,

SPE
SPE 18948
Well Test Analysis of Dual-Porosity Systems Intercepted by
Hydraulic Vertical Fractures of Finite Conductivity
by R. Aguilera,

Servipetrol

Ltd.

SPE Member

Copyright 1989, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This peper was ~reparad for presentation at the SPE Joint Rocky Mountain ~onaffLow

Permeability Reservoirs Symposium and Exhibition held in Denver. Colorado, March 6-S, 1969.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Commltfee following review of information contained in an abatract aubmiffed by the author(s). Contents of tha papar,
aa presentad, have not bean reviewad by Ih6Society of Petroleum Engineers and ara subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
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of where and by whom the papar is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Sox S33836, Richardson, TX 750834S36. Telex, 730969 SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT

been the object

of intensive
studies
during
the last few years.1-l?
The
effect of a fully penetrating vertical
fracture of infinite
conductivity
in a
homogeneous reservoir has been studied by
Prats,is
Prats
et al.,~~
and
Ruesel
Truitt,aO van Everdingen and Meyer,~t and
Gringarten e% al.zz

Analytical solutions
are presented for
systems
the analysis
of dual-porosity
by
intercepted
hydraulic
vertical
fractures
of finite
conductivity.
The
well can be in an infinite or a bounded
dual-porosity system.
The outer boundary
can be sealed or it can be at constant
pressures.
The
following
identified:

flow

periods

have

Many times naturally fractured reservoirs

fractured.
For
are
hydraulically
example, this has happened
repeatedly in
the Austin
Chalk
and the Appalachian
Basin.
iiouze et a~.2S
studied
this
considering
an infinite
problem
by
vertical
fracture
in an
conductivity
reservoir
infinite acting
and concluded
Ap
vs. time
plot of
that a log-log
in an early straight line
should result
slope,
followed
by a
with
a
0.5
and reaching pseudo
transition
period,
radial flow when pressure
in matrix and
fractures reach an equilibrium.

been

1)

A bilinear
flow period typical of
finite
conductivity
fractures.
This is recognized
by a quarter
slope in a conventional log-log
crossplot of pressure differential
Vs. time.

2)

A transition
period
due to flow
front the matrix into the natural
fractures.

31

A
radial
flow period
pseudo
recognized by a straight line in a
conventional skmilograthmic plot.

4)

which can be due

Boundary effects
to a sealed boundary
or an outer
boundary at constant pressure.

Lancaster and Gatensaq have presented

some
guidelines
regarding
practical
for
analysis
methods
hydraulically
in dual-porosity reserfractured
wells
voirs. They
conclude
that pre-fracture
well test data are intportant for a proper
test interpretation.
post-fracture
well
From the pre-fracture test one can obtain
natural fracture permeability, lambda and
omega, critical parameters for the postfracture well test interpretation.

Recognition of these flow periods allow

calculation of parameters such as omega,
lambda, distance
between
natural fractures,
permeability,
fraCtUre
conductivity and half-fracture length. This is
illustrated With an example.

Ag;.iLeraZ6 has presented an approximate

Of linear
flow in naturally
fractured reservoirs.
He concluded that
a crossplot of
Ap
vs. time on log-log
result
paper
should
in 2 parallel
straight lines with a slope equal
to 0.5
which depends on
and a transition period
SOIUti.011

INTRODUCTION
Naturally

fractured

reservoirs

have
lW

,.
WELL TEST ANALYSIS OF DUAL POROSITY SYSTEMS INTERCEPTED
BY HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURES OF FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

of
flow
type
the
interporosity
steady, or gradient)
(transient,
pseudo
From
and the s~pe of the matrix blocks.
this plot it is possible to estimate the
and the
ratio
storativity
(ome9a) ,
distance between natural fractures.
presents
an approximate
This paper
the
for
case of a fully
solution
fracture of finite
penetrating
vertical
or infinite
conductivity and studies the
effects on pressure of wellbore storage,
steady state
skin t unsteady
or pseudo
interporosity flow,
and outer boundaries
with or without pressure maintenance.
Fig. 1
presents
schematics
of the
models considered in reference 25 and the
model utilized
in this paper.
Schematic
A considers
a system dominated by linear
flow (ref. 25).
B used
in the present
In schematic
study, we have first
linear flow through
the hydraulic fracture.
This period dies
very quickly
and thus has little practical importance.
Next is the bilinear flow period where
two linear
flows occur simultaneously.
One is a linear flow within the hydraulic
fracture
and the other
is linear flow
from the
natural
fractures
into the
hydraulic
fracture.
This is recognized
by a quarter slope in a conventional logof pressure differential
109 crossplot
Vs . time.
A transition period follows due to flow
from the matrix
into the natural fractures.
Once an equilibrium is reached
between
pressures
in matrix
and fractures,
a
pseudo
radial
flow period
towards
the
hydraulic
fracture
is
developed.
This
is recognized
by a
straight line on a semilog crossplot of
pressure vs. time.
Finally, the pressure transient reaches
the outer boundaries which can be segled
on at constant pressure.
In the sealed
case, a straight line with a slope equal
to 1.0
is developed on a log-log plot of
A P VS. t. In the pressure maintenance
case
the
pressure
curve
becomes
horizontal.

of this equivalent homogeneous reservoir

is approximately the same as the drainage
radius of the fractured well.
Based on the previous observation we used
the effect of
equations 6 that handle
wellbore storage and skin in the tranbehavior
of rad~ally
sient pressure
bounded
naturally
fractured
reservoirs
with and without pressure maintenance, to
from
study
behavior
resulting
the
and infite
vertical fractures of finite
fractured
conductivity
in a naturally
reservoir.
Since the basic equations
used in this
are
for radial
flow towards
a
radial
wellbore,
trail and error was
carried out to tune up the equations by
results
matching
their
against
data
published
previously
in the petroleum
The following
engineering
literature.
data were matched:
Study

1)

A log-log type curve of PD vs. tD

published by Gringarten et al.2Z for
the case of a well with a vertical
fracture of infinite conductivity in
the center
of a closed square with
no wellbore storage.
In the general
equations (1 and 2) used
in this
paper this was achieved by introducing, omega =1, skin = O, and CD =
o.

