Miscellaneous

base or the radix. Therefore, under a decimal system

our base is 10 and we use a total of ten digits to represent any number.

I. Binary Numbers: A Discussion

In order to understand what a binary number is we should
first understand what a decimal number is.

Decimal Numbers

Binary Numbers

(i)

(i)

In our everyday life we represent numbers by using ten

digits (which are 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7,8,9) and therefore
these numbers are called decimal numbers (deci means
ten in Latin).
(ii) Any number can be represented using these ten digits.
(iii) Consider for example a sequence of digits 197. Here we
have three digits 1,9 and 7 written in that order. All of us
know that when 1, 9 and 7 are written in that order this
sequence of digits is equal to the number: "One hundred and ninety-seven". How do we arrive at this value
for the given sequence? We do it in the following manners:
197= l x l O +9x10' + 7 x 1 0 =100+90 + 7=197
2

Note: io = 1. In fact, the value is always equal to 1

if any number is raised to the power zero.
This means that to get the value of any decimal number we follow the following rules:
The 1st digit from the right is multiplied by io
The 2nd digit from right is multiplied by J O
1

Just as we use ten digits to represent a decimal number,

we may as well use only two digits (which are: 0, 1) to
represent any number. This will be called a binary system as bi means two in Latin.
(ii) Any number can be represented using these two digits:
0 and 1.
(iii) Consider, for example, a sequence of the digits: 1010.
Here we have a sequence of digits: 1, 0, 1 and 0, in that
order. What is the value of this number? We get the
value in the following manner:
1010 = l x 2 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 2 ' + 0 x 2
=1x8+0x4+lx2+0x1
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 0=10(ten).
Therefore, 1010 in the binary system represents the number: ten. (Which is represented as 10 in our usual decimal
system.).
This means that to get the value of any binary number
we follow the following rules:
The 1 st digit from right is multiplied by 2 (= 1).
The 2nd digit from right is multiplied by 2' (= 2).
The 3rd digit from right is multiplied by 2 (= 4).
3

The 3rd digit from right is multiplied by i o

<<

55

51

55

55

51

51

55

55

n_1

The nth digit from right is multiplied by i o " "

And finally, all these are added.
What is the value if 3, 5, 7 and 9 are written in this
order: 5793.
1

Ex. 1:
Soln:

5793= 5 x l 0 + 7 x l 0 + 9 x 1 0 ' + 3 x 1 0
= 5 x 1000 + 7 x 100 + 9x 10 + 3 x 1=5793
(Five thousand seven hundred and ninety-three).
(iv) We get the value of numbers in these cases by multiplying every digit by power of 10. Here this 10 is called the
3

The nth digit from right is multiplied by 2

Finally, all these are added.
Ex.2:
What is the value i f 1, 0, 1, 1 are written in this
sequence: 1101?
Soln:

1101=i 2 lx2 +0x2 +lx2

= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13. (Thirteen).
Thus the binary number 1101 represents thirteen. Which
is represented as 13 in the decimal system.
(iv) Obviously, here the base or radix is 2.
Conclusion: Thus we see that binary system is a system
of representing numbers just as decimal system is a system
of representing numbers. The difference is that in case of
x

3 +

P R A C T I C E B O O K ON Q U I C K E R MATHS

742
decimal system we represent numbers by ten digits (0,1,2,3,
4,5,6,7, 8 and 9) and the value of the number is obtained by
multiplying different digits of the sequence by powers of 10
and adding; while in case of binary system we represent
numbers by two digits (0 and 1) and the value of the number
is obtained by multiplying different digits of the sequence
by powers of 2 and adding.

