World History Honors Spring Final Review 2014

Ch 17- Revolution and Enlightenment

Nicholas Copernicus- astronomer who first proposed the heliocentric model

of the universe
John Locke- believed that every man is born with a blank mind, and certain
unalienable rights, use Newtons method to create a perfect environment
Constitutional Convention- took place in 1787, in the State House in
Philadelphia, groups of delegates from each state came to revise the Articles
of Confederation/write a new constitution; 2 months, George
Washington=president of convention
Montesquieu- believed in checks and balances, separation of power
Adam Smith- supported laisse-faire, wrote the Wealth of Nations
Laissez faire- let [people] do [what they want], concept that state should
not impose government regulations but should leave economy alone
Articles of Confederation- 1st constitution of U.S., weak national
government (no power to tax), strong state government

Chapter 18- French Revolution and Napoleon

Tennis Court Oath- signed by the National Assembly, stated that they will
meet until they write a new constitution for France
Sans-culottes- without breeches member of the Paris Commune who
considered themselves ordinary patriots (wear long trousers instead of fine
knee-length breeches)
Directory- people who ran the French Government according to the
Constitution of 1795 (ran by 5 directories)
Napoleon Bonaparte- French military and political leader who rose to
prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution (overthrew the
5 man directory) and its associated wars in Europe. As Napoleon I, he was
Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814.
Duke of Wellington- defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo,
Englishman
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- French Bill of Rights, all
people equal under the law, Provides for Freedom of speech, Freedom of
press, freedom of religion, Protection against arbitrary arrest, Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity!
Maximilien Robespierre: led the Reign of Terror (July: 1793-1794); French
lawyer, later captured and overthrown by the National Convention; killed
40,000 people
Scorched earth policy: a military strategy which involves destroying
anything that might be useful to the enemy

Chapter 19- Industrialization and Nationalism

New Labor system:

Textiles:
Prince Kelmens Von Metternich: led the Congress of Vienna; From Austria;
Austrian Foreign Minister
Liberalism: a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment
principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government
restraints and civil liberties basic rights of all people should be protected
Otto Von Bismarck: Prime minister of Prussia
Realpolitik: right of a nation or state to pursuit goals by any means
necessary
U.S. Civil War: 1861-1865; 600,000 Americans dead, south destroyed,
African Americans gained citizenship
Charles Darwin: English Naturalist; famous for On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection
Charles Dickens: greatest English writer in Victorian Era, wrote A Tale of
Two Cities, A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations
James Watt: invented the steam engine in 1782
Social changes in the Industrial Revolution: a bigger difference between
the upper class and the lower class, also caused the middle class to emerge
Working conditions: long hours of labor in hot and physically exhausting
areas, dangerous machines,
Germ Theory: diseases are caused by microorganisms

Chapter 20-Growth of Industrial Prosperity

Karl Marx: social reformer, wrote The Communist Manifest, German
philosopher
Trade Union: An organization whose membership consists of workers and
union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests
Social Classes: a group of people within a society who possess the same
socioeconomic status
Sigmund Freud: Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding
father of psychoanalysis
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia; formed in response to Tripe
Alliance
Guglielmo Marconi: Italian inventor and electrical engineer, known for his
pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development
of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system
Triple Alliance: 1882, Italy, Austria, Germany; defensive alliance against
France
Discovery of Radium: discovered by Marie and Pierre Currie on 21
December 1898
Vincent von Gogh: post-Impressionist painter of Dutch origin whose work
notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty, and bold colorhad a farreaching influence on 20th-century art

Chapter 21-Height of Imperialism

Direct Rule: colonial government in which local rulers are removed from
power and replaced by new set of officials brought from mother country
Mestizos: a person of combined European and Native American descent
White Mans Burden: a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling

Chapter 22-East Asia Under Challenge

Extraterritoriality: living in a section of country set aside for foreigners but
not subjected to host countrys laws
Chapter 23-War and Revolution:
Archduke Francis Ferdinand: Austrian Prince assassinated in Sarajevo
with his wife, Sophia, by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914
Mobilization: the process of assembling troops and supplies and making
them ready for war
Western Front: a series of trenches that ran 700 kilometers from the
Belgian coast to the Swiss border
Soviets: want immediate peace, land to peasants, control of factories by
workers
Cheka: secret police force in the Soviet Union
Treaty of Versailles:
o Article 231- war guilt
o Lose land (created buffer around Germany)
o Renounce treaty with Russia
o Reduction and limitations on military size- 100,000 men, 6 battleships,
0 subs, 0 planes
o Reparations- 6.6 billion
o League of Nations & Balkan States Created
Total War: a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and
people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those
remote from the battlefields
Schlieffen Plan:
o Beat France in 6 weeks
o Then focus of Eastern Front
o Think Russia slow to mobilize
o Belgium heavily fortified
Battle of the Marne: September 1914, Schlieffen plan abandoned, war
going to last a while
U.S. Entry into war: April 2nd, 1917, causes: continuation of Germans
Unrestricted Warfare, Lusitania Sunk (May 1915), Zimmerman Note (March
1917)
V.I. Lenin: Russian communist revolutionary, wants to topple Provisional
Government, exiled to Siberia in 1895, sent back to Russia by Germans