2)

plOt Of PD VS.
lx publisA 109-109
hed by Ramey and Gringarten,30 and
Cinco et al.al for the case on an
conductivity
vertical
infinite
fracture with wellbore storage .equal
to 0.1.

3)

A log-log type curve of PII vs. tn

published by Houze et al.2!J for the
a vertical
a well with
case of
fracture of infinite conductivity in
an
infinite
naturally
fractured
reservoir.
This was
achieved by
introducing in eqs. 1 and 2, skin =
o, CD =0, a large value of X=LI to
simulate
an
reservoir,
infinite
values of omega equal
to 0.1, 0.01,
and values
of lambda~
and 0.001;
equal to 10-2 , 10-1 , 10 and 10~ .

4)

with
a numerical
Data
generated
and Gatens~~
Lancaster
model
by
using CD = O, skin = O, u = 0.01
and a large value of xan to simulate
an infinite acting reservoir.

5)

A log-log type curve of PO vs. to to

published by Cinco et alzl for the
case of vertical fractures of finite
conductivity
in
a
conventional
single-porosity reservoir.

THEORY
The present method is based on Prats et
al. s19 observation that the behavior of
a homogeneous
reservoir
with
a fully
penetrating vertical fracture of infinite
conductivity
can be represented
by an
equivalent radial-flow reservoir of equal
volume.
The effective
well radius of
this equivalent
homogeneous reservoir is
approximately
equal
to one-fourth
the
total fracture
length.
The outer radius

SPE 18948

This trial and error effort led to the

following
equations
which
represent
a

ROBERTO AGUILERA

SPE 18948

A value of N = 10 in double precision

arithmetic was found adequate
for theee
calculation.
The wellbore
storage, Co ,
was divided
by 0.35 and the dimensionlinterporosity
ess
flow
parameter.
iambdaf , was multiplied by 0.35.

the
relationships
of
modification
developed by Olarewa.5u and Lees for the
radial outer boundary,
case of a sealed
for the case of a radial
and Aguilera2s
outer boundary at constant pressure:
Sealed outer boundary:

The function, f(s), in eqs. 1

given by:

and 2 is

Lu(l-bJ)s+Af

f(s) =

------- ------- (7)

(1-u)s+xf

for the case of

flow~d and

restricted

f(s) =u+~=f
outer

boundary

(s)
(-)/1.(

Fwil

at

tanh~-

constant pressure:

{-Kc.( vX.D
CF)
1.
%,. CF) + K. ( ~)
~

interporosity

interporosity
for unrestricted
the case of a slab model.

flow in

For a model made out of spheres:l~

Ii(

-)/1.(
~
(-)]]
+ i-j
[
Ii (
sf(s)]/Ie ( ~

Af
15(1 - ~ )s
------ ----f(s) =0 + - ---Af
5s
(r

CF) + K;
t~~x,.
CF)
xeo .CF) + K!
(2)
%:.

K.(

(i=na)ll

/&

where CF is a correction

factor given by:

CF = 2.06869 - 0.0538619
X*B2 - 0.000122514 X603

X-II

the
Traditionally
in
petroleum
engineering literature
the name peeudosteady state interporosity flow has been
used to design the restricted case; and
transient
interporosity
flow has been
to design
the unrestricted case.
used
However, as pointed out by de Swaan16 eq.
to the fully
7 is a fair ap.proximati.on
exact transient
formulation. and talking
about pseudo
eteady state
flow within a
transient regime might be contradictory.

Eq . 3 haa been
found to be valid for
values of XC,, between
10 and 10/7. For
xoo > 10, CF is equal to 1.87. For x~o =
1, CF is equal to 2.1.
In the latter
case, however, the agreement
between the
approximation provided
by eqs. 1 and 2,
and the exact
solution
published
by
Gringarten et al.zz is not very good.

Dimensionless

Stehfestae algorithm has been used to

obtain
the
real space
solution
for
wellbore pressure
as a function of time
with:
ln2N
pfJ = ---- XVI
tos i=l

x50

in 2
----xi
tos

Dimensionless

pressure,

PD :

(4)
pD

tD/f),35

parameters

The
following dimensionless parameters
are used
sectione
dealing
with
in
naturally fractured reservoir:

where,
to s

(9)

0.00462455
(3)

-1

coth

kf hft (6P)
= ----------141.3 q)bB

KZ h.t (LJP)
s ------- ----141.3 q~ B

(10)

(5)
Dimensionless

time,

tn

and,
tD

ax(],

~i
Vi =

(-i)z

i)

0.000264 Tf t
------------(Sft

sBt)

xfz

0.000264 kx t
_______ -----$t

cl p

Xf

(11)

!J+l

(2K)!

(~-K) !(K!)2(i-K)

!(2K-i)!

Dimensionless
(6)

K=[~]

lw

wellbore

storage:

WELL TEST ANALYSIS OF DUAL POROSITY SYSTEMS INTERCEPTED

BY HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURES OF FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

0.8936 C
CD

0.8936 C

= ------

= --------------(Sft+

Smt)

xf~

------

Effect of Wellbore

---

$, c,, h~, xft

XejI

lenqth, x,!):

Xe/Xf

(13)

Dimensionless
fJJ

fracture

Sft/(Sft

storativity

ratio, omega:
(1.4)

Smt)

(CfDF)

Dimensionless
hydraulic
transfer coefficient, Iambdaf :
Af

k.
=Ct -kz

The previous
finding allowed to extend
the type curve shown on Fig. 2 to one
that handles wellbore storage effects and
outer boundaries as illustrated
on Fig.
4. A value of CO equal to 0.1 is used in
that graph.
Skin is zero amd omega
equals 1.0. These values of CD are small
compared
with
dimensionless
usual
unfractured
reservoirs.
storages
of
12 that the
Note.
however,

eq.
denominator includ;~
xfg rather than the
usual rw2 .

rwZ
--Xf 2

0.1.

flow

2
km
i = a -- rW = af
kz

tO

The comparison is good and leads to the

approximation
conclusion
that
the
provided
by eqs. 1 and 2 can handle
with qood
wellbore
effects
storage
reservoirs
accuracy
in
homogeneous
intercepted by vertical fractures.