Converting binary numbers to decimal numbers

We have already seen how to do it. A binary number is
converted to a decimal number by
(1) multiplying the nth digit from right by 2"', where n = 1,
2,...
(2) adding all these.
Ex. 3: Convert the following binary numbers into decimal numbers:
(a) 1010
(b) 1111
(c)100
(d) 10000 (e) 1110010
Soln:

(a) 1010= l x 2 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 2 ' + 0 x 2

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 0=10(Ten)
3

(b) l l l l =
l x 2 + l x 2 +1x2
= 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15 (Fifteen)
2

(c) 100= l x 2 + 0 x 2 ' + 0 x 2 = 4 + 0 + 0 = 4(Four)

2

(d) 10000= l x 2 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 2 ' + 0 x 2

= 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 16(Sixteen)
4

(e) 1110010 = l x 2 + l x 2 + l x 2 + 0 x 2 +
6

Quicker method for converting binary numbers to decimal

Step I :

l x 2 3 +

For a quicker conversion of binary numbers to

decimal numbers we must remember the above-mentioned
table by heart. Thus, we can save time by directly writing the
value to be multiplied (for example instead of writing 1 x 2 we
can directly write 1 8). Now, since anything multiplied by 1
gives the same number and since anything multiplied by 0
gives zero, we can further save time by writing (i) only the
value of the power of 2 wherever it has to be multiplied by 1,
and (ii) zero, wherever it has to be multiplied by zero. Thus, in
Ex 2, to convert 1010 we may directly write as 1 * 2 + 1 * 2' or
8 + 2 (because other terms will be multiplied by 0 and give 0 in
any case). Thus we can develop the following quicker method
for conversion of binary into decimal numbers:

Starting from the rightmost digit of the given binary

number, write 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32... and so on below
each digit as you proceed towards the left.
Step I I : Ignore the numbers below the 0s (zeroes). Add all
the remaining numbers below the Is.
Ex. 4:
Solve Ex. 3 by quicker method.
Soln:
(a) 1010
Step I : Starting from right we write 1,2,4 and 8 below the
digits. We get

0 x 2 +1x2' + 0 x 2
= 64 + 32+ 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 114 (Hundred Fourteen)
Table 1: List of powers of 2

1 0
8 4

Power

Value

2'

2=2

4 = 2x2

8= 2x2x2

16 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2

Power

Value

32 = 2 x2 x2 x2 x 2

64 = 2 x2 x2 x2 x 2x 2

128 = 2 x 2... 7 times

256 = 2 x 2... 8 times

Step I I : 4 and 1 fall below the zeros. We ignore them and

add the remaining. We get 8 + 2 = 10 (Ten).

O) 1111
Step I :

Starting from right, we write 1,2,4, and 8 below the

digits. We get
1 1 1
8 4 2

1 0
2 1

512 = 2 x 2... 9 times

1
1

Step I I : All numbers fall below Is. So we add all of them to

get8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15 (fifteen)
(c) 100.
Step I : Starting from right, we write 1, 2 and 4 below the
digits. We get:
1 0 0
4 2 1
Step I I : 1 and 2 fall below the zeros, we ignore them. This
leaves 4 (four),
(d) 10000.
Step I : Starting from right, we write 1,2,4,8, and 16 below
the digits. We get
1 0 0
16 8 4

0 0
2 1

Step I I : 1, 2, 4, 8 fall below the zeros. Ignore them. That

leaves 16. (Sixteen)

Miscellaneous

743

(e) 1110010

Step I : Starting from right, we write 1,2,4, 8,16,32 and 64

below the digits. We get
1 1 1 0
64 32 16 8

0
4

1
2

Ex. 6:
Soln:

Convert (a) 11 and (b) 14 into binary:

(a)
5 1
2 0
1

Step I I : We ignore 8, 4 and 1 as they fall below the zeros.

