cAcv + Avf f y
Avf
vuh 0.1 +
Acv
0.05bv s
Avf =
fy
f y KitCa ksi
ykersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal CatMltUcCageKkgcMeNam

Vn 0.20 f 'c Acv
b Vn 0.80 Acv
Edl
c = emKuNsit (cohesion factor)
= emKuNkkit
Acr = RkLap interface ebtug = bv I v
Avf = RkLaprbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;Edlkat;tambg;kMlaMgenAkgp Acv
= emKuNkat;bnyersIusg;
kgkrNIEdl vuh / > 100 psi eKRtUvkMritEdnkMNt;rbs; Avf .
783
T.Chhay
rUbTI 12>10 bgajBI flowchart sMrab;CMhanEdlRtUvGnuvtedIm,IkMNt;ersIusg;m:Um:g;

nominal sMrab; bonded tendons nig unbonded tendons.
!#> KMlatGnuBaatGtibrmarbs;EdkkMlaMgkat;RTnug (web shear reinforcement)
s 0.75h
24in.
RbsinebI Vs > 4 f 'c bwd / kat;bnyKMlat 50%

sMrab;KMlat dowel reinforcement
Vu < 0.1 f 'c bv d v /
s 0.8d v 24in.
RbsinebI
RbsinebI
Vu > 0.1 f 'c bv d v /
s 0.4d v 12in.
Edl bv = TTwgnpb:HsMrab;kMlaMgkat;edk
784
NPIC
12.9. LFRD Design of Bulb-Tee Bridge Deck
]TahrN_ 12>1 sikSaKNnaFwm AASTHO-PCI bulb-tee xagkgEdlmanTMrsamBans<ankMral
smas EdlKan skews. FwmenHmanRbEvg 120 ft (36.6m) . eRKOgbgMEpkxagelI (superstructure)

pSMeLIgeday pretensioned beam cMnYn 6 EdlmanKMlatBImYyeTAmYycMgay 9 ft (2.74m) EdlKitBI
GkSeTAGkS dUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12>11. s<anmankMras;ebtugcak;enAnwgkEngkMras; 8in.(203mm)
CamYynwg wearing surface BIxagelIkMras; 2in. . bnkGefrKNnaKW HL-93 AASTHO-LRFD
fatigue loading.
snt;fas<anenHsitenAkgtMbn;rBaydItUc. eKeGay
kugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrma
kMrals<an f 'c = 4,000 psi
ebtugTMng;Fmta
f c = 0.60 f 'c = 2,400 psi
Fwm bulb-tee
f 'c = 6,500 psi
lkNmuxkat;
f 'ci = 5,500 psi

f c = 0.60 f 'c = 3.900 psi
Service III
Ac = 767in.2
h = 72in.
f c = 0.45 f 'c = 2,925 psi
Service I
I c = 545,894in.4
f ci = 0.60 f 'c = 3,480 psi
cb = 36.60in.
785
T.Chhay
f t = 6 f 'c = 484 psi
ct = 35.40in.
f pu = 270,000 psi
S b = 14,915in.3
f py = 0.90 f pu = 243,000 psi
S t = 15,421in.3
f pi = 0.75 f pu = 202,500 psi
r2 =
f y = 60,000 psi
I c 545,894
=
= 712in.2
Ac
767
WD = 799 plf
E ps = 28.5 10 6 psi
E s = 29.0 10 6 psi
dMeNaHRsay
!> TTwgkMralbMElg (Transformed Deck slab controlling width)

KNnaTTwgsabbMElg
Ecs = 33w1.5 f 'c = 33 (1.5)1.5 4,000 = 3,830ksi
enAeBlepr Eci = 33(1.5)1.5 5,500 = 4,500ksi

eRkam service Ece = 33(1.5)1.5 6,500 = 4,890ksi
TTwgsabRbsiTPaBKWtMltUcCageKkgcMeNam
1
120 12
(i)
ElV
g
=
= 360in.
4
4
1
(ii) 12h f + kMras;RTnugEdlFMCageK b TTwgsabxagelI/ b = 12 7.5 + 0.5 42 = 111in.
2
(iii) KMlatmFmrvagFwm = 9 12 = 108in.
dUcenH TTwgsab = 108in.
786
NPIC
pleFobm:UDul ns = EEcs = 34,,830

= 0.78
890
c
TTwgbMElg (transformed) bm = nsb = 0.78 108 = 84in.
@> lkNrbs;muxkat;smas
eKmincaM)ac;KitBIkarcUlrYmn deck concrete haunch eTAkg I 'c eT edaysarPaBekag
(camber) rbs;Ggt;cak;Rsab;.
A'c = 1,397in.2
h = 80in.
I cc = 1,095,290in.4
eTAsrsxageRkambMput
ctc = 72 54.6 = 17.4in.
eTAsrsxagelIbMputrbs;Fwmcak;Rsab;
ctsc = 80 54.6 = 25.4in.
eTAsrsxagelIbMputrbs;kMral
cbc = 54.6in.
1,095,290
= 20,060in.3
54.6
1,095,290
S ct =
= 62,950in.3
17.4
1,095,290
S cts =
= 55,284in.3
25.4 0.78
S bc =
#> m:Um:g;Bt;begag nigkMlaMgkat; (bending moments and shear forces)

kMral WSD1 = 128 9 150 = 900ib / ft
(300lb / ft ) = 100lb / ft
TMgn;bgan;d (barrier weight) WSD2 = 2barriers
6beams
2in. future-wearing surface WSD3 =
2
48 ft
150 = 200lb / ft
12 6beams
bnkGefr (truck load) enAkg LRFD EpkelI HL-93 truck fatigue loading.
clear width BIrUbTI 12>12 = 48 ft (14.6cm )
48
cMnYn lanes = 12
= 4 lanes
(a)
emKuNEbgEcksMrab;m:Um:g; (Distribution factor for moment)
sMrab; lane load 2 beRcInCagenH emKuNEbgEckbnksMrab;m:Um:g;Bt; (tarag 12>3b)

S
DFM = 0.075 +
9.5
0.6
S

L
0.2
K
g
12t 3 L
s
0.1
787
T.Chhay
kgkrNIEdl
KMlatFwm
kMrals<an
ElVg
cMnUnFwm
Cak;Esg S = 9.0 ft
4.5 Ts 12 Cak;Esg Ts = 7.5in.
20 L 240 Cak;Esg L = 120 ft
Nb > 4
Cak;Esg N b = 6
e g = cMgayrvagTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Fwm nigkMral
3.5 S 16
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
7.5
+ 0.5 + 35.4 = 39.65in.
2
E
4,890
n= c =
= 1.28
E sc 3,830
=
K g = n I c + Ac e g2
= 1.28 545,894 + 767(39.65)2 = 2,242,191in.4
dUcenH
9
DFM = 0.075 +
9 .5
0.6
120
0.2
2,242,191
3
12(7.5) (120 )
0. 1
= 0.732 lanes/beam
sMrab; design lane load mYy/ BItarag 12>3b

9
= 0.06 +
14
0.3
0.4
S

L
0. 4
120
S
DFM = 0.06 +
14
K
g
12t 3 L
s
0. 3
0.1
2,242,191
3
12(7.5) (120 )
0. 1
= 0.499 lanes/beam
dUcenH krNI lane load BIr beRcInCagBIr eK)anemKuNEbgEcgm:Um:g;FMCag dUcenHeK)an

DFM = 0.732 lanes/beam
Fatigue mement
m:Um:g;RtUv)anKitsMrab; single design truck EdlmanTMgn;ePA (axle) dUcKa dUcenAkg

sanPaBkMNt;dTeTot b:uEnCamYynwgKMlatefr 30 ft cenaH 32kips axles. eKeRbI lane
factor 1.2 sMrab; fatigue edIm,Ikat;bnyemKuN DFM Edllub. BItarag 12>2a/ emKuN
bnk (load factor) KW 0.75 ehIyemKuNTgic (impact factor) (IM) sMrab; fatigue = 15% .
dUcenH m:Um:g;Bt; fatigue truckload kayCa
M f = (bending moment per lane)(DFM / 1.2)(1 + IM )
0.499
M f = (bending moment per lane)
(1 + 0.15)
1.2
788
NPIC
= (bending moment per lane)(0.415)(1.15)

= (0.478)(bending moment per lane)
(b)
emKuNEbgEcksMrab;kMlaMgkat; (Distribution factor for shear)

BItarag 12>3 (a)/
sMrab; lane load BIr beRcInCagenH
S S
DFV = 0.2 +
12 36
kgkrNIEdl
KMlatFwm
kMrals<an
ElVg
3.5 S 16
4.5 Ts 12
20 L 240
10,000 K g 7,000,000
Cak;Esg S = 9.0 ft O.K.

Cak;Esg Ts = 7.5in. O.K.
Cak;Esg L = 120 ft O.K.
Cak;Esg K g = 2,242,191in.4
O.K.
9 9
DFV = 0.2 + = 0.887 lanes/beam
12 36
dUcenH/
sMrab; design lane load mYy/ BItarag 12>3a
9.0
S
DFV = 0.36 +
= 0.720 lanes/beam
= 0.36
25.0
25.0
dUcenH krNI lane load BIr beRcInCagBIr eK)anemKuNEbgEcgkMlaMgkat;FMCag dUcenHeK)an

DFV = 0.887 lanes/beam
$> bnSMbnk (Load combinations)

bnkemKuNsrub/ Q = i qi
Edl = emKuNEdlTak;TgeTAnwgPaBsVit (ductility)/ GBaatelIs (redundancy) nigPaB
sMxan;ndMeNIrkar (operational importance)
i = emKuNbnk
qi = bnk
yk = 1.0 sMrab;RKb;karGnuvtTaMgGs;enAkg]TahrN_enH
eFVIkarGegtRKb;bnSMbnkTaMgGs;EdlmanenAkgtarag 12>2 (a) nig (b). krNIEdllubKW
dUcxageRkam
(a) Service I sMrab;kugRtaMgsgt;enAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
789
T.Chhay
Q = 1.0(DC + DW ) + 1.0(LL + IM )
(b) Service III
sMrab;kugRtaMgTajenAkgGgt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
Q = 1.0(DC + DW ) + 0.8(LL + IM )
sMrab; ultimate strength:

tMlGtibrmarbs; Q = 1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL + IM )
tMlGb,brmarbs; Q = 0.90DC + 0.65DW + 1.75(LL + IM )
Fatigue sMrab;RtYtBinitkugRtaMgenAkg strands
(c) Strength I
(d)
Q = 0.75(LL + IM )
CabnSMbnkBiesssMrab;RtYtBinitkugRtaMgTajenAkg strands EdlbNal

BIbnkGefr nig dynamic allowance)
%> kMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt;KanemKuN (Unfactored shear forces and bending moments)
(fatigue Q
(a) Truck Loads
kMlaMgkat; truck load:
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV )(1 + IM )

= (shear force per line )(0.887 )(1 + 0.33)
= 1.180(shear force per lane)kips
m:Um:g;Bt; truck load:

M LT = (moment per lane)(DFM )(1 + IM )
= (moment per lane)(0.732 )(1 + 0.33)
= 0.974(moment per lane) ft kips
LT =
bnkGefrrbs; truck
(b) Lane Loads
sMrab; lane load EdlminmanGnuvt dynamic allowance

VLL = (shear force per lane)(DFV )
= (shear force per lane)(0.887 )kips
M LL = (moment per lane)(DFM )
= (moment per lane)(0.732 ) ft kips
Lane load
BIrUbTI 12>4/ bnkenAelIs<anenHdUcbgajenAkgrUbTI 12>12.
790
NPIC
^> KNnam:Um:g; nigkMlaMgkat; (Computation of moments and shears)

