Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.
When people lose property, they generally go to the police station in the
hopes that someone has turned it in. Besides all of their other duties then,
the police serve as societys foremost lost and found department.
4. Assisting the sick and injured because they are available seven days a
week and 24 hours a day and because they are highly mobile, the police
generally are the closest government agency to any problem.
5. Enforcing non-criminal regulations when government offices close, the
police become roving representative of the government who assist people
with problems no one else is available to handle. When lights go off in an
apartment building, the water main breaks, people call the police.
6. Delivering services not available elsewhere in the community the
police respond and take whatever actions they can to ameliorate problems
and deal with emergencies. They direct traffic, evacuate residents, and
decide whom to call for assistance.
Because of the diverse activities performed by the police specifically the
patrol officers in their daily contact with the public, their responsibilities
are categorized into two, namely:
a. Law Enforcement this embraces crime prevention and crime control role,
including the customary police functions.
b. Order Maintenance peace keeping on community service role or social
services.
UNIT II. FACTORS AFFECTING PATROL OPERATIONS
A. Factors affecting police performance
1. External factors
a. trust and confidence of the people
b. participation of the public in patrol activities
c. support of the barangay officials
2. Internal factors
a. higher pay
b. endorsement by higher authorities
B. Factors influencing decision making at an operational level Operational level decision makers judgments are governed by the same
kinds of influences that affect decisions of higher level administrators. But,
because officers operate within a much smaller political sphere, they find
their relationships with the more limited community potentially more intense.
The reciprocal impact of both officer and community becomes clearer. It is
easier to bargain within these more intimate relationships.
1. Community input if citizens do not report crimes to the police or summon
on officer when service is needed, police will intervene only in those
situations that they personally observe. Witnesses and victims who do not
cooperate with the police limit police discretion.
A common reason why citizen do not report auto accidents or burglaries to
the police is that their insurance might be cancelled or their rate increased if the
report is made. Conversely, they might report if they believe such report is
necessary in order for them to collect the insurance. The relationship between the
victim and offender and the attitude of the citizen toward police also have a great
influence on the willingness of the citizen to report. In a sense, the community
members express their expectations to police in their interactions with them.The
clearer the statement, the better police can structure their discretion to meet the
communitys need.
2. Situational factors several studies have found specific situational factors
to be influential in discretionary decision making. Major factors include the
attitude and appearance of the offender, political factors such as community
attitudes, pressures, and biases.
Another important factor is, whether the situation is on view ( one that the
officer has been and in which he or she intervene without invitation) or , is one to
which the officer was summoned by citizens.
3. Environmental factors
a. personal values
b. pressure of police supervisors and peers
c. personal perception of what alternatives to assess are available
An officer who grew up in a conservative environment may find decision
making in a liberal environment uncomfortable. Routinely, the officers will be
required to assess cultural and social engineer at the moment, in his discussion of
police use of deadly force, points to an apparent correlation between attitudes of
violence in a community and use of deadly force. Where high rates of police
violence existed, he found high rates of citizen against police violence also.
4.
suggest that education does have some effect upon discretionary decision
making. ( Carter, Sapp and Stephens 1989)
The Police Exercise of Discretion
Discretion is the wise use of ones judgment, personal experience and
common sense to decide a particular situation. The police are decision makers, and
most of the decisions they make involves discretion. Discretion is part and parcel of
the police role.
The policeman on the beat, or in the patrol car, makes more decisions and
exercise broader discretion affecting the daily life of people every day, and to a
greater extent in many respects than a judge who will ordinarily exercise in a week.
No law book, no lawyer, no judge can readily tell how the police officer on the beat
exercise his discretion perfectly in everyone of the thousands of hour to hour work
of a police officer.
The police are trained to be self-reliant and make decisions. Most of the
decisions they make involve discretion. The police exercise discretion whenever
they must use their own judgment and personal experience in deciding when to act
when confronted with specific situations.
Should there be full enforcement of the law by the police or can selective
enforcement be restored to as a result of discretion. The fact of the matter is that
the police do not enforce all laws all the time against all law violators.
Several factors can be attributed for the lack of full, strict, or total law
enforcement such as:
it may be discriminatory
it converts the law into a personal instrument of social control through the so
called sidewalk justice
OCCUPATION HAZARDS
The threat of death and injury due to violence as well as the physiological
impact of possibly having to cause death or injury to others is a fact with which law
enforcement officers must content. The keys to coping with these hazards are
personnel selection and training.
2.
3. Contagious disease during the later half of the twentieth century, police
officers hand relatively little to fear from contagious diseases. Some of the
most common communicative diseases, such as gonorrhea, herpes, and
syphilis, would hopefully not be contracted while on duty. Outbreaks of such
old horrors of earlier times as diphtheria, polio, tetanus, small pox and
whooping cough were being controlled through vaccinations.
B. Psychological Hazards
Emotional Distress. Due to the hazards that are inherent in the law
enforcement, all officers will, on occasion, experience emotional distress.
Although other occupation may be far more dangerous, the constant
exposure to stressful stimuli makes policing one of the most difficult
occupations.
The threat of violent death and injury, the constant exposure to human
tragedies, the responsibility for others, the feelings of alienation and helplessness,
the demands of shifts work, the limited career opportunities, and the lack of input in
administrative decision making, all combine to create stress for even the most
stable well-adjusted persons. It is of vital importance that law enforcement
administrators and employees realize the source and consequences of stress before
officers can learn to cope with the stress that is inherent in policing, they must be
taught to overcome John Wayne Mentality, which means the police refuse
to acknowledge any weakness. Once officers have learned to acknowledge the
existence of stress, they can be taught how to identify and neutralize those
stressors with which they as individuals must content.
2. Mental Illness. If the distress is not dealt with appropriately, it may
escalate into behavior that, threaten the welfare of the officer and/others.