(15)

interporosity

eqUa~

fracture

xf~

Dimensionless
coefficient,

Storage

Eqs . 1 and 2 were used to generate

dimensionless
pressures
represented
by
triangles on Fig. 3 for the case in which
co = 0.1
and omega = 1.0. The black dots
data
represent
obtained
with finite
difference
equations
by
Ramey
and
Gringarten.sO
The continous black solid
It
line was published by Cinco et al.31
applies to a well intercepting a vertical
fracture in infinite conductivity
with a
dimensionless
fracture
storage capacity

(12)
Dimensionless

SPE 18948

(16)

Parameter
lambda depends on formation
properties ( a . k. and kz) and wellbore
radius.
Parameter
1ambdaf depends on
those same formation properties and the
hydraulic fracture half-length, xf.
COMPARISON
WITH
INFINITE
CONDUCTIVITY
VERTICAL FRACTURE IN BOUNDED AND INFINITE
HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

Fig.
4 indicates
that with a small
we might see
amount of wellbore storage
an early slope larger than 0.5 and going
up to 1.0 even if the well is intercepted
by a vertical fracture.

Eqs. 1 and 2 were used

to evaluate a
well with a vertical fracture of infinite
conductivity in a homogeneous reservoir
by assuming
CII = 0, omega = 1, skin = 0,
and any value
of
lambda.
Stehfest
algorithm (eqs. 4-6) was used to obtain
the real space
solution
for wellbore
Pressure
as a function
of time. The
dimensionless time used in the algorithm
(to.) was equal
to t,,divided by 0.35
(eq. 5).

Effect of Skin
pO vs. tO
Fig.
5 &hows a crossplot of
on log-log paper for the case of a well
conductivity
intercepting
an
infinite
storage, Xen =
fracture with no wellbore
infinite,
values
of skin.
and various
The
line -t zero skin is equivalent to
the infinite
the curve
under
label on
Figs. 2 and 4.

The black
solid lines
2 are
in Fig.
Gringarten
et
al.zz
and Raghavansz T
solutions.
The circles represent results
obtained with
the use of eqs. 1 and 2 by
introducing omega = 1, CD = o, skin = o,
and any value of lambda.. The comparison
is good
for values of x./xf > 10/7. For
Xe /Xf = 1 the comparison
is not as
accurate when to ( 1.
This leads us to
the conclusion
that eqs. 1 and 2 are
most
valid
for
cases
of practical
importance.

skin in a
The
idea of a positive
well
is not
hydraulically
fractured
it represents
Physically,
unrealistic.
some type of damage
in that portion of
the formation which is in contact with
the hydraulic fracture.
Effect of Wellbore Storage and Skin
Fig. 6 shows a log-log crossplot of PII
vs. tfl for the case of a homogeneous
reservoir
infinite
acting
(X8D
=
infinite) . lheblack solid line at CO =
S = O is the same one with
the infinite
2 and 4. Other lines
label on Figs.
represent
different
values
of CtI and
skin.

Both eqs. 1 and 2 give the same results

the
case of
an infinite
acting
reservoir,
i.e., when we use a large
value of x~o in the calculations.
in

1%
..

SPE 18948

ROBERTO AGUILERA

that
a
This
plot
indzcates
fractured
well
in
a
hydraulically
might
exhibit
homogeneous
reservoir
different
types of behaviors
at early
slopes
ranging
between
with
times,
approximately 0.02 at CD = O and S = +5
ami 1.0 when
the flow is dominated by
wellbore storage effects.
Ah early slope
of approximately 0.25 is observed at CM =
O and skin = 0.25.

with
a dimensionless
fracture
conductivity, cf~
to
2.0.
, equal
The
comparison is by no means perfect.
The
results
indicate,
however,
that there
might be some type of correlation between
a finite conductivity
fracture
and a
positive skin. This idea is developed in
the last section of this study.

compare
well with
These
behaviors
many
operators
that
observations
by
on conventional
suggest
various
slopes
log-log plots
of delta p vs. t following
hydraul~c fracturing jobs.

COMPARISON
WITH
INFINITE NATURALLY

Obta~ n t.lle best possible

match on
l?iq. 6.
and tD
Read
skin, CD , pD,
from
the type curve:
and real times
from the data curve..
and pressures
Calculate permeability in md from:
~=

141.3

q~ B
---hAP

po
(17)

p.f
in buildupa
where delta p = p..
c.>d delta
p = P! - pwf in drawdowns.
In case of buildups
Fig. 6 can be
used
to analyze
shutin times up to
10% of the flowing time.
If this is
not the case introduce
an equivalent
time,
At., in the log-log plot of
delta p vs. time given by:za

Ate
2)

Calculate
fracture
feet from:

Results are presented in Fig. 8asa

crossplot of
Pn
VS.
t~
on ?og-log paper.
The
solid and dashed
lines represent
results published
by Houze et al.~~ The
circles
dimensionless
correspond
to
pressures
dimensionless
and
times
calculated with the use of eqs. 1 and 2.
The comparison
is good
and gives
us
confidence
with respect to the validity
of the approximate solutions
provided by
E@.
Fig.
1 and 2.
9 shows a more
vs. t. for varicms
detailed plot of pn
values of lambda when omega equals 0.01.
Both Figs.
8 and 9 assumed restricted
(pseudo steady) interporosity flow.

(18)
half

length

IN

Stehfest algorithm*
was used to obtain
the real space
solution
for wellbore
of time introducpressure as a function
inq a time, tDs , in the algorithm equal
to tO/O.35 (eq. 5).

At
t
= -------

t+At

FRACTURE
RESERVOIR

Eqs . 1 and 2 were used

to evaluate a
well with a vertical fracture of infinite
conductivity
in
an
infinite
acting
naturally fractured
Function
reservoir.
f(s) for the case of pseudo
steadv state
interporosit.y flow was calculated wjt.h
the use of eq. 7. Both equations 1 and 2
provided the same results when very larue
values of x.11 were introduced to simulate
an inf$nite acting reservoir.
Values of
CD and skin were
assumed to be equal to
zero: lambdaf was made equal to 10-~, 101
10, and 10s: and omega
was made equal
,
to 0.1, O.Oi, and 0.001, so as to be able
with
a type curve
to compare
results
published by Houze et al.~

Fig. 6 cen be used to try to analvi?e a

fractured
hydraulically
homogeneous
reservoir using the following procedure:
1)

VERTICA1,
FRACTURED

in

f=-
Note that eqs. 17 and 19 are similar
to eqs.
The former are
10 and Il.
for homogeneous
reservoirs.
The
latter
for
naturally
fractured
reservoirs.
related
to
Problems
multiple
matches
can ariae when
working
with Fig. 6. Consequently,
it is recommended
to always verify
results
using
conventional
semi log
and delta p vs. (t):/z crossplot.

