The Geology of Indonesia Sulawesi - Wikibooks, Open Books For An Open World

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The Geology of Indonesia/Sulawesi

Geologically, Sulawesi Island and its surrounding area is a complex region. The complexity was caused by
convergence between three lithospheric plates: the northward-moving Australian plate, the westward-moving
Pacific plate, and the south-southeast-moving Eurasia plate. Regional structures, which affects the island of
Sulawesi and the surrounding area, are shown in Figure 8.1. The Makassar Strait, which separates the Sunda
Platform (part of the Eurasia Plate) from the South Arm and Central Sulawesi, formed by sea-floor spreading
originating in the Miocene (Hamilton, 1979, 1989; Katili, 1978, 1989). North of the island is the North Sulawesi
Trench formed by the subduction of oceanic crust from the Sulawesi Sea. To the southeast convergence has
occurred between the Southeast Arm and the northern part of the Banda Sea along the Tolo Thrust (Silver et al.,
1983a, b). Both major structures (the North Sulawesi Trench and Tolo Thrust) are linked by the Palu-KoroMatano Fault system. Based on lithologic association and tectonic development, Sulawesi and its surrounding
islands are divided into 3 geological provinces (Fig. 8.2): (1) the Western Sulawesi Volcanic Arc; (2) the Eastern
Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt and its associated pelagic sedimentary covers; and (3) continental fragments derived
from the Australian continent (Hamilton, 1978, 1979; Sukamto and Simandjuntak, 1983; Metcalfe, 1988, 1990;
Audley-Charles and Harris, 1990; Audley-Charles, 1991; Davidson, 1991). The contacts between those
provinces are faults.
Contents
1 8.1. WESTERN SULAWESI VOLCANIC ARC
2 8.2. EASTERN SULAWESI OPHIOLITE BELT
3 8.3. CONTINENTAL FRAGMENTS
4 8.4 BONE BASIN
5 8.5. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
6 8.6. TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF SULAWESI
7 REFERENCES
8.1. WESTERN SULAWESI VOLCANIC ARC

The Western Sulawesi Volcanic Arc extends from South Arm through the North Arm (Fig. 8.2). In general, the
arc consists of Paleogene-Quaternary plutonic-volcanic rocks with Mesozoic - Tertiary sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic rocks. In this chapter the stratigraphy is divided into South Sulawesi and North Sulawesi system.
8.1.1. SOUTH SULAWESI
The Geology of eastern and western South Sulawesi is distinctly different, and these two areas are separated by
the NNW-SSE trending Walanae Depression. South Sulawesi is structurally separated from the rest of the
Western arc of Sulawesi by a NW-SE trending depression which passes through Lake Tempe (Fig 8.3, van
Leeuwen, 1981). Figure 8.4 is a compilation of the formation names and ages of lithologies in South Sulawesi,
used by various workers. For reference a geological map and the stratigraphy of South Sulawesi are presented in
Fig 2.4 & 2.6. The following sections describe the geology of South Sulawesi through time.
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8.1.1.1. Mesozoic basement complex

The basement complex is exposed in two areas: in the western half of South Sulawesi near Bantimala and Barru,
and consists of metamorphic, ultramafic and sedimentary rocks (Fig. 8.4). Metamorphic lithologies include
amphibolite, eclogite, mica-schists, quartzites, chlorite-feldspar and graphite phyllites (tHoen & Zeigler, 1917;
Sukamto, 1975; 1982; Berry & Grady, 1987). K/Ar dating on muscovite-garnet and quartz- muscovite schists,
both from the Bantimala basement complex yielded 111 Ma (Obradovich, in Hamilton, 1979) and 115 + 7 Ma
(Parkinson, in Hasan, 1991) respectively. Wakita et al.,(1994) have dated five schist samples from the Bantimala
complex and one from Barru complex using K/Ar analyses and yielded an age of 132- l 14 Ma and 106 Ma
respectively. This data suggests a late early Cretaceous age for the emplacement of the basement in south
Sulawesi. The sequence unconformably overlying and tectonically intercalated with the metamorphic
lithological units consists of red and grey siliceous shales, feldspathic sandstones and siltstones, radiolarian
cherts, serpentinized peridotite, basalt and diorites (Sukamto, 1975; 1982; Hamilton, 1979; van Leeuwen, 1981;
Wakita et al., 1994). Radiolaria extracted from the cherts have been dated as late Albian (latest early Cretaceous:
Pessagano, in Sukamto, 1975) or late Albian to early Cenomanian (Wakita et al., 1994). The presence of similar
metamorphic rocks in Java, the Meratus mountains in SE Kalimantan and Central Sulawesi suggest that the
basement complex in south Sulawesi may be a dismembered fragment of a larger early Cretaceous accretionary
complex (Parkinson, 1991).
8.1.1.2. Late Cretaceous sedimentation
The late Cretaceous sediments include the Balangbaru (Sukamto, 1975;1982; Hasan, 1991) and Marada
Formations (van Leeuwen, 1981) in the western and eastern parts of west South Sulawesi respectively (Fig. 8.4).
The Balangbaru Formation unconformably overlies the basement complex and is composed of interbedded
sandstones and silty-shales, with less important conglomerates, pebbly sandstones and conglomeratic breccias
(Sukamto, 1975; 1982; Hasan, 1991). The Marada Formation consists of an arenaceous succession of alternating
impure sandstones, siltstones and shales (van Leeuwen, 1981). The sandstone are mostly feldspathic greywacke
which are locally calcareous composed of subangular to angular grains of quartz, plagioclase, and orthoclase
with subordinate biotite, muscovite and angular lithic fragments embedded in a matrix of clay minerals, chlorite
and sericite (van Leeuwen, 1981). Graded bedding is occasionally present in sandstone and the sandstone and
siltstone. Coarser units of the Balangbaru Formation contain sedimentary structures typical of gravity flow
deposits, including the chaotic fabric of debris flows, graded bedding and sole marks indicative of turbidites
(Hasan, 1991). The lithologies and fauna of the Balangbaru and contemporaneous Marada Formations to the east
(van Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982) are typical of an open marine, deep neritic to bathyal environment (van
Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982; Hasan, 1991). The Marada Formation is interpreted to be the distal equivalent
of the Balangbaru Formation, based on lithological and grain size considerations (van Leeuwen, 1981). The
tectonic setting of the Balangbaru Formation is interpreted to be a small fore-arc basin on the trench slope
(Hasan, 1991).
