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Description
f ( x )=f (x )
Example: Let
Even Symmetry
f ( x )=x 4
f ( 2 )= (2 )4=( 16 )=16
f (2 )=(2 )4 =( 16 )=16
f ( 2 )=f (2 )
f ( x ) =f (x )
Example: Let
Odd Symmetry
f ( x )=x
f ( 5 ) =( 5 )3 =( 125 )=125
3
f (5 )=(5 ) =(125 )=125
f (5 )=f (5 )
Interval Notation
A mathematical representation for a set of values that satisfy a specific condition or multiple conditions. For each of
the following, let x represent an unknown variable and a and b represent known endpoints of an interval
where a<b .
Inequality / Set Notation
Interval Notation
a< x <b
or
{ xa< x <b }
( a , b)
[ a , b]
a< x b
or
{ xa< x b }
a x <b
or
{ xa x< b }
ax b
or
{ xa x b }
Literal Meaning
< x <
or
{ xx }
x< ax >a
or
{ xx a }
( , )
(, a ) ( a , )
NOTE: The union symbol, , is the
mathematical equivalent of the word or
x cannot be equal to a ; x
is any real number except for a
Quotient
bm b n=b m+n
Product
b m m n
b b = n =b
b
m
Description
( b m ) =b m n=bmn
Power of Power
or
n m
( b ) =b n m=bmn
m
( a b ) =a b
Power of Product
a m am
= m
b
b
()
Power of Quotient
where
m>0 and b 0
m=
Slope Formula
y 2 y 1
x 2x 1
or
m=
y 1 y 2
x 1x 2
y=mx +b
Slope-Intercept
Formula
y y 1=m ( xx 1 )
Point-Slope
Formula
Description
Use this formula to find the slope--average rate
of change--between two coordinate
points,namely ( x 1 , y 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) , on the
xy-plane.
Ax + By=C
Standard
Formula
y=k
Horizontal Line
where
Use this formula to quickly determine both the xcoordinate and y-coordinate of a linear equation,
if they exist.
This formula represents a constant function.
the sign of k determines the
position of the horizontal line with
respect to the x-axis
k >0 above
x-axis
k =0
overlaps/equal to x-axis
k <0 below
x-axis
the slope is always zero,
m=0
x=h
Vertical Line
where
y-axis
h=0
overlaps/equal to y-axis
h<0 left of
y-axis
the slope is always undefined/not
a real number, m
Standard Equation
Standard
Quadratic Function
{ xx }
f ( x )=x 2
Interval Notation:
(, )
{ y0 y < }
Interval Notation:
Symmetry: Even
Transformation Eqn:
g ( x ) =a ( xh ) +k
The cubic function is a 3rd-degree polynomial (the
highest, positive integer exponent of a variable is 3).
Properties of Standard Function
x-intercept: ( 0,0 )
y-intercept: ( 0,0 )
Domain: All real numbers
Set Notation:
Standard
Cubic Function
{ xx }
f ( x )=x
Interval Notation:
( , )
{ y y }
Interval Notation:
( , )
Symmetry: Odd
Transformation Eqn:
3
g ( x ) =a ( xh ) +k
Standard
Square Root
Function
f ( x ) =
or
f ( x )=x
1
2
{ x0 x < }
Interval Notation:
Range: All nonnegative numbers
Set Notation:
{ y0 y < }
Interval Notation:
Symmetry: Asymmetrical
Transformation Eqn: g ( x ) =a
f ( x )=
Standard
Reciprocal Function
1
x
{ xx 0 }
or
f ( x )=x1
Interval Notation:
( , 0 ) ( 0, )
{ y y 0 }
Interval Notation:
( , 0 ) ( 0, )
Symmetry: Odd
Transformation Eqn:
g (x )=
a
+k
xh
Standard
Absolute Value
Function
{ xx }
f ( x )=|x|
Interval Notation:
( , )
{ y0 y < }
Interval Notation:
Symmetry: Asymmetrical
Transformation Eqn:
g ( x ) =a |xh|+ k
Transformation Equation
An equation used to represent a translation (horizontal or vertical shift), dilation (change in size), or reflection of some
standard, base function along the xy-plane. Let f ( x ) represent an arbitrary base function. The general
transformation equation,
g ( x ) , is given by:
g ( x ) =a f ( xh )+ k
Transformation Type / Notation
Translation: Horizontal
(also known as Horizontal Shift)
Symbolic Notation:
Individual Formulaic
Representation
g ( x ) =f ( xh )
Literal Meaning
h>0 shift f ( x )
h
units to the right
h=0 do not shift
h<0 shift f ( x )
h
units to the left
NOTE: The true value of h always has an
opposite sign from its value within the
transformation equation; by default, h=0
Translation: Vertical
(also known as Vertical Shift)
Symbolic Notation:
g ( x ) =f ( x )+ k
k >0 shift f ( x )
h
units upward
k =0 do not shift
up
nor down
f (x)
k <0 shift f ( x )
h
units downward
NOTE: The true value of k always has an
identical sign from its value within the
transformation equation; by default, k =0
Dilation
(also known as Scale Factor)
Symbolic Notation:
g ( x ) =a f ( x )
where
a0
Reflection: Horizontal
(also known as Horizontal Inversion)
Symbolic Notation:
g ( x ) =a f ( x )
where
a0
f ( x ) is unchanged
Reflection: Vertical
(also known as Vertical Inversion)
Symbolic Notation:
x x
g ( x ) =f (x )
Identity
b =b
Zero Power
b0 =1
b =
Negative Exponents
where
1
bm
m 0 and b 0
Description