The individual officer may suffer from relatively mild emotional disturbances,
which require only counseling and reassurance, or she/he may be plagued by
severe mental disorders that are career or even life threatening in nature.
Law enforcement agencies must not only have assistance programs designed
to help officers contend with emotional distress but must also develop strategies to
aid those for whom problems become too severe for continued police service.
Medical pensions, extended health coverage, and family support services are only
fair for those who have paid too high a price for their police careers.
3. Suicide. Being a police officer also increases ones risk of falling victim to
suicide. Preliminary suicides appear to identify higher levels of suicides
among police officers than among other professionals or occupations.
Given the general nature of police work, many officers who feel suicidal are
either afraid or have no one to turn to in discussing their feelings. This leads to an
even greater sense of isolation, with many believing that suicide is the only way
out.
4. Substance abuse. Psychological dependency. Police administrators
frequently report that alcohol is a severe problem with officers and often
report the existence of alcohol-related problems. The use and abuse of
alcohol among police officers is apparently one way of coping with the
problems inherent in the job.
Although alcohol is the drug of choice among police officers, caffeine and
nicotine are also extremely popular. It is not unusual for officers to drink several
cups of coffee, glasses of tea, or soft drinks during their workday. Similarly, many
officers use tobacco products while on duty. In addition to being chemically
addictive, these drugs are also psychologically addictive, in that they often develop
as means of killing time during periods of tedium.
C. Physiological hazards
1. Substance abuse: Chemical dependency. The impact of drugs and
alcohol is even more devastating physically than psychologically. All too
frequently, casual use of such substances leads to chemical dependency.
Social users of tobacco, alcohol, or narcotics now find themselves in constant
need of that particular drug in order to get by. This addiction results not
only in social difficulties but can become life threatening.
2. Physical health. In addition to substance abuse, a number of other physical
hazards exist for police officers. Stress, poor nutrition, and lack of exercise
also contribute to poor physical health.
Terry 1981 has documented numerous physiological effects of police stress.
Some of these problems include headache, indigestion, ulcer, lower back pain, and
high blood pressure. In addition, Norveil, Belles, and Hughes (1988) have found
that police officers have higher risk of mortality associated with cancer, diabetes,
and heart disease than the non police. It is evident that, strong relationship exists
between job-related stress and physical illness.
D. Social hazards
1. Isolation from the public. One of the difficult aspects of policing is the
sense of isolation from the community. Perhaps this is endemic to law
enforcement given the nature of the job. In addition to enforcing unpopular
or at the very least nonconsensual laws, police are required to be suspicious.
Required to ask questions, to demand answers, to proceed forcefully against
all appearance of transgression..to penetrate the appearance of
innocence..to discover craftiness
2.
Isolation from the family. All too often, policing becomes a disruptive
influence for the family. The potential for danger, the authoritarian nature of
the job, the round-the-clock shifts and constantly changing shifts, and
accommodations that must be made in family life all work together to
increase tension in the law enforcement family. As a result, many believe
that marital problems are endemic to law enforcement.
E. Economic hazards
1. Salary limitations. If ones goal is to accumulate great wealth, he/she
should not become a law enforcement officer. Despite their education,
training, and professionalism, unless they rise to top administrative positions,
become corrupt, or win the lottery, they will experience a lower-middle-class
existence.
2. Career limitations. Everyone cannot become the chief of police in a large
metropolitan agency. Nor will all those who wish to become supervisor do so.
Whether ones career is successful depends on how one defines success.
Many officers who have spent their entire careers as patrol officers in small or
midsized law enforcement agencies are rightfully proud of their
accomplishments. Similarly, there are many frustrated persons (at all ranks
and level of policing) who feel that they never received a fair chance.
3. Liability issues. Failure to act in a manner that is felt to be consistent with
proper law enforcement procedures could result in a minor reprimand. More
serious violations could result in more severe disciplinary actions, such as
suspensions, compulsory transfer, demotions, or even terminations.
Violations that are felt to have infringed on the legal rights of others could
result in costly civil litigation at the state levels. Violations thought to
constitute criminal actions could result in arrest, conviction, and
imprisonment.
successful must attract attention. The demonstrator first concern is to arouse the
curiosity of the people in their show and eventually win their sympathy to their
cause.
5. Responding to emergencies constant availability to public calls gives the
patrol force a unique reputation for efficiency. The fact remains that, in many
cases, the patrol office is the single police entity with trained and
experienced personnel on duty where human emergencies and domestic
crisis arise. The fact is, the public is immediately attended to in time
of their need under every conceivable kind of situation. This is the
yardstick that measures the patrol force efficiency.
6. Attending to complaints the uniformed patrol officer on the beat must
be, looked upon by the community as their friend and protector. This is the
image he must constantly strive to maintain. In so doing, he will always be
confronted with situational problems, most of which are not criminal in
nature. Still, patrol officers must make every effort to settle the problem
amicably because most of these cases are potentially a stimulus to criminal
acts. However, he must be cautious to explain to the parties involved the
limits of his authority because most often the ground for action is civil in
nature
7. Conduct initial investigation how reliable a patrol officer records the
events of a crime to which he responds will have a definite impact on the
case outcome when detectives takes over to pursue the case. Actual cases
have demonstrated the important contributions made by patrol officers
during the investigative process. Records have shown that, notwithstanding
the efforts of detective specialists, it is often the information developed by
the patrol officer during his initial investigation of the crime that determines
whether a case will eventually be solved. The information supplied by the
victim and/or the witness to the responding patrol officer can be an important
factor fort he solution of the crime. Based on contemporary procedures of
many police departments, most often the patrol officer, being the first to
arrive at the scene in required to stand-by to protect the crime scene until
the arrival of investigators or until the investigators are through in their crime
scene investigation. Different police departments have different operating
procedures in crime investigation. Patrol officer is limited to conduct
only initial investigation at the scene. The objective is for the patrol
officer to concentrate in his preventive task.