8.1.1.3. Paleocene volcanism
Volcanics of Paleocene age occur in restricted areas of the eastern part of South Sulawesi and unconformably
overlie the Balangbaru Formations (Sukamto, 1975). In the Bantimala region these volcanics have been called
Bua Volcanics (Sukamto, 1982); Langi Volcanics in Biru area (van Leeuwen, 1981; Yuwono et al., 1988). This
formation consists of lavas and pyroclastic deposits of andesitic to trachy-andesitic composition with rare
intercalations of limestone and shale towards the top of the sequence (van Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982).
Fission track dating of a tuff from the lower part of the sequence yielded a Paleocene age of + 63 Ma (van
Leeuwen, 1981). The calc-alkaline nature, and enrichment of certain light rare earth elements, suggests that the
volcanics were subduction related (van Leeuwen, 1981; Yuwono, 1985), probably from a west dipping
subduction zone (van Leeuwen, 1981).
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8.1.1.4. Eocene to Miocene volcanism and sedimentation

The Malawa Formation is composed of arkosic sandstones, siltstones, claystones, marls and conglomerates,
intercalated with layers or lenses of coal and limestone. This formation occurs in the western part of South
Sulawesi and unconformably overlies the Balangbaru Formation and locally the Langi Volcanics (Fig. 2.5,
Sukamto, 1982). A Palaeogene age for this formation is inferred from palynomorphs (Khan & Tschudy, in
Sukamto, 1982) whilst ostracods suggest an Eocene age (Hazel, in Sukamto, 1982). The Malawa Formation is
inferred to have been deposited in a terrestrial/marginal marine environment passing transgressively upwards
into a shallow marine environment (Wilson, 1995). The Tonasa Limestone Formation conformably overlies the
Malawa Formation or the Langi Volcanics. This Formation consists of four members A, B, C and D from
bottom to top. The A member comprises well bedded calcarenite, the B member is composed of thicklybedded to massive limestone, the C member consists of a thick sequence of detrital limestone with abundant
foraminifera and the D member is characterised by the abundant presence of volcanic material and limestone
olistoliths of various ages (van Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982). The age of the Tonasa Formation is Eocene to
middle Miocene (van Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982; Wilson, 1995). A ramp type margin is inferred for the
southern margin of the Tonasa Formation, and the Tonasa Carbonate Platform is composed mainly of shallow
water facies, whilst redeposited facies predominated the northern margin (Wilson, 1995). The Malawa and
Tonasa Formations have a widespread distribution over the western part of South Sulawesi (Wilson, 1995).
These formations do not outcrop east of the Walanae Depression (Fig. 2.4.) apart from a small outcrop of the
Tonasa Limestone Formation at Maborongnge (Sukamto, 1982; Wilson, 1995). The Salo Kalupang Formation is
present in the eastern part of South Sulawesi (Fig. 2.4). This formation consists of sandstones, shales and
claystones interbedded with volcanic conglomerates, breccias, tuffs, lavas, limestones and marls (Sukamto,
1982). Based on foraminifera dating techniques, the age of the Salo Kalupang Formation is believed to range
from the early Eocene to the Late Oligocene (Kadar, in Sukamto, 1982 and Sukamto & Supriatna, 1982). This
formation is contemporaneous with the Malawa Formation and the lower part of the Tonasa Formation
(Sukamto, 1982). The Kalamiseng Formation outcrops to the east of the Walanae Depression (Fig. 2.4) and
comprises of volcanic breccias and lavas, in the form of pillow lavas or massive flows. These are interbedded
with tuffs, sandstones and marls (Sukamto, l982; Sukamto & Supriatna, 1982; Yuwono et al., 1987). The lavas
are characterised by spillitic basalts and diabases which have been metamorphosed to a greenschist facies
(Yuwono et al., 1988). The Bone mountains have been interpreted as part of an ophiolitic sequence based on
high gravity anomalies and the marine MORB nature (Yuwono et al., 1988). K/Ar dating on pillow lavas of the
Kalamiseng Formation gave late Eariy Miocene ages (17.5+ -0.88 and 18.7+ -0.94, Yuwono et al., 1988) and
this may represent an emplacement age of the suggested ophiolitic suite (Yuwono et al., 1988). Intrusive bodies
are exposed in the eastern part of the Biru area and Tonasa-I (Sukamto, l982) where dating by fission track
yielded an age of Early Miocene (van Leeuwen, 198l). Yuwono et al., (1987) relate these intrusive bodies to
calc-alkaline volcanics in the lower member of Camba Formation and suggests that both were derived from
early Miocene subduction. However, this is inconsistent with a mid- Miocene (Sukamto & Supriatna, l982) or
middle to late Miocene age (Sukamto, 1982) suggested by foraminifera in marine sediments interbedded with
the volcaniclastics. The lower member of the Camba Formation consists of tuffaceous sandstone, interbedded
with tuff, sandstone, claystones, volcanic conglomerates and breccia, marls, limestones and coals (Sukamto,
1982; Sukamto & Supriatna, 1982). The Bone Formation has been reported by Grainge & Davies (1985) from
the Kampung Baru-I well in the Sengkang area (Fig. 2.5) where it comprises bioclastic wackestone and fine
grained planktonic foraminifera packstones interbedded with calcareous mudstone. The limestones have been
dated as early Miocene (N6-N8) in age (Grainge & Davies, 1985).
8.1.1.5. Miocene to Recent volcanism and sedimentation
The upper member of the Camba Formation described here as the Camba Volcanics, is located in the Western
Divide Range forming the backbone (Fig. 2.4). This member consists of volcanic breccias and conglomerates,
lavas and tuffs interbedded with marine sediments (Sukamto, 1982; Sukamto & Supriatna, 1982). Foraminiferal
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dating suggests a middle to late Miocene age (Sukamto, 1982) for the Camba Volcanics. The Lemo Volcanics
unconformably overlie the upper Miocene Walanae Volcanics in the Biru area (van Leeuwen, 1981), K/Ar dating
for Lemo Volcanics yielded an age of Pliocene (Yuwono, et al., 1988). Although Sukamto (1982) included the
Lemo Volcanics as part of the Camba Volcanics, this is unlikely since the age range of Camba Volcanics is only
up to the late Miocene. The lower part of Camba Volcanics (Fig. 2.5) is thought to be equivalent to the midMiocene Sopo Volcanics in the Biru area (van Leeuwen, 1981). The upper part of the Camba Volcanics is
thought to be analogous to the Pammesurang Volcanics from the Biru area, described by van Leeuwen (1981).
