Tension Members

Mapua Institute of Technology
School of CE-EnSE=CEM
STEEL & TIMBER DESIGN
TENSION MEMBERS
TENSION MEMBERS
Areqd = _T_
Ft
where: Areqd = effective cross sectional area

T= tensile load
Ft = allowable tensile stress
Allowable tensile stress and loads:

a) Tension members without holes or threads
T
= FtAg
Ag = gross cross sectional area
Ft = Fy / FS ; Fy = allow. yield stress; FS = factor of safety
b) Tension members having holes or threads
T = FtAn
An = net cross sectional area
NSCP SPECS:
Allowable stress on gross area , FS = 1.67
Ft = 0.6Fy
Allowable stress on net area
Ft = 0.5Fu
Fu = ultimate or max. tensile stress
Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE
engredgar2k@gmail.com

AASHTO SPECS (For Bridges)

Ft = 0.55 Fy
} whichever is
= 0.5 Fu
} smaller
Ft = 0.46 Fu on high yield strength quenched tempered alloy steel
For staggered Holes:

add:
dd
s2
4g
where: s = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fasteners gage line, mm
To calculate for the Net Area, An:
An = Widthnet x Thickness
= [Widthgross - dia holes + s2/4g] x Thickness
CODE PROVISION:
Diameter of Hole = Diameter of Fastener + 1.6 mm
Anet 85% Ag
Sample Problem 1:
Determine the critical net area of the 12

mm thick plate shown.
The holes are punched for a 20 mm
bolt. Calculate the critical net area.

Required:
Anet critical (least An)
Solution:
Check the different possible paths of failure:
a. Path ABCD, An = net width x thickness
= [127 2(20 + 1.6)] x 12
An = 1005.6 mm2
b. Path ABGH, An = net width x thk
= [gross width - Dia. Holes + s2/4g] x thk
= [127- 2(20+1.6) + (75)2/4*63] x 12
= 1273.44 mm2
CODE PROVISION: Anet 85% Ag
Check against above Code Provision:

An 85% Ag
85% Ag = 85%(127*12) = 1295.4 mm2
Anet critical = 1005.6mm2 < 1295.4 mm2 ans.
Sample Problem 2:
Determine the critical net area of the

15 mm thick plate shown. The holes
are punched for a 16 mm rivet.

Required:
Anet critical (least An)
Solution:
Check the different possible paths of failure:
a. Path ABCD, An = net width x thickness
= [gross width - Dia. Holes + s2/4g] x thk
= [500 4(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 + (75)2 + (175)2 ] * 15
4(75)
b Path AD
b.
AD,
4(80)
4(100)
= 9387.36 mm2
An = net width x thickness
= [500 2(16 + 1.6) + (75)2 ] * 15
4(255)
= 7054.72 mm2
c. Path ABC, An = net width x thickness
= [500 3(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 + (75)2 ] * 15
4(75)
4(80)
= 8502.92 mm2
d. Path ABD,
= [500 3(16 + 1.6) +
(175)2 + (100)2 ] * 15
4(75)
4(180)
= 8447.58 mm2
e. Path AB, An = net width x thickness
= [500 2(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 ] * 15
4(75)
f. Path BC,
= 8503.25 mm2
= [500 2(16 + 1.6) + (75)2 ] * 15
= 7235.67 mm2
4(80)
CODE PROVISION: Anet 85% Ag
Check against above Code Provision:

An 85% Ag
85% Ag = 85%(500*15) = 6375 mm2
Anet critical = 7054.72 mm2 > 6375 mm2
therefore;
An critical = 85% Ag = 6375 mm2 ans.

Sample Problem 3:
Determine the net area along path ABCDEF for the

C380x50 shown. Holes are for 18 mm bolts.
For the Channel section,
Ag= 6430 mm2, d= 381 mm, tw= 10.2 mm,
tf= 16.5 mm, bf= 86.4 mm.
The technique is to convert the Channel section to its equivalent Plate section

= [Wg - Dia. Holes + s2/4g] x thk
= (Wg)*thk (Dia. Holes)*thk + (s2/4g) *thk
= 6430 2(18+1.6)(16.5) - 2(18+1.6)(10.2) + (75)2 *(10.2) + __(75)2 *(16.5+10.2)*(2)
4(231)
4(111.65)
An = 5767.75 mm2 ans.

Effective Net Area Coefficient, U

a. U = 1.0 - all segments connected to transmit the tension
b. U = 0.9 - W, M or S section with bf > 2
d
3
c. U = 0.9 - Tee Section with bf > 4
d
3
d. U = 0.85 W, M or S not on (b), Tees not on (c) and all other shapes
including built-up sections.
Ae = U*An
where: Ae = effective net area
An = critical net area
Analysis of Axially Loaded, Bolted or Riveted Connection

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area
2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area
3. Shear Failure in Bolts/Rivets
Actual Shear Stress,
fv = P
A
Av = Abolt*n (for single shear)

Av = 2*Abo;t*n
* (for
(f d
double
bl shear)
h )
where n = number of fastener/s
Note: fv = shear stress of fastener NOT of the steel plate.