8. Preservation of crime scene since crime scenes are classified into
indoor, outdoor and vehicle, the first concern of the patrol officer is to
estimate the situation. If it is an outdoor scene, he must approximate the
area to be covered by the investigation; if it is indoor, he must prevent the
entry and exit of people; if it is a vehicle, to protect it from being moved or
The objectives of the patrol are the same as those of a police organization.
The uniformed patrol officer represents all the powers and responsibilities of the
police. In a very real sense, the uniformed patrol force is the police while the
specialized branches represent in depth applications of responsibilities and
techniques that the patrol officer initiates. In fact, the beat officer, in August
Vollmers opinion, should be a virtual organic unit.
The operational heart of a police organization is the patrol force to which
other departmental divisions relate in a supportive capacity. The patrol force
incorporates all objectives inherent in the police organization.
Since the problem of crime is the concern of government and crime
prevention is the basic responsibility of the police, enforcement of laws through
effective patrol work is its motivating ingredient to achieve peace and order.
Undeniably, the programs of the community are inseparably linked with peace and
order. Without peace, without order, society is doomed politically, socially,
economically, and culturally.
A police department is organized first and foremost for crime prevention. In a
newly created community a prime concern of local government officials and citizens
is peace and order. Hence, priority is the establishment of a police department
entrusted with the basic responsibility of crime prevention. They are aware of the
police role of safeguard the communitys progress and stability. Operationally, this
task is the sole responsibility of the patrol force of any police organization.
The prevention of crime is a fundamental role of the patrol force. The
preventive role of the individual patrol officer on his beat is a basic element of
modern police service. The mere presence of a properly organized and efficiently
operating patrol force is conceded to be one of the greatest crime determine thus
far developed by organized society.
DETERMINATION OF PATROL FORCE
REQUIREMENTS:
The single most important factor is the number and nature of the services
that the patrol officers are expected to provide. If patrol officers are required to
make complete investigations of every criminal incident reported or discovered on
their beats, plus respond to all non-criminal crises, plus devote a considerable
amount of time to preventive patrolling, plus handle a variety of nonproductive
tasks, then certainly a large number of patrol officers will be needed.
Geographical and population factors also influence the need for patrol
officers. If population density is relatively high, a single officer may be kept busy
responding to calls for service within a small geographical area. If population
density is low, one officer may be enough to handle all calls that arise in a very
large area. However, response time may be unacceptably large because of the long
distances that an officer must travel to respond to a call.
These are not the only factors that affect the size of the patrol force. The
basic efficiency of the agency and the productivity of the patrol officers themselves
have an importance influence. If administrative and operational procedures are
designed to assist officers in carrying out their tasks quickly and effectively, and if
the officers are competent, well trained, and highly motivated, fewer officers will be
needed to handle a given quantity of work.
But the ruling factor, in practical terms, usually is the size of the agencys
budget. Few police administrators are given a budget large enough to hire all the
officers they would like to have. Consequently, the usual procedure is to tract the
personnel who must be assigned to non-patrol duties. Whatever is left determines
the number of patrol officers available. This base number may be decreased by,
shifting non-patrol officers to patrol-or by persuading the parent government to
increase the agencys budget.
Decreasing the size of the patrol force is not always a bad idea. For example,
in a small department it may be the standard practice for patrol officers to perform
all of the tasks involved in booking their prisoners including fingerprinting,
photographing, assigning a jail cell and so on. This may be a time-consuming
procedure. At some point, it is likely to be preferable to assign one officer as the
full-time booking officer, thereby reducing the amount of time that the patrol
officers must spend off the street. Even if this means there will be less patrol officer
on duty, the increased efficiency of the entire force may out weigh the loss.
However, if the agency has a booking officer whose duties are not sufficient to keep
officer occupied full time, it might be preferable to shift the booking officer to patrol
and require the patrol officers to do their own booking of prisoners, or to assign
other duties to the booking officer.
PATROL FORCE STAFFING
It is not possible, of course, to retain all competent patrol officers within the
patrol division. Even though the administrator must make conscientious efforts to
avoid draining the patrol force to supply manpower for specialized units, the fact
remains that the patrol division must usually accommodate most of the new officers
who join the department. The patrol division is also the largest division, and thus
there are far more basic police-officer positions within the patrol force than in any
other division. Since it is therefore inevitable that good patrol officers will gravitate
away from patrol, even in the best of systems, the department should compensate
for their loss by staffing middle-level and command-level positions in patrol with the
very best talent available in the department.
SCHEDULING
The police administrator and middle-management supervisors must make
decisions about the assignment of shift hours, rotation of beat assignments, and
rotation of shifts. Once the policy is established, there not be further planning work
except when changes in procedures are contemplated.
Frequent change of beats undesirable. The highest quality of patrol services
results from the permanent assignment of an officer to a beat. Police hazards vary
from place to place, and the resulting police duties consequently vary in nature
from beat to beat. Advantages may be taken of difference in abilities and
preferences of patrol officers by assigning them to beats having duties for which
they are best suited. Frequent beat changes prevent an officer from becoming well
acquainted with persons, hazards, and facilities on his beat; they also interfere with
continuity of service because the investigation and disposition of cases sometimes
extend over several days, and when a change is made, there is delay and
sometimes neglect in disposing of these cases.
Finally, frequent changes of beat assignments make it difficult to place
responsibility for unsatisfactory conditions. Procedures that interfere with the
application of the important rule that officers should be held responsible for the
performance of their duties must not be tolerated.
Rotation of shifts is undesirable. Most efficient patrol service is attained by the
permanent assignment of patrol officer to a platoon unit such time as the quality of
his/her services and the need for them justify transfer to another platoon. Police
hazards, facilities, persons aboard, and physical conditions vary according to the
hour of the day or night; consequently, knowledge of conditions on one shift is not
as useful to service on another shift.
Police duties at night are quite different from police duties during the
daytime, and the officer should not be rotated if the advantages of specialization
are to be derived and if the officers skills to be developed in handling certain types
of situations.
