IEEE Transactions

2920

on

Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 6 June 1981

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION OF CURRENT INVERTER DRIVEN

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
T. L. King, Member, IEEE
D. W. Novotny, Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

Abstract - Equivalent circuits which represent the

first harmonic steady state behavior of current source
inverter (CSI) driven synchronous machines are' derived.
These circuits, in combination' with'c6nventional synchronous machine phasor diagrams, y'ield complete steady
state performance predictions for all types of CSI synchronous machine drives. The effect of the inverter
is shown to be to eliminate the'normal role of'the
synchronous reactance in establishing equilibrium between the applied and internal voltages.
Applications to self synchronous systems employing
rotor position angle or electrical phase angle feedback
The ciras well as to open loop systems are includefd.
cuit representation clearly illustrates the close analThe inogy of self synchronous drives to dc machines.
fluence of commutation overlap is also considered and
illustrated in an example.
INTRODUCTION

Utilization of a current source inverter (CSI) 4nd

synchronous machine as a load commutated ac drive'is
well known. A number of applicatiops of this combination have been reported in the literature [1-3] and analytical methods for deteripining performance have been
In general, the analysis of these
presented [4-7].
systems has involved matrix methods employing synchronous or rotor-referred machine quantities
or has been
carried out for only the ac side of'the system using
conventional synchronous machine phasor diagrams.
As in any inverter drive, a co plete analysis requires relating the dc side inverter variableq and the
ac side machipe variables.
With voltage inverters the
macnine voltage is directly related to theinvertervoltSince the dc side impecance is always small in a
age.
voltage inverter, it is often quite acceptable to neglect i#s effects and the machine then can'le considered
as being supplied
from an ideal voltage source. Since
this is also the case in most machine applicationsutilizing a conventional fixed frequepcy supply, machine
performance with a'voltage inverter supply is often
very similar to
conventional operation of the machine.
With a current inverter, however, it'is the motor
current that is directly relate4 to inverter current.
The machine voltage is therefore determined not'solely
by the inverter supply voltage but also by the piachine
characteristics (i.e. the machine power factor). This
is a much different situation t4an that occurring in
conventional 'machine operation and the operating characteristic of the drive is profoundly affected by the
machine - inverter interaction'. This interaction has
been recognized and correctly treated by numerous authors [2-7].
However, the methods employed have been
such that the relatiqnship to conventional steady state

machine theory (equivalent circuits, phasor diagrams)

has not been clear. In an effort to develop an approach
which would make 'possible the use of conventional theory,
a pair of equivalent
circuits for representing voltage
and current inverters has been developed [8-10]. These
circuits have proved useful in explaining inverter-machine interactions tp students and others familiar with
This paper presents the
conventional machine theory.
application of these concepts to the CSI-synchronous
machine drive. The resulting overall equivalent circuits
provide a sipiple means for understanding the strong interaction of the inverter and the machine. The ability
of the inverter to completely alter the reactance voltage equilibrium of the machine and produce entirely
new overall characteristics is clearly shown. It should
be emphasized that the results expressed by the new
equivalent circuits are in full agreement with the results obtained by other methods. Only the point of view
and the circuits therpselves are new.
BASIC CSI

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE SYSTEM

81 WM 191-6 A paper recommended and approved by the

IEEE Rotating Machinery Committee of the IEEE Power

Engineering Society for

Winter

Meeting,

Atlanta,

presentation
Georgia,

at

the

February

Manuscript submitted S tptenber 2, 1980;

for printing November 14, 1980.

IEEE

1-6,

PES

1981.

made available

The basic system to be modeled is illustrated in

It consists of three primary components; a
Fig. 1.
synchronous machine, a contrpllable dc source with a
dc link inductor, anld a variable frequency CSI.
Appropriate controis for the synchronous machine field
excitationi, the firing of the CSI thyristors and the
level of the dc source voltage are also part of the
The exact nature of the controls and the orsystem.
igin of the control signals are arbitrary -since the
models to be developed only apply to the steady state
and will describe any system with the basic. CSI-synchronous machine- configuration of Fig. 1.

DC LINK
L

CSI
SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE

RA.4

FIELD

VOLTAGE CONTROL
SIGNALS
Fig.

1.

SCR GATE
SIGNALS

FIELQ

CON TROL
SIGNALS

CSI driven synchronous machine system.

