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2
1
= 61 .
2 = 9 + 4 + 4 cos ,
= cos
E2 z = |E2 | cos ,
17
(19)
where
1 A1
d
2 A2
C2 =
d
C1 =
(20)
(21)
A1
A2
+
V
(a)
+
C1
C2
(b)
Figure P4.56: (a) Capacitor with parallel dielectric
section, and (b) equivalent circuit.
Solution:
2
1
E1
E2
+
V
-
(c)
(a) Within each dielectric section, E will point from the plate with positive voltage
to the plate with negative voltage, as shown in Fig. P4-56(c). From V = Ed,
E1 = E2 =
V
.
d
(b)
We1 =
1
1 V2
1
A1
1 E12 V = 1 2 A1 d = 1V 2 .
2
2 d
2
d
1
C1V 2 .
2
A1
A2
Hence C1 = 1
. Similarly, C2 = 2
.
d
d
(c) Total energy is
We = We1 +We2 =
Hence,
C=
1 V2
1
(1 A1 + 2 A2 ) = CV 2 .
2 d
2
1 A1 2 A2
+
= C1 +C2 .
d
d
Problem 5.12 Two infinitely long, parallel wires are carrying 6-A currents in
opposite directions. Determine the magnetic flux density at point P in Fig. P5.12.
I1 = 6 A
I2 = 6 A
P
0.5 m
2m
Figure P5.12: Arrangement for Problem 5.12.
Solution:
B =
0 I1
0 I2
0
80
(6 + 2) =
+
=
2 (0.5)
2 (1.5)
(T).
Problem 5.14 Two parallel, circular loops carrying a current of 40 A each are
arranged as shown in Fig. P5.14. The first loop is situated in the xy plane with its
center at the origin, and the second loops center is at z = 2 m. If the two loops have
the same radius a = 3 m, determine the magnetic field at:
(a) z = 0
(b) z = 1 m
(c) z = 2 m
z
a
z=2m
I
a
0
y
I
x
Figure P5.14: Parallel circular loops of Problem 5.14.
Solution: The magnetic field due to a circular loop is given by (5.34) for a loop in
the xy plane carrying a current I in the + -direction. Considering that the bottom
loop in Fig. is in the xy plane, but the current direction is along ,
H1 = z
Ia2
,
2(a2 + z2 )3/2
where z is the observation point along the z-axis. For the second loop, which is at a
height of 2 m, we can use the same expression but z should be replaced with (z 2).
Hence,
Ia2
.
H2 = z 2
2[a + (z 2)2 ]3/2
The total field is
H = H1 + H2 = z
Ia2
2
1
1
+
(a2 + z2 )3/2 [a2 + (z 2)2 ]3/2
A/m.
1
40 9 1
+
H = z
= z 10.5 A/m.
2
33 (9 + 4)3/2
(b) At z = 1 m (midway between the loops):
40 9
1
1
H = z
= z 11.38 A/m.
+
2
(9 + 1)3/2 (9 + 1)3/2
(c) At z = 2 m, H should be the same as at z = 0. Thus,
H = z 10.5 A/m.
which leads to
1
1
(rEr ) +
r r
r
(rEr ) =
r
1
2 cos = 0,
r
1
cos
r2
1
sin .
r2
1
(rEr ) dr = sin
dr
r
r2
1
rEr = sin ,
r
Z
or
Er =
1
sin .
r2
Hence,
E2 = r
1
sin .
r2
where n 2 is the normal to the boundary and points away from medium 1. Hence,
n 2 = r . Also, D1 = 0 because the cylinder is a conductor. Consequently,
s = r D2 |r=a
= r 2 E2 |r=a
1
= r r 0 r 2 sin
r
r=a
40
= 2 sin (C/m2 ).
a
E1R =
(C).
Problem 4.58 The capacitor shown in Fig. P4.58 consists of two parallel dielectric
layers. Use energy considerations to show that the equivalent capacitance of the
overall capacitor, C, is equal to the series combination of the capacitances of the
individual layers, C1 and C2 , namely
C=
where
C1 = 1
C1C2
C1 +C2
A
,
d1
C2 = 2
(22)
A
d2
(a) Let V1 and V2 be the electric potentials across the upper and lower dielectrics,
respectively. What are the corresponding electric fields E1 and E2 ? By
applying the appropriate boundary condition at the interface between the two
dielectrics, obtain explicit expressions for E1 and E2 in terms of 1 , 2 , V , and
the indicated dimensions of the capacitor.
(b) Calculate the energy stored in each of the dielectric layers and then use the sum
to obtain an expression for C.
(c) Show that C is given by Eq. (22).
d1
d2
(a)
C1
C2
(b)
Figure P4.58: (a) Capacitor with parallel dielectric
layers, and (b) equivalent circuit (Problem 4.58).