Adding the rest, 64 + 32 + 16 + 2 we get 114 (One
hundred and fourteen)

.-. 1 1 = 1011 in binary

(b)
11

Converting decimal numbers into binary

A decimal number is converted into binary by the method
of successive divisions. Each time the dividend is divided by
2. The remainder is noted and the quotient becomes the next
dividend, which is again divided by 2. This process is repeated until no more division is possible.
We will explain it by the following example.
Ex. 5:
Convert 17 into a binary number:
Soln:
Step I : We divide 17 by 2. The remainder is 1 and the
dividend is 8. (See below)
17
8 1

Step I I : In the previous step the dividend was 8. That is, our
new quotient. We divide it again by 2. Now the remainder is 0 and dividend is 4. (See below)
17
8 1
4 0

Step I I I : Last step's dividend is our new quotient. I f we divide it again by 2, our dividend is 2 and remainder 0.
(See below)
17 1
8 0
4 0
2

Step IV: Last step's dividend is now our quotient, i.e. 2. If we

divide it by 2 our dividend is 1 and remainder 0. (See
below)
17
8
4
2
1

1
0
0
0

Note that any more divisions are not possible because 1 is not divisible by 2. Now, we write all our
remainders from left to right in the order shown below by the arrows
17
8
4
2
1

1
0
0
0

.-. Our binary number for 17 is 10001.

11

0
1

5 1
2 0
1

.-. 14 = 1110 in binary

[Note: We can use the method of 18.3.1 to check if
our answer is right.
Forexample, 1011 = l x 2

+ 0 x 2 +1x2' +1x2
2

= 8 + 2 + 1=11 (Eleven)
1110 = l x 2

+lx2

+1x2' +0x2

= 8 + 4 + 2 = 14 (Fourteen)]
Table 2: Some decimal numbers and their binary representation
(The following table could be used for read\ence in case you require a quick solution. Yes ma\o like
to memorise the binary representation of first 16 numbers: it
will save you a lot of time.)
Decimal
number

Binary
form

Decimal
number

Brian
form

Decimal
number

Brian
form

12

1100

23

10111

10

13

1101

24

11000

11

14

1110

25

11001

100

15

1111

26

11010

101

16

10000

27

11011

110

17

10001

28

11100

111

18

10010

29

11101

1000

19

10011

30

11110

1001

20

10100

31

inn

10

1010

21

10101

32

100000

11

1011

22

10110

Some tips for quick answers

Tip 1: (A) The binary form of an odd number will always
have a 1 in the end and the binary form of an even

P R A C T I C E B O O K ON Q U I C K E R MATHS

744
number will always have a 0 in the end.
(B) Conversely, if the binary form has a 0 in the end it
must be an even number and if it has a 1 in the end
it must be an odd number
Tip 2: (A) The binary form of 4, 5, 6 and 7 has three digits;
that of8, 9,15;
has four digits and that of 16, 17,
31 has five digits.
(B) Conversely, if the binary form has three digits, it
must be one of 4, 5, 6 or 7; if it has four digits it
must be one of 8, 9,15;
if it has five digits it must
be one of 16, 17..., 31.
Tip 3: Just as a zero at the leftmost place has no value for
a decimal number, it has no valuefor a binary number also. (For example, 010 is the same as 10 in
binary system and it equals 2 in the decimal. So,
effectively, 010 is not a 3- digit number but a 2digit number).

I I . Questions Based on Equations

In recent years, there have been some changes in
the pattern of test papers of various exams. Some new chapters and some new types of question have been introduced
in Quantitative Aptitude paper. We are going to discuss one
of those newly introduced patterns of question. These questions are a part of Algebra. They are mainly related to Linear
Equation, Quadratic equation, Inequality and Exponential
chapters.
Type of question: See the following direction and
questions.
Directions: In each of the following questions one
or more equations is/are given. On the basis of the given
equation(s) find the relationship between p and q. Mark answer:
l)ifp = q
2) i f p > q
3)ifq>p
4) if p > q
Questions
1. I.4p + 8q = 3
4p

I.

15

=0

5) i f q > P
I I . 12p + 4q = 4

4p + 8

II. 9q =12q-4
2

I . q 15q + 56 = 0

4.

I . pq+30 = 6p + 5q

5.

I.p(p-')=p-'

n. q = 4 q -

6.

I . 2p = 23p-63

H. 2 q ( q - ) = q -

7.

