Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONFIDENTIAL
COURSE
FLUID MECHANICS II
COURSE CODE
MEC442/KJM492
EXAMINATION
APRIL 2009
TIME
3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1
Answer any five (5) questions in the Answer Booklet Start each answer on a new page
Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
EM/APR 2009/MEC442/KJM492
QUESTION 1
a)
For a flow in the x-y plane, the y component of velocity(u,v) is given by v = y2 -2x + 2y.
i)
ii)
Show that the answer is also valid for unsteady, incompressible flow.
(10 marks)
b)
i)
ii)
QUESTION 2
a)
V = {x + 2y)i + (x2-y)j
(8 marks)
b)
A steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow field in the x-y plane has the following
stream function:
y/ =ax2 + bxy + cy2
i)
ii)
Verify that the flow field satisfies the incompressibility continuity equation.
iii)
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
EM/APR 2009/MEC442/KJM492
QUESTION 3
The velocity profile in a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate may be modeled by a cubic
equation
Explain why b0 and b2 equal zero and evaluate the constants bi and b3 in terms of the
boundary layer thickness, 8.
(6 marks)
b)
c)
x V(RO
where x is the distance from the leading edge of the plate. You may assume without proof
that the friction factor is given by Cf=2(d6 / dx).
(8 marks)
QUESTION 4
a)
Show that in isentropic flow of a perfect gas the temperature and pressure are related to the
stagnation temperature and pressure by
Tn
(PA r
o
T ~
( r _-i)
heats.
(8 marks)
b)
Air with a stagnation temperature of 450 K and a stagnation pressure of 1.6 bar enters a
convergent-divergent duct having exit area of 0.0028 m2 and throat area of 0.0025 m2. Find
the mass flow rate if the exit pressure is
i)
1.5 bar
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
EM/APR 2009/MEC442/KJM492
QUESTION 5
a)
For a radial flow turbine, based on angular momentum considerations and using the velocity
triangles, show how the energy transfer is related to absolute, relative and blade velocity
changes.
(8 marks)
b)
An inward radial flow reaction turbine is supplied with 0.8 m3/s of water under an effective
head of 15m. The runner is rotating at 320 rpm and its inner and outer diameters are 0.4 m
and 0.8 m respectively. The runner blade width at inlet is 0.1m and the blade inlet angle is
108 to the tangent to the runner. The flow is discharged radially from the runner to
atmospheric pressure. Given that the thickness of the blades at inlet to the runner is
negligible and the flow component of velocity is constant through the runner, calculate;
i)
the inlet guide vane angle for no shock loss in the runner,
ii)
iii)
the output shaft power available from the turbine if the mechanical efficiency is 90%.
(12 marks)
QUESTION 6
A layer of rain water of thickness h flows at a steady rate down a flat windscreen inclined at an
angle 8 to the horizontal. The air in contact with the free surface of the water layer is at
atmospheric pressure and the water flow rate is such that the air exerts a negligible drag force on
it.
a)
Show that for laminar flow of the layer of water the governing equation is:
d u
ju -
= -pg sin 0 where
2
dy
y is the perpendicular distance from the flat screen across the water layer thickness,
u is the water velocity at distance y,
\x. is the coefficient of absolute viscosity of water and
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
(6 marks)
Hence show that the velocity distribution in the layer of rain water is
u=^(2hy-y2)sin0
2/u
(6 marks)
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
b)
EM/APR 2009/MEC442/KJM492
For water with absolute viscosity 10"3 kg/ms and density 1000 kg/m3 calculate;
i)
the flow rate of water required per unit width of wind screen to maintain a water layer
of thickness 5 mm when the plane of inclination is 45 degrees.
(6 marks)
ii)
the maximum velocity of the water in the layer under these conditions.
(2 marks)
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
EM/APR 2009/MEC442/KJM492
APPENDIX 1
FORMULA LIST
\lTt
du
+ M
\df
T"
du
+ V
du \
M
'T
-.2.
dp
I d'u
^ ~T
-.2.
d~u <f~u
P^ + M 7 ^ + T^ + 7T
dx
dv
dc/
rfJC
\djr
! y direction)
/r)f
dv
\5/
fix
dv
rh
dv\
dz)
dp
iiy
d~V
\dx~
2..
dv
rls ,
ctU
dy2
-,2.
d~V\
dz2 J
(z direction)
(dw
dw
dw
dw \
dp
( d2\v
d2w
d2w
\rlf
(a-
a,v
Sz/
dz
\dx2
By2
dz2/
r dv
az
Tr ~r Te
*Tz
Laplacian operator:
_2
v
a /
d\ , l
a2
~7a7 a7 j + SW
, a2
+
a?
+(
y.VK-^*+
fc+^
CONFIDENTIAL