Solution:
+
d1
d2
E1
V1
+
E2 V1
-
(a) If V1 is the voltage across the top layer and V2 across the bottom layer, then
V = V1 +V2 ,
and
E1 =
V1
,
d1
E2 =
V2
.
d2
1 E1 = 2 E2 .
Hence,
V = E1 d1 + E2 d2 = E1 d1 +
which can be solved for E1 :
E1 =
V
1 .
d1 + d2
2
Similarly,
E2 =
V
2 .
d2 + d1
1
1 E1
d2 ,
2
(b)
2
1 2
1
1 22 Ad1
1
V
2
We1 = 1 E1 V 1 = 1
1 Ad1 = 2 V (2 d1 + 1 d2 )2 ,
2
2
d1 + d2
2
2
1 2
1
12 2 Ad2
1
V
2
We2 = 2 E2 V 2 = 2
2 Ad2 = 2 V (1 d2 + 2 d1 )2 ,
2
2
d2 + d1
2 1 2
1 2 1 2 Ad1 + 1 2 Ad2
We = We1 +We2 = V
.
2
(1 d2 + 2 d1 )2
But We = 12 CV 2 , hence,
C=
1 22 Ad1 + 12 2 Ad2
1 2 A
(2 d1 + 1 d2 )
= 1 2 A
=
.
2
2
(2 d1 + 1 d2 )
(2 d1 + 1 d2 )
2 d1 + 1 d2
C1C2
d
d2
=
,
C= 1
1 A 2 A C1 +C2
+
d1
d2
where
C1 =
1 A
,
d1
C2 =
2 A
.
d2
Problem 5.9 The loop shown in Fig. P5.9 consists of radial lines and segments of
circles whose centers are at point P. Determine the magnetic field H at P in terms of
a, b, , and I.
Solution: From the solution to Example 5-3, if we denote the z-axis as passing out
of the page through point P, the magnetic field pointing out of the page at P due to
the current flowing in the outer arc is Houter = zI /4 b and the field pointing out
of the page at P due to the current flowing in the inner arc is Hinner = z I /4 a. The
other wire segments do not contribute to the magnetic field at P. Therefore, the total
field flowing directly out of the page at P is
I 1 1
I (b a)
H = Houter + Hinner = z
.
= z
4 a b
4 ab
Problem 5.10 An infinitely long, thin conducting sheet defined over the space
0 x w and y is carrying a current with a uniform surface current density
Js = y 5 (A/m). Obtain an expression for the magnetic field at point P = (0, 0, z) in
Cartesian coordinates.
Solution:
z
|R| =
x2 + z2
P = (0, 0, z)
R
x
x
0
w
The sheet can be considered to be a large number of infinitely long but narrow wires
each dx wide lying next to each other, with each carrying a current Ix = Js dx. The
wire at a distance x from the origin is at a distance vector R from point P, with
R = xx + z z.
Equation (5.30) provides an expression for the magnetic field due to an infinitely long
wire carrying a current I as
B
I
H=
=
.
0 2 r
We now need to adapt this expression to the present situation by replacing I with
Ix = Js dx, replacing r with R = (x2 + z2 )1/2 , as shown in Fig. P5.10, and by assigning
the proper direction for the magnetic field. From the BiotSavart law, the direction
R, where l is the direction of current flow. In the present case,
of H is governed by l
l is in the y direction. Hence, the direction of the field is
R
y (xx + z z)
x z + z x
l
=
= 2 2 1/2 .
R| |y (xx + z z)| (x + z )
|l
x z + z x
(x2 + z2 )1/2
Ix
(xz + z x)Js dx
=
,
2 R
2 (x2 + z2 )
Z w
Js dx
2 (x2 + z2 )
x=0
Z w
dx
Js
(xz + z x) 2 2
2 x=0
x +z
Zw
Z w
Js
dx
x dx
x z
+ z
2
2
2
2
2
x=0 x + z
x=0 x + z
w
w
1
Js
1 1 x
2
2
+ z ln(x + z )
tan
x z
2
x=0
2
z
z
x=0
5
2
2
2
1 w
1
x 2 tan
for z 6= 0,
+ z 2 (ln(w + z ) ln(0 + z ))
2
z
2 2
w +z
5
1 w
1
x 2 tan
(A/m) for z 6= 0.
+ z 2 ln
2
z
z2
(xz + z x)
Problem 5.11 An infinitely long wire carrying a 25-A current in the positive
x-direction is placed along the x-axis in the vicinity of a 20-turn circular loop located
in the xy plane (Fig. P5.11). If the magnetic field at the center of the loop is zero,
what is the direction and magnitude of the current flowing in the loop?
1m
d=2m
x
I1
Figure P5.11: Circular loop next to a linear current
(Problem 5.11).
Solution: From Eq. (5.30), the magnetic flux density at the center of the loop due to
I2
Figure P5.11: (b) Direction of I2 .
the wire is
0
I1
2 d
where z is out of the page. Since the net field is zero at the center of the loop, I2 must
be clockwise, as seen from above, in order to oppose I1 . The field due to I2 is, from
Eq. (5.35),
0 NI2
B = 0 H = z
.
2a
Equating the magnitudes of the two fields, we obtain the result
B1 = z
I1
NI2
=
,
2a
2 d
or
I2 =
2aI1
1 25
=
= 0.2 A.
2 Nd 20 2
4 107 I
0 I
=
,
2 d
2 8