Fig. 10 is based on the same valuea of

iambdaf and omega presented in Fig 9. In
this case, however, transient rather than
pseudo steady state interporosity flow is
assumed.
It is interesting
to observe
that during
the transition
period
an
approximate straight
line with a slope
equal
to 0.25 is observed.
This slope
developes for values of omega < 0.01 and
suggests bilinear
flow between
(1) the
natural and hydraulic fractures,
and (2)
the matrix
blocks
and
the natural
fractures.

The black
solid
lines in Fig. 7 show,
dimensionless
pressure vs. dimensionless
time for the case of a positive skin
equal
to 0.4 and Co = O. The dashed
1ines represent
results
published
by
Barker
and Ramey* 4 for the case of a
conductive ty
finite
vertical
fracture

---

WELL TEST ANALYSIS OF DUAL POROSITY SYSTEMS INTERCEPTED

BY HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURES OF FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

i
COMPARISON

WITH WERICAII

MODEL RESULTS

is no difference with respect to Fig. 12.

For Co = O we see a slope smaller than
0.5 at early
times,
and eventually
approaching 0.25.
This
can be interpreted
as some type of bilinear flow
between (1) the natural fractures and the
and
(2) the matrix
hydraulic fractures:
blocks and the natural fractures.

11 chow simulated
The circles
in Fig.
drawdown preseures generated by Lancaster
and Gatensg4
with the use of SUGARII, a
porosity
reservoir
simulator
dual
developed for the Department of Energy.gz
and fluid properties used in
Reservoir
simulated examples are presented in Table
1.

COMPARISON
WITH
FINITE
CONDUCTIVITY
VERTICAL FRACTURE IN BOUNDED AND INFINITE
HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

11 represent
The
triangles
in Fig.
preesures calculated with the use of eqs.
1 and 2, by introducing omega = 0.01,
Iambdaf
= 10, S = O, CQ = O and an
arbitrary large value of x921 to simulate
an. infinite reservoir.
The comparison is
Both eqs. 1 and 2 pzovided
excellent.
the same results.

The comparison presented in Fig. 7 led

to the idea that some type of pseudo skin
might
be
a
suitable
parameter
for
simulating finite conductivity fractures.
due to a hydraulic
The idea of damage
fracture has not received much attention
in the literature
but is a distinct
possibility.
For example,
Branagam et
a case
Mstory
on
the
ala2 have presented
effect
of damage
in
a hydraulically
fractured naturally fractured reservoir.

The comparisons shown on Figs. 2, 3, 8,

and 11 lead us to the conclusion that
eqs.
1
and 2 provide excellent quatitatools
for
transient
tive
pressure
analysis
of naturally
fractured reservoirs with hydraulic vertical fractures.

The skin introduced into egs. 1 and 2

to model a finite
conductivity fracture
is not a constant as in the case of Fig.
7: rather it is a time dependant pseudo
skin.

EFFECT .OF WELLBORE

STORAGE;
SKIN AND
OUTER BOUNDARIES
ON DUAL-POROSITY SYSTEM
WITH HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURE
reviews
section
the effect
of
This
various
inner and outer boundary conditions
on
the transient
behavior
of
naturally fractured reservoirs.
Effect of

Wellbore

SPE 18948

This time dependency is illustrated in

Fig.
14
for
dimensionless
hydraulic
fracture condcctivities equal to 20, 10,
5, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.2. These pseudo skins
were not generated
by
any rigurous
equation.
Rather,
they calculated by
trial and error.

Storage

Eqs. 1 and 2 were

again utilizad but
varioue values of CD and
now introducing
Xe/Xf
as shown on Fig. 12. Omega was
equal to 0.01, lambdsf
equal to 10, and
the interporosity
flow was assumed to be
of pseudo steady state type.

The black solid lines

in Fig. 15 show
type curves
for a finite conductivity
fracture published by Cinco et alai . The
circles represent
results
obtained with
the use of egs.
1 and 2 by introducing
large value of
omega = 1P CD = 0, a Vt2rY
Xao
to
simulate
an infinite-acting
reservoir,
our
time dependant
pseudo
skins, and any value
of lambda.
The
comparison ie good and validates the use
of egs.
1 and 2 together
with timedependant pseudo skins to avaluate wells
cut
by
finite-conductivity
vertical

When
CKI = O, the early etraight line
shows a 0.5 slope indicating linear flow
from
the natural
fractures towards the
hydraulic fracture.
For other values of
CD the early straight
line approaches a
slope
of 1.0.
These values of CD are
small compared with usual dimensionless
storages
of
unfractured
reservoirs.
However, note in eq. 12 that the denominxf2
rather
than the usual
ator includee
rwg .

fractures.
Fig.
16 shows type curvas for a squared
finite reservotr
published by Barker and
Ramey.ga
The black solid lines are their
results for a fracture conductivity equal
to 2.0 and various values of
x9/xf . The
circ13s represent
results
obtained from
eqs. 1 and 2 together
with our timedependant pseudo skins.
The comparison
is good
and validates
the equations for
limited
reservoirs
a
with
squared
drainage area.

Effect of Outer Boundary

At late times we see the effect of a
sealed outer boundary (eq. 1) represented
by a straight line with a slope close to
1.0 in Fig. 12. If the outer boundary is
at constant
pressure
(eq. 2) the p.
curves become
horizontal.
Fig. 13 uses
as Fig.
12, but the
the same basic data
of
transient
rather
than
assumption
pseudo steady
state
interporosity flow.
For values
of CO greater than zero there

1ss

ROBERTO AGUILERA

SPE 18948

TYPE

CURVES

FOR. D:;;;;:ROSITY

the
On
comparisons,

SYSTEMS

1)

Select a match point.