I . 2p(p + 4) = 8(p + 5)

I I . q + 4 = 7q"'

20q = 5 .-. q =

\_

20

Now, substitute q in either (1) or (2) and get the

value of p.

3.

direct value of P, whereas equation II is quadratic. In Q 3

both the equations are quadratic. In Q 4 two linear equations are combined together. In Q 5 both the equations
give direct values of p and q. In Q 6 equation I is quadratic and equation II gives direct value of q. In Q 7 both
the equations are quadratic.
3. First we will learn to solve the questions based on linear
equation and then on quadratic equation. After that the
questions based on combined equations and other types
of equation will be discussed,
(i) Questions based on Linear Equations
In such questions we are given two linear equations. To find the value of p & q, we are required to solve
these two equations. Now, the problem is to solve the two
linear equations. There are some well-known methods to solve
them. See the following example (Q No. 1).
I . 4p + 8q = 3
I I . 12p + 4q = 4
We can't say which is greater (p or q) in the first
glance. We will have to solve these equations and find the
values of p and q. These two equations can be solved through
graph. But it is not useful for us. The second method, which
is most in vogue, is to equate the coefficient of p in the two
equations and subtract one equation from the other to get
the value of q. See.
4p + 8q = 3
....(1)
12p + 4q = 4
....(2)
We multiply eqn(l) by (3) and eqn (2) by 1 to equate
the coefficients of p. Now, the two equations become
12p + 24q = 9
....(3)
12p + 4q = 4
....(4)
Now we subtract (4) from (3) and we have

I I . 2 p - 1 0 p + 12 = 0
2

<W

1
P=

Thus p = q
The above operation involves at least two steps,
which takes a little written work. Now, our aim should be to
reduce the written work and save our time. We are going to
discuss a time-saving method. Which gives direct value of p
and q without any written work. See the following carefully.
Take two general linear equations:

36

ajp + b,q + c, = 0
a p + b q + c =0
2

Note:
1. All the above questions have been asked in PO Exams
during 1999-2000 and 2000-01.
2. Q 1 is based on linear equations. In Q 2 equation I gives

1
b,c

-b c
2

Miscellaneous

P=
Note:

745

b]C

a,b

- b?c
2H
-a b,

and q

a,b

3.1l*-2
C

2H
2

-a b,
2

Note that the denominators of both the values are

the same (a,b - a b ] ) . It is very systematic and
easy to remember. Once we find the value of p, we
can get q by putting p in either of the equations. So
you don't need to remember both the formulae.
In the above example:
2

I.4p+8q-3 = 0

II. 12p + 4 q - 4 = 0

Because, both the equations together give single values of p and q. So in linear equation cases, one value (p)
can't be greater than or equal to other value (q). So our
answer can't be choices (4) or (5).
2. From the given formula
P

b,c -b Ci
2

32

>,

3 1l*-2
C

=> p > q

8 ( - 4 ) - 4 ( - 3 ) _ - 3 2 + 12 _ 1

P=

4x4-12x8 *

Putting p = -

-80

~4

in I , q

p =q

p =q

If you have good practice of multiplication and addition you can write the values of p and q direct. Thus it
minimises writing work at the cost of mental work, which
ultimately saves our time.
See the following two examples:
Exl.
(I) p + 2q-95 = 0
(II) 2p + 3q-151=0
Ex 2.
(I) 3p + 4q-25 = 0
(II) 2p + 3q-18=0
-302 + 285

Soln

(i)P = - 7 T T -

,_
= 1 7

Puttingp= 17 i n l , q = 3
Soln

(2)P

q>p

72 + 75 = 3
9-8

Puttingp = 3 in I , q = 4 => q > p

Exercise: Solve the following questions which are
based on the direction given earlier. First try yourself. I f you
find any problem only then see the given solution.
1.1.p + 4q = 6
II. 5p + 8q= 18
2.1.3p + 4q+ 1 = 0
II.p + 6q-9 = 0
. 3
3.1. 6p + q = 4 -

p<q
Can we apply the above rule to find our answer
directly? No. Our conclusion may be wrong for -ve values of
p and q. Check question (6).
p+q+1=0
p-q-5=0
p _ -5 + 1 _ - 4 _ - 2
q ~ 11+5
+ 5 ~ T6 ~