CSI EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Neglecting thyristor voltage drop and assuming the

commutation interval is negligible compared to the conduction interval, it is easily shown that the 1200 conduction periqd CSI can be characterized as a switching
system with six distinct conduction modes [8-11]. These
modes and the associated input-output constraints are
illustrated in Fig. 2. It is clear from the mode diagyams that there is a complete set of constraintson the
currents, i.e. there is a unique relationship between
the dc link current and the inverter output current. It
is also clear that the voltage constraints associated
with the mode diagrams are not complete since there is

always

) 1981 IEEE

one open-circuited phase.

2921

+~~
id

IC

C-

CONSTRAINT RELATIONS
3= jc=i
-

VaCC V

Fig. 2.

82

-8 Rdc

a,

Per phase fundamental component -equivalent

circuit of three phase CSI

Fig. 4.

Conduction modes and input-output constraints

If the input current is assumed to be substantially

constant over one cycle and attention is confined to
steady state conditions, the output ac current is the
familiar 1200 rectangular wave illustrated in Fig. 3.
A first harmonic representation of this output current
can be obtained by retaining only the first termr in the

FUNDAME N TAL
COMPONENT

This reactive supply capability is an inherent property

Since the load is a balanced three
of the inverter.
to
phase load, all that is required is the ability
For
transfer the stored energy from phase to phase.
inductive loads this is accomplished by the commutation
of current from phase to phase via the commutation circuits.
With a capacitive load it occurs as a result
of the natural commutation of the currents and the existence of the voltage on the open circuited phase. In
many of the examples in this paper, the series reactive
element is inductive because the load power factor is
purposely maintained leading to obtain load commutation
capability.
NON-SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

LINE

CURRENT

Fig. 3.

Output current waveform

ponent for CSI.

and fundamental com-

Fourier series of the rectangular wave.

relation between the dc link current I.
amental line current I is
I

71 I.1

The resultLing
and the fuind-

(1)

As noted previously, there is not a unique relation

between the input dc voltage V. and the ac output rms
voltage V<. However, a constraint relation can be obtained from power balance by equating the input dc power to the output ac power
(2)
V .I = 3 V I cos e

The simplest case to handle is the non-salient pole

machine since all that is required is to connect the
machine equivalent circuit to the inverter equivalent
circuit. The salient pole machine is somewhat more difficult since a machine equivalent circuit does not exist. This case is, therefore, postponed until the basic
analysis of the simpler case is completed.

Complete Equivalent Circuit

Combining the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4 with the
conventional equivalent circuit of a non-salient pole
synchronous machine yields the complete circuit shown
in Fig. 5. All of the voltages and currents in this
circuit are rms per phase values and, since it is common to all parts of the circuit, the current is taken
as the reference. The machine internal voltage Eq is
shown with an angle y which is measured with reference
to the current; y is therefore the internal power factor angle. Although shown as a variable capacitor, the
series reactive element is always adjusted to absorb
the part of the terminal voltage in quadrature with the

Combining (1) and (2) yields

V.

71

cos e

CURRENT SOURCE

(3)

as the inverter constraint, relation relating input voltage to output voltage. The relation involves the load
power factor cos, 0 and is a well known and accepted
approximate result describing CSI performance.
Eciuations (1) and (3) can be represented in the
form of an equivalent circuit by incorporating a variable reactive element to absorb the quadrature compoFig. 4 illustrates
nent of voltage excluded in (3).
such a circuit where the variable reactive element is
shown as a capacitor [8]. The circuit also includes the
ac side equivalent of the dc link resistance and the
per phase rms ac side equivalent of the input dc voltage Vdc* In effect, the inverter is modeled as a dc to
ac converter with a voltage ratio of (7r/3/6), a current
ratio of (/6/ir) and as a source of reactive power which
always exactly satisfies the reactive demand of the load.

SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE

INVERTER

3a2RdC
+

aVC0(
aVdc/Z0

0
.I
Vco s eo,o

vze

Rs

jX,

EqLy

Fig. 5. Complete per phase fundamental component equivalent circuit for CSI driven non-salient pole

synchronous machine.

2922
current and in many cases will actually be inductive.
The voltage ahead of this element will be V cos e at
a phase angle of zero degrees with respect to the current as shown in Fig. 4.
Phasor Diagrams

Before reducing this circuit to its simpler form it

is instructive to examine several phasor diagrams as an
intermediate step. Fig. 6 illustrates several diagrams
drawn for a fixed value of V cos 0 and a fixed value
of internal angle y. If Rdc is small, a fixed value
V cos e corresponds to a fixed input voltage Vdc and
this is a useful way to visualize the behavior illustrated in Fig. 6. The left hand diagram neglects stator

II I2 I3
-

tV31

Vcos 8

V2

VI

aVdcZoo
Fig. 7.