(a) Lane Loads DFV = 0.887, DFM = 0.732
(i)
muxkat;TMr
kMlaMgkat;enARtg;TMrxageqVg (x = 0) BIsmIkar 12.6(a) nigrUbTI 12>12

0.64
(L x )2 (DFV )
2L
0.64
(120)2 (0.887) = 34.1kisp
=
2 120
VLL =
BIsmIkar 12.6 (b)/ nig DFM = 0.732

M LL =
(ii)
0.64( x )(L x )
(DFM ) = 0 ft kip
2
muxkat;enARtg; 24tf BITMr
kMNt; VLL nig M LL enARtg; x = 24 ft BITMrxageqVg

0.64
(120 24)2 (0.887) = 21.8kips
2 120
0.64(24)(120 24)
(0.732) = 539.7 ft kip
=
2
VLL =
M LL
eKRtUvKitbBal Impact factor IM = 33% dUcenH eyIgTTYl)antMl DFV nig DFM FMCag
mun
(b) Truck live loads DFV = 1.180, DFM = 0.974
(i)
muxkat;TMr
BItarag 12>4/
VLT =
72[(L x ) 9.33]
(DFV )
L
791
T.Chhay
72[(120 0.0) 9.33]

(1.180) = 78.1kips
120
BItarag 12>5/
M LT =
72(x )[(L x ) 9.33]

(DFM )
L
= 0 ft kip
(ii)
muxkat;enARtg; 24 ft BITMr
sMrab;mU:m:g;Rtg;TMr
72[(120 24) 9.33]

(1.180) = 61.4kips
120
72(24)[(120 24) 9.33]
(0.974) = 1215.0 ft kip
=
120
VLT =
M LT
(c) Fatigue moment
enARtg; 24 ft DFM = 0.478
BItarag 12>7
Mf =
72( x )[(L x ) 18.22]

(DFF )
L
BIelIkmun/ DFF = 0.478

72(24)[(120 24) 18.22]
(0.478) = 535.8 ft kip
Mf =
dUcenH
120
(d) Shears and moments EdlbNalBIbnkefr
bnkEdlRtUvBicarNaKWTMgn;Fwm WD bUknwgkMral deck nig haunches WSD1 nig
wearing surface WSD3 EdlRtUvRkalenAeBlGnaKt.
edaysarvaCaFwmTMrsamBa dUcenHkMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;tambeNayElVgKW
V x = WD (0.5L x )
M x = 0.5WD x(L x )
Kitmuxkat;Rtg; 24 ft BITMrxagxageqVg ehIyKNnakMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;

WD = 0.799kip / ft
V x = 0.799(0.5 120 24) = 28.8kips
M x = 0.5 0.799 24(120 24) = 920.4 ft kip
tarag 12>10 nig 12>11 bgajBIkMlaMg nigm:Um:g;EdlRtUvkarsMrab;sikSaKNnaFwmxagkg.

eKRtUvcMNaMfakarKNnaedaydedIm,ITTYl)antaragEbbenHRtUvkarcMNayeBlevlay:ageRcIn.
eKmankmviFIkMuBTrEdlbegIteLIgedayGKnaykdandwkCBan (state DOT) CaeRcIn EdlxH
manenAkg internet dUcCa Washington State DOT Program.
792
NPIC
&> sikSaKNnaFwm bulb-tee eRbkugRtaMgxagkg (Computation of moments and shears)
! kareRCIserIskabeRbkugRtaMg (Selection of Prestressing Strands)

sMrab;bnSMbnk Service-III/ kugRtaMgsrsxageRkam fb KW
fb =
Edl
M D + M S M b + M WS + 0.8(M LT + M LL )
+
Sb
S bc
m:Um:g;TMgn;pal;EdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
M S = m:Um:g;EdlKanemKuNEdlbNalBITMgn;kMral nig haunch,
M b = m:Um:g;bgan;dEdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
M WS = m:Um:g; wearing surface EdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
MD =
ft kip
793
T.Chhay
m:Um:g;bnk truck EdlKanemKuN/ ft kip

M LL = m:Um:g; lane load EdlKanemKuN/ ft kip
M LT =
BIelIkmun/ Sb = 14,915in.3
S bc = 20,090in.3
BItarag 12>10 nig 12>11/ kugRtaMgkNalElVgxageRkamenARtg;srsxageRkameRkam

GMeBI service load KW
f bc =
1,438.2 + 1,659.6
(12) + 180 + 360 + 0.8(1,830.3 + 843.2) (12)
14,915
20,090
= 2.50 + 1.60 4.10ksi(T )
kugRtaMg 4.10ksi(T ) nwgRtUv)anlubbM)at;edaykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg. kugRtaMgTajGnuBaatGtibrma

f t = 6.0 f 'c psi = 6 6,500 = 484 psi = 0.484ksi
kugRtaMgsgt;eRbkugRtaMgtMrUvkarenARtg;srsxageRkambMput
f cb = (4.1 0.48) = 3.62ksi
snt;facMgayBITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgeTAsrsxageRkambMput = 0.05h
= 0.05(72 ) = 3.6in. yk 4in. / dUcenH ec = 36.6 4.0 = 32.6in.
dUcbgajenAkg]TahrN_nCMBUk 4
P
P e
f bp EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg = e + e c
A
S
c
Pe Pe 32.6
+
= 3.62ksi
b fbp = 767
14,915
eyIgTTYl)an Pe = 1,037kips
snt;kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrub = 25%
Pi =
1,037
= 1,383kips
1 0.25
snt;eRbI 7-wire 270-K low-relaxation strands Ggt;pit 0.5in. Aps = 0.153in.2

cMnYntMrUvkarn strands = 0.1531,383
= 44.6 strands
202.5
eRkayBIkarGnuvt trial and adjustment/ eyIgsakl,gmuxkat;Edlman 48 strand dUcbgaj
enAkgrUbTI 12>13. enAeBl strand ticCag 48 eFVIeGaykugRtaMgTajenARtg;srsxageRkam
bMputeRkamGMeBI service load FMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaatGtibrma ft = 484 psi . Strand cMnYn 20
794
NPIC
RtUv)an harp enARtg; 0.4L . dUcenH 36 strands enArkSaPaBRtg;enAkgFwm emIlrUbTI 12>

13.
BIsmtikm/ cb = 36.60in. ehIy ct = 72 36.60 = 35.40in.

ee = cb [2 70 + 2 68 + 2 66 + 2 64 + 2 62 + 2 60 + 4 8 + 8 6
+ 12 4 + 12 2] / 48
= 36.60 19.42 = 17.28in.
ec = cb [2 12 + 12 4 + 8 6 + 8 4 + 2 10 + 2 12 + 2 14 + 2 16
+ 2 18 + 2 20] / 48
= 36.6 6.92 = 29.68in.
eKeGay
f pi = 0.75 f pu = 202,500 psi

Pi = (48)(0.153)(202.5) = 1,488kips
eRkayeBlGnuvtnUvkarviPaK step-by-step rbs;kMhateRbkugRtaMg dUcenAkgCMBUk 3 Epk 3.9

kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubRtUv)ankMNt;edaymantMlesInwg 26.4% .
f pe = 202.5(1 0.264) = 149.0ksi
dUcenH/ Pe = 1488(1 0.264) = 1095.0kips

795
T.Chhay
@ RtYtBinitkugRtaMgEdlKanemKuNrbs;ebtug (Check of Concrete Unfactored Stresses)

(a)
kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
eRbkugRtaMgedIm f pi = 0.7 f pu = 0.7 270 = 202.5ksi . karGnuvtFmtasnt;fakMhat
bg; relaxation edImenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgmanbrimaNBI 9% eTA10% . eRbIkarkat;
bny 10% enAkg f pi
Pi = 0.90 1,488 = 1,339kips
dUcenH Pi = 0.9(202.5)(0.153 48) = 1,338kips

(i) muxkat;Rtg;TMr
BICMBUk 4/ smIkar 4.1(a)
ee ct M D
1 2 t
r S
1,338 17.28 35.4

=
0 = 0.25ksi(C )
1
767
712
P ec M
f b = i 1 + e 2b + D
Ac
r Sb
ft =
Pi
Ac
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 3.48ksi
O.K.
muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
1,338 29.68 36.60 1,438 12
1
767
712
15,421
= 0.917 1.119 = 0.202ksi(C )
fb =
/ minmanrgkugRtaMgTaj/ dUcenH O.K.
1,339 29.68 36.6 1,438 12

+
1 +
767
712
14,915
= 4.513 + 1.157 = 3.356ksi(C ) <
(b)
O.K.
1,339 17.28 36.3

+0
1 +
767
712
= 3.29ksi(C ) <
(ii)
/ minrgkarTaj/
kugRtaMgGnuBaat f 'ci = 5.50ksi O.K.
kugRtaMgenAeBl Service
(i) muxkat;kNalElVg
BICMBUk 4/ smIkar 4.3(a) nig 4.3(b):
ft =
Pe ec ct
1 2
Ac
r
fb =
Pe ec cb M T
ft
1 + 2 +
Ac
r S cb
MT
t fc
Sc
796
NPIC
eKdak;bnkeTAtamdMNak;kalepSgKakgeBlsagsg; dUcenHsMrab;muxkat;cak;Rsab;
Service-I
ft =
=
Pe ec ct M D + M S M WS + M b
1 2
Ac
r
r2
S ct
1,095 29.68 35.40 (1,438 + 1,660)12 (360 + 180)12
1
767
712
15,421
62,950
= 0.679 2.411 0.103 = 1.835ksi(C )
<
kugRtaMgGnuBaat service
f c = 2925 psi
O.K.
1,095 29.68 36.60 (1,438 + 1,660)12 (360 + 180)12

+
1 +
+
767
712
14,915
20,060
= 3.605 + 2.493 + 0.323 = 0.789ksi(C ) O.K.
fb =
# Including stresses due to the transient lane and truck loads
eKeRbIemKuN 0.80 sMrab;kardak;bnk Type III tarag 12>2 a
0.8(1830 + 843)12
62,950
= 1.835 0.408 = 2.243ksi(C ) < Service IIII f c = 3,900 psi
0.8(1830 + 843)12
f b = 0.789 +
20,060
f t = 1.835
= 0.789 + 1.279 = 0.490ksi(T )
$ kugRtaMgebtugenAsrsxagelIrbs;kMral
(i)
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
O.K.
f t = 0.484ksi O.K.
(Concrete stresses at top deck fibers)
eRkambnkGciny_ Service I
f cts =
M WS + M b
S ct
(360 + 180)12
55,284
kugRtaMgGnuBaat f c = 2.4ksi O.K.

