SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

This thesis presents the results of a case study on the penetration diameter of cement based
permeation grout in soil with respect to various grouting parameter. Different imperial
relationship between soil properties and grouting characteristics are also presented.
An experimental study on the penetration diameter of cement grout mixes with water/cement
ratio (W/C, by weight) of 1.0, & 1.5 is observed under constant grout discharge at various depth.
Again the observation is taken with respect to constant injection pressure at various depth. Field
samples are collected and compression strength are performed and compared with laboratory test
samples.
The present research provides with the following useful information for enhancing the design
and application of cement based permeation grouting using existing flow models in design
practice.
1. To provide an empirical relationship between injection diameter and injection pressure
with respect to water cement ratio and nature of soil.
2. To provide an empirical relationship between injection diameter and injection rate with
respect to different water cement ratio and nature of soil.
3. To provide an empirical relationship between injection pressure and injection rate with
respect to different Field SPT.
4. Comparative study of strength of grouted soil samples from field to the strength of
grouted soil in laboratory.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF GROUTING

Grout permeation through soil is related to the grouts permeability, measured in term of the
coefficient of permeability k according to Darcys law. There are two models regarding grout
flow through porous media.
1. Spherical flow model
2. Cylindrical flow model
Spherical Flow Model for Porous Media for Newtonian Fluid
Net pressure (Pe) in excess of local hydrostatic pressure necessary to maintain the flow from a
spherical cavity of radius of Ro is a function of the grouting rate, the soil permeability and the
viscosity

of

grout

as

Q = grouting rate, m3/s

= unit weight of grout, kN/m
Kg = permeability of soil to grout, m/s
k = permeability of soil to water, m/s
= viscosity of Newtonian grout, Pas
w = viscosity of water, Pas

expressed

in

the

following

relationship.

R = distance from grouting point

R= radius of injection hole
The time required to travel a distance R from a spherical cavity with radius Ro can be computed
by :
(

Radial Flow model for porous media through Cylindrical Cavity for Newtonian Fluid
Net pressure (Pe) in excess of local hydrostatic pressure necessary to maintain the flow through a
cylindrical cavity is a function of the grouting rate, the soil permeability and the viscosity of
grout as expressed in the following relationship.

The time required to travel a distance R from a spherical cavity with radius Ro can be computed
by :
(

n = porosity of the soil

m = thickness of the layer to be grouted, m

TEST PROCEDURE
COSTANT INJECTION RATE
Four permeation tests are proposed at field level to verify the penetration radius of cement based
grout under constant injection rate with water cement ratio 1.0 and 1.5 respectively.
Total permeation depth is considered to be 6m. We have assumed the distance (m) between the
peckers is 2.0m. Radius of the hole is 0.1m. Injection rate is kept constant at a particular depth
for a specified period of time and injection pressure is measured.
Following Properties of grout is assumed to determine theoretical injection diameter
Discharge (m3/s), Q= 0.0015, 0.0030, 0.0045, 0.0060
Unit Weight of Grout (kN/m3), =15 (For W/C = 1.0), =22.5 (For W/C = 1.5)
Thickness of Layer (m), m= 1.5
Permeability of Soil -Grout (m/s), Kg=0.00001(For W/C = 1.0), Kg=0.0000067(For W/C = 1.5),
Radius of Hole (m), Ro=0.1
Porosity, n=0.3
Time(s), t=300&600

Depth (m)
1.5
3
4.5
6

Depth (m)
1.5
3
4.5
6

Depth (m)
1.5
3
4.5
6

Rate ( m3/s)
0.0015
0.003
0.0045
0.006

W/C=1.0, Injection Time = 300s

Time (S)
Net Pressure (KPa)
300
240.59
300
479.79
300
718.84
300
957.84

Diameter ( m)
0.5731
0.804
0.983
1.133

W/C
1
1
1
1

Rate ( m3/s)
0.0015
0.003
0.0045
0.006

W/C=1.5, Injection Time = 300s

Time (S)
Net Pressure (KPa)
300
536.49
300
1071.57
300
1606
300
2141

Diameter ( m)
0.573
0.804
0.983
1.133

W/C
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

Rate ( m3/s)
0.0015
0.003
0.0045
0.006

W/C=1.0, Injection Time = 600s

Time (S)
Net Pressure (Kpa)
600
240.94
600
480.13
600
719.18
600
958.19

Diameter ( m)
0.804
1.133
1.38
1.6

W/C
1
1
1
1

Diameter ( m)
0.804
1.133
1.386
1.6

W/C
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

W/C=1.5, Injection Time = 600s

Depth (m)
1.5
3
4.5
6

Rate ( m3/s)
0.0015
0.003
0.0045
0.006

Time (S)
600
600
600
600

Net Pressure (Kpa)

536.83
1071.92
1606.86
2141.76

Theoritica Diameter (m) Vs Discharge (m3/s)

1.8

1.6

W/C = 1.0 & 1.5 Time=600s

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.38

DIAMETER (m)

1.6

1.2

1.2

W/C = 1.0 & 1.5 Time=300s

1.133

1.133

1
0.8

0.8

0.983

0.804

0.6

0.804

0.4
0.6
0.4
0.001

0.5731

0.2
0

0.002

0.003

0.004

DISCHARGE ( m3/s)

0.005

0.006

Theoritical Diameter (m) Vs Pressure (KPa)

1.6

1.55

1.386

1.38

1.35

Diameter ( m)

1.6

1.15

1.133

1.133

1.133

1.133

0.983
0.983

0.95
0.804

0.75

0.804

0.804

0.804

0.5731
0.573

0.55
0.35
0

250

500

750

1000

1250

Injection Pressure (KPa)

1500

1750

2000

Injection Pressure (KPa) Vs Discharge (m3/s)

2141

Injection Pressure (KPa)

2000

1606
1500

1071.57

1000

957.84
718.84
500

536.49
479.79
240.59

0
0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

Discharge ( m3/s)

0.005

0.006