Usually, the first platoon (midnight to 8 A.M shift) is considered the least
desirable, and the second platoon (daylight shift) the most desirable. Recruits
should be assigned for training and experience to the first platoon, where their less
frequent contact with more critical citizens lessens the disadvantages of their
experience. Also, if recruits exposed only to qualified field-training officers, they are
likely to develop superior attitudes and work habits. Well-trained, experienced, very
active officers are needed on the third platoon (evening shift); officers should be
assigned to this shift as they become skilled by experience in police service and as
they develop seniority.
As they become older in years, more experienced, and less active physically,
officers should be transferred finally to the day shift as a reward for long, efficient
service; their knowledge of police service and acquaintance with the general public
will prove most useful on this shift, and they will be subjected to less physical strain.
Permanent shift greatly facilitate having different numbers of officers on each shift,
in proportion to workload. Rotation of shifts, on the other hand, may force a chief to
adopt the same number of beats on each shift simply because of the scheduling
difficulties
TYPES OF PATROL.
The most common and known form of police patrol the world over is that
performed on foot by a police officer in uniform. Its success in controlling crime was
discovered in London since 1763, when Henry Fielding, aided by his brother St. John,
both of whom successively, were Bow Street magistrates, organized a force known
as the Bow Street Foot Patrol. This was a group of men, privately employed and,
specially trained as thief takers. Its demonstrated utility gave rise to Robert Peels
Metropolitan Police Act of 1829.
On the modern police department, there are many types of patrol. In this
unit they will be discussed as the type of patrol, the advantages and disadvantages
of each and various techniques that may be utilized. Most patrols are assigned to a
particular area called a BEAT, and they are referred to as Beat Patrols.
The size of the BEAT is determined by:
a. The type of area to be patrolled ( business, farming, residential, recreation,
etc.)
b. The type of criminal activity that occurs in the area.
c. The frequency of crime in the area
3. The officer can actually get to know the physical layout of his beat better.
There are many things that an officer misses by patrolling his beat in a police
car because of the speed he is traveling and because of the size of the beat.
4. He gets to know the public on his beat better, and can develop criminal
informants easier. He can also make rendezvous with informant easier
without being noticed since he does not have to park his police car nearby.
5. A foot patrol officer can sneak up on situation where a patrol car is easily
noticed when it approaches.
Basic Techniques and Procedures of Foot patrol
1. Do not establish a set of pattern of patrolling procedure
2. Walk systematically (with purpose) on the beat while on patrol
3. Do not smoke nor drink while on patrol especially during night shift.
4. Walk near the curb during daylight. This technique offers:
2. When the officer is alone, he devotes his full attention to his driving and the
beat rather to the conversation with his partner.
3. In a two-man car, the officers begin to rely on each other, and as a result of
human error, an officer expects support when it isnt there. A man alone
develops self-reliance.
4. In the two-man car, an officer will take more chances than if he is alone. He
apparently builds a false sense of security, and sometimes acts without
caution because he does not want to appear to be a coward in front of his
partner.
5. Personality clashes are reduced. Riding in a small patrol car with another
person for eight hours will soon reveal most of his faults. In a short time
these faults can get on the other persons nerves.
NOTE:
Historically, the traditional foot patrolling in the Philippines was initiated in
August 7, 1901 by operation of Act No. 183, known as the Charter of Manila,
enacted on July 31, 1901. Governor William Howard Taft, the first Civil Governor of
the Philippines formally created the Manila Police Department. Likewise, the second
recorded event concerning patrol method in police work was on March 10, 1917, as
provided for in the Revised Administrative Code of the Philippines when it
mentioned, Requirement of police service or patrol duty for male residents.
After fifty-three years of foot patrolling in the Philippine policing system the
first automobile patrol was introduced on May 17, 1954 by the Manila Police
Department, through the initiative and foresight of Hon. Arsenio H Lacson, the first
elected Mayor of Manila Isaias Alma Jose was designated by the Mayor to organized
the first automobile patrol. He was appointed the first Chief of the Mobile patrol
Bureau that he commanded for ten years.
C. HORSE PATROL (Mounted patrol)
The horse patrol is one of the oldest types of patrol next to walking. At the
present time there is still need for the horse patrol where the terrain is steep and
rough. The disadvantage of the horse patrol is the cost of stables and upkeep, and
their limited use in a city. They are not much good at chasing criminals in an
automobile. They tire easily and require close physical attention.
The following are some of the most common uses of horse patrol:
1. Park patrol
2. Beach patrol
3. Posse and search duty - any community that is close to, or part of a
mountainous area has the problem of chasing down escaped or wanted
person who have fled to their areas. They also have the problem of children,
hunters and fishermen becoming lost in those areas. The mounted posse is
undoubtedly the best means of locating these persons when used in
conjunction with the helicopter.
4. Parade and crowd control
The horse also provides its rider with higher and better plane of vision than
the driver of a patrol car.
D. DOG PATROL
History shows us that dogs have been used as a means of personal protection
throughout recorded history. During world war 11,the military on all side widely
used dogs as a means of security and protection. ( Egyptian first to use dogs in
patrolling). In US, dogs have been used in police patrol since 1900. In April 1957,
Baltimore was the only American police force that used trained dogs handler teams
on patrol. As of April 1968, about 200 police agencies used a total of 500 man dog
teams in police patrol work.
The key to the successful use of police dogs in patrol is based first of all on an
understanding and willing master; second is, on the proper selection and training of
the dogs; and finally is, on preparing the general public for their use.
To become a dogs master or handler, the officer must first of all have an
understanding of animals. He must be willing to make personal sacrifices in
keeping the dog, as must his family.
The selection and training of dogs is very important, and can present many
problems. Not all breeds of dogs are suited for police work. Even among those
most suited for police work there many that didnt work out. The type of dog that
so far seems to be the best suited for all round police work is the German Shepherd.