Yuwono et al., (1988) subdivided the Camba Volcanics into two members: Camba IIa of alkali potassic nature
and Camba IIb of alkali ultrapotassic nature. Based on K/Ar dating the age of the Camba II Volcanics is
determined as late Miocene (9.91 + 0.5 Ma 6.27 + -0.31 Ma, Yuwono et al., 1988). The volcanic units of
Miocene to Pleistocene age in South Sulawesi have been discussed by Yuwono et al., (1987). These includes the
Baturape volcanics, a series of alkali potassic extrusive and intrusive lithologies, where K/Ar analyses yields
12.8 + 0.64 Ma (mid Miocene, Yuwono et al., l988); the Cindako volcanics have the same characteristics as the
Baturape Volcanics, but K/Ar dating yielded an age of 8.2+ 0.4l Ma for the Cindako Volcanics (late Miocene,
Yuwono et al., 1987). These two volcanic units are grouped together by Sukamto (l982) who suggested an upper
Pliocene age on the basis that they both unconformably overlie the Camba Formation. The Soppeng Volcanics
are inferred to have a late Miocene age (Yuwono et al., 1987), however, Sukamto (1982) interpreted these
volcanics as early Miocene in age since they are conformably overlain by rocks of the Camba Formation. The
Parepare Volcanics are remnants of a strato-volcano composed of alternating lava flows and pyroclastic breccias
dated by K/Ar analyses as late Miocene (Yuwono et al., 1987). The lavas are intermediate to acidic in
composition (Yuwono et al., 1987). The Plio/Pliestocene volcanics of the strato volcano of Lompobatang
occupies the southern-most portion of south Sulawesi rising to a height of 2,871 m. These volcanics consist of
silica undersaturated in alkali potassic and more acidic silica saturated shoshonitic lava flows and pyroclastic
breccias (Yuwono et al,, 1987). The mid-Miocene to Pleistocene volcanic rocks in South Sulawesi, including the
upper member of the Camba Formation, have a predominantly alkaline nature, interpreted by Yuwono et al.,
(1987), as a result of partial melting of the upper mantle (phlogoplite- bearing peridotite) which was previously
enriched in incompatible elements by metasomatism (Yuwono et al., 1987). This may possibly have been linked
to previous subduction in early Miocene times in a distensional intraplate context (Yuwono et al.,1987). Van
Bemmelen (1949) suggested that the alkali nature of these volcanics is caused by excessive assimilation of the
older limestones into melt and incorporation of continental material into a subduction-related volcanic arc
(Katili, 1978). Neogene magmatism in western central Sulawesi has been related to lithospheric thickening and
melting (Coffield et al., 1993; Bergman et al., 1996). The bimodal nature of Neogene igneous lithologies in this
area is thought to be from the melting of ancient mantle peridotite and crust yielding alkaline basaltic
(shoshonitic) and granitic composition melts respectively (Coffield et al., 1993; Bergman et al., 1996) The late
Miocene sedimentation is marked by the development of the Tacipi Formation (see section 2.3.2). The Middle
Miocene-Pliocene (Grainge & Davies, 1983) Tacipi Formation forms the subject of the present study and is
therefore not discussed further in this section. The Walanae Formation (see section 2.3.2) is locally
unconformable on the Tacipi Formation and in places, the two units interdigitate. The Walanae Formation is
dated as mid-Miocene to Pliocene (N9-N20 Sukamto, 1982) based on foraminifera, or alliteratively as
predominantly Pliocene (up to N2l), with the basal units probably Late Miocene in age (Grainge A Davies,
1985). In the East Sengkang Basin the Walanae formation can be divided into two interval: a lower interval
made up of calcareous mudstone and an upper interval which is more arenaceous. The lower intervals outcrops
intensively in the southern part of the basin which in places interfinger with reef talus of the Tacipi Formation.
Limestones on the southern tip of South Sulawesi (Figs. 2.2; 2.5) and on the island of Selayar are named the
Selayar Limestone which is a member of the Walanae Formation (Sukamto & Supriatna, 1982). The Selayar
Member is composed of coral limestone and calcarenite with intercalations of marl and calcareous sandstones.
This carbonate unit ranges from upper Miocene to Pliocene in age (N16-N19, Sukamto & Supriatna, 1982).
Sukamto & Supriatna (1982) reported that an interfingering relationship between the Walanae Formation &
Selayar limestone occurs in the Selayar Island. Terrace, alluvial, lacustrine and coastal deposits occur locally in
South Sulawesi. Recent uplift in South Sulawesi is characterized by raised coral reef deposits (van Leeuwen
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1981; Sukamto,1982).
8.1.2. CENTRAL SULAWESI
In Central Sulawesi, Late Miocene to Recent potassic calc-alkaline magmatism occur notably along the left
lateral Palu-Koro Fault Zone (Priadi et al., 1999). This granitoid is supposed to be correlated with the collision
of Banggai-Sula micro-continent with Sulawesi Island in Middle Miocene but the detailed studies about its
genesis and its ascent mechanism are still limited. Based on their petrological aspects, association with other
rocks/formations, degree of alteration, and chemical characters, this Neogene granitoid can be classified into at
least three groups, from old to young, and they demonstrate a systematical change in their features: Coarse and
KF-megacrystal bearing granitoid (Granitoid-C) is distributed in the northern and southern limits of Palu-Koro
areas. They can be easily recognized as they present coarse equigranular or coarse and containing
KF-megacrystals. Several K-Ar age dating indicate its ages ranging from 8.39 Ma to 3.71 Ma. Two petrographic
characters can be distinguished: granitoid containing biotite and hornblende as mafic minerals (4.15-3.71 Ma
and 7.05-6.43 Ma), and granitoid containing biotite as major mafic mineral (8.39-7.11 Ma). Medium myloniticgneissic granitoids (Granitoid-B) are exposed relatively in the central areas (around Palu-Kulawi). They are all
present medium grained granitoids and sometimes contain xenoliths. This granitoid can also be subdivided into
hornblende-biotite and biotite bearing granitoids. The former is distributed in the southern part (SaluwaKarangana) and dated of 5.46-4.05 Ma. Whereas the latter which is dated 3.78-3.21 Ma exposes around Kulawi.