Reduced per phase fundamental component equivalent circuit for CSI driven non-salient pole
synchronous machine.

for the

I R

Fig. 6.

neglected

b)

included

Phasor diagrams of CSI driven non-salient pole

Rdc 0
Vdc = constant,

machine with
y = constant

resistance Rs and shows that increased motor current

simply causes an increased IX5 drop and reduced terIn all cases the quadrature voltage
minal voltage.
V siTn
would be absorbed by the series reactive element which would be inductive in this case.
Note that
E would remain fixed for this idealized case.
The right hand diagram includes the effect of stator resistance.
In this case Eq must reduce in magnitude as the current increases; under the stated assumptions this would require a reduction in motor speed
and frequency.
As before, the quadrature voltage
V sin e would be entirely absorbed by the series reactive element.

qn

The result

EqIcosy

= K4f I cos Y

(4)

where w is the operating frequency, n is the number

of poles, q is the number of phases and

~f

Eq

(5)

is the open circuit flux produced by the field excitation.

The definition in (5) completes the analogy to
It is important to emphasize that althe dc machine.
though the phasor diagrams of Fig.6 are drawn for fixed
values of V cos 6 and y, the circuits of Fig. 5 and
Fig. 7 are completely general and apply regardless of
the variation of the various quantities.

'Eql %

Ia) Rs

losses.
T

Eq2

E qo

Eq cosYZOO

SALIENT POLE MACHINES

The analysis of a salient pole machine is somewhat

more involved because of the more complex relationships
In fact, no coundescribing the synchronous machine.
terpart to the complete circuit of Fig.5 exists because
there is no stator equivalent circuit for the salient
pole machine. However, as is demonstrated below, there
is a reduced equivalent circuit which describes a CSIsalient pole synchronous machine system.
Phasor Diagram
Fig. 8 is a phasor diagram for a salient pole machine operating at an internal power factor angle y. As
a result of the existance of the two reactive voltages
jIdXd and jIqXq, the total voltage drop caused by
the current is no longer in quadrature with the current.
Therefore, unlike the situation illustrated in Fig. 6a,

Reduced Equivalent Circuit

It is clear from the complete circuit of Fig.5 and
the phasor diagrams of Fig. 6 that, because of the
compensating effect of the series reactive element, the
quadrature components of the various system voltages
can be eliminated
from the equivalent circuit.
This
leads to the reduced equivalent circuit of Fig. 7 where
only the in-phase component of each voltage has been
retained.
Note that since the IX5 drop is entirely a
quadrature component, X5 disappears from the circuit.
The voltage Eq cos y is the component of Eq which is
in-phase with the current I.
Although the circuit is
an ac
circuit, all the voltages and currents are inthe
phase and ordinary algebra can be used to relate
various quantities. Note the similarity of the circuit
to that relating armature quantities in a dc machine.
Calculation of the developed torque is a simple
matter of calculating the power input and accounting

Xq

iId Xd

Fig. 8.

Phasor diagram of CSI driven

R = 0.
machine with Rdc =0
dc

salient

pole

operation with fixed Vdc and fixed y does not result in a fixed value of Eq.
Hence, even neglecting
all resistance, the speed of a salient pole machine
with fixed y will vary as the load changes unlike the
case of the non-salient pole machine.
This suggests
that there must be an equivalent resistance resulting
from the saliency that appears in a reduced equivalent
circuit similar to Fig. 7.

Reduced Equivalent Circuit

The expression relating the in-phas e voltages in
Fig. 8 is
(6)
V cos 0 = Eq cos y - IdXdcosy + I X ' siny
(6)

Id

Using the relations between I and

Id

sin

Iq =

and

siny
I,q

(7)

I cos y

(6)

V cos 0

Eq cos

V cos Y

Eq

+ I sin y cos

y(Xq-xe d)

(8)

or as

cos y

+ I sin 2y(

Xq"Xd

(9)
Equations (8) and (9) clearly show the aedditional inphase voltage drops caused by saliency an(d suggest the
reduced equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 9.
Although
appearing as an equivalent resistance, the power in Re
is not dissipated as heat in the machine but is converted to mechanical power.
This power iis associated

)E

COSY100

)EqCOSYLO0

Req =
Fig. 9.

