Tib-e-Yunani, Hikmet, Hakeems, Desi Ilaaj, Tabeeb, Greek Medicine

10/8/2014
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Tib-e-Yunani, Hikmet, Hakeems, Desi Ilaaj, Tabeeb, Greek Medicine.
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Tib-e-Yunani, Hikmet, Hakeems,
Desi Ilaaj, Tabeeb, Greek Medicine.
on: April 08, 2014, 11:05:29 PM
History and Principles of Tib-e-Yunani

Origin & History of Unani Medicine Tibb-e-Unani or hikmet as it is famously known in
Pakistan is the health system which was intially utilized by Greeks and was improved
upon by Muslims. It was later on developed into the modern health systems and its
remnants in ancient form are being practiced in Pakistan as Tibb-e-Unani
Unani medicine originated in Greece and is primarily based on the principles propounded
by the ancient Greek practitioners Hippo crates and Galen. Over the subsequent
centuries, a number of Arab and Persian scholars enriched the system, among them Ibn
e Sina an Arab philosopher and physicist, who is also known as Avicenna is the most
prominent name whose book "Canon of Medicine" remained the prime text book of
medicine in all the major medical schools of East and west till the 19th century. He also
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wrote Kitab-al-shifa (Book of Healing). This system, earlier known as "Galenics", later
became known as Unani Tibb, (Unani being the Arabic word for "Greek" and Tibb an
Arabic word for "medicine").
Principles of Unani medicine
Unani medicine states that disease is a natural process and that symptoms are the
reactions of the body to disease. It employs the humoral theory which presupposes the
presence of four akhlaat (humours) in the body dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra
(yellow bile) and sauda (black bile). Each humour has its own temperament: blood is
hot and moist; phlegm is cold and moist; yellow bile is hot and dry; and black bile is
cold and dry. According to Unani, if the four main humours and the four primary
temperaments (hot, cold, dry, moist) are all in a state of mutual equilibrium, the person
is considered healthy.
The body is made of four basic elements; Earth, Air, Water, & Fire with different
temperaments i.e cold, hot, wet & dry. The body organs get their nourishment through
four humors; Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile & Black Bile. The concept of health in Tibb-eUnani is a state of body in which there is equilibrium in the humors, and the function of
the body is normal in accordance with its own temperament and the environment. When
the equilibrium in the humors is disturbed and the functions of body are abnormal that
state is called disease. Tibb-e-Unani takes a holistic approach towards prevention of
disease, cure and promotion of health. Tibb-e-Unani relies on drugs made from
medicinal plants, herbs, minerals, or of metallic or animal origin, for the treatment of
disease.
Seven Essential Constituents
The essential constituents and the working principles of the body, according to Unani,
can be classified into seven main groups:
arkan or elements
mizaj (temperament)
akhlat (humours)
aza (organs); arwah (life, spirits or vital breaths)
arwah (life, spirits or vital breaths)
quva (energy)
af'al (action)
Four Elements According to Tibb-e-Unani the human body is composed of following
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four elements:
Air
Water
Earth
Fire
Each of the four elements has its own special qualities: earth is cold and dry; water is
cold and moist; fire is hot and dry; air is hot and moist.
Four Humours
According to Tibb-e-Unani four humours are responsible for transportation of energy in
Human body.
Blood (dam)
Phlegm (balgham)
Yellow bile (safra)
Black bile (sauda)
Physical temperament (Mizaj)
The interaction of the elements produces various states, which in turn determine the
temperament of an individual. It is of paramount importance to keep that temperament
in mind while prescribing a course of treatment. Each individual has a unique
temperament, which may potentially be real equitable, equitable or inequitable.
Following are the nine Temperaments types
Balanced
Hot
Cold
Moist
Dry
Hot and Dry
Hot and Moist
Cold and Dry
Cold and moist
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The state of real equitable never occurs in reality, rather it is a theoretical situation in
which the temperaments of the four elements used are equal. The resultant quality of
the uniform body is called its mizaj. The temperament of a substance may be a mizaj-emutadil (balanced one) or a mizaj-e-ghair-mutadil (imbalanced one).
Different types and shades of imbalanced temperaments are described in Unani, which
believes that at birth every person is endowed with a unique and healthy humoral
constitution determining the temperament of an individual.
Six Key Factors influencing Health & Disease
In Unani medicine, six key factors are evaluated in relation to health. These six factors
are called "al-umoor al-tabiyah". Each has a close relation to, and a direct bearing on,
the state of health of an individual. Therefore, it is necessary for a Unani medicine
practitioner to take all these factors into consideration in order to arrive at a correct
diagnosis and decide how to treat the ailment. Unani medicine stresses the influence of
surroundings on the state of health of human beings. It states six essential prerequisites
for the prevention of disease and it places great emphasis on the maintenance of a
proper ecological balance and on keeping water, food and air free from all pollution.
These prerequisites, known as al-asbab al-sitta al-dharuriya (six essentials) follow:
Air.
Food and drink.
Physical exercise and repose.
Mental exertion and repose.
Sleep and wakefulness.
Evacuation and retention.
Concepts of the stages of digestion According to the Unani system of medicine,
there are four stages of digestion.
Gastric digestion followed by intestinal digestion, when food is turned into chyme
and chyle and carried to the liver.
Hepatic digestion, when chyle is converted into the four humours in varying
quantities, blood being the largest. Thus, the blood that leaves the liver is
intermixed with the other three humours; phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
Vessel digestion, in which every tissue absorbs nutrition by its attractive power
and retains it by its retentive power.
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Tissue digestion is the digestive power that, in conjunction with the power of
assimilation, converts the nutritive elements into tissue. The waste material
remaining in the humours at this stage is excreted by the expulsive power. Unani
practitioners maintain that when any disturbance occurs in the equilibrium of the
humours, it causes disease. Therefore the Unani mode of treatment aims to
restore the equilibrium of the humours.
Yanani Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment States of the human body (Haalaat
al-jism) According to Unani medicine practitioners, the states of the body are grouped
under three headings:
Health, in which all the functions of the body operate normally;