Fine and biotite-poor granitoid (Granitoid-A) represent the youngest granitoid in Palu-Koro area (3.07-1.76 Ma),
they occur as small dykes cutting the other granitoids. The rocks are clear, white and containing few biotites as
single mafic minerals, most of them are concentrately exposed between Sadaonta-Kulawi in the central parts.
Together with these aplitic dykes are also found lamprophyric dykes (minnette type). Pre-Neogene Gneissic
Granitoid (Granitoid-D) is found in certain limited areas around Toboli. Based on geological map of Sukamto et
al. (1973) its distribution can be extrapolated to extend north-south in Toboli-Kasimbar areas. It mainly consists
of granites that are composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and muscovite. The occurrence of muscovite and
its older age (96.37 Ma), makes this granitoid differ from the others. Laterally these granitoids present a relative
circular distribution with Granitoid-A around Kulawi as the focus and rimmed by Granitoid-B and C. The oldest
Granitoid-D elongates north-south at the eastern part of the concentric distribution (Figure-1).
8.1.3. NORTH SULAWESI
The North Sulawesi Arc, defined primarily on the basis of distribution of Lower Miocene arc-related rocks,
extends for about 500 km onshore, from 121o E to 125 o 20 E, and has a relatively constant width of 50 70
km, with elevations up to 2065 m. Higher elevations up to 3225 m are present at the neck of Sulawesi. The
evolution of the North Sulawesi Arc may be divided into two main stages, with respect to the mid- Miocene
collision of the arc with the Sula Platform: (1) west-directed subduction during the Early Miocene, and (2)
post-collisional rifting and uplift of the arc, and inception of subduction along the North Sulawesi Trench during
the Late Miocene to Quaternary. Geological relationships, paleontology (summarized on published 1: 250,000
maps) and preliminary K Ar dating (Lowder and Dow 1978, Villeneuve et al. 1990, Perello 1992, Priadi, pers.
commun. 1991) suggest two main periods of magmatic activity during the Neogene and Quaternary, namely, 22
16Ma (Early Miocene) and younger than 9 Ma (Late Miocene Quaternary), i.e. pre- and post-collision of the
arc with the Sula Platform. Pliocene and active Quaternary volcanicity belonging to the Sangihe Arc (Fig. 1)
conceals much of the Early Miocene geology near Manado (Fig. 4). Small exposures of andesite and diorite
below Quaternary volcanic cover on the Sangihe islands, north of Manado, suggest that older arc volcanics
continue offshore, possibly to Mindanao (Fig. 1), and form the basement to the present-day Sangihe Arc.
Neogene arc-related volcanic rocks are absent between Tolitoli and Palu in the neck of Sulawesi (Fig. 4), partly
due to high uplift rates and deep erosion. Lower Miocene granitoids are not known, and there seems to be little
evidence that the Early Miocene arc extended into the neck. Despite this, it is still inferred that the Early
Miocene Benioff zone extended beneath the neck, and south to an intersection with the paleo-Palu Matano
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transform fault (Fig. 1). In Western Sulawesi, south of Makale (Fig. 1), potassic alkaline (or shoshonitic)
magmatism related to rifting rather than subduction was dominant during the Neogene (Yuwono et al. 1985,
Leterrier et al. 1990, Priadi et al. 1991).
8.2. EASTERN SULAWESI OPHIOLITE BELT

The ophiolite complex and its pelagic sedimentary cover in the East and Southeast Arms of Sulawesi was named
the Eastern Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt by Simandjuntak (1986). The belt comprises mafic and ultramafic rocks
together with pelagic sedimentary rocks and melange in places. Ultramafic rocks are dominant in the Southeast
Arm of Sulawesi, but mafic rocks are dominant farther north, especially along the northern coast of the East
Arm (Smith, 1983; Simandjuntak, 1986). A complete ophiolite sequence was reported by Simandjuntak (1986)
in the East Arm, including ultramafic and mafic rocks, pillow lavas and pelagic sedimentary rocks dominated by
deep-marine limestone and bedded chert intercalations. Much of the complex is highly faulted and tectonised
with blocky exposures. Based on limited geochemistry data (16 basalt samples), the Eastern Sulawesi Ophiolite
Belt was probably of mid-oceanic ridge origin (Surono, 1995).
8.2.1. SOUTH EAST SULAWESI
The Southeast Sulawesi continental terrain occupies a large area in the Southeast Arm of Sulawesi, whereas the
ophiolite belt is mainly restricted to the northern part of this arm (Fig. 2). The continental terrane, which trends
northwest- southeast, is bounded by the Lawanopo Fault in the northeastern edge and by the Kolaka Fault in
southwestern edge (Figs 1-2). The terrain is separated from the Buton Terrain by a thrust fault, and at the eastern
end there is an older ophiolite suite thrusting over. The continental terrane comprises metamorphic basernent,
with minor aplitic intrusions, Mesozoic clastic and carbonate strata, and Paleogene limestone (Fig. 2). The
basement mainly consists of low-grade metamorphic rocks. The clastic sedimentary sequences consist of the
Late Triassic Meluhu Formation. Paleogene limestone units include the Tamborasi Formation and Tampakura
Formaticm (Figs 2, 3).
8.2.1.1. Basement
The low-grade metamorphic basement rocks form the dominant component in the Southeast Arm (Fig. 2). Tbe
age of metamorphism is not clear yet. However, there are recognized an older metamorphic epidote-amphibolite
kcies and a younger low grade dynamo-metamorphic glaucophane schist facies. The older metamorphism was
related to burial, whereas the younger metamorphism was caused by large scale overthrusting when the
Southeast Sulawesi continental terrane collided with the ophiolite belt, The metamorphic rocks were intruded by
aplite and overlain by quartz-latite lava in places, especially along the western coast of Bone Gulf.
