Tuesday, April 28th, 2015

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM TERMODINAMIKA

DAN PINDAH PANAS
Conduction Heat Transfer Through Plane Walls

Kelompok 3 :
Binagusto Mochammad

(F14130021)

Maman Setiawan

(F14130022)

Anfal Faizal

(F14130024)

Bayuduta Rahardja

(F14130026)

Sulthon Arif Rakhman

(F14130032)

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MESIN DAN BIOSISTEM

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
2015

A. Introduction
A heat transfer situation in which time is not a factor is designed as
steady state. The consideration of heat transfer where time is not
considered affords some simplication in the analysis. The governing
equation for steady state conduction with internal generation is (Welty,
1978 and Holman, 1989)
V2T + q/k = 0
Where, VT
q
k

: temperature gradient in vector form

: heat flow vector
: thermal conductivity vector

Which is known as the Passion equation; and for steady state

conduction without internal generation of heat, the laplace equation
applies :
V2T = 0
Both of the above equations apply to an isotropic medium, that is,
one whose properties do not vary with direction, physical properties are
also presumed independent of temperature.
The initial consideration is one-dimensional

steady

state

conduction without internal generation of energy. As just discussed, the

Laplace equation applies to this case. A general form of the Laplace
equation in one dimension is
d/dx (xi dT/dx) = 0
Where, x
: critical geometry in the direction of heat transfer , m
dT/dx : temperature gradient along x axis
i
: 0, 1, or 2 in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical
coordinates, respectively
Plane Walls,
In the case of a plane wall as shown in this figure, equation (3) with i = 0
applies.
T0
L

TL

x
The equation and boundary conditions to be satisfied are
d2T/dx2 = 0
T(x)
T(x)

= T(0) = T0
= T(L) = TL

Where, To
TL

at x = 0
at x = L

: Temperature at x = 0, K
: temperature at x = L, K

The equations before may be separated and integrated twice to yield

T(x)

= C1x + C2

And the constants of integration c1 and c2 evaluated, by applying the

boundary equations, to be
C1 = TL T0 / L and c2 = T0
When c1 and c2 are subtituted into the before equation, the final
expression for the temperature profile becomes :
T(x)
T(x)

= (TL-T0 / L)x + T0
= T0 (T0 TL/L)x

According to the equation before, the temperature variation in a plane wall

under the conditions specified is liniear.
The Fourier rate equation may be used to determine the heat flux of
heat flow rate in this case. The rate equation is repeated below, in scalar
form, for reference.
qx
Where , qx
A
k

= -Ka dT/dx
: heat flux, W/m2
: cross section area, m2
: thermal conductivity, W/m K

Since, in the steady state case, q, is constant, this equation may be

separated and integrated directly as

qx
giving,

B. Objectives
The objectives of this experiment are :
1. To assess the characteristics of steady state heat transfer through the
plane walls
2. To determine the rate of steady state heat transfer through the plane
walls.
C. Materials and Equipments
Materials are plane walls made out of alumunium. The set up of the
experiment is ilustrated like comparises of Hybrid Recorder Yokogawa DR
130, a water bath at 100 oC and thermocouples. Eleven observation points
are inserted into the alumunium block and the distance between two
observation points are 0,01 m.
D. Methods
1. Record the intial temperature at the observation points located
2. Pour boiling water at 100 oC into the water both until the water surface
reaches the height of the alumunium plane wall. Maintain the water at
a constant temperature.
3. Record the temperature development at the observation points in an
interval of two minutes.
E. Result, Calculation of Data and Discussion
Table 1. Data of Tempeature at points

Graphic 1. Temperature-time
Suhu
(oC)
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Menit Ke1
59.
2
49.
9
35.
5
29.
5
26.
4
25.
9
25.
3
24.
8
24.
6
24.
6
24.
2