4. Bearing Failure on projected area between the plate and the fastener.
Actual bearing stress;
fp= P
Ap
Ap = (Dia. of fastener*plate thk)

Allowable bearing stress; Fp= 1.2Fu
1 2Fu of steel plate
5. Combined Shearing and Tearing (Shear Rupture or Block Shear)
P= Fv Av + FT AT
Allowable Shearing stress, Fv = 0.3 Fu

Allowable Tearing stress, FT = 0.5 Fu
Sample Problem 4:
Given:
Rivets: A502 Grade 2 Hot Driven

>> From table 510-7 of NSCP,
Fv rivet = 152 MPa
Steel Plate: A36
R d Psafe
Reqd:

Solution:
1.Tension Failure on Gross Area
P = FtAg = 0.6Fy*Ag
= 0.6(248)(200 x 10)
P = 297.6 KN
P = FtAe = FtUAn ; Ft=0.5Fu ; U=1.0
* Path w/o staggered, An = [200 2(17.6)](10) = 1648 mm2
P = 0.5(400)(1.0)(1648)
P = 329.6 KN
3. Shear Failure on Rivets
P = FvAv = 152 (pi/4*(16)2 * 4)
P = 122.245 KN
4. Bearing Stress Failure on steel plate

P = FpAp = 1.2FuAp
= 1.2(400)[16(10)(4)]
P = 307.2 KN
5. Block Shear Failure
P = FvAv + FTAT
Fv = 0.3Fu
FT = 0.5Fu
Av = (135 1.5(17.6))(10)(2) = 2172 mm2

AT = (100 17.6)(10) = 824 mm2
P = 0.3(400)(2172) + 0.5(400)(824)
P = 425.44
425 44 KN
Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.
Therefore:
Pmax= 122.245 KN ans

Sample Problem 5:
A riveted lap joint shown has 516 mm rivets w/ Fv=152 MPa.
The steel plate is ASTM A53 steel, 200 mm wide and 10 mm
thick. Determine the value of T in all possible modes of failure
and the max safe value of T that the connection can resists.
Solution:
For A53 steel Fy = 241 MPa

Fu = 414 MPa
1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

P = Ft*Ag ; P=T ;
Ag=200*10 ; 85%Ag=1700mm2
T = 0.6(241)*(2000)
0 6(241)*(2000)
T = 289.2 KN
a. section a a
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
FH = 0] ; P= T
An=(200 17.6)(10) =1824 >85%Ag
T = 0.5(414)(1)* 1700
T = 351.90
351 90 KN
b. section b b
FH = 0 ]
T- T/5 - P = 0 ; P= 4/5*T
An=[200 3(17.6)](10) =1472 <85%Ag
4T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1472
T = 380.88 KN

c. section c c
FH = 0] T- 4(T/5)-P=0 ; P= 1/5*T
An= (200 17.6)(10)= 1824 >85%Ag
T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1700
T = 1759.50 KN
d section
d.
ti b - c b
FH = 0] T- 2(T/5) - P = 0 ; P= 3/5*T
An= [200 3(17.6)+(50)2/4(50)*2] *(10)=1722 >85%Ag
3T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1700
T = 586.50 KN
e. section b - a b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu
0 5Fu*UAn
UAn
FH = 0] T - P = 0 ; P= T
An=[200 3(17.6) +(50)2/4(50)*2] *(10)= 1722 >85%Ag
T = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1700
T = 351.90 KN
Therefore for net area, the critical load T is
T = 351.90 KN
3. Shear Failure on Rivets

P = Fv*Av ; P=T ;
T = 152*(pi/4*(16)2 *5)
T = 152.81 KN
4. Bearing Stress on Steel Plate
P = Fp*Ap ; P=T ;
T = 1.2Fu* [dia rivet x thk plate]*n
T = 1.2(414)* [16*10]*5
T = 397.44 KN
5. Block Shear on Steel Plate
P = FvAv + FT AT ; FH = 0] T- P -T/5=0 ; P= 4T/5
Fv = 0.3Fu ; FT = 0.5Fu
Av = [[100
00 17.6/2)](10)(2)
6/ )]( 0)( ) = 1824
8 mm2
AT = [100 2(17.6)](10) = 648 mm2
4T/5 = 0.3(414)*1824 + 0.5(414)*648
T = 450.85 KN
Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.
Therefore the maximum safe T = 152.81 KN ans.

SEATWORK
Given: 4 holes for 12mm bolts

A53 steel plate thickness=8 mm
Reqd:
a. Calculate Critical Net Area
b. Calculate Pmax considering tension failure only.

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Mapua Institute of Technology

where: Areqd = effective cross sectional area

Allowable tensile stress and loads:

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

AASHTO SPECS (For Bridges)

For staggered Holes:

Determine the critical net area of the 12

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

CODE PROVISION: Anet 85% Ag

Check against above Code Provision:

Determine the critical net area of the

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

CODE PROVISION: Anet 85% Ag

Check against above Code Provision:

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

Determine the net area along path ABCDEF for the

An = net width x thickness

An = 5767.75 mm2 ans.

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

Effective Net Area Coefficient, U

Analysis of Axially Loaded, Bolted or Riveted Connection

Av = Abolt*n (for single shear)

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

Ap = (Dia. of fastener*plate thk)

Allowable Shearing stress, Fv = 0.3 Fu

Rivets: A502 Grade 2 Hot Driven

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

4. Bearing Stress Failure on steel plate

Av = (135 1.5(17.6))(10)(2) = 2172 mm2

Pmax= 122.245 KN ans

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

For A53 steel Fy = 241 MPa

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

3. Shear Failure on Rivets

Therefore the maximum safe T = 152.81 KN ans.

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

Mapua Institute of Technology

Given: 4 holes for 12mm bolts

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE

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