The use of dogs can work out fine, but if the public thinks that they are a
danger to the community as well as to the criminal, they will not last. A well
planned public relations campaign must be conducted to show the general public
that the police dog is gentle except when commanded by his master, and that his
use will be restricted to the more serious offenses.
Uses of dogs or K-9s in police operations
1. Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs
and bombs.
2. Provide protection for one officer patrol.
3. Great value in crowd control. Trained dogs are fearless and loyal to their
handlers have a significant psychological effect on would-be trouble makers.
4.
5. Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in finding bodies dead or alive,
just buried or buried for years.
6. Locating trapped people during emergencies.
7. Can be an asset to public efforts. Well trained police dogs can be used for
demonstrations in public affairs, schools, or parades.
What breeds of working dogs are best suited for police works?
1. German Shepherds the most frequently used and highest scoring dog for
police work.
2. Black Labrador retrievers and Giant Schnauzers
3. Rottweilers, Doberman pinschers
4. Bouviers and Newfoundlands
5. Airedale terriers
6. Alaskan malamutes
Disadvantages of using K-9
1. Most police dogs work with only one handler.
2. K-9, like most dogs, is territorial, and its handler and its K-9 cruiser are part of
its territory.
3. Dog training is expensive. Dog training usually takes 10 to 20 weeks.
4. Police department that K-9 section is vulnerable to law suits.
E. AIRCRAFT PATROL .
Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of aircraft, either
helicopter or fixed-wing. Today, it has become necessary for the police use aircraft
in performing both routine and specialized patrol activities. The use of aircraft is not
totally new. In 1925, the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department has already
formed a volunteer Reserve Aero Squadron. Full-time Aero detail is still an official
unit in this police department today. Before 1929, the New York police department
began using aircraft. In 1947, the New York Port Authority began using helicopters
for surveillance, transportation, and rescue. Other cities and state agencies in USA
have employed helicopters, usually during daylight hours. In 1986, the state of
California developed an experimental program using helicopters for police patrolling
known as SKY KNIGHT. During the latter part of 1959, the Public Safety Department
of Dade County in Florida used the aerial patrol concept. At present, it is effectively
utilizing fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters in regular patrols to prevent crime and
apprehend offenders or engage in surveillance activities.
Advantages of Fixed-wing Aircraft Patrol
1. Patrolling long stretches of highway or expresses of inaccessible land.
2. Excellent for traffic control in long stretches of highways, for search and
surveillance and other special missions.
Disadvantages of Fixed-wing Aircraft Patrol
1. Fixed-wing aircraft has very little flexibility in congested metropolitan areas.
2. Needs a space of flat land for lift-off and landing.
3. Very expensive to operate.
Advantages of Helicopter Patrol
1. Able to travel at low speeds, to hover if necessary, and to land even in small
patch of flat land.
2. Increased visual range/scope.
3. More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation, surveillance, and other high
profile police activities.
4. Improved response time to emergency calls and other called-for service
5. Increased rate of apprehension of professional and organized crime groups.
6. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through airborne reconnaissance.
7. Increased ability in conducting searches for missing/lost people suspected
offenders and escaping prisoners.
8. Provide a better system of flood lighting areas to be patrolled at night.
9. Capable of broadcasting information to a large area through airborne
speakers.
10.Provide rapid emergency transportation of personnel.
2. Public complaints about the noise and about being spied upon.
3. Forcibly grounded during bad weather; smog and light or intermittent clouds
affecting visibility.
4. Presence of various hazards especially in congested areas.
5. There are landing patterns or procedures that must be followed, which delays
landing time.
6. Pilots must work shorter periods of time than regular police shifts since driver
of helicopters easily suffer work fatigues.
7. There are many tactical problems to overcome such as location of police units
on ground and the exact location of addresses.
8. Element of surprise is lost since criminals could hear the helicopter coming
even from a great distance.
F. BICYLE PATROL
Bicycle patrols are more common in temperate urban areas where limited
coverage areas are available. The use of bicycles instead of cars can make police
officers more easily approachable, especially in low-crime areas. Bicycles can also
be issued to police officers to enhance the mobility and range of foot patrols.
Bicycles can also be effective crime-fighting tools when used in densely populated
urban areas. The bikes are nearly silent in operation and many criminals do not
realize that an approaching person on a bike is actually a police officer.
Furthermore, if the criminal attempts to flee on foot, the riding police officer has a
speed advantage while able to quickly dismount if necessary.
In the Philippine setting the bicycle patrol was once introduced by the Manila
Police in 1939 to augment the foot patrol coverage in parks and residential areas.
Unfortunately, when two patrol officers were killed, one was stabbed when chasing
in his bicycle a bag snatcher at the Luneta Park, while the other one was sideswiped
by a bus. Bicycle patrol was abandoned it was then considered hazardous.
Advantages of Bicycle Patrol
1. It is economical or inexpensive to operate.
No single patrol strategy will work well in all cases or in every police
jurisdiction. The choice of the particular patrol strategy, or combination of
strategies, to be employed will depend upon.
1. the resources of the police agency concerned
2. the particular crime problems and patrol objectives
3. the characteristics of the individual community
4. the imagination and determination of the police administrator and his patrol
commander in developing patrol strategies tailored to best meet the needs of
their department, the community their police will serve.
Types of Police Patrol: Preventive, proactive and reactive.
The reactive function is a constant activity representing the bulk of what the
public expects police agencies to do- answer calls for services; enforce laws; arrest
criminals; give traffic citations, and perform random preventive patrol.
The proactive function requires officers to develop directed or structured
patrol strategies in response to identified crime problems. Officers are empowered
with new responsibilities to cope with crime. To a large extent, these new
responsibilities downplay the use of random, moving patrol cars. Instead emphasis
is placed in tactical planning to develop patrol strategies for responding quickly and
effectively to a myriad of crime problems (i.e. a series of street robberies in a
neighborhood, a pattern of rapes at an apartment complex, or drug dealing on a
school campus attributed to the actions of juvenile gang.) These types of tactical
response strategies are again dependent on accurate and timely information from
crime analysis units.