For

example,

CONDUCTIVITY

x~ER.~8PT.EP..
.._B.y_.
VERTICAL .FRACTURES

pm = 2.92
t~ = 10

the
basis
of
ecis. 1 and 2 were

440 psi
160 hours

previous

used for
evaluation of

generating type curves for

at
at

2)

Transmissibility is calculated to be
386.8
md-ftlcp
from
ea.
10.
Permeability
10.95 md.

dual-porosity systems cut by a vertical

fracture of finite conductivity.

is

determined

to

be

type curve for the

pseudo - steady state interporosity flow. The dashed lines in Fig.
the curves that handle
17 represent

3)

bilinear flow at early times. Each curve

has been generated for a different value

4)

As estimate
of skin can be obtained
from S = - in (xf/(2rW)) = -5.25.

5)

Lambdaf from the match is 1.4. From

this,
the
value
of lambda
is
determined to be 9.65 x 10-6 using
eci. 16.

Fig. 17 shows the

of

case

dimensionless

of
(CfD

fracture

Half-fracture
to be
11.

length

95.23 ft

is calculated

with the use of ea.

conductivity

=wkf/(xtk)).

The upper black solid

line is for the
case of a vertical
fracture of infinite
The lower
three black
conductivity.
slope are for
solid
lines with
0.5
fractures
of infinite conducvertical
skin.
The
tivity with
a negative

CONCLUSIONS

The same type curve for pseudo steady

state interporosity flow is presented on

The effect of wellbore storage, skin,

and sealed or contant pressure reservoir
boundaries on the transient behavior of
naturally fractured reservoirs with a
hydraulic vertical fracture of finite or
infinite
conductivity
has been inves-

Fig. 18 but
derivatives.

tigated.
The study
following conclusions:

horizontal dotted lines are for values of

lambdaf going from 0.1 to 1000.

now

including

the pressure

has

led

to

the

porosity systems intercepted by finite

conductivity vertical fractures in the
case of traneient interporosity flow.
type
curve
including the
The same
pressure derivative is displayed in Fig.

are various regimes in the

transient bebvior
a hydraulically
fractured du:~-porosity reservoir.
The first ?-. n,ightbe dominated by
wellbore at .age and in recognized
by a 1.0 slope on a log-log plot of

20.

pressure differential

Example

In some instances,
we might have
linear flow from the natural into
the hydraulic
fracture.
This iS
recognized by a 0.5 slope.
In other
cases, we might have bilinear flow
which is recognized by a 0.25 slope.
The next flow regime i8 a transition
whose path denends on the transient
steady
pseudo
(unrestricted)

Fig. 19- shows the type curve

for dual-

1) There

Table 2 shows some basic rock and fluid

properties
and pressure
drawdown data.
Fig. 21 shows a plot of
(Pi - pwf) vs.
time over a type curve for dual-porosity
systems
intercepted
by
a
vertical
fracture of finite conductivity.

The early data points tend to form a

straight lina with a slope equal to 0.25
suggesting
bilinear flow.
This iS
followed by a transition period and a
probable indication of an outer boundary,
which seems to be more evident in the
derivative plot.
To

verify

the match
and
type curve
generated as shown on

and results a
derivative were
The
Fig. 22.

comparison is

good

single

reasonably

state
interpo;osity
(restrict%)
In the case of
flow assumption.
flow this
transient
interporosity
transition approached a 0.25 slape
for small values of omega suggesting
flow
between
(a)
the
bilinear
natural and the hydraulic fractures
and (b) the matrix blocks and the
natural fractures.
The next
flow regime is pseudo
steady state and is recognized by a

suggesting
that results shown inside the box of the
Figure are probably within correct orders
of magnitude.
Calculations
follows:

can

be

carried

out

vs. time.

1.151
slope
in
a conventional
semilog plot.
The final regime is
dominated by outer boundaries which
can
be
closed
or at constant
pressure.

as

2) The controlling

---

1s9

equatione have been

WELL TEST ANALYSIS OF DUAL POROSITY SYSTEMS INTERCEPTED

BY

HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURES OF FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

With
a
numerical
corroborated
from other
results
simulator
and
accepted
by
models
qenerally
industry.

Determination of Fissure Volume and

Block Size in Fractured Reservoirs
by Type-Curve
Analysis,
paper SPE
9293 presented
at the SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Dallas (Sept. 21-24, 1980).

can be utilized for

3) The equations
homogeneous
analyzing
conventional
reservoir by making omega = 1.

12.

Bourdet, D. et al. New Type Curves

Aid Analysis of Fissured
Zone Well
Tests, World Oil (April 1984) 111124.

13.

Bourdet,
D. et al. Interpreting
Well Tests in Fractured Reservoirs,
World Oil (October 1983) 77-87.

14.

Mavor,
14.J.
and
Cinco-Ley,
H,
Transient
Pressure
Behavior
of
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, SPE
7977
paper
presented
at
the
Meeting held in
California Reqlonal
Ventura,
California
(April 18-20,
19)9).

15.

Olarewaju, J.S. and Lee,

- W.J. New
Pressure
Mode 1
Transient
Analysis
tor Dual-Porosity
Reservoirs, SPH
paper 15634 presented
at the 61st
Annual
Technical
Conference
and
Exhibition
held
in New Orleans,
Lousiana (October 5-8, 1986).

16.

de Swaan, A. Influence of Shape and

Matrix-Rock
Blocks
on
Skin
of
Transients
in Fractured
Pressure
paper
SPE
15637
Reservoirs,
61st
the
Annual
presented
at
Technical Conference
and Exhibition
held in New Orleans,
La (October 58, 1986).

17.

Pruebas de Variation
de Swaan, A.
en
Presion
Yacimientos
de
Fracturados, Rev. del
Naturalmente
IMP (October 1986) 36.

18.

*Effect
of Vertical
Prats,
H.
Reservoir
BehaviorFractures
on
Soc .
Fluid Case,
Incompressible
Pet. Eng. J. (June 1961) 105-118.

19.

Hazebroek,
P.
Prats,
M.,
and
**Eff~ct of Vertical
Strickler, W.R.
Reservoir
BehaviorFractures
on
Case, Sot. Pet.
Compressible-Fluid
Eng. J. (June 1962} 87-94.

20.

Truitt,
N.E.
and
Russell,
D.G.
Pressure
Behavior
in
Transient
Vertically Fractured Reservoirs, J.
Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1964) 1159-1170.

21.

A..F., and Meyer,

van Everdingen,
Buildup
of
Curves
L.J.
Analysis
After
Well Treatment,
Obtained
Petroleum
Technology
Journal
of
(April 1971) 513-524.