 Russian Revolution: led by the Bolsheviks, relatively bloodless

Woodrow Wilson: 28th president of the U.S., pushed for the 14 points,
especially league of nations, at the Paris Peace Conference
Article 231: war guilt; Germans forced to pay
Chapter 24-West Between Wars
Totalitarian State: government aims to control political, economic, social,
intellectual and cultural lives of its citizens
Five Year Plans: Stalins economic policies for USSR, economical goals to be
reached in 5 year steps
Kristallnacht: night of broken glass, November 9&10, 1938, Gestapo
destroyed Jewish homes, synagogues and businesses
Salvador Dali: a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter
Depression: a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
Fascism: political philosophy that glorifies state above individual by
emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a doctorial ruler
Politburo: 7 member committee that became leading policy-making body of
communist party in Russia
Francisco Franco: Spanish general who revolted against the government,
became dictator who favored rich people
Hitlers Rise to power: Leader of Nazi Party, born in Austria, rejected as an
artist, became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 (given emergency powers) and
later became the dictator of Germany
Nuremberg Laws: laws against Jews in Germany that deprived Jews of their
citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans
Dadaists: A European artistic and literary movement (1916-1923) that
flouted conventional aesthetic and cultural values by producing works
marked by nonsense, travesty, and incongruity
The Triumph of the Will: a 1935 film made by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles
the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, which was attended by more
than 700,000 Nazi supporters
Ch. 25-Nationalism Around the World
Mohandas Gandhi: preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled
India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to
independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the
world
Mao Zedong: a Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of
the People's Republic of China
Iran-1935: the name Iran became Persias (Present day Iran) official name
Shanghai Massacre: violent suppression of Communist Party organizations
in Shanghai by the military forces of Chiang Kai-shek and conservative
factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT)

Oligarchy: a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a

small number of people

Ch.26-WWII

Sudetenland: German name to refer to those northern, southwest, and

western areas of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited mostly by German
speakers
Blitzkrieg: German for lightning war a swift and sudden military attack,
used by the Germans during WWII
Pearl Harbor:
o December 7, 1941- A date which will live in infamy! FDR
U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor (no aircraft carriers)
Japanese Admiral-Yamamoto- I fear we have awakened a sleep
giant.
U.S. declares war on Japan
Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.
U.S. involved in all 3 theaters: Africa, Pacific, and Europe
Pacific Turning point: Midway, June 1942
U.S. Naval superiority established
General Douglas MacArthur
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Tactic used: island hopping
Tehran Conference: a strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin
D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill
Chamberlains policy: based on a commitment to "peace for our
time"[citation needed], pursuing a policy of appeasement and containment
towards Nazi Germany while increasing the strength of Britain's armed forces
Munich Conference: Hitler meets with Western European Leaders, wants
Sudetenland, promised to take no other territory
Dunkirk: mass evacuation of Allied forces, Allied forces pinned back with
water behind them, evacuation of 330,000+
Stalingrad: (September 1942-February 1943) or (August 21, 1942-Jan 31,
1942); turning point, soviets defeated Germany, German 6 th army lost
Yalta Conference: February 1945, Stalin (USSR), FDR (US), Churchill (GB),
plans for post-war Europe, Germany split into 4 zones, FDR wants help vs.
Japan, Stalin wants buffer states against Western Aggression
Holocaust: systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and
murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime

Ch. 27-Cold War and Postwar Changes

Marshall Plan: U.S. will give money to help and stabilize war-torn Europe
($13 billion)