8.2.1.2. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks
In Kendari area, the basement rocks are unconformably overlain by the Late Triassic Meluhu Formation (Figs
2,3), which consists of sandstone, shale and mudstone. The Meluhu Formation composes of 3 members: from
oldest to youngest they are the Toronipa, Watutaluboto and Tuetue Members. The Toronipa Member consists of
meandering river deposits and is dominated by sandstone intercalated with conglomeratic sandstone, mudstone
and shale. The Watutaluboto Member is a tidal-delta deposit dominated by mudstone intercalated with thin beds
of sandstone and conglomerate. The Tuetue Member consists of mudstone and sandstone passing up into
shallow marginal marine marl and limestone. Sandstone in the Toronipa Member consists of litharenite,
sublitharenite and quartzarenite derived from a recycle orogen source The ubiquitous metamorphic rock
fragments in the sandstone indicates that the source area for the Meluhu Formation was dominated by
metamorphic basement. The metamorphic rocks were probably covered by a thin sedimentary succession. The
small percentage of volcanic fragments in the formation suggests that volcanic rocks also formed a thin layer
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with limited lateral extent in the source area. The rare felsic igneous fragments were probably derived from
dykes and/or si1ls that intruded the rnetamorphic basement. The Meluhu Formation is time equivalent to the
Tinala Formation of the Matarombeo Terrain and the Tokala Formation in Siombok Terrain (Figs 2,4).
Lithologically, these three formations are similar, with clastic-dominated sequences in their lower parts and
become carbonate-dominated in the higher part of the formations. Halobia and Daonella in the Meluhu, Tinala
and Tokala Formations indicate a Late Triassic age. The presence of ammonoids and pollen in the Tuetue
Member of the Meluhu Formation strongly supports this interpretation. The clastic sedimentary sequence of the
Tinala Formation (Fig. 4), in the Matarombeo Terrane, is successively overlain by the fine-grained clastic
Masiku Formation and the carbonate-rich Tetambahu Formation. Molluscs, ammonites and belemnites are
abundant in the lower part of the Tetambahu Formation and indicate a Jurassic age. The upper part of the
formation contains cherty limestone and chert nodules rich in radiolarians. The radiolames suggesting a
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age. In the East Arm, the Tokala Formation of the Siombok and Banggai-Sula
Terranes (Fig. 4), consists of limestone and marl with shale and chert intercalations. Steptorhynchus, Productus
and Oxytoma are present in the formation that suggest a Permo-Carbonaferous age. However, Misolia and
Rhynchonel1a are found within a limestone bed in the formation indicating a Late Triassic age. Due to
lithological similarity between this formation and the upper Meluhu Formation, a Late Triassic age is most
probable for the Tokala Formation age, while the Pamo-Carboniferous age probably represents a basement age.
The Tokala Formation is overlain by the pink granitic conglomerate of the Nanaka Formatian, which may have
been derived from the widespread granitic basement in the Banggai-Sula Islands. The overlying Nambo
Formation consists of sandstone and shale containing common belemnites and ammonites indicating a Jurassic
age.
8.2.1.3. Paleogene limestone
Paleogene limestone sequences of the Tampakura Formation (400m thick) unconformably overlie the Meluhu
Formation in the Southeast Sulawesi Continental Terrane. The formation consists of oolite, lime mudstone,
wackestone and locally packstone, grainstone and framestone. In the lowest part of the formation, there is a
clastic strata consisting of mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate. The formation contains foraminiferas
indicating a Late Eocene-Early Oligocene age. Nanoflora in the formation indicating a broad Middle Eocene to
Middle Miocene age. Thus deposition of the formation must have taken place during the Late Eocene-Early
Oligocene. Initial deposition was in a delta environment where siliciclastic materials were dominant. A
reduction in clastic sediment supply allowed an intertidal-subtidal carbonate facies to develop extensively on a
low relief platform. Carbonate buildups, dominated by coralline 6amestone, and elongate carbonate sand bodies
or barriers formed a rimmed shelf that protected and enclosed the carbonate tidal flat environment and isolated it
from direct marine influence. Reflux dolomitizations took place in the intertidal- supratidal zones as Mg-rich
fluids moved back towards the sea The similar Paleogene carbonate sequence of the Tamborasi Formation was
deposited in shallow marine environments. Based on their ages and lithologies, the Tampakura and Tamborasi
Formation (probably also the Lerea Formation in the Matarombeo) were probably deposited on a single broad
shallow marine shelf, The shelf surrounded an island composed of metamorphic and granitic basement and
Mesozoic clastic successions (Meluhu, Tinala and Tetambahu Formations). Equivalent units in the East Arm (the
Banggai-Sula Terrane) include the Eocene-Oligocene limestone of the Salodik Formation, which interfingers
with marl in the Poh Formation (Figs 1, 4).
8.2.2. EASTERN SULAWESI
The oldest rock formation of Triassic age is called Tokala formation. This consists of limestone and marl with
intercalations of shales and cherts, regarded as being deposited in a deep sea environment. Another rock facies
of the same age deposited in a shallow sea is formed by Bunta formation consisting of altered fine-grained
clastic sediments such as slate, metasandstone, silt, phyllite and schist. In the East Arm of Sulawesi is also found
the so called Ophiolite complex of late Jurassic to Eocene age which originated from an oceanic crust
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(Simandjuntak, 1986). This complex is found in a tectonic contact with Mesozoic sediments and consists of
mafic and ultramafic rocks such as harzburgite, lherzolite, pyroxenite, serpentinite, dunite, gabbro, diabase,
basalt and microdiorite. These rocks under went several times of deformations and displacements from their
original place of which the last one was of Middle Miocene age. The Tokala and Bunta formations are
unconformably overlain by Nanaka formation consisting of coarse-grained well-bedded clastic sediments such
as conglomerate, sandstone with intercalations of silts and coal lenses. Among the fragments within the
conglomerate are found red granite, metamorhpic rocks and chert which presumably originated from the
socalled banggai-sula microcontinent (Simandjuntak, 1986). The age of this formation is assumed as Lower to
Middle Jurassic and it was formed in a paralic environment. Conformably overlying the Nanaka formationis
found the Nambo formation of Middle to Upper Jurassic age. This shallow marine unit consists of fine clastic
sediments of sandy marl and marl containing belemnite and Inoceramus. The Upper Jurassic to Upper
Cretaceous Matano formation consists of limestone with intercalations of chert, marl and silt. Unconformably
overlying the Nambo formation are found the Salodik and Poh formations which interfingers each other. These
formations are of Eocene to Upper Miocene in age. The Salodik formation consists of limestone with
intercalation of marl and sandstone containing quartz fragments. The abundance of corals, algae and larger
foraminifera found in this formation suggest that it was formed in a shallow marine environment. The Salodik
formation is in a fault contact with the Ophiolite Complex. The Poh formation consists ofmarl and limestone
with sandstone intercalations. The foraminifera assemblage of this formation indicating an age of Oligocene to
the lower part of Upper Miocene. Nanno planktons within this formation suggest Oligocene to Middle Miocene
age. The Molasse of Sulawesi which consists of Tomata, bongka, Bia, Poso,Puna and Lonsio formations
(Surono, 1989) is of Middle Miocene to Pliocene. The Molasse contains conglomerate, sandstone, silt, marl and
limestone, deposited in paralic to shallow marine facies. It overlies unconformably the Salodik and Poh
formations as well as the Ophiolite complex. The Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene Bualemo volcanics
interfinger with the Lonsio formation of the Molasse and consist of pillow lava and volcanic rocks.