22.

Gringarten.

REFERENCES
1.

Barenblatt,
G.I.
and Zheltov, Y.P.
Eauations of Filtration
Fundamental
of Homogeneous
in Fissured
Liquids
Soviet
Physics,
Rocks,
Doklady
(1960) Vol. 5, 522.

2.

Warren, J.E. and Root, P.J. Behavior

of tiaturally Fractured Reservoirs,
Sot. Pet. Enq. J. (sept. 1963) 245.

3.

Transient
Kazemi,
H.
Pressure
Fractured
Analysis
of
Naturally
Reservoir
with
Uniform
Fracture
Pet. Eng. J.
Distributions, Soc .
(Dee. 1969) 451.

4.

de Sw&an, O.A. Analytical Solutions

for Determining
Naturally Fractured
Well
Reservoir
Properties
By
Soc . Pet. Eng. IT. (June
Testinq,
1976) 11?-22.

5.

Najurieta,
H.L.
A
for
Theory
Pressure
Transient
Analysis
in
Naturally
Fractured
Reservoirs, J,
Pet. Tech. (July 1980) 1241-50.

6.

Najurieta,
H.L.
Interference
and
Pulse Testing
ir Uniformly Fractured
Reservoirs, paper
SPE 8283, presented at the !54th Annual Fall Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas,
Nevada (September 23-26, 1979).

7.

8.

9.

Streltsova,
T.D.
Well
Behavior
of a Naturally
Reservoir ,
Soc .
Pet.
(October 1983) 769-780.

Pressure
Fractured
Eng.
J.

Serra,
K.V.,
Reynolds,
A.C.,
and
Raghavan, R. New Pressure Transient
Analysis
for
Methods
Naturally
Fractured
Reservoirs
J. Pet. Tech.
(October 1983) 1903-14.
Well
Aguilera.
Roberto.
Test
Analysis
of
Naturally
Fractured
Reservoirs , SPE Formation Evaluation
(November 1987).

10. Aguilera,
Multiple
Roberto.
Rate
Analysis
for Pressure Buildup Tests
in Reservoirs with Tectonic, Regional
and Contractional Natural Fractures,
SPE Formation
Evaluation
(November
1987) .
11. Bourdet,

D.

and

Gringarten,

SPE 18948

A.C.

A.C.,

Ramey,

H.J., and

SPE 18948

ROBERTO AGUILERA

Raghavan, R. Unsteady State Pressure

Distribution Created by a Well with a
Sinai.e Infinite-Conductivity Vertical
Societv
of
Petroleum
Fracture,
Journal
Enuineer
(August 19-4) 347360.

Journal

(Auullst 1978) 253-264.

32.

Science
Applications,
Inc. :
for Unconventional
Simulator
Gas
Resources,
Mul.ti-Dimensional Model
SUGAR-MD, Vol. 1 and 2, NTIS Report
DOE/MC/08216-1440,
No.
September
1983.

33.

Branaqam, P.T. et al.: Case History

of Hydraulic Fracture Performance in
Naturally
the
Fractured
Paludal
Zone:
The Transitory
Effects of
Damage, SPE/DOE paper 16397.

24. Lancaster,
D.E.,
J.M.
and Gaten,
Practical Well Test Analysis Methods
for Hydraulically
Fractured Wells in
Dual-Porosity
Reservoirs, SPE p&per
15924
presented
at
the Eastern
in Columbus,
Regional
Fleeting held
Ohio (November 12-14, 1986).

34.

Barker,
B.J.
and
Ramey,
H.J.:
Transient
Flow
to
Finite
Conductivity Vertical Fracture, SPE
7489 presented
at the 53rd
paper
and
$.nnual Fall Technical Conference
Exhibition
held
in Houston, Texas
(October 1-3, 1978).

25. Aguilera
Roberto
An Approximate
Solution of Linear Flow
in Naturally
Fractured
SPE paper
Reservoirs ,
16442
listed
New Papers,
under
Journal
of
Petroleum
Technology
(April 1987), p. 418.

NOMENCLATURE

23. Houze,
O.P.,
Home,
R., anti Ramey,
H.(J. Infinite
Conductivity Vertical
Fracture
in a Reservoir with Double
Behavior, SPE paper 12778
Porosity
presented at t-heCalifornia Regional
Meeting held in Long Beach, Ca (April
11-13, 1984).

26. Agu.ilera, Roberto Effect of Wellbore

Storage
and Skin in the Transient
Testing
of
Bounded
Naturally
Fractured
Reservoirs ,
SPE paper
17001 (April 1987).
27. Raghavan,
R.
Pressure
Behavior of
Wells Intercepting Fractures, Proc.,
Invitational
Well Testing Symposium,
Berkeley, California
(October 19-21,
1977) .
28. Agarwal,
R.G.
A
Method
to
New
Account
for Producing
Time Effects
When Drawdown Type Curves are Used to
Analyze Pressure
and Other
Buildups
Test Data, SPE paper 9289 presented
at
the
55th
Technical
Annual
Conference
and Exhibition,
Dallas,
Texas (September 21-24, 1980).

30. Ramey,
H.J.
and Gringarten,
A.C.
Effect of
High
Volume
Vertical
Fractures
on Geothermal
Steam Well
Behavior,
Proc. ,
Second
United
Nations
Symposium
on the Use and
Development of Geothermal Energy, San
Francisco (May 20-29, 1975).

H.,

Samaniego,

V.,

= matrix blocks dimensions,

(m)

= formation
volume factor,
bbl/STB (ma/ms)

= wellbore storage
coefficient, bbllpsi
(m/kPa)

co

= dimensionless wellbore
storage,
0.8936 C
~~ Cl hxtz

CfD

= Cincos
dimensionless
storage fracture capacity.

CF

= correction
eq. 3

--.

factor defined in

(kPa-l)

DP

f(s)

= function defined

= net pay, ft (m)

h.

= matrix block thickness

(height), ft- (m)

hm t

hf

= fracture thickness, ft (m)

hf ~

= total fracture thickness, ft

(m)

1,

and

Dominguez,
N.
Transient
Pressure
Behavior
for a Well With a FiniteConductivity
Vertical Fracture, SPE

ft

isothermal compressibility,
psi-l

29. Stehfest,
H.
Algorithm
368,
Numerical
Inversion
of
Laplace
Transforms , D-5 Communications
of
the ACM (January 1970) 13, No. 1, pp.
47-49.