(ii) eRkambnkGciny_ nig transient lane nig truck load, Service I
= 0.117 ksi(C ) <
f cts =
M WS + M b
M LT + M LL
S ct
(1830 + 843)12
= 0.117
55,284
S ct
= 0.697 ksi(C ) <
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 2.4ksi
O.K.
% kugRtaMgebtugenAsrsxageRkamrbs;Fwm/ Service III emIlCMhan 3
Pe ec cb M D + M S (M WS + M b ) + 0.8(M LT + M LL )
+
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
S bc
r
1,095 29.68 36.60 (1438 + 1660)12
=
1 +
+
767
712
14,915
fb =
797
T.Chhay
[(360 + 180) + 0.8(1830 + 843)]12

20,060
= 3.605 + 2.492 + 1.603 = 0.490ksi(T )
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f t = 0.484ksi O.K.
^ Fatigue Stresses
kMNt;faenAkgtMbn;rbs;kugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalBIbnkGciny_ nigeRbkugRtaMg eK
BicarNaEt fatigue b:ueNaHRbsinebIkugRtaMgsgt;tUcCagkugRtaMgTajGtibrmanbnkGefr
EdlekItBI fatigue
dUcenH sMrab;EtbnkGny_ tY (M LT + M LL ) / Sct RtUv)anykecj
LRFD
Pe ec cb M D + M s M WS + M b
+
1 + 2 +
Ac
Sb
S bc
r
(360 + 180)12 = 0.790ksi(C )
= 3.605 + 2.492 +
20,060
fb =
O.K.
BItarag 12>10/ m:Um:g; fatigue M f = 777 ft kips

kugRtaMg fatigue TajenARtg;srsxageRkam
fb =
0.75M f
Sbc
0.75 777 12
= 0.348ksi(T )
20,060
edaysar BIrdgn 0.348 = 0.696 < 0.790ksi EdlCakugRtaMgsgt; dUcenHeKminRtUvkar

RtYtBinit fatigue eT.
BIkarKNnaelIkmun karsikSaKNnakarBt;begagKW O.K. enAlkxNdMbUg niglkxN
service load. edIm,IeGaykarsikSaKNnamanlkNRKb;RKan; eKRtUvkMNt;ersIusg;bMrugTuk
EdlGacmansMrab;lkxN overload dUcenHeKcaM)ac;siKSaKNnasanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;
dUcmanerobrab;enAEpkxageRkam. karsikSaKNnasrubrYmmankarsikSaKNnakMlaMgkat; kar
rmYlRbsinebIman nig serviceability dUcmanenAkg]TahrN_ 12>2.
*> ersIusg;cugeRkay (ultimate strength) sanPaBkMNt;nkar)ak;
a m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;karBt;begag nominal (Nominal flexural resistance moment)

BItarag 12>2(a) nig (b) m:Um:g;emKuNsrubsMrab; strength I Load:
M u = 1.25DC + 1.5 DW + 1.75(LL + IM )
BItarag 12>10
M u = 1.25(1438 + 1660) + 1.5(360 + 180) + 1.75(1830 + 843) = 9316 ft kips
798
NPIC
ersIusg;tMrUvkar M n = Mu = 9316
= 9316 ft kips
1.0
kugRtaMgmFmenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMg enAeBl f pe 0.5 f pu BIsmIkar 12.9
f py
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
k = 21.04
Edl
d
f
pu
sMrab;kMNt;rbs;bkrgkarsgt;/ ykersIusg;rgkarsgt;rbs;kMral
k = 0.28 sMrab; low-relaxation steel
f 'c = 4.0ksi
d p = (h cover to c.g.s.) = [(72 + 8) 6.92] = 73.08in.

b=
TTwgsabrgkarsgt;RbsiTPaB = 9'0"= 108in.
A ps = 48 0.153 = 7.344in.2
f pu = 270ksi
BIsmIkar 12.10
c=
A ps f pu + As f y A' s f ' y
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1b + kA ps
dp
7.344 + 0 0
270
0.85 4.0 0.85 108 + 0.28 7.344
73.08
= 6.20in. < t s = 7.5in.

a = 1c = 0.85 6.20 = 5.27in.
dUcenH/ GkSNWtsitenAkgsab ehIyeKcat;Tukmuxkat;manragCactuekaN.

ersIusg;EdkKNnamFm f ps (average design reinforcement strength)
6.20
f ps = 2701 0.28
= 263.6ksi
73.08
m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;karBt;begag nominal M r = Aps f ps d a2

5.27 1
M n = M r = 7.344 263.6 73.08

2 12
ersIusg;tMrUvkar M n = 9316 ft kip O.K.

C
0.42 sMrab; ductile behavior Edlerobrab;enAkgEpk 12.3 nigrUbTI
de
12>10.
= 0.085 < 0.42
O.K.
tMlCak;Esgrbs; dc = 736.20
.08
= 11,364 ft kips >
799
T.Chhay
b EdkGb,brma
(Minimum reinforcement)
dUckarerobrab;enAkgEpk 12.3.4 EdkGb,brmaRtUvmanersIusg;Tb;Tl;karBt;begagtUcCageK

kgcMeNam1.2M cr b1.33M u EdlTamTaredaybnSMbnkEdlGacGnuvt)an. emIl flowchart
rUbTI 12>10 nigtarag 12>10 nig 12>11.
f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 6,500 = 605 psi = 0.6ksi
kugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalmkEtBIeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBenARtg;srsxageRkamEdlRtUv
)ankMNt;enAkgEpk 12.3.4
P ec
f ce = e 1 + c 2b = 3.606ksi BIelIkmun
Ac
r
m:Um:g; non-composite M dnc = M D + M S = 1438 + 1660 = 3098 ft kip
f ce =
Sbc = 20,060in.4
Sb = 14,915in.4
BIsmIkar 12.13,
S
M cr = ( f r + f ce )Sb M dnc bc 1
Sb
14,915
20,060
= (0.6 + 3.6)
3098
1
12
14,915
= 5220 1069 = 4151 ft kip

1.2 M cr = 1.2 4151 = 4981 ft kip
1.33M u = 1.33 9316 = 12,390 ft kip > 4981 ft kip
dUcenH tMltUcCageKkgcMeNamm:Um:g;TaMgBIrKW 1.2M cr = 4981 ft kip .

M n b M r = 11,364 > 4981 ft kip O.K.
(> Prestressed Anchorage Zone
eKKNna anchorage zone reinforcement edayeRbIkMlaMgenAkg strand munnwgkarepr.
LRFD specification TamTarfa bursting resistance Pr minRtUvtUcCag 4.0% nkMlaMgenAkg strand
Fpi muneBlepr Edl
f pr = f s As 0.4 Fpi
F pi = 48 0.153 202.5 = 1488kips
Pr = 0.04 1488 = 59.5kips
800
NPIC
eRbIkugRtaMg f s enAkg anchorage reinforcement EdlminFMCag 20ksi .

RkLaptMrUvkar = 59.5 / 20 = 2.98in.2
sakl,g closed tie #5; As = 2 0.31 = 0.62in.2
cMnYnrbs; tie = 2.98 / 0.62 = 4.8
cMgayEdleKRtUvdak; anchorage reinforcement BIcugFwm = h / 5 = 72 / 5 = 14.4in.
eRbI closed tie #5 EdlmanKMlat 3in. EdlKitBIGkSeTAGkS CamYynwgEdkkgTImYycab;epIm
enAcMgay 2in. BIcugFwm.
snidan
TTYlykkarsikSaKNna bulb-tee bridge sMrab;karBt;begag. edIm,IeGaykarsikSaKNna
manlkNeBjelj eKRtUveFVIkarsikSaKNnakMlaMgkat;/ interface shear transfer nigRtYtBinitPaB
dab nig camber EdlkarsikSaKNnaTaMgenHmanenAkg]TahrN_ 12>2.
12.10.
karsikSaKNnakMlaMgkat; nigPaBdab LRFD

LFRD Shear and Deflection Design
]TahrN_ 12>2 sikSaKNna web shear reinforcement sMrab; bulb-tee beam enAkg]TahrN_
12>1 enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;Ek,rTMr nig interface shear transfer reinforcement enARtg; interface

plane rvagmuxkat;cak;Rsab; nigkMralebtugcak;enAnwgkEng. ehIyepgpat;faetIPaBdabsitenAkg
EdnkMNt;GnuBaatbGt;.
dMeNaHRsay
!> sikSaKNna web shear
(a) bMErbMrYlrageFobenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;Edk
= 0.90
ee = 17.28in.
dak; web steel enAeBl Vu > 0.5 (Vc + V p )

TItaMgrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfak;KWtMlFMCageKkgcMeNam 0.5dv cot b dv
d e = d c = h ee = 80.0 17.28 = 62.72in.
5.27
a
d v = d e = 62.72
= 60.08in.
2
2
801
T.Chhay
0.9d e = 0.9 62.72 = 56.45in.

0.72h = 0.72 80 = 57.6in.
lub edaysarvaFMCageKkgcMeNamtMlTaMgbI
snt; = 22o sMrab;karsakl,gelIkTImYy
d v = 60.08in.
0.5d v cot = 0.5 60.08 cot 22o
yk dv = 74.35in. sMrab;eRbIenAkgsmIkar x
edaysareKminTan;kMNt;TTwgrbs; support bearing/ snt;fava = 0 lkNsuvtiPaB.
dUcenH muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;KWsitenAcMgay 74.35in. 6.2 ft BITMr EdlmantMlFM
Cag dv = 60.08in. EdlTamTareday LRFD AASTHO.
x 6.2
=
0.05L
BIpTMr
L 120
BIsmIkar 12.23
= 74.35 > 60.08in.
Vc =
f 'c bv d v
edIm,IkMNt;tMlrbs; eKRtUveFVIkarKNnaCaeRcIn. BIsmIkar 12.27 bMErbMrYlrageFob x KW

Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5Vu cot A ps f po
dv
x =
< 0.002
2 E s As + E ps Aps
enARtg;bg; 0.05L / BItarag 12>9

M u = 1.25(275 + 315 + 34) + 1.5(68) + 1.75(368 + 160) = 1802 ft kip
kMlaMgkat;EdlRtUvKa
Vu = 1.25(43 + 50 + 5) + 1.50(11) + 1.75(74 + 31) = 323kips
Nu =
kMlaMgEkgGnuvtn_enARtg;bg; 0.05L = 0
f po = jacking stress = 0.70 f pu
b:uEn eKGacykvaesInwg f pe edIm,IehtuplsuvtiPaB

f ce = kugRtaMgsgt;ebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat;smasedaysareRbkugRtaMg
nigedaysarm:Um:g;Bt;EdlTb;Tl;edaymuxkat;cak;Rsab;EtmYy.
cMgayBI c.g.c rbs;muxkat;smaseTA c.g.c rbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;
= f pe +
f ce E ps
Ec
c1 = cbc cb = 54.6 36.6 = 18.0in.
enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak; ec1 = 18.9in.

802
NPIC
m:UDulmuxkat;
S1 =
I c 545,894
=
= 30,327in.4
18.0
c1
ee = 17.28in.
r 2 = 712in.2
P e c (M D + M SD )
f ce = e 1 e 21
Ac
S1
r
=
f pe
1095 18.9 18.0 (275 + 315)(12 )

1
767
712
30,327
= 0.746 0.233 = 0.979ksi (C )

1095
=
= 149.0ksi
48 0.153
Ec = 4890ksi
Vu = 323kips
M u = 1802kip ft
Aps = 48 0.153 = 7.344
f po = 0.70 270 = 189ksi
1802 12
+ 0 + 0.5 232 cot 22 o 7.344 189
x = 74.35
2[0 + 28,500 7.344]
= 1.935 10 3 in. / in. < 0.002
O.K.
edaysartMlrbs;bMErbMrYlrag x enARtg;nIv:UnTIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkGviCman eKRtUvEksMrYl

tMlrbs;vaedayemKuN F
F =
E s As + E ps A ps
BIrUbTI 12>10 nig12>12/ h = 80in.