1949- Berlin Airlift, China falls to communism, USSR explodes 1 st atomic

bomb (Arms Race), NATO, Germany split into Federal Republic of Germany
(West), German Democratic Republic (East)
Warsaw Pact: Soviets response to NATO
Sputnik I: 1st man made satellite to orbit earth; started the Space Race
Bay of Pigs: attempt to invade and overthrow Castro by exiles (trained by
CIA), huge failure
Red Scare: fear of communism, started by Joseph McArthy- Wisconsin
Senator, said Communism is in the government
Kent State Shooting: occurred in Kent, Ohio, student protestors against
involvement in Cambodia were shot by Nation Guards, further negatively
affect publics opinion of U.S.s involvement in Vietnam
Truman Doctrine: give money to countries threatened by Communist
expansion
Berlin Wall: symbol of Cold War, stopped land access and flow of people
leaving from E to W, built in 1961
economic miracle: an informal economic term commonly used to refer to
a period of dramatic economic development that is entirely unexpected; e.g.
West Berlin/West Germany, and Japan
Charles de Gaulle: French general in WWII, founded the French Fifth
Republic
Civil Rights Act: Kennedy asked for asked for legislation "giving all
Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public
hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments", as
well as "greater protection for the right to vote"
Ch. 28-Contemporary Western World
Dtente: a phase of relaxed tensions and improved relations
Lech Walesa: lead the Solidarity movement in Poland
European Union: sought to unify Europe in terms of economic and political
matters
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement, between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico
Quebec: Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest
administrative division; sought secession in the 1990s
Brezhnev Doctrine: a Soviet foreign policy outlined in 1968 which called for
the use of Warsaw Pact forces to intervene in any Eastern Bloc nation which
was seen to compromise communist rule and Soviet domination, either by
trying to leave the Soviet sphere of influence or even moderate its policies
Perestroika: systematic rebuilding of the collapsing Soviet Economy
Northern Ireland: controlled by GB, wants to be part of Republic of Ireland,
IRA (Irish Republic Army) stroke back with terrorism
Watergate: a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in
the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972 break-in at the Democratic

National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in

Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its
involvement
Jimmy Carter: 39th president of the U.S., promised Panama that the canal
will return to Panama on December 31, 1999
Ch. 29-Latin America
Economic Struggles: huge debts
PRI: Institutional Revolutionary Party, dominated Mexico
Fidel Castro: lead a communist revolution, allied with USSR
Juan Peron: governed Argentina with his wife, Eva (Evita), had great
popularity until his wifes death, military took over later
Augusto Pinochet: ruled as a totalitarian dictator in Chile
Colombia: unstable, drug-dealers controlled politics
JFK: 35th president, assassinated in Dallas
Cooperative: a business or organization owned by and operated for the
benefit of those using its services
Ch.30-Africa and Middle East

ANC: African Nation Congress, led by Nelson Mandela

Pan-Africanism: unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
Economic Struggles: poverty in Africa, growing economy in Middle East
Desmond Tutu: won Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent protest
Nelson Mandela: imprisoned from 1962-1990, became 1st president of
South Africa
Ayatollah Khomeini: led the anti-Shah movement, Muslim leader
Modern African Culture: mixed with European traditions and American
culture
Iran-Iraq tensions: Iraq invades Iran, over 7 years, longest conventional
war in 20th century

Ch. 31- Asian and the Pacific

Little Red Book: a book of selected statements from speeches and writings by
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), the former leader of the Chinese Communist
Party, published from 1964 to about 1976 and widely distributed during the
Cultural Revolution
Four Modernizations- agriculture, industry, science, defense
Tiananmen Square: troops with assault rifles and tanks inflicted casualties on
unarmed civilians trying to block the military's advance towards Tiananmen
Square in the heart of Beijing, which student demonstrators had occupied for
seven weeks
38th parallel: line at which Korea was divided

Great Leap Forward: economic program, encouraged the establishment of

commune, huge failure
Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of
the People's Republic of China
State Capitalism: an economic system in which commercial (i.e. for-profit)
economic activity is undertaken by the state
Khmer Rouge: name given to the followers of the Communist Party of
Kampuchea in Cambodia, led by Pol Pot

Ch. 32-Challenges and Hopes for the Future

Silent Spring: an environmental science book written by Rachel Carson

Acid Rain: rainfall that results when sulfur produced by factories mixed with
moisture in the air
Moon Landing: 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, encouraged by JFK at
the beginning the of decade
2050 Population: expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion
Green Revolution: a series of research, and development, and technology
transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s that
increased agriculture production worldwide
Chernobyl: a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at
the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, which was under the direct
jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet Union
United Nations: an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October
1945 to promote international co-operation; located in New York
Deforestation: the clearing of trees
Chlorofluorocarbons: CFC, scientists believe that it is destroying the ozone
layer
Genetic engineering: the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using
biotechnology
WTO: world trade organization, deals with the global rules of trade between
nations, its main function is to ensure that trade flows smoothly
Developing countries- located in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, newly
industrialized
One-party rule: a single political party has the right to form the government,
usually based on the existing constitution