Unconformably overlying the Molasse of Sulawesi is the Pleistocene Luwuk formation, consisting of coral reef
limestone with intercalations of marl in its lower part.
8.2.3. SULAWESI MOLASSE
The Sulawesi Molasse was deposited after the collision between the continental fragments and the ophiofite belt.
Tbe molasse is widely distributed throughout eastern Sulawesi and consists of coarse- to fine-grained clastic
sequences with minor shallow marine carbonate sequences in places. The molasse in the Southeast Arm was
divided into the conglomerate-dominated Alangga and Pandua Fonnations, a marl and limestone sequence of the
Boepinang Formation, limestone of the Eemoiko Formation, and coarse- to fine-grained clastic strata of the
Langkowala Formation. Boulders of pink granite found in the Early Miocene molasse sequences on the northern
coast of the Southeast Arm and on Selabangka and Manui Islands may have been derived from the Banggai-Sula
Islands. The molasse in the Southeast Arm is slightly older (Early Miocene) than in the East Arm where the
collision between the Banggai-Sula continental terrane and the East Sulawesi ophiolite belt resulted in the
deposition of Late Miocene molasse.
8.3. CONTINENTAL FRAGMENTS

The continental fragments in the Sulawesi region, including Central and Southeast Sulawesi, Banggai-Sula and
Buton, are believed to have been derived from part of the northern Australian continent (Pigram et al., 1985;
Metcalfe, 1988, 1990; Audley-Charles and Harris, 1990; Audley-Charles, 1991; Davidson, 1991; Surono, 1997).
They probably broke off from the Australian continent in the Jurassic and moved northeast to their present
position. Audley-Charles and Harris (1990), Metcalfe (1990) and Audley-Charles (1991) termed them
allochthonous continental terranes. Metamorphic rocks are distributed widely in the eastern part of Central
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Sulawesi, the Southeast Arm and the island of Kabaena. The metamorphic rocks can be divided into amphibolite
and epidote-amphibolite facies and a low grade dynamometamorphic group of glaucophane or blueschist facies
(deRoever, 1947, 1950). The amphibolite and epidote-amphibolite facies are older than the radiolarite, ophiolite
and spilitic igneous rocks which are found in the metamorphic belt of the Central Sulawesi Province, while the
glaucophane schist, on the other hand, is younger. The glaucophane schist is consistent with a high pressure and
low temperature petrogenesis but these rocks have only had a reconnaissance petrological examination.
Glaucophane becomes more abundance westward (Sukamto, 1975b). Except in Buton, the metamorphic rocks
were intruded by granitic rocks in the Permo-Triassic. In the Southeast Sulawesi, Banggai-Sula and Buton
Microcontinents metamorphic rocks form the basements of the Mesozoic basins. These rocks are unconformably
overlain by thick units of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, dominated by limestone in Buton and siliciclastic rocks
in the Southeast Sulawesi and Banggai-Sula Microcontinents. Paleogene limestone is found on all of the
microcontinents (Smith, 1983; Surono, 1986, 1989a, b; Supandjono et al., 1986; Surono and Sukarna, 1985;
Garrad et al., 1989; Soeka, 1991). In the Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene time, westward-moving slices of one
or more Indonesian-Australian microcontinents collided with the ophiolite complex of East and Southeast
Sulawesi. The collision produced melange and an imbricate island arc zone of Mesozoic and Paleogene
sedimentary strata from the microcontinents, with overthrust slices of ophiolite (Silver et al., 1983a, b). During
the collision, local sedimentary basins formed in Sulawesi. After the collision, basins became more widely
developed throughout Sulawesi. Sedimentation in the Southeast Arm began earlier (Early Miocene) than in the
East Arm (Late Miocene, Smith, 1983; Surono, 1989a, b). Both these sequences are commonly referred to as the
Sulawesi Molasse (Sarasin and Sarasin, 1901) and consist of a major clastic succession and minor reefal
limestone. Most of the molasse was deposited in a shallow marine environment but in some places it was
deposited in fluvial to transitional environments (Simandjuntak et al., 1981a, b, 1984; Surono et al., 1983;
Rusmana et al., 1988; Surono, 1989a, b, 1996).
8.4 BONE BASIN

Bone Basin is located between south and southeast arm of Sulawesi, interpreted as a composite basin, with its
origin as a subduction complex and suture between Sundaland and Gondwana-derived microcontinents, which
subsequently evolved as a submerged intramontane basin. Tectonic and stratigraphic evolutions of the Bone
Basin are still poorly understood due to limited data. A new model based on surface geology, seismic and single
well data is presented for the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of Bone Basin. During Early Tertiary or older,
a westward subduction complex was probably developed to the east of western Sulawesi and Bone Basin was in
a fore arc setting. A collisional event occurred between Australian-derived microcontinents and the Early
Tertiary accretionary complex during Middle Miocene resulting in eastward obduction of the accretionary
complex during Middle Miocene resulting in eastward obduction of the accretionary complex onto the
microcontinents. The westerly continental moving microcontinents then collided against and partly was
subducted beneath the western Sulawesi during Late Miocene. The compression from the collision propagated a
major back-thrust system westward to the subduction zone generating foldbelts as indicated by the west-verging
Kalosi and Majne fold belts. The two colliding plates then were locked up during the Pliocene and the continued
plate convergence was accommodated by strike-slip movements along the Walanae, Palukoro and other faults. In
the southern part of Bone Basin, westerly movement of the microcontinents did not reach the collision stage
with western Sulawesi. Instead, Southeast Sulawesi was rotated eastward resulting in a major extensional fault
cutting along the middle of the Bone Basin (Sudarmono, 1999). Stratigraphic record is very limited as only one
well was drilled in the basin. The well indicates that the northern part of the Bone Basin basically consist of two
marine sedimentary packages separated by a major Pliocene unconformity, which are pre-collision and
post-collision sediments. The pre-collision sediments is of Late to Lower Miocene age consisting of
predominantly calcareous claystone with rare limestone beds in the upper part and a conglomeratic layer in the
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lowermost part. The post-collision sediment is a syn-orogeneic sequence consisting of interbedded sands and
clays with a few thin sporadic lenses of lignites. The lowermost part of the package and overlying the major
Pliocene unconformity is a layer of fine to coarse grain sandstones grading to conglomerates (Sudarmono,
1999).