But if we solve, the correct value of p = 2 and q = -3,

which implies that p > q. So the above method does not give
the correct answer in all the cases.
Solution
(1)2; I. p + 4q-6 = 0
II.5p + 8q-18 = 0

-72 + 48

-24

8-20

-12

Putting p = 2 in I , q = 1

7q

,
=

II.p + 6q-9 = 0

-36-6

= -3
18-4
Putting p in I , q = 2

=; q > p

II.2p + 3 q = 3 ^
6p + q - 4 - = 0

6p + q - = 0
1 9

,2
II.3p + 2q= l j

5.1. 3p + 2q = 2.3
6.1.p + q + 1=0
7.1.2p + 2q = 7
8.1.p + 7q = 6
9.1.2p-q=16
P

p>q

p=

2p + 3 q - 3 - = 0

10.1. T - + - T -

(2)3;I.3p + 4 q + l = 0

(3)3;

4.1.6p + 3q = 3

q>p

II. 4p + q=1.9
II.p-q-5 =0
II.4p + q = 5
II. 3p + 5q = 2
II.3p + 2q = 66
H.3p ^
+

=2

2
4
Mark the following points
1. Your answer would be choice (1), (2) or (3) only. Why?

43
12

43

> 2p + 3 q - = 0

57
+

18-2

-43 + 171

128

12x16

12x16

3
Putting P = y i n l , q =
4

(4) l ; 6 p + 3 q - 3 = 0

q>p

12

P R A C T I C E B O O K ON Q U I C K E R MATHS

746

b V b -4ac

. Sum of the two values of

2a

3p + 2 q - y = 0

-b
- and mula

-5 + 6
P=

tiplication of the two values =

.
a
Now, with the help of the above information we will
try to solve the problems.

12-9

Putting P

3inl,q = -

p=q

(5) 3;3p + 2q-2.3=0

4p + q-1.9 = 0

Take question (3).

I. q 15q + 56 = 0
2

II. 2 p - 1 0 p + 12 = 0
2

-3.8 + 2.3

-1.5

P=

=
3-8
-5
Let p = 0.3 in I , q = 0.7
(6) 2;p + q + 1 = 0
p-q-5=0

= 0.3

I. q -15q + 56 = 0
2

q>p
=> q =

+ 151^225-4x56
~

-5 + 1

= 2

P=

15 + 1
=

'
8

II. 2 p - 1 0 p + 12 = 0
+ 10 + V 1 0 0 - 9 6
10 + 2 . ,
=> p =
= _ ^ = 2,3
4
4
2

Putting p = 2 in 1, q = -3
(7)3;2p + 2q-7 = 0
4p + q - 5 = 0

p>q

Thus q > p

-10 + 7
P=

Other Method: (By factorisation)

I. q - 1 5 q + 56 = 0

-6 ~ 2

2-8

or, q - 7 q - 8 q + 56 = 0

Putting p = in I , q = 3

q>p

or,q(q-7)-8(q-7) = 0

(8)3;p + 7q-6 = 0
3p + 5q-2 = 0

o r , ( q - 8 ) ( q - 7 ) = 0=> q = 7,8
SimilarlyII. = ( p - 2 ) ( p - 3 ) = 0 => p = 2,3

-14 + 30

Therefore, q > p.

-1

5-21

Suggested Method

Putting p = -1 in I , q = 1
(9)2;2p-q-16 = 0
3p + 2q-66 = 0
66 + 32
P= 4+3

98
7

q > p means both the values of q are more than both

the values of p. This further implies that sum of both the
values of q is more than sum of both the values of p. Inversely, i f sum of two values of q is greater than sum of two
values of p then q > p.
See the same in above case:

q>p

14

Putting p = 14 in I , q = 12

p>q

Inequation I. q 15q +56 = 0

2

P
(10)3; J +

7q

Sum of two roots (or two values of q)

1 => 2p + 7q-4 = 0

_-(-15).

