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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1GENERAL................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3COLLISION MITIGATION................................................................................................................................... 1
2PHILOSOPHY........................................................................................................................................................... 2
3LOADS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1PEDESTRIAN LOADING (PL)............................................................................................................................. 2
3.2VEHICLE LOAD (LL)........................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3EQUESTRIAN LOAD (LL) ................................................................................................................................... 4
3.4WIND LOAD (WS) ................................................................................................................................................ 4
3.5FATIGUE LOAD (LL)........................................................................................................................................... 5
3.6APPLICATION OF LOADS .................................................................................................................................. 5
3.7COMBINATION OF LOADS................................................................................................................................ 5
4FATIGUE .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4.1RESISTANCE ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
4.2FRACTURE............................................................................................................................................................ 6
5DEFLECTIONS......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6VIBRATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
7STABILITY............................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1HALF-THROUGH TRUSSES ............................................................................................................................... 7
7.1.1Lateral Frame Design Force.......................................................................................................................... 7
7.1.2Top Chord Stability ...................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1.3Alternative Analysis Procedures................................................................................................................... 9
7.2STEEL TWIN I-GIRDER AND SINGLE TUB GIRDER SYSTEMS ................................................................ 10
7.2.1General........................................................................................................................................................ 10
7.2.2Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance - Twin I-Girder.............................................................................. 10
7.2.3Lateral-Torsional Buckling Resistance-Singly Symmetric Sections .......................................................... 11
8TYPE SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ............................................................................................................................. 11
8.1ARCHES............................................................................................................................................................... 11
8.2STEEL TUBULAR MEMBERS .......................................................................................................................... 11
8.2.1General........................................................................................................................................................ 11
8.2.2Detailing ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
8.2.3Tubular Fracture Critical Members............................................................................................................. 12
8.3FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) MEMBERS ...................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
ii
1GENERAL
1.1SCOPE
C1.1
1.2PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS
C1.2
1.3COLLISION MITIGATION
C1.3
Increasing the
superstructure
lateral
resistance
of
the
2PHILOSOPHY
Pedestrian bridges shall be designed for specified
limit states to achieve the objectives of safety,
serviceability and constructability, with due regard to
issues of inspectability, economy, and aesthetics, as
specified in the AASHTO LRFD.
These Guide
Specifications are based on the LRFD philosophy.
Mixing provisions from specifications other than those
referenced herein, even if LRFD based, should be
avoided.
3LOADS
3.1PEDESTRIAN LOADING (PL)
C3.1
psf.
C3.2
Design Vehicle
H5
H10
C3.3
C3.4
C3.5
3.6APPLICATION OF LOADS
C3.6
3.7COMBINATION OF LOADS
C3.7
4FATIGUE
4.1RESISTANCE
The fatigue resistance for steel components and
details shall be as specified in the AASHTO LRFD,
Article 6.6.1.2.5 for the Fatigue I load combination. For
C4.2
5DEFLECTIONS
C5
6VIBRATIONS
C6
W
or
W 180e ( 0.35 f )
(6-1)
(6-2)
where:
W =
7STABILITY
7.1HALF-THROUGH TRUSSES
7.1.1Lateral Frame Design Force
C7.1.1
C7.1.2
Pc =
n=4
3.686
3.352
2.961
2.448
2.035
1.750
1.232
0.121
0
n=6
3.616
3.284
3.000
2.754
2.643
2.593
2.460
2.313
2.147
1.955
1.739
1.639
1.517
1.362
1.158
0.886
0.530
0.187
n=8
3.660
2.944
2.665
2.595
2.263
2.013
1.889
1.750
1.595
1.442
1.338
1.211
1.047
0.829
0.627
0.434
0.249
n=10
3.714
2.806
2.542
n=12
3.754
2.787
2.456
n=14
3.785
2.771
2.454
n=16
3.809
2.774
2.479
2.303
2.146
2.045
1.794
1.629
1.501
1.359
1.236
1.133
1.007
0.847
0.714
0.555
0.352
0.170
2.252
2.094
1.951
1.709
1.480
1.344
1.200
1.087
0.985
0.860
0.750
0.624
0.454
0.323
0.203
2.254
2.101
1.968
1.681
1.456
1.273
1.111
0.988
0.878
0.768
0.668
0.537
0.428
0.292
0.183
2.282
2.121
1.981
1.694
1.465
1.262
1.088
0.940
0.808
0.708
0.600
0.500
0.383
0.280
0.187
0.107
0.068
0.103
0.055
0.121
0.053
0.112
0.070
0.017
0
0.031
0.029
0.025
0.003
0
0.010
0
0.135
0.045
0
C7.1.3
10
C7.2.1
M n M cr
2s E
I yo I xo M px
L2
(7.2.2-1)
where:
E =
Ixo =
Iyo =
L
Mcr =
Mpx =
Mn =
s
11
Where a concrete deck is used, continuous twin Igirder systems shall be made composite with the deck
for the entire length of the bridge.