31. Cinco,

a, b, c

vertical separation between

2 parallel
straight lines,
psi (kPa)
in eqs. 7-9

total matrix block thickness

reservoir thickness, ft (m)

modified
Bessel
function,
first kind, zeroth order

WELL TEST ANALYSIS OF DUAL POROSITY SYSTEMS INTERCEPTED

BY HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURES OF FINITE CONDUCTIVITY

10
11

= modified Bessel function,

kind, first order

km

= matrix permeability,

kt

permeability
attached
= fracture
to single point properties, xnd

kz

permeability attached
= fracture
to bulk properties, md

KQ

function.
= modified
Bessel
second kind, zeroth order

K!

= modified
Bessel
function,
second kind, first order

= slope of semilog straight

psi/cycle (kPa/cycle)

= number of faces in matrix block

exposed to fractures

pd

first

permeability
average
composite system, md

= dimensionless
kfhf AP
141.3q~ B 2

tD

dimensionless time,
0.000264 Tft &0.000264
k,.~
[3ft+S=t)rw~
(ezcft+ pmc*t)

of

prwZ
/( (sf%::w

md
tzl
s

Ate

= Stehfest
dimensionless
defined in eq. 5

(~:~:B)

time

= equivalent buildup time, hr(s)

= transmissibility,
m/Pa-s)

= Stehfest
eq. 6

xeD

x8

= half drainage

Xf

md-ft/cp

parameter

dimensionless
length. n/xf

line,

pressure,
K2h AD
141.3q~ B

(md-

defined in

half

fracture

length, ft (m)

half fracture length, ft (m)

flow
interporosity
factor, ft-z (m-z)

shape

interporosity

dimensionless
transient flow

parameter

Partial derivative

interporosity
dimensionless
flow
parameter
(related to
natural fractures)

dimensionless

i5fD(a) = transformed
pressure
>

= pressure, psi (kPa)

~W D

= volumetric
(m~/day)

= radius, ft (m)

rO

= dimensionless radius, r/r.

rmD

rw

= wellbore

re

= outer radius, ft

= Van

Af=

wellbore dimensionless pressure

flow

dimensionless
radius, re/rW

interporosity
dimensionless
flow
parameter
(related to
hydraulic fractues)

rate, bbl/day

outer

= viscosity, cp (Pa-s)

= Porosity, fraction

#f

= fracture

boundary

single
fraction

radius, ft (m)

and

= t~tal
fracture
$fcfthrtt ft/psi

storage

porosity
point

attached to
properties,

~=

= matrix porosity,

#t

total porosity,

Hurst

$2

fracture
porosity
attached to
bulk properties, fraction

dimensionless

(m)

Everdingen

dimensionless skin
Sf t

SPE 18940

fraction
fraction

fracture storage

(m/kPa)

Subscripts
s, t

total
#mc.thmt,

matrix

storage =
ft/psi (m/kPa)

= dimensionless

= total

= Laplace space variable

= fracture

Wf = flow

= time, hr (s)

= initial

ws = shutin

= matrix

8i%

18948

TABLE 1
RESERVOIR AND FLUID PROPERTIES24

E=
;:

0.05 md
100 ft
0.001

f.

t =

0.099
10

km
rw
Gas
~L
Pi

6.25 X 10-s
= 4.167 x 10-4 md
= 0.25 ft
Specifiy Gravity = 0.7
= 100 F
1000 psia
=
0.001
100 ft

Cf

h=
c%=
w=

0.12
0.01

q=

h.

20621 SCF/d
10 ft

(b)

(a)

CLOSED OUTER BOUNDARY

WITH OR WITHOUT
PRESSURE MAINTENANCE

tt

INFINITE

,..

..

...,.

*+S**--I-7I+
i :i

. . . . ..

...

Xf

*!
Xf
;

Xf

..,.,

,.,

. . .

-...

....

f :
;
.
8!O.
....0..
..99.-***...**-*U
i
/i< :
:
i
;
r
.

ie

Xe

INFINITE
4+

HYDRAULIC VERTICAL FRACTURE

--- NATURAL FRACTURES

Fig. l-Model

of hydraulic veftical fractures in naturally fractured reaewoim.

10-!
10-3

10-2

10-1

10

MY

Iv

D
Fig. 2Dimensioniess pressure from different theories, infinite
conductivity verticai fracture.

x
D

Fig. 3-Weiibore storage in infinite conductivity verticai fracture, CD= 0.1.

!3
Fig. 4-Weiibore storage in infinite conductivity vertical fracture,
outer boundary effects are included.
204

S& 18948

P~
10-1

10-2

10-1

10

102

103

Fig. 5Effect of skin on dimensionless pressure, CD= O, vertical

1

P~
.

:93

.1

100

1.10

1000

D
Fig. 6Effect of skin and wellbore storage on dimensionless

100

10

----Ref. 34

~iS
study
1
.01

.1

1+10

100

1000

D
Fig.
7-Dimensionless

pressure from different theories for a

bounded system.
205
F

=
102

!8944

10

.--.

--,--

. . ..

d?

,...
---Q

Houze

a123

This study

10-21
10-3

10-2

10-1

10

102

103

104

105

106

D
Fig. 8infinite conductivity fracture in dual-porosity system from different theories.

103

101

P~
10-1

10-

10-5

10-3 ~

10-1

1(+

103

D
Fig. $-infinite conductivity fracture in dual-porosity system, pseudo-steadystate interporosity flown

102

1
PD
10-2
F
10-7

10-5

10-3

10-1

101

103

D
Fig. 10infinite conductivity fracture in dual-porosity system, transient

10(

sw 18948

.,,

...-,*.~. ,>

Wo

o
1

OA

A
o

.1

0
A

A
o

.01
10-6

10

10-4

Ref.
This

-2

24
Study

102

D
Fig. 1l-Comparison

with results from numerical simulation.

104

102

10-2

D
Fig. 12Wellbore storage and outer boundary effects, pseudo-steadystate interporosity flow.
UIIAINAGL

AHIA

10+2 L
1

PD
*1

1
..,,+JMAN7

I, U,.SWHI.