5q
3p + -^- = 2 r^> 6p + 5q-4 = 0

= 15

In equation II. 2p - 1 Op +12 = 0

2

_ -28 + 20
P

10-42

-8 _ 1
Sum of two values of p =

~^32~4

1
I
Putting p = in I , q =

q>p

(ii) Questions Related to Quadratic Equations

The general form o f quadratic equation

is

ax + bx + c = 0 . The two roots or the two values of x are

2

- ^

=5

q>p.

Now our work becomes so easy. We don't need to

find the roots of the quadratic equations. With the help of
the above explanation we can find our answer quickly. But
what happens when one value of q is equal to one value of p,
which requires the choice (5) q > p ?

Miscellaneous
What happens when one value of q is more and the
other value of q is less than the respective values of p?
To get the solution of the above questions mark the
following points.
(1) Suppose the quadratic equations give the value of p
and q like:
p = 3,7 ancfq = 1 , 8
In such case, we can't say p > q or p < q because 3 is less
than 8 but more than 1; similarly, 7 is more than 1 but less
than 8. Then what should be our answer? We have no
choice to mark !! Don't worry. Such a case will never
i come if you have no option among given choices.
(2) Our method suggests only about q > p or p > q but what
happens when one value of p is equal to one value of q,
which subsequently changes our answer as q > p or
p > q ? To know the^efrdttfOfTofequality of one root in
two quadratic equations. See the following explanation.
Suppose the two given quadratic equations are
I. a , p + b , p + c, = 0

II. a q + b q t-c = 0

Note: The roots (or values of p&q) of the quadratic

tions in the above two examples can be found easiK by
factor method. This does not imply that the suggesk :
method (discussed above) is useless. It is useful when
the equations are difficult to factorise and roots come
in fractional value.
Take some more examples:
E x : l . 1.18p + 3p - 3 = 0
II. 1 4 q - 9 q - 1 =0
Soln: By factor Method:
I. 18p + 9 p - 6 p - 3 = 0
9p(2p+l)-3(2p+l) = 0
2

=>(9p -3)(2p+l) = 0=i

i

By Solution Method:
- 3 V 9 + 12xl8

- 3 + 15

36

36.

II. q =

9 V81-56

-9 +5

28

28

or

Then

b]C

b-)C|

a Cj
2

a|C

ajbi a b|

Therefore p > q .

a,a + b,a + c, = 0 and a cc + b a + c, = 0

2

1^

S> (7q+ l ) ( 2 q + l ) = 0rr> q =

i.p =

p=X.-J*

>

II. 14q + 9q + 1 = 0 => 14q + 7q - 2q - 1 = 0

=> 7 q ( 2 q + l ) + ( 2 q + l ) = 0

Suppose one value of p and one value of q are equal

ie, P| = q , = a (say). Then

Therefore p > q
By Suggested Method:

b|C

or,

b-jCj

a C| a|C
2

a C ] ajC->

ajb

a->b|

I . Sum of roots

-3
:

" 18

of,^a c, - a , c ) = (a,b - a b , X b c - b c , )
2

I I . Sum of roots

or, (a,c - a c , ) = (a,b - a b , X b , c - b c , ) **

2

Now, we may conclude that if the relation given in**

is true then one of the values of p is equal to one of the
values of q. The above relationship is very systematic. Mark
and remember it.
Take the example:

p>q
14
For equality of roots,
(18 + 42) = (162-42)(3 + 27)
:

3600 = 3600 = > p > q

Ex:2. I.p -12p + 36 = 0
Il.q -14q + 48 = 0
Soln: By Factor Method:
I. p - 12p + 36 = 0 => p - 6p - 6p + 36 = 0
2

I. p -10p + 24 = 0

II. q - 9 q + 20 = 0

= > ( p - 6 ) ( p - 6 ) = 0 s p = 6
II. q - 14q+ 48 = 0 => q - 8 q - 6 q + 48 = 0
2

Sum of roots (p, + q ) = ^ p ^ = 10

=> q ( q - 8 ) - 6 ( q - 8 ) = 0 => ( q - 6 ) ( q - 8 ) = 0

.-. q = 6,8
Sum of roots fai + q ) =
2

^ ^ =

p>q

Now, check the equality of root.