80
Ac = 26 6 + 2 0.5 10 4.5 + 6 (6 + 45) = 378in.2

2
0 + 28,000 7.344
F =
= 0.101
4890 378 + 0 + 28,000 7.344
bMErbMrYlrageFobEktMrUv x = ( 1.935 103 )(0.101) = 0.194 103 < 0.002

(b)
O.K.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; web shear V / BIkarviPaK

c
Vu = 323kips
BIsmIkar 12.15 (b)

803
T.Chhay
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat; v = (Vub dV p ) Edl = 0.90 sMrab;kMlaMgkat;

v v
tMlrbs; f pe Edl)anBIxagelI f pe = 149.0ksi
rUbTI 12>14 bgajBImMu rbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgcMnYn 12
sin =
(65 15) = 0.086
48.5 12
kMlaMgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdl harp = 12 0.153 149.0 = 273.6kips

V p = 273.6 sin = 273.6 0.086 = 23.5kips
0.9 23.5
= 0.75ksi
kugRtaMgkMlaMgkat;tMrUvkar v = 323
0.9 6 74.35
= 0.115
pleFob fv' = 06.75
.5
c
tMlrbs; x Edl)anBIxagelI x = 0.194 103 in. / in.
bBaltMlrbs; x nig v / f 'c eTAkgtarag 12>8
= 22 o tMlsnt;rbs; = 22 o TTYlyk)an
= 3.10 emKuNEdlbgajBIlTPaBrbs; compression strut bebtugeRbHGgt;
RTUg kgkarbBankMlaMgTaj
dUcenH Vc = 0.0316 f 'c bv dv
= 0.0316 3.10 6.5 6 74.35 = 111kips
(c)
kareRCIserIsEdkRTnug Selection of web reinforcement
BIsmIkar 12.26/ RtYtBinitemIlfaetIeKRtUvkarEdkkgbGt; mannyfa RbsinebI

Vu > 0.5 (Vc + V p ) eKRtUveRbIEdkkg.
(
0.5 Vc + V p = 0.5 0.9(111 + 23.5) = 60.5kips < Vu = 323kips
804
NPIC
dUcenHeKRtUveRbIEdkkg.
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;EdktMrUvkar Vs = Vu Vc V p = 323
85.1 23.5 = 250.3kips
0.9
BIsmIkr 12.25
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;rbs;EdkEdlGacman Vs = Av f y dsv cot
sakl,gEdkkg #4 / Av = 2 0.20 = 0.40in.2
cot = cot 22 o = 2.457
0.4 60.0 74.35 2.475
250.3 =
s
dUcenH
eyIgTTYl)an s = 17.7in.
(i) KMlatEdkkgGnuBaatGtibrma (maximum allowable web stirrup spacing)
0.10 f 'c bv d v = 0.1 6.5 6 74.35 = 290kips < Vu = 323kips
dUcenH KMlatGtibrma s = 12in.

RbsinebI 0.10 f 'c bv dv > Vu enaHKMlatGtibrma s = 24in.
(ii) RkLapGb,brmarbs;Edkkg (transverse reinforcement)
Av / 1 ft = 0.0316 f 'c
bv s
fy
6 12
2
= 0.0316 6.5
= 0.10in. / ft
60
eRbIEdkkg #4 EdlmanKMlat 12in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS ehIyKMlatenHekIneLIgtam

beNayElVg
(iii) ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;Gtibrma (maximum shear resistance)
edIm,IFanakugRtaMgenAkgRTnugminEbkmuneBlEdkkgeFVIkardl; yield luHRtaEt
(Vn V p ) 0.25 f 'c bv d v
(Vn V p ) = Vc + Vs = 75.0 + 260.4 = 335.4kips
0.25 f 'c bv d v = 0.25 6.5 6 74.35 = 725.7kips > 335.4 O.K.
@> Interface shear transfer

(a) sikSaKNna dowel reinforcement
snt;famuxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;eprkMlaMgkat;KWdUcKanwgkMlaMgkat;bBarenARtg;bg; 0.05L BIp

TMr.
805
T.Chhay
BIbnSMbnk strength I:
Vu = 1.25(5.4) + 1.5(10.8) + 1.75(73.8 + 30.6)

= 205.5kips
d v = 74.35in.
205.5
Vuh =
= 2.76kip / in.
74.35
kMlaMgkat; nominal tMrUvkar Vn = Vuh = 20..769 = 3.07kip / in.

BIsmIkar 12.32
kMlaMgkat; nominal EdlGacekItman Vn = cAcv + [Avf f y + Pc ]
sMrab;ebtugEdlcak;elIebtugrwg satnigman interface contact mineRKIm
c = 0.075ksi
bv =
= 0.6
TTwg contact rvagkMralxN nigsabxagelIrbs;Ggt;Edlcak;Rsab; = 42in.
Acv
= 42.0 1.0 = 42.0in.2
in. depth
dUcenH 3.07 = 0.075 42.0 + 0.6(Avf 60 + 0)

eyIgTTYl)an Avf 0.0in.2 / in. < Av = 0.40in.2 EdkkgbBarEdlmanKMlat 12in.c / c .
QrelIeKalkarN_enH eKmincaM)ac;eRbI special additional dowel reinforcement eT.
b:uEn LRFD tMrUvfa RbsinebITTwg bv > 36in. eKRtUvkarEdk bar cMnYn 4 Ca dowel reinforcement. dUcenH eRbI dowel #3 cMnYn 2 EdlmanKMlat 12in.c / c bEnmBIelIEdkkgbBar #4
EdlmanKMlat 12in.c / c edIm,I)an Avf = 0.62in.2 / ft .
(b) dowel reinforcement
Gtibrma nigGb,brma
sMrab;ebtugkMral (deck)
kMlaMgkat; nominal Cak;Esg Vn = 0.075 42 + 0.6 012.62 60 = 5.01kips / in.
BIsmIkar 12.36(a) nig(b) kMlaMgkat;GnuBaatGtibrma
f 'c = 4.0ksi
0.2 f 'c Acv = 0.2 4.0 42.0 = 33.6kip / in.
kgkrNITaMgBIr kMlaMgkat;GnuBaatFMCagkMlaMgkat; Vn /
O.K.
#> EdkbeNayGb,brmatam LRFD (LRFD minimum longitudinal reinforcement)

EdkbeNayenARtg;muxkat;FwmnImYytambeNayElVgRtUvbMeBjsmIkar 12.29
806
NPIC
As f s + A ps f ps
Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u 0.5Vs V p cot

d v
BItarag 12.8 nig 12.9 enARtg; x = 0 BITMr/

Vu = 1.25(47.9 + 55.3 + 6.0 ) + 1.50(12.0) + 1.75(78.1 + 33.9) = 350kips
Vs
EdlEpkEtelIEdkkg #4 = 260.4kips
Mu = 0
Nu = 0
dUcenH
cot = cot 22 o = 2.475

V
Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u 0.5Vs V p cot

d v
350
=0+0+
0.5 257.5 23.5 (2.475) = 586.2kips
0.9
cMnYnrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg;enARtg;TMr = 36
cMnYnrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdl drap enARtg;TMr = 12
BITIRbsBVrvagbg;eRbHsnt;CamYynwgkabeRbkugRtaMgenAkgrUbTI 12>15 cMgayrbs;TIRbsBVBI
TMr = 6 + 4.22 cot 22o = 16.4in. Edl strand Qb;enARtg;cMgay 6in. BIprbs;TMr.
cMgaybBan = 60 strand diameter = 30in.
eRbkugRtaMgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtg; 36 EdlGacmanenARtg;pTMrCaEpkrbs;eRbkugRtaMg
RbsiTPaB f pe
.4
= 81.5ksi
dUcenH yk f pe = 149.0 16
30.0
sMrab;kabeRbkugRtaMgEdl drap xagelI sameRbHenAkgrUbTI 12>15 kat;KaCamYynwg strand
enAcMgay 140in. BIpTMr KNnaBIragFrNImaRtenAkgrUbTI 12>14. dUcenH eKGacyk
eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaBedaytMlRbhak;RbEhl f pe = 149.0 .
As f s + A ps f ps = 0 + 36 0.153(81.5) + 12 0.153(149.0 )
= 443.4 + 273.6 = 717.0kips
> 586.2kips
dUcenH eKminRtUvkarEdkbeNaybEnmeT.
$> PaBdab nig camber

(i) PaBdabPamEdlbNalBIbnkGciny_ (immediate deflection due to permanent loads)
807
T.Chhay
KNna camber nigPaBdabrbs;FwmdUcEdl)anerobrab;y:aglMGit nigbgajenAkg]TahrN_Ca

eRcInenAkgCMBUk 7.
BItaragPaBdabenAkgrUbTI 7>6
PL2
4 a2
PaBdabkNalElVg = 8E I ec + (ee ec ) 3 L2
c g
enATIenH a = L2
PL2 ec (ee ec )
+
24
Ec I g 8
BI]TahrN_ 12>1
Pi = 1488kips
I cc = 1,095,290in.4
ec = 29.68in.
ws + h = 0.922kip / ft
ee = 17.7in.
wbarrier = 0.300kip / ft
Eci = 4620ksi
Ac = 767in.2
Ece = 4890ksi
Sb = 14,915in.3
wD = 0.779kip / ft
S t = 15,421in.3
I c = 545,897in.4
1488(120 12 )2 29.68 (17.7 29.68)
+
4620 545,897 8
24
= 1.22(3.71 0.50) = 3.92in. (camber)
i =
wD
kgmYy in. = 0.799 / 12 = 0.065kip / in.

D =
5wL4
5(0.065)(120 12 )4
=
= 1.44in.
384 Eci I g 384 4620 545,894
ws + h = 0.922kip / ft = 0.077kip / in.
D =
5(0.077 )(120 12)4

= 1.61in.
384 4888 545,894
wbarrier = 0.300kips / ft = 0.025kip / in.
D
(ii)
5(0.025)(120 12)4
=
= 0.26in.
384 488 1,095,290
PaBdabPamEdlbNalBIbnkbeNaHGasn (immediate deflection due to transient
loads)
EdnkMNt;rbs;PaBdabEdlbNalBIbnkGefr = L / 800
808
NPIC
tMrUveGayFwmrbs;s<anTaMgGs;dabedaytMlesIKaeRkamGMeBIbnkGefr
nigbnkTgic. ehIyvak)anEcgpgEdrfa eKGacykPaBdabryeBlEvgesInwgbYndgnPaB
dabPam. karEcgenHmanlkNTUeTA ehIyeKENnaMeGayvisVkrKNnaeRbIviFIEdlman
lkNRbesIrCaenH. kalNaElVgkan;EtEvg eKRtUvkarPaBsuRkitkan;Etx<s;. eyIgKUrdwgfa
PaBdabEdl)anBIkarKNnaGacxusBIPaBdabCak;EsgcenaHBI 30% eTA 40% GaRsynwg
m:UDuleGLasicrbs;ebtug nigTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobrbs;ebtug nigkMrit
suRkitPaBnviFIEdleRbIkgkarKNna.
viFIKNnaPaBdabxageRkamBICMBUk 7 Gacpl;eGaytMl step-by-step dsmrmkg
Rbvtinkardak;bnk
LRFD specification
z
z
z
PCI multipliers method

Incremental time-step method
Approximate time-step method
BIrUbTI 12>12 enAkg]TahrN_ 12>1/ cMnYnrbs;Fwms<an = 6 ehIycMnYn lane = 4

DFD = emKuNEbgEcksMrab;PaBdab
= cMnYnrbs; lane EdlEckedaycMnYnFwm
=
4
= 0.667 lane/beam
6
vamanlkNsuvtiPaBCagCamYynwgkareRbIemKuNEbgEckm:Um:g; DFM = 0.732 .