The third function is referred to as co-production or co-activity. It can be
defined as an active outreach and systematic engagement between the police and
the public for the purposes of identifying and addressing localized problems of crime
and disorder. Co-activity addresses long range strategic problems identified
through ongoing contacts between individual patrol officers and the citizens in a
specific geographic area.
Theoretically, officers become more familiar with a district the longer they
work in their assigned areas. Therefore, officers are expected to identify what
services are needed in specific areas through self-directed effort. Through selfdirection, officers are expected to contact people, explain why they are needed,
seek assistance in problem identification and learn how to coordinate police agency
involvement to remedy the problem.
The Psychology of Omnipresence: Patrol Strategy in crime prevention
While it is true that the patrol officer cannot detect the thinking or desire of
the criminal yet, he can destroy the opportunity to commit a crime by his ever
presence patrol strategy. The psychology of omnipresence, as an initial police
strategy, is to establish the aura of police presence in the community, and is best
exemplified and effectively applied in: Patrols crime prevention activities by
uniformed foot patrol officers as well as mobiles patrol crew in conspicuously
marked radio-equipped, patrol cars.
There is no denying that a criminal in planning to commit a crime is not solely
prompted by his strong desire. More importantly, he has to consider the presence
of an opportunity, i.e. the absence of apprehension, wherein the police are known to
be lax, inefficient, scarce. So, the communities in which, their police have
established a reputation of being extremely vigilant and aggressive in their patrol
functions are avoided by criminals.
The Walking Beat: The traditional patrol pattern
Before WW11, the walking beat or foot patrol was the only type used by our
local police forces for crime prevention activities. It was a very successful method
because of strict supervision employed- close personal supervision; supervision by
instrumentation; that resulted in a highly and satisfactory visible police presence.
During those years, the Manila Police Department, looked upon as the
premier law enforcement agency in the country, have installed throughout the city
the Gamewell Police Call-Box System. Gamewell is simply the trade name of the
American manufacturer, its system operates like a telephone. It is operated only by
a specially fitted solid brass key issued to every police officer assigned for patrol
duty as part of his official police equipment. The distribution of those boxes were
so strategically apportioned that two or three patrol officers of adjoining beats can
use one call-box, that the set-up facilitated the supervisory technique of the patrol
supervisor over his patrol officers.
Another patrol strategy, to further assure his high and constant visibility,
is through the following patrol pattern:
a. The Clockwise pattern The Police Manual and the List of Patrol Beats
were the police bibles. It must be memorized if one has to stay in the police
service. A beat patrol officer, irrespective of the size and number of beats, is
assigned two call-boxes. The objective of the clockwise patrol pattern at the
start of the 8 hour tour of duty is for the patrol officer to survey the situation
and condition of the boundaries of his area of responsibility.
b. The Zigzag or Freewheeling Patrol Pattern this is done by patrolling
the streets within the perimeters of the beats, not at random, but with a
definite target-location where he knows his presence is necessary. This
action is on course based on his study of the situations and conditions of his
beat.
c. The Counter clockwise Patrol Pattern this technique is simply the
reverse of the clockwise patrol pattern. It is done at the last hour of the 8
hour tour of duty in order to ensure that nothing unusual has happened in his
area of responsibility.
d. The Straightway and the Crisscross Patterns the straightway is
patrolling the length of a street, and therefore, the easiest to observe the
movement of the patrol officer, whereas, the crisscross is more or less similar
to the zigzag pattern.
What is important is that the movement technique of a patrol officer must
have a purpose and objective. It is not aimless nor at random. The observation of
the patrol officer must keenly be aimed at persons and things, the sources of
hazards.
Mobile Patrolling: Concept of Operation
The operation of mobile patrol shall be under centralized command,
irrespective of the size of the department and the area of coverage where, the
assignment of the patrol cars and its crew components shall be the sole
responsibility of its commander.
The radio cars shall be used exclusively for patrol functions. Flexibility in
their deployment shall be the primary consideration. Normally, radio cars shall be
allocated to areas in accordance with a) volume of crime incidence; b) need for
police service; and c) prevalence of hazard.
The mobile patrol crew, perform the same functions and duties and is subject
to the same discipline like his counterpart- the man on the beat. The only
distinguishing feature is found in the extent and facilities for patrol performance
where the crew is provided with an automobile equipped with two-way radio
transceivers to afford immediate communication and dispatch to scene of crime.
Two Phases to consider in managing mobile patrol
1.
Administrative Aspect
himself who produce from his pocket, as required by the officer the object or article
in question.
Evolution of Communication
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals, for
example, by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or
behavior. It is the act of giving or sending information. It refers to the transfer of
thought or idea from one person to another. It is the process of sharing ideas,
information, and messages with others in a particular time and place.
Communication among animals
Humans are not the only creatures that communicate; many other animals
exchange signals and signs that help them find food, migrate, or reproduce. The
19th century biologist Charles Darwin showed that the ability of species to exchange
information or signals about its environment is an important factor in its biological
survival.
Language
while other animals use limited range of sounds or signals to communicate,
humans have developed complex systems of language that are used to ensure
survival; express ideas and emotions; tell stories and remember the past; negotiate
with one another. Oral language is a feature of every human society or culture.
Symbols and Alphabets
Most languages also have a written form. The oldest records of written
language are about 5000 years old. However, written communication began much
earlier in the form of drawings or marks made to indicate meaningful information
about the nature world. The earliest artificially created visual images that have
been discovered to date are paintings of bears, mammoths, wooly winos, and other
Ice Age animals on cave walls near Avignon, France.
The oldest known examples of script-style writing date from about 3000 BC.