Therefore q > p

By Solution Method:

12+Vl2 -144
2

( 2 0 - 2 4 ) = ( - 9 + 10X-200 + 216)
2

=> 16=16, which is true. Hence one root of p

is equal to one root of q. Thus our required answer
should be p > q

II. q =

14 + V196-192. 14 + 2 .
- =
= 6,8
n

P R A C T I C E B O O K ON Q U I C K E R MATHS

748
Therefore q > p
By Suggested Method:
I. Sum of roots = 12 II. Sum of roots = 14 => q > p
For equality of roots,
(48-36) = (-14 + 12) (-12*48+ 14x36)
(12) = (-2)(72)(7-8) ^

Suggested Method: Put the value ofx = - l andy= 1.Check the

equality of the given equations as suggested below.
We have,
xy -x y
2

+ 2x y

= xy (\ y{2y-\)

1)

M
r

L.
ne

2)

xy {\+x)-x y{\-y)
2

(12) = (12) => q > p

2

= xy\y{l + x)-x(l

- y)] =

Note: We call the third method as suggested method and not

the quicker method, because for students whose basic
calculation is not fast this method is not quicker.
Ex: 3. 1.2p + 12p+ 16 = 0 => p + 6p + 8 = 0
2

II. 2q +14q + 24 = 0"=> q + 7q+12 = 0

Soln: By factor Method:
:

I. p + 4p + 2p + 8 = 0 => p(p + 4) + 2(p- 4) = 0

" 3)

4)

xy^x +

y) +y(l-y)-x{\+x)\
2

Now, put x = - 1 and y = 1 and check the equality of all given

equations.

0)

>

(-lXl) -(-l) 0) 2(-l) (l)

2

it.
2

> -1-1 + 2

=>(p + 2){p + 4) = 0 > p = -2,-4

(2)

Therefore p > q

(3)

>

By Solution Method:

(4)

> ( - l ) ( l ) [ l ( l + ( - l ) ] _ ( - l ) [ l - ( + ! ) ] => 0 - 0 ^

(5)

I.P =

-6V36-32

-62

7 + V49^ 48

II. q =

-71

2
Therefore p > q
By Suggested Method:
I . Sum of roots = -6
For equality:

=-2,-4
= -3,-4

I I . Sum of roots = -7 => p > q

16=16 = > p > q

I I I . To find the part of the equations

which is not equal to the other given
equations.
First see the format of the question given below.
Direction: Four of the following five parts numbered (1), (2),
(3), (4) and (5) in the following equation are exactly equal.
Which of the parts is not equal to the other four? The
number of that part is the answer.
xy -x y

+ 2x y

= xy (\ + x y(2y-\)
2

1)

2)

xy (l + x) - x y{l - y) = xy\y{\ x) - x(l - y)] =

2

3)

> (-iXr) [i-2(-i)]+(-i) (i)[2(i)-i]

2

> l [ l + 2 ] + l [ 2 - l ] => 4

(12-8) = (72 - 56)(7 - 6)

=> 0

II. q + 4q + 3q+12 = 0
=> q(q + 4)+3(q + 4) = 0
=> (q + 3)(q + 4) = 0 => q = -3,-4
2

in

4)

xy\x + y) + y{] - y)-x(\ x)]

(-iXi) [i+(-i)]-(-i) xi[i-i]^o-o=>o

2

=^ 0 + 0 => 0.
From the above calculation we can conclude that the all
parts are equal except the equation (2). Hence (2) is the correct answer.
Note: The above suggested method is not true for each and
every case. But aspirants are advised to try this method.
Here your luck has to play its role. I f you are lucky
enough, you may save atleast 1 minute. Now, take the
case given below carefully.
Direction: Four of the five parts numbered (1), (2), (3), (4)
and (5) in the following equation are exactly equal. Which
part is not equal to the other four? The number of that
part is the answer.
{\)x{x