Design lane load W = 0.64 DFM
= 0.64kip / ft (0.732 ) = 0.468kip / ft / beam
= 0.039kip / in. / beam
LL =
5
5(0.039 )(120 12 )4
=
= 0.41in.
384 Ec I cc 384 4888 1,095,290
eKkMNt;PaBdabEdlbNalBI transient truck load nigBI impact BIExS\TiBl (influence lines) rbs;TItaMgkg;sMrab;m:Um:g;Gtibrma. sMrab;ElVg 120 ft ehIykMlaMgpbrbs;
axial load 72kip sitenAcMgay 2.33 ft BIkNalElVg. PaBdabenAkNalElVg = 0.8in.
LT = 0.8(IM )(DFM ) = 0.8(1.33)(0.732 ) = 0.78in.
edayeRbI PCI multiplier BItarag 7>1 / karsegbnPaBdab nig camber ryeBlEvgRtUv)an

eGayenAkgtarag 12>12.
L 120 12
PaBdabGnuBaat = 800
=
= 1.80in.
800
809
T.Chhay
PaBdabCak;Esg = 0.49in.
TTYlykkarKNnarbs;FwmxagkgenAkg]TahrN_ 12>1 nig 12>2.
>
12.11.
O.K.
sikSakarBt;begagrbs;FWms<aneRbkugRtaMgtam Standard AASTHO (LFD)

Standard AASTHO Flexural Design of Prestressed Bridge Deck Beams (LFD)
]TahrN_ 12>3 sikSaKNnaFwmxagkgrbs;s<an deck enAkg]TahrN_ 12>1 edayeRbI standard
sMrab; HS-20 lane nig truck load. eRbITinny nigkugRtaMgGnuBaatrbs;sMPardUcnwgkarbgajrbs;]TahrN_ elIkElgRtg;kEngNaEdlvaxusBIkugRtaMgGnuBaat

LRFD.
AASTHO Design Specification
dMeNaHRsay
!> TTwgbMElgrbs; deck slab

BI]TahrN_ 12>2 CMhan 1
Ecs = 3830 psi
enAeBlepr
Ece = 4890 psi enAeBlrg service
KMlatmFmrvagFwm = 108in.
TTwgsabbMElg bm = 84in.
@> lkNrbs;muxkat;
Eci = 4620 psi
810
NPIC
non composite
Composite
Ac = 767in.2
Ac = 1402in.2
h = 72in.
h = 80in.
I c = 545,894in.4
I cc = 1,095,290in.4
cb = 36.60in.
cbc = 54.6in.
ct = 35.40in.
ctc = 17.4in.
ctsc = 25.4in.
r 2 = 1051in.2
r 2 = 712in.2
Sb = 14,915in.3
Sbc = 20,060in.3
S t = 15,421in.3
S ct = 62,950in.3
S cts = 55,284in.3
#> m:Um:g;Bt; nigkMlaMgkat;

TMgn;pal;
kMralxN
0.5" haunch
WD = 799lb / ft
WSD1 = 900lb / ft
= 22lb / ft
TMgn;bgan;d (barrier)
WSD 2 = 100lb / ft
2in. future wearing surface
WSD3 = 200lb / ft
bnkGefr (truck load) enAkg AASTHO standard specification KWQrelI HS-20 truck.
cMnYn lane = 48 / 12 = 4 lanes
(a) emKuNEbgEcksMrab;m:Um:g; (distribution factor for moment)
bnkGefrenAkg standard specification Ca standard truck load b lane load EdlGaRsy
nwg HS-20. enAkg LRFD eKRtUveRbIkardak;bnkTaMgBIrkgkarKNna. BIEpk 12.2.2 emKuN
EbgEckbnksMrab;m:Um:g;sMrab;Fwmcak;Rsab;KW DFm = S / 5.5 = 9.0 / 5.5 = 1.636 kg;kgmYyFwm
Edl S = KMlatrvagFwmKitCa ft .
1
DFm = 0.818 lanes per beam
2
50
I=
30%
L + 125
50
=
= 0.204
120 + 150
emKuNTgicbnkGefr
811
T.Chhay
enAkg LRFD/ emKuNenHmantMlGtibrma 33% dUcenH

VLL + I = (shear force per lane)(DFM )(1 + I )
= (shear force per lane)(0.818)(1 + 0.204 )kips
= (shear force per lane)(0.985)kips
M LL + I = (moment per lane)(DFM )(1 + I )

= (moment per lane)(0.818)(1 + 0.204 )kips
= (moment per lane)(0.985)kips
karcUlrYmbnkBIsmIkar 12.5 nigtarag 12.1 bgajfabnSMbnk Group I lub.

Group I service load design = 1.00 D + 1.00(L + I ) .
Group I factored load design = 1.3[1.00 D + 1.67(L + I )] /
(b) kMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;Bt; (Shear and bending moment)
V x = (w)(0.5L X )
M x = 0.5(w)( X )(L X )
xageRkamCakarKNnakMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;enARtg;kNalElVg enARtg;TMr nigenARtg;muxkat;

RKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;
enARtg;kNalElVg Vx = 0
M D = 0.5(0.799 )(60 )(60 ) = 1438 ft kip
enARtg;TMr/ V = 0.799(60) = 47.9kip

enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;
TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg (cgs) e = 17.1in. EdlenAEk,rmuxkat;TMr
emIlkarKNnabnbnab;
d = 80 17.1 = 62.9in. > 0.80h = 64in.
yk d = 64in.
muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;enARtg; h / 2 = 80 / 2 = 40in. = 3.33 ft
V3.33 = 0.799[(0.5)(120) 3.33] = 45.3kips
M 3.33 = 0.5(0.799)(3.33)(120 3.33) = 155.4 ft kip
tMlsMrab;kMlaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;sMrab;bnkGciny_ nigbnkbeNaHGasn (transient) TaMgGs;

RtUv)anerobcMCataragenAkgtarag 12>13. eRbobeFobtMlTaMgenHCamYynwgtMlEdl
812
NPIC
KNnaeday LRFD method EdlmanenAkgtarag 12>10 nig 12>11.
$> sikSaKNnaFwmebtugeRbkugRtaMg bulb-tee xagkg
! eRCIserIskabeRbkugRtaMg (selection of prestressing strand)
kugRtaMgKanemKuNenARtg;srsxageRkamEdlbNalBIbnkTMnaj
M D + M SD1 M SD 2 + M SD3 + M LL + I
+
Sb
S bc
(1438 + 1660)12 + (180 + 360 + 1852)12 = 3.923ksi
=
14,915
20,060
fb =
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaat
f t = 6 f 'c = 6 6500 = 484 psi = 0.484ksi
Required precompressive stress
enARtg;srsxageRkambnab;BIkMhatbg; = ( fb f t )
f bp = 3.923 0.484 = 3.493ksi
snt;fa tendon c.g.s sitenAcMgay yb = 4in. BIsrsxageRkambMput

ec = cc yb = 36.60 4.0 = 32.60in.
P Pe
f bp
= e + e c
Ac
Sb
P
P 32.6
3.439 = e + e
767 14,915
EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMg
Pe = 986kips
snt;kMhateRbkugRtaMgsrub = 25%
Pi =
986
= 1315kips
1 0.25
813
T.Chhay
snt;eRbI 7-wire 270K low-relaxation strand Ggt;pit 0.5in. Aps = 0.153in.2

= 42.44 strands
cMnYn strand tMrUvkar = 0.1531315
202.5
sakl,g 44 strands
bnab;BI trial and adjustments snt;fa strands pattern RtUv)anbgajenAkgrUbTI 12>15 Edl
10 strands RtUuv)an harp enARtg; 48 ft BITMr.
BIsmtikm cb = 36.60in. nig ct = 72 36.60 = 35.40in.

ee = cb [2 70 + 2 68 + 2 66 + 2 64 + 2 62 + 2 8 + 8 6 + 12 4 + 12 2]/ 44
= 36.60 18.09 = 18.51in.
e3.33 = 17.1
enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;
ec = cb [2 16 + 2 14 + 2 12 + 2 10 + 4 8 + 8 6 + 12 4 + 12 2]/ 44
= 36.6 5.81 = 30.79in.
edayKNnakMhatbg;srubenAkgEdkeRbkugRtaMgedayviFIlMGit nig]TahrN_nCMBUk3 kMhat

bg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubKW 24.9% .
eRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB f pe muneBlxatbg; = 0.75(270) = 202.5ksi
dUcenH f pe EktMrUv = 202.5(1 0.249) = 152.1ksi
Pe = 44(0.153)(152.1) = 1024kips
814
NPIC
karKNnaTUeTAsnt;fa prestress relaxation loss nigkMhatbg;dTeTotenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMg

manbrimaNrhUtdl; 9% eTA 10% .
ykkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgenAeBlTajkab = 9% enaHeyIgTTYl)an
f pi = 202.5(1 0.09) = 184.3ksi
Pi = 44(0.153)(184.3) = 1240kips
BI]TahrN_ 12>2
f ci = 0.6 f 'c = 0.6(5500) = 3300 psi(C )
f ti = 7.5 f 'ci = 7.5 5500 = 556 psi (T )
RbsinebIkugRtaMgTajenAeBleprFMCagtMltUcCageKkgcMeNam 200 psi b 3 f 'ci = 220 psi

enaHeKRtUvdak; bonded reinfoecement edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgTajsrubenAkgebtugEdlKNna
edayEpkelImuxkat;EdlmansameRbH.
@ RtYtBinitkugRtaMgebtugKanemKuN (Check of concret unfactored stresses)
kugRtaMgGnuBaatrbs; standar AASHTO KWdUcxageRkam/ Case (I) sMrab;bnSMbnkTaMgGs;

Fwmcak;Rsab; f c = 0.60 f 'c = 0.6(6500) = 3900 psi
kMral deck f c = 0.60 f 'c = 0.6(4000) = 2400 psi
Case (II) sMrab;kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiTPaB + bnkefrGciny_
1
Case (III) sMrab;bnkGefr + kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg + bnkefr
2
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaat ft = 6 f 'ci = 6 6500 = 484 psi
kugRtaMgTajGnuBaat ft enAeBlepr = 3 f 'c = 242 psi
a. kugRtaMgenAeBlepr
eRbkugRtaMgedIm f pi = 0.7 f pu = 202.5ksi . karGnuvtTUeTAsnt;fa kMhatbg; relaxation
edImenAeBlrgeRbkugRtaMgesInwg 9% eTA 10% . dUcenH eRCIserIs 9% edIm,Ikat;bnyBI
f pi .
815
T.Chhay
i.
muxkat;Rtg;TMr
BICMBUk 4/ smIkar 4.1 (a)

Pi ee ct M D
1 2 t
Ac
r S
1240 18.51 35.40
=
1
0 = 0.129ksi(C )
767
712
P ec M
f b = i 1 + e 2b + tD
Ac
r S
ft =
ii.
1240 18.51 36.60

1 +
+ 0 = 3.14ksi(C ) f ci = 3.3ksi
712
767
O.K.
muxkat;kNalElVg
ft =
1240 30.79 35.40 1438 12

1
712
767
15,421
= 0.858 1.119 = 0.261ksi (C )
fb =
/ kugRtaMgTajminRtUv)anGnuBaat
O.K.
1240 30.79 36.60 1438 12