(Xq-Xd)sin2Y

Reduced per phase fundamental comiponent equivalent circuit for CSI driven ssalient pole
synchronous machine.

with the reluctance torque produced in the salient pole

machine.
The torque equation can again be obtained
from the power in the circuit and is reaclily shown to
be
T

qnvEqIcosy

I (Xq-Xd)sin2y

(10)

APPLICATIONS
In applying the circuits developed in

the preceding sections to specific CSI-synchronous me

the nature of the constraints imposed by chie
controls utilized in the drive determines the approach
needed. To completely evaluate any drive rrequires both
the equivalent circuit and the phasor diagi ram. In
cases the equivalent circuit alone determir nies the speedtorque relation and the phasor diagram is needed only
to evaluate internal variables.
In otheir cases both
the circuit and phasbr diagram are neededI to find the
In every case, E iowever, the
speed-torque relation.
cancellation of the reactive voltage and t the
the resulting
suppression of the normal role of the synci ronous
reactance has a very significant effect on pern formance.

drecive

somet

resu

2923
Three examples are included to illustrate the use
of the equivalent circuits with widely different sets
of constraints. The first two represent practical systems which have been described in the literature.
The
last example is an open loop system included to illustrate a third type of constraint.
Constant y Self-Synchronous System
One of the most widely used systems [1,3,6,7] employs a position sensor to measure the rotor position
and uses the resulting information to control the firing of the inverter thyristors. This gives direct control of the internal power factor angle y and causes
the machine to be self-synchronous, i.e. the frequency
always matches the rotor speed. In practice the angle
y is often programmed to be some function of load current to obtain optimum performance from the machine.
Often the field excitation is also programmed to fur*ther enhance machine utilization. Regulating y and
If to produce operation as close as possible to unity
power factor while ensuring self-commutation is one
possible strategy.
With independent (position feedback) control of y
the equivalent circuit of Fig. 7 or Fig. 9 clearly
shows a close analogy to the dc shunt machine. The
back emf Eq cos y adjusts to the equilibrium value required to allow the necessary motor current to exist by
means of changes in
(since y is fixed). For a
fixed value of If this can only be accomplished by
changes in rotor speed. This is exactly the mechanism
that applies in a dc machine. The speed-torque curve
is therefore identical to that of the dc shunt motor
except that the total circuit resistance in Fig. 9 can
be either positive or negative depending on the relative sizes of Xd and Xq.
For the conventional caseof
Xd > Xq, Req is negative and the total resistance may
be negative.
This would lead to a speed torque curve
with a speed rise as the load increased. Note that the
value of Req depends on sin 2 y and hence the total
circuit resistance could be either positive or negative
depending on y.
The machine voltage and power factor can be found
by using conventional phasor diagrams like those in
Figs. 6 or 8. Thus, for example, after determining the
speed and current corresponding to a particular torque
load from the equivalent circuit the phasor diagram can
be employed to find V and 6 for the calculated value of I and w. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate the external characteristics of this type of drive as evaluated by the equivalent circuit approach of this paper.
Note the close similarity to a dc shunt motor as is
suggested by the form of the equivalent circuit.

Eq

Constant e Self-Synchronous System

Rather than utilize a mechanical position sensor,

many systems have been designed using some electrical
This not only
angle as the control variable [2,4,5].
avoids the requirement of a position sensor but can also have advantages in making better use of the machine
(by reducing excessive overexcitation) while ensuring
self-commutation.
As an illustration, consider a controller set to fire the thyristors in the inverter so
as to hold the power factor angle 0 constant. Phasor
diagrams illustrating this mode of operation for a nonsalient pole machine are shown in Fig. 12.
an
As can be seen by examining Fig. 12,
increase
in load current from I
to I
a decrease
requires
l
2
in
cos y, an increase in y and an increase in
This is significantly different than the fixed y system of the preceding section.
Note that unless If is
programmed to increase as the load current increases,
the increase in E will cause the speed to increase.
This
istic.would result in a rising speed-torque character-

Eq

Eq.

2924

I6

Vdc = 0.5

.I

Y = 50
RS= 0.05
RdC = 0.0
Xd= 1.0

0.;

It/
0

0.2

-I

0.4

0.6

0.8

Xq =

1.0

0.2

Per Unit Torque

Fig. 10.

0.4

0.6

0.8

Per Unit Torque

Performance characteristics for CSI driven

non-salient pole machine operated with constant Y.

Fig.

11.

Performance characteristics for CSI driven

salient pole machine operated with constant
Y.