+ y) -2x y
2

(3) x(x +y )
2

(5) x\x +

rect answer.
(SBI Bank PO Exam, 1999)

(2) x{x-y) +2x y

^)x\x

+ y) -2xy]
2

y) -2xy \
2

(SBI Associates PO 1999)

Now, we try to solve by the suggested method. By putting the value of x = - 1 and y = 1, we find that every part of
equation is equal to (-2). Hence, the given method doesnot
hold true in this case. Therefore, in such cases traditional
method will be applied. After simplification of the equations
given in the above question, we find that all equations are
3

5)

I
th
te
Ex

(-IXI)[(-I+I) ]+I(I-I)-(-IXI+(-I)]

equal to x +xy

except equation (5). Hence (5) is the cor-

Miscellaneous

749

IV. Questions Based on Inequality

Some Solved Examples

"Equation" means A statement of equality which has

L.H.S (Left Hand Side) and R.H.S (Right Hand Side) and connected by a equal sign (=).
Now see the following statements.
6 is greater than 5 (6 > 5)
x is less than y (x < y)

Ex.1:
Soln:

Solve(3x-l)(x-2) < 0
Divide 3 on both side (because the term 3 x is there
so to get x we have to divide it by 3)
then

a is greater than or equal to b (a > b)

-3 is less than or equal to x ( - 3 < x)
Here the signs are >, > , < and < so these are called
inequalities or inequation and not equations.
Now go through the following rules and try to remember
it.
* I f a >b then
(i) a + c > b + c
(ii) a - c > b - c

* In an inequality if one term goes from one side to the other

the sign of the inequality remains the same but the sign of
term changes from +ve to -ve, from x to * and vice versa.
I f a - c > b then a > c + b
Ex:
Ifa + b > c t h e n a > b * c.
* I f the signs of all terms of an inequality changes
then the sign of the inequality is reversed.
Ex:
Ifa>bthen-a<-b
a

>

Ex.2:
Soln:

a
b
(iv) > (c is +ve)
b c

(iii) ac>bc (cis+ve)

*Ifa>bthen "

<

Solve(2-x)(x-5)<0
Multiply (-1) on both sides and that is why
' < ' sign will change to ' > '
ie(-l)(2-x)(x-5)>0(-l)
s

(x-2X*-5)>0
-+2

X<2\>5

ie xeR-[2,

Ex.3:

Solve 2x

Soln:

3x - 9 x + 2 x - 6 > 0

5J

-7x-6>0

=> 3 X ( X - 3 ) + 2 ( J C - 3 ) > 0

1
1
" and ~ 7 7 7 (Ifnis+ve)
a

-<x<2

=> (x-3X3x + 2 ) > 0

(a,b,c,x,y,z>0)
(x- 3^x +1 j > 0 (dividing both sides by 3).

How to solve an inequality

We should divide it into two categories
1. (i) I f ( x - a ) ( x - b ) < O a n d a < b

<-*-

(x-3

a
b
The solution is a < x < b.
(ii) (x - a) (x - b) < 0 and a < b
The solution is a < x < b
(i) If(x-a)(x-b)>Oanda<b

Ex.4:

Solve Sx +6x + l < 0

Soln:

5x +6x
2

R-(a,b)

x<*ui>3
3

+ \<0

*-!(-

=> 5x +5x + x + \0

a
b
The solution is x < a u x > b. ie. x e R - [a, b]
(ii) I f ( x - a ) ( x - b ) > Oanda<b
=> The solution is x < a u x > i ie. x e

>0
3JI

=> ( x + l ) ( 5 x + l ) < 0

' -l<x<

5x(x+ l ) + x + 1 < 0
X + IJ X +

<0