Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hoang Long
1. AASHTO
i i Qi Rn Rr .
2. Limit States
a.
The service limit state shall be taken as restriction on stress, deformation, and crack width under regular
service condition.
Strength limit state shall be taken to ensure that strength and stability, both local and global, are provided
to resist the specified staticticaly significant load combination that a bridge is expected to experience in
its design life.
c.
The extreme event limit state shall be taken to ensure the structural of a bridge during a major
earthquake or flood, or when collided by a vessel, vehicle, or ice flow, possibly under scoured
conditions.
Permanent load:
CR = force effects due to creep
DD = downdrag force
DC = Dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments.
DW = dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities.
EH = horizontal earth pressure load
EL = miscellaneous locked-in force effects resulting from the construction progress, including jacking apart
of cantilevers in segmental construction
ES = Earth surcharge load
EV = Vertical pressure from dead load of Earth fill
PS = secondary forces from post-tensioning
1
gradient
EQ = Earthquake
FR = Friction Load
temperature
IC = Ice Load
P ( DD + DC + DW + CR + SH ) + 1.75 x ( LL + IM + CE + BR + PL + LS) + FR +
Tu x TU + + SE
P ( DD + DC + DW + CR + SH ) + EQ x ( LL + IM + CE + BR + PL + LS) + FR + EQ
4. Steel Material
3
- Carbon steel bolts and studs, 414 Mpa Tensile Strength, ASTM A 307, Grade A or Grade B.
- Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat-Treated, ASTM A 325
- The SS for Heat-Treated Steel Strutural Bolts, ASTM A490
Note:
-
ASTM A 325 Type 1 may be hot-dip galvanized in according with ASTM A153.
ASTM A 325 Bolts => Nuts ASTM A 563 ( Grades DH, DH3, C, C3 and D)
ASTM A 490 bolts => Nuts ASTM A563 ( Grades DH and DH3)
4.2.2.2
compressive
Vservice state
Aelastomeric pad
Vservice state
2
Delastomeric
pad
4
compressive 25MPa
hr 3.33D p u
Where:
Dp = (mm)
u=
0.005+0.005+
5.2
5.2.1
0.06 Db
tb max
(0.04 Db )
25 H uu
Fy
20mm (12.5mm)
Where:
Dp = internal diameter of pot (mm)
Hu = lateral load from appliable strength and extreme event load combinations. (kN)
u=maximum strength limit state design rotation angle (rad)
Fy = Minimum yield strength of the weakest steel at the contact surface. (Mpa)
5.2.2
D p s
1.25 Fy
tb max 20mm
25H u u
Fy
Where:
Dp = internal diameter of pot (mm)
Fy = Minimum yield strength of the weakest steel at the contact surface. (Mpa)
s = average compressive stress due to total load from applicable service load combinations.
Hu = lateral load from appliable strength and extreme event load combinations. (kN)
u=maximum strength limit state design rotation angle (rad)
5.2.3
Height of pot:
hp1 (0.5 D pu ) hr hw
Where:
hr = depth of elastomeric disc (mm)
hw = height from top of rim to underside of piston. (mm)
5.3 Piston:
5.3.1
Piston Rim:
Pot bearings that transfer load through the piston shall satisfy:
hw max(
1.5 H u
;3.175;0.03D p )
D p Fy
Fy = Minimum yield strength of the weakest steel at the contact surface. (Mpa)
5.3.2
The vertical clearance between top of piston and top of pot wall, hp2, may be determined:
hp 2 R0u 2 u 3 (mm)
Where:
u is the vertical deflection from strength load(mm)
Ro = radial distance from center of pot to object in question (e.g., pot wall, anchor bolt, etc.)
u=maximum strength limit state design rotation angle (rad)
5.3.3
The diameter of the piston rim shall be the inside diameter of the pot less a clearance, c. The clearance,
c,shall be as small as possible in order to prevent escape of the elastomer but not less than 0.5mm. If the
surface of the piston rim is cylindrical, the clearance shall satisfy:
Where:
u=maximum strength limit state design rotation angle (rad)
hw = height from top of rim to underside of piston (mm)
Dp = internal diameter of pot (mm)
5.3.4
Brass Ring:
Each ring shall be circular in plan but shall be cut at one point around its circumference. The faces of the
cut shall be on a plane at 45 degrees to the vertical and to the tangent of the circumference. The rings
shall be oriented so that the cuts on each of the three rings are equally spaced around the circumference
of the pot.
The width of each ring shall not be less than either 0.02 Dp or 6 mm and shall not exceed 19 mm.
7
The depth of each shall not be less than 0.2 times its width.
hb 0.2 tb
5.4 PTFE:
Mr f Mn
where
b. Shear
The factored shear resistance, Vr , shall be taken as:
Vr vVn
where
c. Tension 6.8.2.1
9
The factored tensile resistance, Pr, shall be taken as the lesser of the values given
Pr y Pny y Fy Ag
Pr u Pnu u Fu An R pU
where:
Pny = nominal tensile resistance for yielding in gross section ( kN)
Fy = specified minimum yield strength (Mpa)
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of the member (mm2)
Fu = tensile strength (Mpa)
An = net area of the member (mm2)
Rp = reduction factor for holes taken equal to 0.90 for bolt holes punched full size and 1.0 for bolt holes drilled
full size or subpunched and reamed to size
U = reduction factor to account for shear lag; 1.0 for components in which force effects are transmitted to all
elements.
y = resistance factor for yielding of tension members
u = resistance factor for fracture of tension members
d. Compression: 6.9.2.1
The factored resistance of components in compression, Pr , shall be taken as:
Pr = cPn
Where:
8. Verification of bolts:
a.
Shear:
The nominal shear resistance a high-strength bolt (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490) or an ASTM A307
bolt (Grade A or B) at the strength limit state in joints whose length between extreme fasteners
measured parallel to the line of action of the force is less than 1250mm shall be taken as:
Where threads are excluded from the shear plane:
Rn= 0.48AbFubNs
Where threads are included in the shear plane:
Rn= 0.38AbFubNs
Where:
Ab is the area of bolt corresponding to the nominal diameter (mm2)
Fub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt. ( Mpa)
Ns is the number of shear plane per bolt.
The nominal shear resistance of a bolt in connections greater than 1250 mm in length shall be taken
as 0.80 times the value given by above equation.
10
Lc is the clear distance between holes or between the hole and the end of the member in the
Tension
The nominal tensile resistance of a bolt, Tn , independent of any initial force shall be taken as
Tn = 0.76AbFub
Where:
A2
2.0 where the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded area.
A1
(next page).
12
Tension
Shear
Parallel to the
Same as
Same as
axis of
factored
welding
Tension
Shear
Min(Rr =
Same as
Same as
factored
0.6e1Fexx;
factored
resistance of
resistance of
60% of the
base metal
base metal
Normal to the
Same as
effective area
Fillet-Welded Connection
Compress
Tension
Min
Same as
Same as
= Effective area
factored
( Rr=0.6e2
factored
factored
Rr
resistance of
resistance of
Fexx ; Rr=
resistance of
resistance of
= Aeff0.6e2Fexx
factored
base metal
base metal
base metal
base metal
Same as
resistance
Same as
Min
Same as
Same as
factored
factored
of base
factored
( Rr=0.6e1Fex
factored
factored
resistance of
resistance of
metal in
resistance of
; factored
resistance of
resistance of
base metal
base metal
tension)
base metal
resistance of
base metal
base metal
0.58FyAvg)
Shear
the base
metal)
-THE END-