Papyrus sheets (a kind of early paper made from reeds) from about 2500 BC have
been found in the Nile Delta in Egypt bearing written hieroglyphs, another
pictographic-ideographic form of writing.
The Chinese writing system is called logographic because the full symbols, or
characters, each represent a word. Cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyph eventually
incorporated phonetic elements.
Interpersonal Communication
A face-to-face at the same and in the same place daily communication. The
most basic form of interpersonal communication is a dyad (an encounter or
conversation between two people). Communicating well in a dyad requires good
conversational skills. Communicators must know how to start and end the
conversation, how to make themselves understood, how to respond to the partners
statements, how to be sensitive to their partners concerns, how to take turns, and
how to listen.
In primitive times, the pounding of hollow logs or the beating of animal skin
drums was used to convey a message. Later man discovered that when he cut the
tip from the horn of an animal and blew through it, the sound carried for quite a
distance. We find its use mentioned throughout the Bible, and it was certainly the
main warning instrument used in the Hue and Cry even into the twelfth century.
In the Orient, the brass gong and finally the bell, became the warning instrument.
In Western civilization, until very recently, the church bell, high in the steeple,
not only called the people to church services, but warned the town or village of
imminent dangers. The American Indian used smoke signals, bird calls and drums
in his effort to communicate and send out warnings.
In the history of Anglo-American police patrol, the horn was replaced by the
hand-bell and rattle, and then finally the metal whistle.
1877 The Albany New York Police Department installed five telephones in the
mayors office connected to precinct stations. This was only two years after
Alexander Graham Bell developed the telephone, which indicates how quickly the
police saw the value of the telephone and how promptly it was utilized as a tool of
law enforcement.
1880 The Chicago Police Department installed the first Police Call Box on a city
street. Only officers and reputable citizens were given keys to the booth. Before
this time a signal box was used that would signal the emergency without voice
communications. Detroit made such installations in 1884 and Indianapolis in 1895.
1883 The Detroit, Michigan Police Department installed one police telephone. This
was significant when one considers the fact that there were only seven telephones
in the whole city at that time. In 1889 the department established a new division to
handle communications. It was called the Police Signal Bureau.
A code wheel was installed in the box so that when the beat man called in for his
time check, it would register at headquarters with the proper signal for that call box.
This insured that the beat officer was in fact at the location from which he claimed
to be calling.
1916 The New York Harbor Police installed spark transmitters so they could
communicate with their police boats while they were patrolling the harbor. This also
enabled them to communicate with other boats and ships in the harbor.
1928 On April 7, 1928, the worlds first workable police radio system went on the
air. The Detroit Police Department went on the air as station W8FS. The transmitter
was installed on Belle Isle in the Detroit River, and the receiver was installed in
cruiser No.5.
This was the climax of seven years of work and development under the direction of
Police Commissioner William P. Rutledge. The major problems in making a radio
receiver work reliably in a police car were receiver instability and lack of sensitivity.
Added to this were problems involving red tape with the Federal Radio Commission
(predecessor to the Federal Communications Commission).
By 1927 the prohibition era had seen the development of big time crime and the
gangsters were making wide use of automobiles as get-away cars. The police
were under great pressure to control the situation, but always arrived at the scene
too late. Commissioner Rutledge then persuaded Robert L. Batts, a young radio
technician and student at Purdue University, to come to Detroit and work on a radio
receiver that would operate in a police car. It was through this effort that the first
workable police radio setup was developed.
1929 In September of 1929, the Cleveland Police Department went on the air with
a few cars, and in December of the same year, Indianapolis became the third police
department in the world to set up a workable police radio system.
1930 The Michigan State Police became the first state police organization to go on
the air in October of 1930. It proved very effective in apprehending bank robbers
and other gangsters.
1931 The first police motorcycle was equipped with a radio by the Indianapolis
Police Department in September, 1931.
1933 In March 1933, the Bayonne New Jersey Police Department went on the air
with the first two-way, mobile police radio system.
1934 By 1934 so many police departments had police radio systems that they
were being used as inter-city communications for all types of general police
messages and the Federal Communications Commission had to intervene and
establish strict control on police radio communications, restricting non-emergency
messages to wire communications.
1935 Because the police departments did not understand the government
restrictions, they (at first) refused to obey them and police radio men from all over
the country banded together to form the APCO (Association of Police
Communications Officers) recently changed to the (Association of Public-Safety
Communications Officers)
1940 Motorola President, Paul Galvin, saw the value of FM over the AM for mobile
police communications, and hired Dan Noble to develop two-way FM for Motorola
Police Radio Sales. One of Nobles first developments was the remarkable
Differential Squelch Circuit which demonstrated greatly increased range in fringe
areas.
1945 The Federal Communications Commission allocated frequencies for FM, and
it became the established system for police radio communications.
Today most departments have three-way radios where the patrol car in the field
may not only carry on a two-way conversation with the base radio, but may also
carry on the same type of conversation with other police vehicles in the field.
( Payton Patrol procedure)
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
An explanation of communication process begins with a basic problem- it
cannot be examined as an isolated event. Communication is a process, and so it
must be understood as the totality of several interdependent and dynamic
elements. In the aggregate, communication may be defined as the process by
which senders and receivers interact in given social contexts. Another
understanding of this definition is that the process of communication requires that
we examine the several elements that make up the process, encoding,
transmission, medium, reception, decoding, and feedback. The word medium
comes from the Latin word medius, meaning middle or between. It is a channel
such as a radio, book, or a telephone is called medium; media is plural.
Encoding
Experience cannot be transmitted as experience. In conveying an experience
to another person, we do not relive that experience with that person. Even in the
most scrupulous reproduction of an experience, every element cannot be
duplicated. At the very least, the time period is altered, and intervening
experiences have altered us as individuals. To convey an experience or idea to
someone, we encode that experience into symbols. We use words or other verbal
behaviors and gestures, or other nonverbal behaviors to convey the experience or
idea. These symbols are our code; they stand for certain experiences; they are not
experiences themselves.