2
62
52.
3
37.
5
29.
9
28.
3
27.
5
26.
5
25.
4
24.
9
24.
7
24.
7

3
64.
6
54.
7
41
32.
5
30.
5
29.
5
28.
1
26.
3
25.
4
25
24.
9

4
66.
2
56.
1
42.
8
34
32
30.
9
29.
4
27.
2
25.
9
25.
4
25.
1

5
68.
6
57.
8
44.
8
35.
8
33.
7
32.
5
30.
8
28.
3
26.
6
25.
9
25.
6

6
70.
5
59.
3
46.
4
37.
4
35.
2
34
32.
2
29.
4
27.
4
26.
6
26.
1

7
72.
3
60.
8
48
38.
9
36.
8
35.
5
33.
6
30.
6
28.
4
27.
5
26.
8

8
74.
1
62.
4
49.
6
40.
5
38.
3
37
35.
1
31.
5
29.
4
28.
4
27.
7

9
75.
8
64
51.
1
42
39.
7
38.
6
36.
6
33.
2
30.
5
29.
4
28.
6

10
77.
2
65.
4
52.
5
43.
3
41.
1
39.
8
37.
8
34.
4
31.
6
30.
5
29.
5

Table 2. Heat Flow

Bidang
Ke-

Panja
ng

Tingg
i

Tebal

0.251

0.196

0.01

0.235

0.109

0.01

0.21

0.109

0.01

0.185

0.109

0.01

0.16

0.109

0.01

0.135

0.109

0.01

0.11

0.109

0.01

0.085

0.109

0.01

0.06

0.109

0.01

10

0.035

0.109

0.01

A
0.0491
96
0.0256
15
0.0228
9
0.0201
65
0.0174
4
0.0147
15
0.0119
9
0.0092
65
0.0065
4
0.0038

K
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202

R
0.0010
06
0.0019
33
0.0021
63
0.0024
55
0.0028
39
0.0033
64
0.0041
29
0.0053
43
0.0075
7
0.0129

15

Menit
Ke-

35

37.3

39.7

41.1

43

44.4

45.5

46.4

47.2

10

47.7

Rtot
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78
0.0437
78

76

Q (W)
799.48
83
852.02
61
906.84
82
938.82
77
982.22
85
1014.2
08
1039.3
35
1059.8
93
1078.1
67
1089.5
88

Calculation of data
A= Panjang x Tinggi (m2)
A1= 0,251x0,109 = 0.049196

A6= 0,135x0,109 = 0.014715

A2= 0,235x0,109 = 0.025615

A3= 0,21x0,109 =0.02289
A4= 0,185x0,109 =0.020165
A5= 0,16x0,109 = 0.01744

A7= 0,11x0,109 = 0.01199

A8= 0,0851x0,109 = 0.009265
A9= 0,06x0,109 = 0.00654
A10= 0,035x0,109 = 0.003815

R=X/Ka
R1 = 0,01/(202x0.049196)= 0.001006
R2 = 0,01/(202x0.025615)= 0.001933
R3 = 0,01/(202x0.02289)= 0.002163
R4 = 0,01/(202x0.020165)= 0.002455
R5 = 0,01/(202x0.01744)= 0.002839
R6 = 0,01/(202x0.014715)= 0.003364
R7 = 0,01/(202x0.01199)= 0.004129
R8 = 0,01/(202x0.009265)= 0.005343
R9 =0,01/(202x0.00654)= 0.00757
R10=0,01/(202x0.003815)= 0.012976

Rtotal = 0,043778
Q= T/ Rtot (watt)
Q1= 35/0,043778 = 799,4883275
Q2= 37,3/0,043778 = 852,0261318
Q3= 39,7/0,043778 = 906,8481886
Q4= 41.1/0,043778 = 938,8277217
Q5= 43/0,043778 = 982,2285166
Q6= 44,4/0,043778 = 1014,20805
Q7= 45,5/0,043778 = 1039,334826
Q8= 46,4/0,043778 = 1059,893097
Q9= 47,2/0,043778 = 1078,167116
Q10= 47,7/0,043778 = 1089,588378
Discussion
This time we did a lab experiment to determine "Conduction heat transfer
through plane walls". Heat conduction is transfer of energy between adjacent
molecules, not dependent on gross movement of materials. The rate of heat
transfer by conduction through a substance is directly proportional to the
temperature gradient and to the cross-sectional area of the path.
Experiment this time using the wall tool made of aluminum. The
advantage of using such as aluminum, light weight, high heat, low inertia, the
highest thermal power. Characteristics of material (aluminum) also has a high
thermal conductivity of aluminum is a good conductor, aluminum can transfer
heat well. High-speed thermal transfer on each wall plane and the plane wall
temperature increases rapidly.
Conclusion
From this experiment we can know that using aluminum is good for heat
transfer. The value of the experiment is consistent with the theory in the book. So,
the aim of the study was achieved. To assess the characteristics of the steady-state
heat transfer through the wall of the plane are two methods. The first method is
observation plane wall set apparatus, we observe the temperature on each wall of
the plane with a thermocouple and we get data from a digital thermometer which
occur every two minutes. The second method is to determine the temperature and
heat transfer rate to the theory of equations. With the two methods we get the
same result, but in this experiment, we get different results from the observations
and with determination.

REFERENCES
Holman, J.P. 1997. Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill Book Co., Singapore.
Welly, J.R. 1978. Engineering Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
N.Y. USA