+
1 +
712
767
14,915
= 4.175 + 1.157 = 3.018ksi(C ) < 3.3ksi
b.
O.K.
kugRtaMgEdlGnuBaat
O.K.
kugRtaMgenAeBlrg service load

i.
kugRtaMgrbs;muxkat;cak;Rsab;enAkNalElVg
kugRtaMgebtugenARtg;srsxagelIbMputenARtg;kNalElVgEdlbNalBIbnkTaMgGs;
ft =
Pe ec ct M D + M SD1 M SD 2 + M SD3 M LL + I
1 2
Ac
r
St
S ct
S ct
ec = 30.79in.
ee = 18.51in.
BItMlm:Um:g;enARtg;kNalElVgEdlmanenAkgtarag 12>10 sMrab;bnSMbnk

Case (I):
1024 30.79 35.40 (1438 + 1660)12 (360 + 180)12 (1852)12
ft =
712
15,421
62,950
62,950
767
= 0.708 2.411 0.103 0.353 = 2.159ksi(C )

Case (II):
f t = 0.708 2.411 0.103 = 1.806ksi (C )
Case (III):
f t = 0.5(0.708 2.411 0.103) = 1.256ksi (C )
kugRtaMgsgt;TaMgGs;mantMltUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 3900 psi O.K.
816
ii.
NPIC
kugRtaMgsrsxageRkammuxkat;kNalElVg
ec cb M D + M SD1 M SD 2 + M SD 3 M LL + I
+
+
1 + 2 +
Sb
Sbc
S bc
r
1024 30.79 36.60 (1438 + 1660)12 (360 + 180 )12 (1852 )12
fb =
+
+
1 +
+
712
14,915
20,060
20,060
767
fb =
Pe
Ac
= 3.437 + 2.493 + 0.323 + 1.10 = 0.486ksi (T )
iii.
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f t = 0.484ksi
O.K.
kugRtaMgsrsxagelIrbs;muxkat;kMralkNalElVg
edaysnt;ersIusg;ebtugdUcKanwgersIusg;ebtugrbs;Fwmcak;Rsab;
Case (I):
M D + M DS1 M LL + I
Sb
S bc
(180 + 360) 1852(12) = 0.117 0.402
ft =
55,284
55,284
ft =
= 0.519ksi(C ) <
kugRtaMgGnuBaat
f c = 2400ksi O.K.
Case (II):
f t = 0.117 ksi(C ) O.K.

Case (III):
f t = 0.5( 0.117 ) 0.402 = 0.461ksi (C )
O.K.
Ec = 33W 1.5 f 'c

4000 (Slab )
pleFobm:UDul = 6500
= 0.78
(beam)
dUcenH kat;bnykugRtaMgTaMgenHedayKuNnwg 0.78 edIm,ITTYl)ankugRtaMgenARtg;
srsxagelIbMputrbs;kMral.
# ersIusg;cugeRkay sanPaBkMNt;enAeBl)ak;
a.
m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;karBt;begagFmta (normal flexural resistance moment)

M u = 1.3[M D + M SD1 + M SD 2 + M SD3 + 1.67(M LL + I )]
= 1.3(1438 + 1660 + 180 + 360 + 1.67 1852 ) = 8750 ft kip
BIsmIkar 12.9(c)
f pu

f ps = f pu 1
1 f 'c
sMrab;kMBs;rbs;bksgt; eRbIersIusg;ebtugkgkMral f 'c = 4.0ksi / 1 = 0.85

= 0.28
sMrab; low-relaxation strand
817
T.Chhay
b=
TTwgsab = 108in.
ec = 30.79in.
cb = 36.60
dUcenH/ yb = 36.60 30.79 = 5.81in.

d p = cMgayBIcugkMBUlrbs;kMral deck eTATIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
= kMBs;Fwm (h ) + haunch + kMras;kMral (h f yb )
= 72 + (0.5 + 7.5) 5.81 = 74.19in.
A ps = 44(0.153) = 6.732in.2
dUcenH
A ps
bd p
6.732
= 0.00084
108 74.19
270
0.28
f ps = 2701
0.00084
= 265.0ksi
4.0
0.85
A ps f ps
6.732 265.0
a=
=
= 4.86in. < 7.5in.
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 4.0 108
dUcenH sikSaKNnaCamuxkat;ctuekaN.
m:Um:g;Tb;Tl;EdlGacman M u = M n = Aps f ps d a2
4.86
= 1.06.732(265.0) 74.19
= 128,018in. kip
>
b.
O.K.
brimaNEdkGtibrma (Maximum Reinforcement)

=
c.
m:Um:g;tMrUvkar M u = 8750 ft kip
f ps
f 'c
f ps
f 'c
0.36 1 0.36 0.85 = 0.306
= 0.00084
265
= 0.0557 < 0.306
4.0
O.K.
brimaNEdkGb,brma (Minimum Reinforcement)

Pretensioned reinforcement nig post-tensioned reinforcement KYrmanbrimaNRKb;
RKan;edIm,IbegIt ultimate moment Edl
M n 1.2M cr
BIsmIkar 12.13
S
M cr = ( f r + f ce )S b M dnc bc 1
Sb
818
NPIC
f r = 7.5 f 'c = 7.5 6500 = 605 psi = 0.605kis
kugRtaMgebtugEdlbNalmkEtBIkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbnab;BIkMhatbg;TaMgGs;KW
f b = 3.437ksi(C )
M dnc =
m:Um:g;bnkGefr non-composite EdlbNalBITMgn;pal;rbs;Fwm nig

TMgn;pal;rbs;kMral
= 1438 + 1660 = 3098 ft kip
1
20,060
1.2 M cr = 1.2 (0.605 + 3.437 )20,060 3098
1
14,915
12
= 6896 ft kip
d.
eKRtUvKYrcMNaMfa vapyBI LRFD Specification Rtg; standard specification erobrab;

faeKRtUvbMeBjtMrUvkarenHEtRtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;b:ueNaH.
Prestressed anchorage zone .
muneBlkMhatbg; f pi = Aps (0.75 f pu )
= 6.732(0.75 270 ) = 1363kips
4% f pi = 0.04 1363 = 54.5kips
kugRtaMgGnuBaat f s = 20ksi
dUcenH RkLapEdktMrUvkar Av = 5420.5 = 2.73in.2
sakl,gEdkkgbBar #5 enAkgtMbn; rectangular anchorage zone
cMnYnEdkkg
Av = 2 0.305 = 0.61in.2
2.73
=
= 4.5
0.61
d p = (h yb ) = 72 5.81 = 66.19in.
a
4.86
= 63.76in.
d v = d p = 66.19
2
2
cMgayEdleKRtUvdak; anchorage reinforcement

=
d v 63.76
=
= 15.94in.
4
4
eRbIEdkkg #5 cMnYn 5 EdlmanKMlat 3in. KitBIGkSeTAGkS enAcugsgagrbs;Fwm.
819
T.Chhay
12.12.
sikSaKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;rbs;Fwms<antam Standard AASTHO

Standard AASTHO Shear-Reinforcement Design of Bridge Deck Beams
]TahrN_ 12>4 sikSaKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat;rbs;Fwmxagkgrbs;s<anenAkg]TahrN_ 12>3 eday
eRbI AASTHO design specification sMrab; HS-20 lane nig truck loads. eRbITinny nigkugRtaMg
GnuBaatrbs;sMPardUcKanwg]TahrN_Edl)anbgaj. eRbIviFIKNna flexural shear nig web shear
EdlmanlkNRbesIrCagedIm,IkMNt; nominal strength rbs;ebtugsuTenAkgRTnug. ehIy sikSa
KNna interface shear transfer reinforcement nigRtYtBinitPaBdab nig camber rbs; Fwm.
dMeNaHRsay
!> EdkkMlaMgkat; (shear reinforcement)

Gnuvttam ACI 318 code sMrab;kMlaMgkat; nigkarrmYl
Edlmanerobrab;lMGitenAkgCMBUk 5 Epk 5.5 nig 5.6 kdUcCaEpk 5.18 sMrab;karrmYl.
Vs (Vc + Vs )
Edl = 0.90 enAkg ACI = 0.85
emKuNkat;bnyersIusg; dTeTotkxusBIemKuNrbs; ACI Edr. karKNnaRtUvEpkelI
kMlaMgkat;emKuNEdlsitenAcMgay h / 2 BIprbs;TMr. ersIusg;kMlaMgkat; nominal Vc rbs;ebtug
suTenAkgRTnugRtUvmantMltUcCageKkgcMeNam flexurral shear Vci nig web shear Vcw .
a. Flexural shear, Vci .
BIsmIkar 5.11
AASTHO standard specification
Vci = 0.6 f 'c bw d p + Vd +
Vi
M max
Edl bw = 6in.
BItarag 12>13 sMrab;bnk standard AASTHO enAkg]TahrN_ 12>3
Vd = bnkefrKanemKuNsrubenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
= 45.3 + 52.2 + 5.7 + 11.3 = 114.5kips
KanemKuN = 63.6kips
Vu = kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
VLL + I
= 1.3(Vd + 1.67VLL + I )
= 1.3(114.5 + 1.67 63.6 ) = 286.9kips
M d = 155.4 + 179.3 + 19.4 + 38.9 = 393.0kips

M LL + I = 211.5kips
820
NPIC
M u = 1.3(M d + 1.67 M LL + I )
= 1.3(393.0 + 1.67 211.5) = 970.1 ft kips
kMlaMgkat;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlbNalBIbnkGnuvtn_xageRkAEdlekItman
dMNalKaCamYynwg M max .
= (Vu Vd ) = 286.9 114.5 = 172.4kips . tMlenHmanlkNsnSMsMceday
sar Vu RtUv)ankat;bnyeday Vd .
Vi =
M max = (M u M d ) = 970.1 393.0 = 577.1 ft kip
BIsmIkar 5.12
(
) . cMNaMfa emKuN 6 rbs;tY 6 f 'c KWmanlkNsnSM
sMc ehIyminRtUv)anEktMrUveT edaysareKykm:UDuldac; f r = 7.5 f 'c
ehIykarBiesaF)anbgajfavaCatMlEdlFMrYceTAehIy.
f ce = kugRtaMgsgt;EdlbNalBIeRbkugRtaMgeRkayeBlkMhatbg;enARtg;srsxag
eRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;EdlkugRtaMgTajRtUv)anbgeLIgedaybnkGnuvtn_xag
eRkA.
P e c
= e 1 + c12 b / Edl ee1 = 19.5in. enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;
A
M cr = S bc 6 f 'c + f ce f d
1024 19.5 36.60

=
1 +
= 2.673ksi(C )
712
767
fd =
dUcenH
kugRtaMgEdlbNalBIbnkefrKanemKuNenAsrsxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;
EdlkugRtaMgTajbgeLIgedaybnkGnuvtn_xageRkA
(155.4 + 179.3)(12) (19.4 + 38.9)12

=
+
= 0.304ksi
14,915
20,060
20,060 6 6500
M cr =
+ 2.673 0.304 = 4776 ft kip
12 1000
yb =
cMgayBI cgs rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfak;BIsrsxageRkam

bMput = 17.12in.
d pc = hc yb = 80 17.15 = 62.88in.
0.8hc = 64in.
lub
yk d p = 64in.
821
T.Chhay
0.6 6500 (6.0 64)

172.4 4776
dUcenH
Vci =
+ 114.5 +
= 1559.8kips
1000
577.1
tMlGb,brmarbs; Vci = 1.7 f 'c bwd
=
b. Web shear, Vcw
BIsmIkar 5.15
1.7 6500 (6.0 64 )