.0

10

103

n
Fig. 13WeIlbore storage and outer boundary effects, transient interporosity flow.
207

II

1 1111

FINITE
~~xN

.. .
-1

-1

e.
1. c
.--=
-.*--

FMCTURE
*
-Tx=:

1 1 Ill

Lz51
,..

, ,.

/
.,.

,-

I.a

. . . . ...

. .

. ..

..

,.

,..=-

-m.+.,................. +-

.-.4

.
.*

. .

. .

..*

..-*.

,. ,.=
.

.A

...-. ..-~-

,-----

.
.

..
...-.
0.6
..-
----

...-

_L__l-Lllllll

E-02

I t 1 1111
E-cl

1 1 1 1118
E+@.

I 1 1 !111
E+ol

1 I 1 Ii

Fig. 14Pseudo skin as a function of dimensionless time for

values of fracture conductivity.

100
Approximate
of semiloq
1 ine

+
.

start
straight

.314

Inf.
~

Cinco
0
This

Cond .

31
study

.1
.

1 IT

.. . . . ..--. --. ---. ---.--

.-.--

14

2.0
,.
5.0 ,
,.

10.

1 1 III

..,~

0.

=-+

106

,..
-,.

a.e

FIG.

-*--*-

CONDUCTIUXTY
~
~ -Tzm

01

. 1

10

1
A.

100

1000

n
Fig. 15Dimensionleae pressure for a finite conductivity vertical fracture from different theories.

.,,

..

,.,

.!
,:.

]03

:cf!3= 2.0
P~

: OThis

stuc.y

10
.,
.

APPROXIMATE START

] 0-1

Fig. 16-Flnite

conductivity vetiical fracture inabounded

I 11!

1111
SPE

189@

1 1 111

resemoir.

1 1 1s1

1 I

,Fxo. 17

*
..----------,.
.-.--
,-.
.
...---..---.------

c+)

.-----

5.0

. . ..19,C
30,0

----

,.,
100 #o
Z13,0

E-e;
500.0
1000,0
1,

Tim

Dimmmionlmsm

53

1 1 & 1fllt

E-es

1 $1$1

E-cl

Group

1 t11111 ( I 1!1 Ill~~

E+@@
E+C1

Fig. 17Type curve for finite conductivity vertical fracture in a dual=

porosity system, pseudo-steady-state interporosity flow.

209

WE !8948
I

1111

r 1111

18948

1 I Ill

1 1 Ill

*
Dud

Porodtu

FIQ, 18

Frrnturm

(~*.>,..

......-.---

-.---:l::::::U.

-.-::::::U

DimonoionLn9
1

f r 11(1

e-m

Tiu9

1 1111

E-OR

(w3up

1 # Ill

1 Itll

c+..

=-01

1 1

F+o$

Fig. 18-Pressure derivative for finite conductivity vertical fracture in a

duai-porosity system, pseudo-steady-state interporosity fiow.

1111
-

1R948

1 111

, Pm.

1111

1 II

-1

GfI)

Porodtu

-..
....----

Fratum

---... ...---.-----
.------...--
----

Q,2-.
------ ..-......----...-..---. -------.- .-,
,.. -.-
QJ.-..
-- /.-.
-
//.-../

-----... ----

(tran9>. ,...-. ------:-. -------....-.

-----. ... . . ..-, . ..- ------------ /...~-

Dud

E+@@

lg
-.

..-

.-----.......w//

..- .----

...-
,-----/
~----

..

--

-v///
/-:

j+
Dim9nsionlno
1

E-m

1 I

Ill
E-es

1 1 111

E-cl

Titm
I

~roup

1111

E+oe

1 1111

E+el

1 18

Fig. 19-Type curve for finite conductivity vertical fracture in a duaiporosity system, transient interporosity fiow.

210

aeE 18948
*
Du91

Poro9AtU

cfD

. . ------

Fr90turg

-----

(trq)

. . . . ..----

. . ..~~~~..~~.;:::::~~

. -----

-., .. .. ..---
. ..
-.- .. . ..----...::; . ..--.;,...
--::::::
~~:~~+
---.. --., .--:.
..-.
+
@...----::......----::....-
..:::::..
. .. . .
..}!9.. --..::,-...,.----.....:::::.
., -- j,$.... -.
,...-+-
,. .-.
.. -- ,., ./;
: ;~r~<;
. ..?.Q.--.::: -.:
.,
--- ~~:?-,.~. ~!
...~
;/;
:
;
;
y....
--.---

. ...

?.$
%=#d
Y,~>

~-*g/

1
I

# ! Ill

1 1111

E-82

1 1 111

1 I

c+..

C-91

111

E+ol

111

Fig. 20Preaaure derivative for finite conductivity vertical fracture in a

dual-porosity system, transient Interporosity fiow.

1 I

Ill

$W?UI~TROL
INTERCEPTED

1 [11

LTO

NmuRALLY

~INITE

BY

1 1 Ill

FRACTLHM

1 111

VERTICAL FWCTURE

CONDWTIUZTY

..----

----

1 1 1 IL

Eamwxa

~,.......-.

..-.

.------------ .---------..,
--
........z
{

1
-1

t/

1-

I
E-83

Dimamimla
I

11

Ill

E-ca

1 !111

TLW
1

E-ol

Fig. 21-Example

Oroup

1 !1111

E+,o

probiem match.

I 111

E+oi

1 1

1 11

bt:;i,

,.

.,,,.
!,:.;;

$= !8948

# I Ill

SERUIPSTROL
INTERCEPTED

1 I

MTURALLY

EY FINITE
Dud

1111

LTD -

1 1111

FR9CTURED

CCNOUCTIUITY

Pnm=itu

Fr@cturm

1 I 1!1

UERTICAL

z :

3. sE+e2

Lm

1.4E+ee

-6.3E+O0

1 I

1 In

FRACTURE

~6
>$:. ;

(pmmudo)

*,:.;
,+:.: ~p
f-;

FIG, 22
T?

RESERUOIR

.. .

,/
,, ,.,
..-,,

,.

,.,

u
;
s 1

1-

Dimormionhom
1
E-03

1 1 1 11Ill
Is-o=

1 ( 1 I 1111
E-t;

TiISW Omup
[ t I 11ill
E+eo

1 1 1 11111
E+@i

Fig. 22Simulation of example problem.

212

I t I 11tJ-