7.2.3Lateral-Torsional Buckling Resistance-Singly
Symmetric Sections
C7.2.3
Equations for the determination of the lateraltorsional buckling moment in singly symmetric sections
are given in the Guide to Stability Design Criteria for
Metal Structures by Galambos (1998), specifically in
chapter 5. Equation 5.9 of that chapter presents the
general formula for bending members. Methods for
accounting for location of loading with respect to the
shear center are provided, as well as for determining the
appropriate buckling lengths considering rotational
restraints.
12
C8.2.2
C8.2.3
13
C8.3
REFERENCES
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Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. 2001. Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaries and
Traffic Signals, 4th Edition, LTS-4, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, DC.
AASHTO. 2002. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. 2007. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, 2008 and 2009 Interim,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. 2008. AASHTO Guide Specifications for Design of FRP Pedestrian Bridges, 1st Edition.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
AISC. 2005. Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 360-05, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL.
Allen, D. E. and Murray, T. M. 1993 Design Criterion for Vibrations Due to Walking, AISC Journal, 4th
Quarter, pp. 117-129.
AWS. 2008. Bridge Welding Code, AASHTO/AWS D1.5M/D1.5:2008, American Welding Society,
Miami, FL.
AWS. 2006. Structural Welding Code - Steel, AASHTO/AWS D1.1M/D1.1M:2006, American Welding
Society, Miami, FL.
Bachmann, H. Lively footbridges - a real challenge. Proceedings of the International Conference on the
Design and Dynamic Behavior of Footbridges, Paris, France, November 2022, 2002, pp.1830.
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Paris, Journal of Bridge Engineering, Volume 12, Issue 6, pp. 669-676
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Bridge: Pedestrian-Induced Lateral Vibration. Journal of Bridge Engineering, Volume 6, Issue 6, 2001,
pp. 412-417.
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FHWA, 1989. Uncoated Weathering Steel in Structures, Technical Advisory T 5140.22, Federal Highway
Administration, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Galambos, T.V. 1998. Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 5th Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, NY
Kozy, B. and Tunstall, S. 2007 Stability Analysis and Bracing for System Buckling in Twin I-Girder
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Nettleton, D. A. 1977. Arch Bridges, Bridge Division, Office of Engineering, Federal Highway
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Nowak, A.S. and Collins, K.R. 2000. Reliability of Structures, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Civil
Engineering Series, Singapore,
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Metropolis & Beyond 2005 - Proceedings of the 2005 Structures Congress and the 2005 Forensic
Engineering Symposium, April 20.24, 2005, New York, NY, ASCE
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Volume 10, Issue 1, pp. 107-112.
Roland, E. S., Hull, M. L., and Stover, S. M. 2005. Design and Demonstration of a Dynamometric
Horseshoe for Measuring Ground Reaction Loads of Horses during Racing Conditions, Journal of
Biomechanics, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 2102-2112.
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Pedestrian Loading, Service dEtudes Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes, Association Francaise De
Genie Civil, Paris, France.
Willford, M. Dynamic actions and reactions of pedestrians. Proceedings of the International Conference
on the Design and Dynamic Behavior of Footbridges, Paris, France, November 2022, 2002.
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Bridge Collapse. 2005 Annual Technical Session Proceedings, April 6-9, 2005 in Monreal, Quebec,
Canada, Structural Stability Research Council. Rolla, MO.
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excitation: a literature review. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 279(1-2), 2005, pp. 1-74.
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