8.5. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Sulawesi Island and its surroundings is one of the most complicated active margin in term of geology, structure
and tectonic as well. The region represents a center of triple junction plate convergene, due to the interaction of
three major earth crusts (plates) in Neogene times (Simandjuntak, 1992). This convergence gave rise to the
development of all type of structures in all scales, including subduction and coliision zone, fault and thrust and
folding. At present most of the Neogene structures and some of the pre-Neogene structures are still being
activated or reactivated. The major structures include Minahasa Trench, Palu-Koro Fault System and its spalys
of Balantak-Sula Fault, Matano Fault, Lawanopo Fault, Kolaka Fault and Kabaena Fault, Batui Thrust, Poso
Thrust and Walanae Fault.
8.5.1. MINAHASA TRENCH
The Minahasa Trench is surfece expression of Benioff zone, inwhich the Sulawesi Sea crust being subducted
beneath the North Arm of Sulawesi in late Palogene times (Fitch, 1970; Katili, 1971; Cardwell and Isacks, 1978;
Hamilton, 1979; McCaffrey et al, 1983; Simandjuntak, 1993a). The subduction seems to be culminated in
Neogene comtemporaneously with the west-southwest dipping collision zone between the Eastern Sulawesi
Ophiolite Belt against the Banggai-Sula Platform along the Batui Thrust in the south. Seismicity suggests that at
the present the Minahasa Trench seems to be dying out (Mc Caffrey et al, 1983; Kertapati et al, 1992).
Simandjuntak (1988) suggested that recently, the eastern portin of the subduction zone seems to have been
reactivated and produced the Minahasa Volcanic arc.
8.5.2. PALU-KORO FAULT SYSTEM
The Palu-Koro Fault System for the first time is defined by Sarasin (1901), and Rutten (1927) described the fault
zone stretched on nearly N-S direction for at least 300 km long in Central Sulawesi. Sudrajat (1981) described
that the Palu-Koro Fault stretchs from west Palu City to the Bone Bay in the southeast for some 250 km long
and calculated the transcurrent movement in the ranging of 2-3.5 mm to 14-17 mm/year. Tjia (1981) analysed
the rate of up-lifting of coralline reefs within the fault zone of some 4.5 mm/year. Indriastuti (1990) calcaulated
the means of horizontal maovement of 1.23 mm/year. Bemmelen (1970) and Katili (1978) suggested that the
northern portion of the fault system is dominated by vertical movement whereas the southern part is dominated
by sinistral wrench movement. Walpersdorf et al (1997) on the basis of interferometric GPS analysis found out
that the sinistral wrench movement of the Palu-Koro Fault System on te rate of 3.4 mm/year. Seismicity shows
that at the present the Palu-Koro Fault being at least segmently reactivated (Kertapati et al, 1992; Soehaemi and
Firdaus, 1995 ). Simandjuntak (1993a, b) thought that the Palu-Koro Fault System continued to Bone Bay, cut
across the Flores Thrust and terminated in the Timor Trough in the south and to the north is termianted in
Minahasa Trench. He also pointed out that during the history of fault movement, the Palu-Koro Fault was
dominated by a sinistral transpressional movement, giving rise to the up-lifting of the mountain ranges along the
fault zone. Althought in recent time the fault system was subjected to a transtensional sinistral wrenching
causing the development of graben like basins such as Palu Valley and small lakes in many parts along the fault
zone. He also further suggested that the development of Bone Bay was magnified by the sinistral transtensioanl
movement of Palu-Koro Fault System in very late Neogene time. The Palu-Koro Fault System in Sulawesi is
connected with Sorong Fault System in Irian Jawa via Balantak-Sula Fault, Matano-South Buru Fault. To the
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south the Palu-Koro Fault merges with the Lawanopo Fault. Kolaka Fault and Kabaena Fault (Simandjuntak,
1993a)..
8.5.3. BATUI THRUST
Simandjuntak (1993a) defined that the Batui Thrust is surface expression of the collision zone between
Banggai-Sula Platform against Eastern Sulawesi Opiolite Belt in Neogene time. The thrust bounds the ophiolite
belt in the hanging wall from the micro-continents in the foot wall regims. The thrust can be obsrved clearly on
the landsat imagery of the region (Hamilton, 1979). The thrust strechts from Balantak in the eastern tip of the
East Arm of Sulawesi to the SW in Morowali, Tomori Bay. The thrust is disrupted and cut across by a number
strike-slip fault, Toili Fault, Ampana Fault and Wekuli Fault. Its continuation further to the south in central,
Southeast Arm, Buton and Kabaena Islands seems to have been greatly disrupted and modified by post-collision
faults and hence it can not be traced as a continuous thrust zone. Seismicity shows that at present the thrust
might be reactivated (McCaffrey et al, 1983; Kertapati et al, 1992). The occurrence of at least three terraces of
Quaternary coraline reefs along the southern coast of the East Arm of Sulawesi also testifies the recent
reactivation of the thrust (Simandjuntak, 1986, 1993a).
8.5.4. POSO THRUST
Poso Thrust is defined as structural contact zone between the Central Sulawesi Metamorphic Belt (CSMB) and
the Western Sulawesi Magmatic Belt (Bemelen, 1949; Hamilton, 1979; Simandjuntak et al, 1991; Simandjuntak
et al, 1992). The thrust is believed to have instrumented the up-thrusting of high pressure metamorphics (CSMB)
from the depth in Benioff zone on to the top of magmatic belt in Neogene times. Seismicity suggests that at the
present the thrust is no longer active (Kertapati et al, 1992). However, the recent earth quake in the west coast of
Tomini Bay indicates that at least the northern portion of the thrust being reactivated.