= 52.6kips << 1,559.8kips
1000
O.K.
Vcw = 3.5 f 'c + 0.3 f c bw d p + V p
EdlenAkg AASTHO eKeRbItY Fpe CMnYseGay f c . vaCakugRtaMgsgt;enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;

rbs;muxkat;EdlTb;Tl;RKb;bnkGnuvtn_xageRkATaMgGs;.
fc =
Pe ee1 (cbc cb ) M D (cbc cb )

1
+
Ac
Ic
r2
BIlkNmuxkat; cbc = 54.6in. ehIy cb = 36.6in.

fc =
1024 19.5(54.60 36.60) 334.7 12(54.60 36.60)

+
1
712
545,894
767
= 0.676 + 0.132 = 0.545ksi(C )
bgMkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgbBar
BIrUbTI 12>14/ mMu EdlpMeLIgedaybnat;b:HeTAnwg tendon TaMg 10
Vp =
65 15
sin 0.086
48.5 12
V p = A ps f pe sin = (10 0.153)149.0 0.086 = 19.61
dUcenH
3.5 1.0 6500
Vcw =
+ 0.3 0.545 6.0 64 + 19.61
1000
/ lubedaysarvatUcCag Vci
eRCIserIsEdkkg (selection of web shear).
= 171.15 + 19.61 = 190.8kips
c.
Vc = 190.8kips
Vu < (Vc + Vs )
Vs = u Vc
.9
tMrUvkar = 286
190.8 = 128.0kips
0.9
6.0 64
Vs GnuBaatGtibrma = 8 f 'c bw d v = 8 6500
= 247.7kips
1000
> 128.kips O.K. kareRCIserIskMBs;RKb;RKan;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;
Vs
822
Vs =
NPIC
Av f y d v
s
Av
s
tMrUvkar = fVds
Av
s
6.0)
Gb,brma = 50fbw = (5060,000
= 0.005in.2 / in. lub
y v
128.0
= 0.033in.2 / ft = 0.0028in.2 / in.
60.0 64
edayeRbIEdkkgGkSr UEdlmaneCIgBIr #4 enAkgmuxkat;ctuekaNxagcug/

Av = 2 0.20 = 0.40in.2
Av
0.40
s=
=
= 80in.
unit Av 0.005
KMlat
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrma s = 0.75hc b 24in.
b 24in.
eRbIEdkkgGkSr U #4 KMlat 12in. KitBIGkSeTAGkSenAkgmuxkat;ctuekaNxagcugelIcMgay
= h = 80in. . bnab;BI anchorage block enH eKminRtUvkarEdkkgeT. b:uEn vaCakarRbesIr
EdleKeRbI minimum vertical mesh reinforcement enAkgRTnugtambeNayElVg. KMlat
12in. RtUvkarsMrab; interface horizontal shear.
smax = 0.75(72 + 7.5 + 0.5) = 60in.
@> Interface shear reinforcement

kMNt; interface shear force sMrab;muxkat;eRKaHfak;enARtg; 12 hc BITMr.
a. Contact surface roughened or minimum ties used .
Vu = 286.9kips < Vnh
Vnh =
ersIusg;kMlaMgkat;edk nominal
Vu
286.9
= 318.8kips
0.9
GnuBaat = bv d pc
Edl bv = TTwgrbs;muxkat;enARtg;pb:HEdlRtUveFVIkarGegtsMrab;kMlaMgkat;edk = 42.0in.
d pc = 62.88in.
)anBIelIkmun
80(42.0 62.88)
Vnh EdlGacman =
= 211.3kips < 318.9kips
1000
dUcenH eKRtUvkar dowel reinforcement.
Minimum ties provided and contact surface roughened .
Vnh
b.
Vnh = 350bv d pc =
350(42.0 62.88)
= 924.3kips > 318.8kips
1000
O.K.
823
T.Chhay
yk Vnh = 318.8kips
BIsmIkar 5.33
50bv I vh 50bv s
Avh Gb,brma =
=
kgmYy dowel
f
f
y
snt;KMlat dowel = 12in.

50(42 12)
Avh Gb,brmakgmYy dowel =
= 0.42in.2 / ft
60,000
EdkkgEdlGacmanTMrg; dowel EdlGacman = Edkkg #4 manKMlag 12in. c./c.
= 0.40in.2 / ft
O.K.
bnab;BItMbn;bkctuekaNxagcug 80in. dak; dowel #4 EdlmanKMlat 12in. c./c. . eKGac

eRbIEdk #4 eCIgmYy edIm,IGacdak;va)anenAkgRTnugkMras; 6in. .
KMlatGnuBaatGtibrma = 4bw = 4 6 = 24in. O.K.
cMNaMfa eKeRbI vertical web shear reinforcement enATIenHedIm,IeFVICa dowrl reinforcement.
#> karKNnaPaBdab (Deflection Computations)
karKNnaPaBdabmanlkNRsedogKanwgkarKNnaPaBdabenAkg]TahrN_ 12>2 elIk
ElgRtg; enAkg standard AASHTO specification eKminKit fatigue live load sMrab;PaBdabeT.
BItarag 12>12 ]TahrN_ 12>2 PaBdabryeBlEvgcugeRkaykayCa
= 8.62 + 3.46 + 3.86 + 0.60 + 0.41 = 0.29in.
camber
<
L
120 12
=
= 1.8in
800
800
O.K.
TTYlykkarKNnaFwmxagkgrbs; bridge deck enAkg]TahrN_ 12>3 nig 12>4.

12.13.
sikSaKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat; nigEdkkMlaMgrmYlrbs;s<anr:tRbGb;
Shear and Torsion Reinforcement Design of a Box-Girder Bridge
]TahrN_ 12>5 s<anr:tRbGb;smasEdlmanBIr lane manRbEvgElVg 90 ft (27.5m) . kMral deck
RtUv)anpSMeLIgedayFwm AASTHO BIII-48 box cMnYn7 edIm,IpM)an deck s<an 28 ft nigeGayCapv

cracrN_ 25 ft dUcbgajkgrUbTI 12>16. FwmnImYyrgnUvkMlaMMgkat;emKuN Vu = 140kips enARtg;
muxkat;TMrEdleRKaHfak;/ m:Um:g;RtUvKaenARtg;muxkat;enH = 320 ft kip nigm:Um:g;rmYl Tu = 165 ft kip .
sikSaKNnaEdkkMlaMgkat; nigEdkkMlaMgrmYlsMrab;muxkat;s<anenH edayeRbIsmIkarrbs;
LRFD eKeGay
824
NPIC
f 'c = 5.0ksi
f 'ci = 4.0ksi
f pu = 270.0ksi
f py = 0.90 f pu = 243.0ksi
f pi < 0.75 f pu = 202.5ksi
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrub = 22%
f y = 60.0ksi
825
T.Chhay
E ps = 28,500ksi
E s = 29,000ksi
Ac = 813in.2
h = 39in.
I g = 168,367in.4
cb = 19.29in.
ct = 19.71in.
S b = 8,721in.3
S t = 8,542in.3
Eci = 3840ksi
Ec = 4290ksi
dMeNaHRsay
!> kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB (effective shear depth)/ d v

kabeRbkugRtaMgmanlkNedk/ V p = 0
BIrUbTI 12>16
enARtg;kNalElVg/ Aps = 7-wire, low-relaxation 270-K strand Ggt;pit 0.5in cMnYn 31
= 4.437in.2 enARtg;srsxageRkam
enARtg;TMr Aps = 24 strands Edl 7 Ca de-bonded = 3.366in.2
c.g.s. rbs; strand BIsrsxageRkam Rtg;kNalElVg
ybc =
23 2 + 6 4 + 2 36
= 4.58in.
31
kNalElVg = h ybc = 39.0 4.58 = 34.42in.

c.g.s. rbs; strand BIsrsxageRkam Rtg;TMr
dp
ybc =
dp
(23 7 ) 2 + 6 4 + 2 36 = 5.33in.
31 7
Rtg;TMr = h ybc = 39.0 5.33 = 33.67in.

Edl d c = ApsA f psf d p++AAsff y d
ps ps
s y
kMBs;kMlaMgkat;RbsiTPaB
= cMgayrvagkMlaMgpbnkMlaMgTaj nigkMlaMgsgt; b:uEnminRtUvtUcCag 0.90d c b 0.72h .
dv =
826
NPIC
edIm,IkMNt;kMBs;GkSNWt c nigkMBs;bkctuekaNsmmUl a eRbImuxkat;kNalElVgsMrab;kar

KNna edaysarvaCamuxkat;nm:Um:g;Gtibrma M u = 0 enARtg;TMr.
snt;fa GkSNWtsitenAkgsab 5.5in.
c=
A ps f ps + As f y A' s f ' y
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1b + kA ps
dp
4.437(270 ) + 0 + 0
270
0.85 5.0 0.80 48 + 0.28 4.437
34.42
= 6.95in.
a = 1c = 0.80 6.95 = 5.56in. > 5.5in.
/ dUcenHKitvaCamuxkat;mansabEdlaman
TTwg b = TTwgRTnug bw
bw = 2 5 = 10in.
A ps f pu + As f y A' s f ' y 0.85 f 'c 1 (b bw )h f
c=
f pu
0.85 f 'c 1bw + kA ps

dp
4.437 270 + 0 0 0.85 0.80 5.0(48 10 )5.5

=
270
0.85 5.0 0.80 10 + 0.28 4.437
34.42
= 11.14in. > 5.5in. O.K.
a = 1c = 0.80 11.14 = 8.91in.
c
11.14
= 2701 0.28
f ps = f pu 1 k
= 245.4ksi
dp
34.4
a
8.91
d v = d p = 33.67
= 29.22in.
2
2
0.9d c = 0.9 33.67 = 30.30in.
lub
0.72h = 0.72 39 = 28.08in.
@> mMu rbs; diagonal compression struts/

muxkat;Ek,rTMrKWFMCag 0.5d v cot b d v BIprbs;TMr. eKTTYl)an BItarag 12>8 eday
eRbItMlrbs; v / f 'c nig x .
BIsmIkar 12.41/
v=
Vu V p
bv d v
= 0.9
T p Ph
2
Aoh
BItarag 12>1 (a)
Aoh = (48 2 1.5 for clear cover 2 0.25 for stirrups ) (39 2 1.5 2 0.25)
827
T.Chhay
= 44.5 35.5 = 1580in.2
Ph = 2(44.5 + 35.5) = 160in.

bv = 2 5 = 10in.
140 0
165 12 160
v=
+
0.9 10 30.3
0.9(1580 )2
= 0.515 + 0.141 = 0.656ksi
0.656
v
=
= 0.131
5.0
f 'c
BIsmIkar 12.27 smRab;karEktMrUvkMlaMgrmYl nigsmIkar 12.28 (a) sMrab;kugRtaMg

PT
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5Vu cot Vu2 + h u
du
2 Ao
x =
yk
f po
A ps f po
f po f pe = f pi (1 0.22) = 202.5 0.78 = 157.9ksi

Nu = 0
Ao 0.85 Aoh = 0.85 1580 = 1343in.2
sakl,g = 23.5o sMrab;karsakl,gelIkTImYy. cot 23.5 = 2.30

2
320 12
160 165 12
+ 0 + 0.5 cot 23.5o (140)2 +
(3.366 157.9)
30.3
2 1343
x =
2(0 + 28,500 3.366)
= 1.01 10 3 in. / in. < 0.002in. / in.
O.K.
edaysartMlrbs;bMErbMrYlrageFobkMlaMgTaj x enARtg;TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;EdkGviCman eKGac

kat;bnytMlrbs;vaedayemKuN
F =
E s As + E ps A ps
0 + 28,500 4.437
= 0.035
4290 813 + 0 + 28,500 4.437
EdlEktMrUv = 0.035( 1.0110 3 ) = 0.035 10 3 < 0.002in. / in. O.K.

