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ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
[FOR THIRD SEMESTER B.E MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING STUDENTS]
COMPILED BY
BIBIN.C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GUMMIDIPOONDI TALUK
TIRUVALLUR DIST
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Air Compressor.
Entire Universe
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Open System
1. There is no mass transfer. Only heat 1. Mass transfer will take place, in
and work will transfer.
3.
Example:
Piston
&
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ii.
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Extensive Properties
pressure,
weight etc.,
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Mechanical Equilibrium
ii.
Thermal equilibrium
iii.
Chemical equilibrium
ii.
iii.
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Potential energy.
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kJ I kg I K.
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Turbine
ii.
Nozzle
iii.
Condenser
iv.
Compressor
v.
Pump
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If the heat is supplied to the system then the entropy will increase.
ii.
If the heat is rejected to the system then the entropy will decrease.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
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If in the equation PVn = C, the value of n = then the process is called _______
Constant Volume process
102.
103. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
There is no mass transfer and energy transfer.
According to first law of thermodynamics as
dQ = dU + dW;
dU = dQ - dW;
dQ = 0,
dW = 0,
Therefore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the
internal energy is constant for isolated system.
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In all reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs
with fixed temperature, have the same efficiency.
ii.
ii.
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COP =
11. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
T2
T2 T1
T1
T2 T1
In a Carnot cycle all the four processes are reversible but in actual practice there
is no process is reversible.
ii.
There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion.
For isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process
the piston moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same
stroke of the piston is not possible.
iii.
14. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
i.
ii.
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ii.
Isentropic compression
iii.
iv.
Isentropic expansion
Carnot =
T2 T1
T2
ii.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
14. What are the various methods used to improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
ii.
iii.
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Rankine cycle
3. Size of the power plant for a given 3. Size of the power plant for a given
output is big
output is small
ii.
28. Why carnot cycle cannot be realised in practice for vapour power cycles?
The main difficulty to attain the cycle in practice is that isothermal condensation is
stopped before it reaches to saturated liquid condition. Therefore the compressor has to
deal with a non-homogeneous mixture of water and steam. Because of the large specific
volume of liquid vapour mixture before compression, the compressor size and work input
have to be large. The higher power requirement reduces the plant efficiency as well as
work ratio.
COMPILED BY BIBIN, AP/MECH, RMKCET
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It increases the thermodynamic efficiency as the heat of the bled steam is not
lost in the condenser but is utilized in feed water heating
ii.
32. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
33. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantage is lowering the back pressure increase the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of a very wet vapour is very difficult.
34. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine
cycle efficiency. Since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
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ii.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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ii.
ii.
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ii.
Evaporative cooling.
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temperature but change of state occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the heat.
14. What is meant by adiabatic mixing?
The process of mixing two or more stream of air without any heat transfer to the
surrounding is known as adiabatic mixing. It is happened in air conditioning system.
15. What are the important psychrometric process?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Chemical dehumidification,
vi.
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ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
LTPC3104
OBJECTIVES:
Heat Reservoir, source and sink. Heat Engine, Refrigerator, Heat pump. Statements of second
law and its corollaries. Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle, Performance. Clausius inequality.
Concept of entropy, T-s diagram, Tds Equations, entropy change for - pure substance, ideal gases
- different processes, principle of increase in entropy. Applications of II Law. High and low
grade energy. Available and non-available energy of a source and finite body. Energy and
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Formation of steam and its thermodynamic properties, p-v, p-T, T-v, T-s, h-s diagrams. p-v-T
surface. Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart. Determination of dryness fraction. Application
of I and II law for pure substances. Ideal and actual Rankine cycles, Cycle Improvement
Methods - Reheat and Regenerative cycles, Economiser, preheater, Binary and Combined cycles.
Properties of Ideal gas- Ideal and real gas comparison- Equations of state for ideal and real
gases- Reduced properties-.Compressibility factor-.Principle of Corresponding states. Generalised Compressibility Chart and its use-. Maxwell relations, Tds Equations, Difference
and ratio of heatcapacities, Energy equation, Joule-Thomson Coefficient, Clausius Clapeyron
equation, Phase Change Processes. Simple Calculations.
Mole and Mass fraction, Daltons and Amagats Law. Properties of gas mixture Molar mass,
gas constant, density, change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function.
Psychrometric properties, Psychrometric charts. Property calculations of air vapour mixtures by
using chart and expressions. Psychrometric process adiabatic saturation, sensible heating and
cooling, humidification, dehumidification, evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing. Simple
Applications
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
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Upon completion of this course, the students can able to apply the Thermodynamic
Principles to Mechanical Engineering Application.
Apply mathematical fundamentals to study the properties of steam, gas and gas mixtures.
TEXT BOOKS :
1. Nag.P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics, 4thEdition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2008.
2. Natarajan E., "Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications", Anuragam
Publications, 2012.
REFERENCES :
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