8.5.5. WALANAE FAULT
The Walanae Fault is defined as a sinistral wrench faulting trending in NW-SE direction, cut across the South
Arm of Sulawesi. The fault seems to be continued further to the northwest cut across Makassar Strait and
merged with the Phaternoster-Lupar suture in Kalimantan and to the south is terminated in the Flores Thrust. In
Quaternary the fault seems to have been reactivated transtensionally causing the development of Walanae
Depression. Seismicity suggests that at the present the fault is no longer active or dying out.
8.5.6. NOTES ON THE MAKASSAR STRAIT
Katili (1978) suggested that the Makassar Strait was tectonically developed due to the rifting of the region with
axis trending nearly N-S direction parallel to the long axis of the strait. Situmorang (1983), on the basis of
seismic reflection profile across Makassar Strait found out that no a new developing oceanic crust beneath of the
Tertiary sequences at the sea floor of the strait. He further suggested that the basement of the strait is more likely
of continental crust. The occurrence of the Neogene fissured volcanics in and along the Lupar-Phaternoster
suture and other parts in the interior of Kalimantan (Bergman et al, 1988; Harahap, 1996; Hutchison, 1996;
Simandjuntak, 1999) and a similar sosonitic volcanics in wsetern South Arm of Sulawesi (Pryadi, 199 ) suggest
the development of extensional tectonic in the region on Neogene times. The development of Makassar Strait
more likely being related with the extensional tectonic occurring in many parts of central Indonesia in Neogene
times.
8.6. TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF SULAWESI
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The peculiar K shaped of Sulawesi Island may indicates the complexity of geology and tectonics of the region.
On the basis of data obtained on geology and geophysics Simandjuntak (1993) summarized the tectonic
evolution of Sulawesi and its surroundings, which is related with the (re)occurrence of a number types of
tectonism, including a) Cretaceous Cordileran type subduction, b) Mesozoic tectonic divergence, c) Neogene
Tethyan type collision and d) Quaternary double opposing collision.
8.6.1. CRETACEOUS CORDILERAN TYPE SUBDUCTION
A Cretaceous Cordileran type subduction is recorded by the development of a west-dipping Benioff zone in and
along western Sulawesi, inwhich the proto- Banda Sea crust subducted beneath south-southest margins of Sunda
Shield (SE Eurasian Craton). The occurrence of Late Cretaceous high pressure metamorphic rocks in the Central
Sulawesi Metamorphic Belt, the Cretaceous-Paleogene melange wedges associated with metamorphics and
ophiolitic rocks, the Paleogene volcanics in the Westren Sulawesi Magmatic Belt and the ophiolites in the
Eastern Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt are thought to have been developed during and subsequent to this subduction
(Simandjuntak, 1980). The presence of Late Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch sediments associated with basaltic
lavas may represent an upper trench slope sequences during this palte convergence.
8.6.2. MESOZOIC TECTONIC DIVERGENCE
Meanwhile, further to the south-southeast, subsequently after the Permo-Triassic thermal doming the northern
continental margins of Australia were rifted due essentially to the extensional tectonic. The continental
fragments, then were detached and displaced north-northwestwards to form the present micro-continents in the
Banda Sea region (Pigram & Panggabean, 1984), including the Banggai-Sula Paltform, Tukangbesi-Buton
Platform and Mekongga Platform (Simandjuntak, 1986), During the history of the detacheement and
northwestwards displacement, the continental blocks were fragmented to form those micro-continents occurring
in the Banda Sea region. And by the Neogene times, some of the micro-continents were collided with the
subduction complex and ophiolite belt in the western margin of Banda Sea region. The tectonic divergence
seems to be essentially dominated by a transcurrent-transformal displacement along the line of Sorong Fault
System together with its splays of steep faults in the region (Simandjuntak, 1986, 1993).
8.6.3. NEOGENE TETHYAN TYPE COLLISION
The north-northwestwards moving continental fragments (micro-continents) of Banggai-Sula Platform,
Tukangbesi-Buton Platform and Mekongga Platform collided with the subduction complex (CSMB) and the
ophiolite belt (ESOB) in Neogene times. This tectonic convergence is typically Tethyan collision inwhich the
the platforms underplated the ophiolite belt and subduction complex. At present the collision zone is marked by
the occurrence of Neogene melange wedges in places along the Batui Thrust in the East Arm of Sulawesi
(Simandjuntak, 1986). The collision characteristically produced no volcanic arc and geometrically without the
development of fore-arc and back-arc basinal setting (Simandjuntak, 1988). The end products of this collision is
characteristicaaly marked by the obduct-ing (up-thrusting) of the ophiolite suite onto the margins of the microcontinents and the thrusting-up of the subduction complex (CSMB) over the Western Sulawesi magmatic arcs
(Simandjuntak, 1991; Bergman et al, 1996). The Papua New Guinea Ophiolite Belt is also emplaced by an
obduction tectonics (Davies, 1976). During the end and subsequent to this collision, the deposition of
post-orogenic coarse clatics of mostly molasse type sediments took place in the Late Neogene times. The
molasses are mostly marine, but partly are terrestrials as indicated by the occurrence of lensoidal lignites, which
seems to have been acummulated in an isolated and fault-bounded graben like basins especially in the interior of
Central Sulawesi. The marine molasse at least partly seem to have been deposited in a submarine fan
environmental setting.
8.6.4. QUATERNARY DOUBLE OPPOSING COLLISION
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At present an active volcanics in and along the Minahasa-Sangihe Volcanic Arc appears to have been initiated by
the development of a double- opposing subduction in northern Sulawesi in Neogene and reactivated in
Quaternary. The plate convergence is marked by the development of south-southeastwards-dipping subducted
crust of Sulawesi Sea beneath the North Arm of Sulawesi couples with the westward-dipping subducted crust of
Maluku Sea in the north with its southern continuation along the Batui Thrust, inwhich the Banggai-Sula
Platform underpalted the Eastern Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt in the East Arm of Sulawesi (Simandjuntak, 1991). On
the basis micro-seismicity analysis McCaffrey et al (1983) suggest that the southern collision might be (re)
activated at the present time. The occurrence of at least three terraces of Quaternary reefal limestones in and
along the southern coast of the East Arm of Sulawesi testifies the reactivati-on of thie plate convergence and the
rapid uplifting of the region.
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