edaybBal v / f 'c = 0.131 nig x = 0.035 10 3 eTAkgtarag 12>8 eyIgTTYl)an = 22.6o
EdlRbhak;RbEhlnwg Edlsnt;enAkgkarsakl,gelIkTImYy dUcenHeyIgTTYltMlenH.
tMl EdlRtUvKa = 2.8
#> sikSaKNnaEdkkgbiTCit (design of transverse closed stirrups)
Vc = 0.0316 f 'c bv d v
edayeRbIxat ksi
x
= 0.0316 2.8 5.0 (10 30.3) = 59.9kips < 140kips
828
NPIC
dUcenH eKRtUvkar web shear reinforcement

BIsmIkar 12.40(a)
Av Vn (0.0361 f 'c bv d v + V p )
=
s
f y d v cot
140
0.0361 28 5.0 10 30.3 + 0
= 0.9
60.0 30.3 2.3
= 0.023in.2 / in. / two legs
BIsmIkar 12.40 (b)
165 12
At
Tu
0 .9
=
=
= 0.006in.2 / in. / one leg
s 2 Ao f y cot 2 1343 60 2.3
Avt Av
A
=
+ 2 t = 0.023 + 2(0.006 ) = 0.035in.2 / in. / tew legs
s
s
s
sakl,gEdkkgbiTCit #4 manKMlat 10in. BIGkSeTAGkSeBlElVg. cMNaMfa eKGacbegIn

KMlatrbs;Edkkg (transverse reinforcement) tambeNayElVg RbsinebI envelopes rbs;kMlaMg
kat; nigkMlaMgrmYlFanaeGayvaeFVIEbbenH.
$> RtYtBinitEdkbeNay (longitudinal reinforcement check)
BIsmIkar 12.40
M
N
u + 0.5 u + cot
d v
Vu
0.45Tu Po
+ 0.5Vs V p +
2 Ao
A ps f ps = 3.366 245.5 = 826kips

Ao 0.85 Aoh = 0.85 1580 = 1343in 2
Po 0.85Ph = 0.85 160 = 136in.
Av f y d v 0.40 60 30.3
=
= 108kips
Vs =
6.75
s
dUcenH
320 12
140
0.45 165 12 136
+ 0 + 2 .3
+ 0.5 102 +
0.9 30.2
0 .9
0.9 2 1343
= 140.8 + 2.3(212.6 ) = 630kips < 826kips
dUcenH eKminRtUvkarEdkbeNaybEnmeT. TTYlyk vertical tie #4 EdlmanKMlat 10in.

sitenAkNalrbs;CBaaMgnFwmRbGb;. RbsinebI vertical transeverse tie minEmnCaEdkEtmYy eK
RtUvpl; development length eGayvaRKb;RKan;tamkarTamTarrbs; specification.
829
T.Chhay
12.14.
smIkarsMrab;sikSaKNnasMxan;sMrab; LRFD kgTMrg;RbBnxat SI

LRFD Major Design Expressions in SI Format
smIkar 12.9 (a)
c
f ps = f pu 1 k
dp
f py
k = 21.04
f
pu
sMrab; non-bonded tendons

f ps = f pe + 1.5
dp
L
L
E ps cu
1.0 1 < 0.94 f py
dp
c
L2
smIkar 12.12(a):
c
0.42
de
emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g; pd = 201 2.36 dc
smIkar 12.24(a):
Vc = 0.083
Edl bv nig d v KitCa mm ehIy f 'c KitCa MPa
f 'c bv d v
smIkar 12.29/ enAeBlEdlmankMlaMgrmYl

M
u + 0.5 N u + cot Vu 0.5V p
dv
0.45Tu Ph
+
2 Ao
smIkar 12.35:
Avf = 0.35bv
s
fy
Edl bv nig s KitCa mm
smIkar 12.38:
Vu =
Vu2
0.9Tu Ph
+
2 Ao
Edl Vu KitCa N / Tu KitCa N .mm nig Ao KitCa mm 2
smIkar 12.40(b)
At
Tu
=
s 2 Ao f y cot
Edl s KitCa mm
830
NPIC
]bsm<n
Appendix
]bsm<n
831
T.Chhay
Appendix
832
]bsm<n
NPIC
833
T.Chhay
Appendix
834
]bsm<n
NPIC
835
T.Chhay
Appendix
836
]bsm<n
NPIC
837
T.Chhay
Appendix
838
]bsm<n
NPIC
839
T.Chhay
Appendix
840
]bsm<n
NPIC
841
T.Chhay
Appendix
842
]bsm<n
NPIC
843
T.Chhay
Appendix
844
]bsm<n
NPIC
845
T.Chhay
Appendix
846
]bsm<n
NPIC
847
T.Chhay
Appendix
848
]bsm<n
NPIC
849
T.Chhay
Appendix
850
]bsm<n
NPIC
851
T.Chhay
Appendix
852
]bsm<n
NPIC
853
T.Chhay
Appendix
854
]bsm<n
NPIC
855
T.Chhay
Appendix
856
]bsm<n
NPIC
857
T.Chhay
Appendix
858
]bsm<n
NPIC
859
T.Chhay
Appendix
860
]bsm<n
NPIC
861
T.Chhay
Appendix
862
]bsm<n
NPIC
863

Khmer Prestressed Concrete - Unknown

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Khmer Prestressed Concrete - Unknown

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NPIC

ebtugmanersIusg;xaMgkgkarsgt; b:uEnmanersIusg;exSaykgkarTaj EdlenAcenaHBI 8% eTA

kMlaMgEdleKGnuvttamTisbeNayenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQaHfa kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg (prestressing force). kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCakMlaMgsgt;tamTisbeNayrbs;Ggt;EdleFVIeGaymuxkat;rg

Comparison with Reinforced Concrete

nig creep. sMrab;s<anEdlmanElVgEvgdUcCa segmental bridge b cablestayed bridge eKeRbIEtebtugeRbkugRtaMgb:ueNaH.

Historical Development of Prestressing

ebtugeRbkugRtaMgminEmnCabeckeTsfIeT enAqaM 1872 visVkr P. H. Jackson EdlmkBI

Basic Concepts of Prestressing

kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg P EdlbMeBjlkxNragFrNImaRt niglkxNdak;bnkrbs;Ggt;RtUv)an

enAkgrUbTI 1>2 (a) bgajBIFwmctuekaNTMrsamBargnUvkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgcMpit P . muxkat;

Edl Ac = bd CaRkLaprbs;muxkat;FwmEdlmanTTwg b nigkMBs;srub d . sBaadkRtUv)aneRbI

m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;TaMgmUl sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN = bh12

edaysarmuxkat;enARtg;TMrsamBaminrgm:Umg: ;Edl)anBIbnkTTwgGkSxageRkA enaHsrsxag

x> Basic Concept Method

Edl = emKuNeRbkugRtaMgenAsl; (residual prestress factor). edayCMnYs r 2 = I g / Ac Edl

Edl ct nig cb CacMgayBITIRbCMuTMgn;rbs;muxkat; (GkS cgc ) eTAsrsxagelIbMput

Edl S t nig Sb Cam:UDulnmuxkat;sMrab;srsxagelIbMput nigxageRkambMput erogKa.

rUbTI 1>3 bgajBIKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg. rUbTI 1>3 (a) bgajBIKngrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg

bnab;BIkarsagsg; nigkartMeLIgkMralehIy eRKOgbgMrgbnkGefrEdlbegIt)anCam:Um:g; M s .

bg;GaRsynwgeBlkgebtugeRbkugRtaMgekIteLIgrYcehIy. dUcenH kMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgCakMlaMgeRbkug

rUbTI 1.4 bgajBIKMrUnkarBRgaykugRtaMgenAelImuxkat;mansabeRKaHfak;rbs;Ggt;eRbkug

K> C-Line Method

b:uEnenAkg tendon kMlaMg T esInwgkMlaMgeRbkugRtaMg Pe dUcenH

edaysar I c = Ac r 2 enaHeyIgGacsresrsmIkar 1.11a nig b dUcxageRkam

smIkar 1.12 a nig b nigsmIkar 1.7 a nig b RtUveGaytMlkugRtaMgenAsrsxageRkAdUcKa.

X> Load-Balancing Method

A. Loading-Balancing Distributed Loads and Parabolic Tendon Profile

BIrUbTI 1>8 eyIgGacsresrGnuKmn_)a:ra:bUldUcxageRkamsMrab;tMNageGayTMrg;rbs;

sMrab; x = 0 eyIgman y = 0 dUcenH C = 0

dUcenH RbsibebI tendon manTMrg;)a:ra:bUlehIykMlaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)ansMKal;eday P enaH

BIrUbTI 1>9 bnkTTwgGkS wb BIrEdlmantMlesIKa TisedApyKa)anTUTat;KaGs; dUcenHmin

kugRtaMgenHmantMlefr ehIykMlaMg P' = P cos . rUbTI 1>10 bgajBIplbUkkugRtaMgedIm,I

enAeBlEdlbnkTTwgGkSFMCag balancing load wb dUcenHbnkKanlMnwgbEnm (additional

eKGacsresrsmIkar 1.18 CaBIrsmIkardUcxageRkam

smIkar 1.19 nwgeGaytMlkugRtaMgsrsdUcKanwgsmIkar 1.12 nigsmIkar 1.7 Edr. cMNaMfa

Computation of Fiber Stresses in a Prestressed Beam by the Basic Method

]TaheN_ 1>1 rUbTI 1>11 bgajBIragFrNImaRtrbs;Fwm pretensioned dpble T 10LDT24 EdlRT

edayTMrsamBamanRbEvg 64 ft (19.51m) . vargnUvbnkTMnajefrWSD nigbnkGefrWL Edlmanpl

WD = 359 plf (5.24kN / m )

BIsmIkar 1.5 nig 1.7 eyIg)an

289170 14.77 6.23 2205696

= +540.3 611.5 70 psi (C )(0.5MPa )

289170 14.77 17.77 2205696

= 4022.1 + 1745 2277 psi (C )(15.8MPa )

m:Um:g;srub M T = 2205696 + 2580480 = 4786176in. lb(541kN .m)

= +429 1327 = 898 psi (C )(6.3MPa )

= 3192 + 3786 = +594 psi (T )(4.1MPa )

< f t = 12 f 'c = 930 psi

C-Line Computation of Fiber Stresses

]TahrN_ 1>2 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 1>1 sMrab;lkxNcugeRkayeBlbnkeFVIkar edayeRbI C-line

Load-Balancing Computation of Fiber Stresses

]TahrN_ 1>3 edaHRsay]TahrN_ 1>1 sMrab;lkxNcugeRkayeBlbnkeFVIkareRkayeBlkMhat

enAkNalElVg a = ec = 14.77in. = 1.231 ft

eyIgman balancing load

= 552 plf (8.1kN / m )

dUcenHRbsinebIbnkTMnajsrubmanRtwmEt 552 plf FwmnwgrgkugRtaMg P' / Ac RbsinebIFwm

Wub = 779 552 = 227 plf

BIsmIkar 1.19 eyIg)an

= 511 387 = 898 psi (C )

Materials and Systems for Prestressing

1> ebtug Concrete

Properties of Hardened Concrete

eKEcklkNemkanicrbs;ebtugEdlkkrwgCaBIrRbePTKW lkNxN blkNryeBlxI

Materials and Systems for Prestressing