The analysis of this mode of operation is again

accomplished using the equivalent circuits of Figs. 7
or 9
and the corresponding phasor diagrams.
However,
unlike the previous case it is now necessary to use the
circuit and the phasor diagram simultaneously to evaluate performance. For example, to evaluate an operating
point like that associated with I2 in Fig. 12, an approach would be:

V Cos

V dc and II2 find V cos 0 and hence V

(for the given controlled value of 0) from the
equivalent circuit.

1)

0.7

From

2)

Find E
and
Fig. l.

3)

Find the speed from

4)

Find the torque from Eq. 4

from

phasor diagram

Eq

(or
or

IJR

like

\ -j II XS

I2X5).

Eqi

Eq. 10.

Thus, although the order of steps is altered and the

results are quite different, the approach to the analysis is similar to the previous example. Fig. 13 is an
illustration of the characteristics of a machine when
Other electrical
operated with constant power factor.
angles such as the angle between air gap voltage and
current have also been employed for control [2] and can
be analyzed by the method in this section.

I2Xs

Eq2
Fig. 12.

Phasor diagram of CSI driven non-salient pole

machine operated with constant e (Rdc = 0
Vd = constant).

Constant Speed Synchronous Machine

final example, consider an open loop system
where Vdc, field current and thyristor firing (frequency) are all independently adjusted. In this case
the speed is fixed by the input command to the inverter
and the machine must operate as a conventional synchronous machine. However, the equivalent circuits of Figs.
7 and 9 still apply; in this case E
is fixed and the
angle y must vary to satisfy the circuit constraints.
For a given load torque or load current the equivalent
As

circuit determines the value of E cos y and hence y.

A phasor diagram can then be utilized to find the vol-

The phasor diagram in Fig. 14

tage and power factor.
illustrates the characteristics of this mode of operaNote that for an increase in load current (or
tion.
torque) y increases and V and e decrease. Note also
that if Eq is not larger than V cos 0, the circuit current will become large and acceptable performance is
not attainable.

EFFECT OF COMMUTATION OVERLAP

The assumption of zero commutation time in most

self-commutated CSI synchronous machine systems is an
over-simplification since it is uneconomical to design

2925
the circuit of Fig. 5) and only correct for the change
in phase.
To illustrate one procedure for incorporating commutation overlap, consider the constant y system illustrated in Fig. 10.
Neglecting overlap, this system
operates with a constant internal power factor angle y
because the inverter current is assumed to respond instantaneously to the command of the rotor position feedback loop.
With overlap there is a-delay in this response resulting in a reduction of the actual angle y
from the pre-set value y0. The amount of this delay is
dependent on the amount of overlap which in turn depends upon the load current and the value of yo. Thus,
an iterative procedure can be used to obtain the solution by employing well-established approximate methods
for evaluating the overlap angle.
One widely used procedure [12,13] for evaluating
commutation overlap makes use of the commutating
reactance Xc and the voltage behind commutating reactance E". The solution for the commutation overlap
angle ,u requires simultaneous solution of the two
equations [12]
TV

[1Icos

IX

Eq

cos($--p)
Per Unit Torque

Fig. 13.

where

Performance characteristics for CSI driven

non-salient pole machine operated with constant 0.

II

12

vcosG

2.

I VI

3.
4.

II Rs
iII x5

for

Phasor diagram of CSI driven non-salient pole

machine operated open loop
(Rdc =:-0, Vdc
constant).

short commutation interval over all conditions of

operation. For most systems the steady state limit is
set by the allowable overlap during self-commutation.
Fortunately, incorporating overlap does not invalidate the models developed in this paper since it is
quite feasible to treat overlap as a correction to the
basic models.
All that is required is to relate the
fundamental component of the trapezoidal current wave
resulting from overlap to the currents in the equivalent circuits. The result is a change in the multiplier
relating the fundamental component to the dc link current and a change in the phase angle between the idealized rectangular current wave and the actual trapezoidal current wave.
Usually it is sufficiently accurate
to neglect the change in the amplitude relation ('a' in
a

Xc

Cos 0 +

qX

6Eq

(11)

dcxc

(12)

Xq

Xc

(13)

Calculate machine performance neglecting overlap using the equivalent circuit and phasor
diagram.
For the condition of '1', evaluate the voltage
behind commutating reactance.
Solve equations 11 and 12 for ,.
Calculate a modified value of y from

(14)
old -p/2
Repeat steps 1 through 4 until y is known to
acceptable accuracy. Usually only a few iterations are necessary.