Transmission
Encoding involves only the decision to use a symbol for some concept. The
element of transmission involves the translation of the encoded symbols into some
behavior that another person can observe. The actual articulation (moving our lips,
tongue, etc) of the symbol into verbal or nonverbal observable behavior is
transmission.
Medium
Communication must be conveyed through some channel or medium. Media
for communication may be our sight, hearing, taste touch, or smell. Some other
media are television, telephone, paper and pencil, and radio. The importance of the
choice of the medium should not be minimized. All of us are aware of the difference
between a message that our superior delivers personally and the one that is sent
through a secretary or by a memo. The medium, like the chosen symbol, has an
effect on the meaning that the listener eventually attaches to the message in the
process of decoding.
Reception
For the receiver, the reception of the message is analogous to the senders
transmission. The stimuli, the verbal and nonverbal symbols, reach the senses of
the receiver and are conveyed to the brain for interpretation.
Decoding
The process of interpretation occurs when the individual who has received
the stimuli develops some meaning for the verbal and nonverbal symbols and
decodes the stimuli. For the receiver, then, decoding is analogous to the process of
encoding for the sender. These symbols are translated into some concept or
experience of the receiver. Whether this receiver is familiar with the symbols, or
whether interference such as any physical noise or physiological problem occurs.
( Swanson Police administration)
Systems of Communication
Paper and Printing the first lightweight medium was papyrus, an early form of
paper used by the Egyptians that was made from grasses called reeds. Until the
1400s in Europe, all documents were handwritten. Copyists and editors called
scribes recorded commercial transactions, legal decisions and pronouncements, and
manuscript copies of religious books many scribes were working in monasteries.
In Asia, block printing had already been developed by Buddhist monks in China in
about the 8th century. A similar technique was later used in the 15 th century by
Europeans to make illustrations for printed books.
The Telegraphy it is the first electronic medium which sends and received
electrical signals over long distance wires. Telegraph systems were immediately
useful for businesses that needed to transmit messages quickly over long distances,
such as newspapers and railroads.
The Telephone it is a device that would transmit the human voice over wires
instead of electrical clicks or other signals. The telephone network has also
provided the electronic network for new computer-based systems like the: internet;
facsimile transmissions; and world wide web.
The Radio the earliest systems for sending electrical signals through the air via
electromagnetic waves was called wireless and later radio.
The Computers the earliest computers were machines built to make repetitive
numerical calculations that had previously been done by hand. Computer networks
can carry and digital signals, including video images, sounds, graphics, animations,
and text.
Channels of Communication:
time
volume of information
certainty word
Communication security
The Police Radio Dispatcher The radio dispatcher is the personnel in a police
communication center or coordinating center tasked to receive and transmit radio
messages. Before a policeman or civilian can become a radio dispatcher, he must
be trained formally or through an OJT. The dispatcher is also called radio
coordinator and radio operator.
Pitch or voice frequency the level of the voice depends on the number of
cycles per second emitted by the speaker(high pitch is not pleasant and clear
in talking through mike.)
Timbre the quality of a speech sound that comes from its tone rather than
its pitch or volume.
Pleasant create a pleasant office image with voice with a smile since
pleasantness is contagious.
Distinct speak clearly and distinctly; move the lips, tongue and jaw freely;
talk directly to the telephone.
Expressive a well modulated voice carries best over the mike; use normal
tone of voice; not too loud nor too soft; vary the tones to bring out the
meaning of sentences and add color vitality to what you say.
The operator at the dispatch console then establishes radio contact with the
patrol unit and relays the details of the complaint. The dispatcher also has the duty
of maintaining a record of the status of the police vehicles under his control. If
information is needed from the records division or from some computer source, the
operator must then phone for this information.
Techniques in radio communication
Since communication over a police radio presents many problems, the
following information is intended to better help the patrol officer in this endeavor.
(B) Brevity. This means using few words. Due to the expanding volume of radio
traffic, it is essential that there be no unnecessary or repetitious words in the
transmission. The use of police code can help maintain brevity.
(C) Courtesy. It is necessary for rapid and efficient service. Courtesy begets
courtesy. Anger begets anger. The courtesy in police communications is more of a
form of respect than expressed words. It can be shown in the tone of voice.
Clarity, the second C. It can be best obtained through two main areas:
1.
Not speaking too fast, or slovenly. Talk with the mouth open.
Use the phonetic alphabet when the word is likely to cause trouble. Unusual
surnames should be spelled phonetically.
Use similes. This can be done by saying that something is like something
else. i.e. wood as in firewood; green like grass.
1. The complaint officer video terminal and keyboard. Here the complaint
officer receives calls for police service and the information is typed on the
keyboard. This information then goes to the computer.
2. The central mini-computer. First it records the information received from
the complaint officer. This becomes the daily log. At the same instant the
information is registered at the appropriate dispatch console. The computer
which has all addresses by beat, will search the new address and will assign
the proper beat area designation. The computer also lists the radio code,
priority, message, time, case record number, and the availability and location
of field units.
3. Time of day digital clock. This can record the time that the call was
received, and dispatched and when the officer arrived at the scene and when
he came back into service.
4. The computer storage file. This file is digital magnetic tape storage and is
attached to the computer. It contains the daily log and can later provide
various types of information for research and planning.
5. The command dispatch console. This console contains two TV type
screens. One is the Video Data Terminal which shows all of the information
about the request for service, including a case number, time of arrival,
priority and radio code. The other is the Situation Display which shows an
abbreviated case record number, a special color indicating priority, and a
projected map that shows the availability and location of field units. With the
knowledge gained by glancing at the map Situation Display, the dispatcher
can then decide which unit to send to a particular incident. If he should
desire more information about the call, he need only dial the computer, and
all of the information would appear on his Video Data Terminal.
THANK YOU,
GODBLESS,
And good luck!!