Ynew

5.

14.

Xd

El"/Eq

If the resulting current waveform is assumed to be a

trapezoid, the new fundamental component can be shown
to be of essentially the same amplitude as for the
idealized rectangular wave but phase shifted by an angle of p/2.
To evaluate machine performance for the system of
Fig. 10 including overlap, the following procedure can
be used:

1.

Fig.

6F E
(1-q) siny ]cosI

Fig. 15 illustrates the results obtained for the system

of Fig. 10 by this procedure with Xc assumed equal to
Xj. Comparison of the two figures clearly shows the decrease in y and e caused by overlap.

SUMMARY
An equivalent circuit approach to analyzing CSI fed
synchronous machines has been presented. The most significant results are:

1)

Simple, single loop, equivalent circuits exist for

the fundamental component behavior of CSI fed synchronous machines.
a) The circuits plus the standard synchronous machine phasor diagrams yield all quantities of
interest.
b) Results are identical to other, less easily
used, analytical methods based on the fundamental component approximation.

2926

6.

T. Okuyama, T. Hori, N. Morino,T. Miyato, K. Iwatu,

I. Shimiza, "Effects of Machine Constants on Steady
State and Transient Characteristics of CommutatorConference Record IEEE/IAS Annual
less Motors",
Meeting, pp. 272-279, October 1977.

8.

"Stator Referred EquivaM. Abbas, D. W. Novotny,

lent Circuits for Inverter Driven Electric Machines", Conference Record, IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting,
October, 1978.

9.

"Equivalent Circuit Steady State

D. W. Novotny,
Analysis of Inverter Driven Electric Machines", Elelectrical & Computer Engineering Dept.Report, ECE80-19, University of Wisconsin, June 1980.

10.

"Switching Function Representation

D. W. Novotny,
Conference Record IEEE/
of Polyphase Inverters",
IAS Annual Meeting, pp. 823-831, October 1975.

1.0

11.

driven
Performance characteristics for CSI
non-salient pole machine operated with constant y0 including the effects of commutation overlap

"State Variable Steady

T. A. Lipo, E. P. Cornell,
State Analysis of a Controlled Current Induction
Motor Drive", IEEE Trans. IAS, Vol. IA-ll, pp. 704712, Nov/Dec 1975.

12.

B. R. Pelly, "Thyristor Phase-Controlled Converters

& Cycloconverters" (Book), Wiley Interscience, 1971.

13.

"Utilization and Rating of Machine comJ. Rosa,

mutated Inverter-Synchronous Motor Drives", Conference Record, IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting, October 1978.

0.6

Ppr Uni t Tora ue

c)

2)

3)

1973.

7.

0.4
Fig. 15.

"Theoretical AnlyE. P. Cornell, D. W. Novotny,

sis of the Stability and Transient Response of SelfIEEE Conference
Controlled Synchronous Machines",
Paper C73-144-3, IEEE Winter Power Meeting, January

0.8

The circuits are applicable to all modes of

control and illustrate the close analogy of
the CSI fed synchronous machine to the dc machine.

The development yields two important new properties

of the CSI fed synchronous machine.

a)

The normal role of the synchronous reactances

applied
in establishing equilibrium between
and internal voltage is cancelled by the inverter transfer characteristic.

b)

The effect of saliency can be represented by

proportional to
an equivalent resistance
(Xq-Xd) sin 2y.

The main effect of commutation overlap can be

corporated using a simple iterative procedure.

in-

REFERENCES
1.

"Adjustable Speed Drive

N. Sato, V. V. Semenov,
with a Brushless DC Motor", IEEE/IAS Transactions,
Vol. IGA-7, No. 4, pp. 539-543, July, August 1971.

2.

A. B. Plunkett, F. G. Turnbull,

"Load

Commutated

Inverter/Synchronous Motor Drive Without a Shaft

Position Sensor", Conference Record IEEE/IAS Annual
Meeting, October 1977.

3.

N. Sato, "A Study of Commutatorless Motor", Electrical Engineering in Japan, September, 1964.

4.

"System Design
A. B. Plunkett, F. G. Turnbull,
Method for a Load Commutated Inverter-Synchronous
Conference Record IEEE/IAS Annual
Motor Drive",
Meeting, pp. 812-818, October 1978.

5.

R. A. Turton, G. R. Slemon, "Stability of a Synchronous Motor Drive Using a Current Source InvertIEEE Paper F79 217er with Power Factor Control",
1, IEEE Winter Power Meeting, January 1979.