Disease, the opposite of health, in which one or more forms or functions of the
bodily organs are at fault; and
Neither health nor disease, where there is neither complete health nor actual
disease, such as in the case of elderly individuals or those who are convalescing.
Diseases are of two types, namely simple or complex. A simple disease is one
that completes its course without complications.
A simple disease may manifest itself in three forms:
Imbalance of the humours (dyscrasia);

Structural or organic diseases;
Diseases of disharmony.
Diagnosis
The unani Physician-called Hakim diagnoses primarily by information obtained through
Clinical history of patient.

Muaenah-e-nabz (pulse).
Mushahidah-e-bol-o-bazaz (Stool and urine examination).
Assessment of Mizaj (Temperament).
Four types of treatment lines are available:
Ilaj bil tadbeer (regimental therapy),
Ilaj bil Ghiza (dietotherapy),
Ilaj bil dawa (Pharmacotherapy) and
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Jarahat (Surgery).
The regimental therapy includes procedures like venesection, cupping, Turkish bath,
massage, exercise and leeching among others. These therapies involves working on
specific body reflexes, most commonly by massage. But in case of musculoskeletal
problems like arthritis and back pain, application of cold, heat or suction cups is also
done. In rare instances, serious and acute diseases are treated by puncturing certain
reflex points, during which a few drops of blood are released.
Similarly, dietotherapy involves administration of specific diets or regulation of
quantity and quality of food, where as pharmacotherapy deals with administration of
drugs derived from plant and mineral sources. In unani system, single drugs or their
combinations in raw form are preferred over compound formulations.
"A Unani physician does not prescribe the strongest drug at the beginning of the
treatment. He selects the drug according to the degree of variation from the normal
healthy condition and observes the effect produced by the treatment. At the same time,
he instructs the patient to observe some restrictions in diet and lifestyle."
Since in Unani, health and disease depend upon the equilibrium or imbalance between
the four humours, a thorough examination of the pulse is undertaken to determine
which humour is dominant at the time. The examination of the urine is the next
important step. Its colour, taste, viscosity, whether it has froth on its surface, if the
bubbles formed are large, indicating balgham, or small, indicating safra are scrutinised.
The stool is also examined in a similar way.
Scope of Tibb-e-Unani in Pakistan
Tib_e_unani in Pakistan Traditional Medicines has been a conspicuous component oft he
cultural heritage of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and has played a significant role in
providing health care to a large portion of the population.
National Council for Tibb?
National Council for Tube is a body corporate, having perpetual succession and a
common seal established under the provisions of Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic
Practitioners Act, 1965.
It consists of the following members, namely:Four members, being qualified and registered practitioners of the Unani System of
Medicine, to be nominated by the Federal Government after consulting the Provincial
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Government concerned, of whom one shall be from each Province.

Eleven qualified members, to be elected from amongst themselves by the registered
practitioners of the Unani System of Medicine, of whom five shall be from the Punjab,
three from Sindh, two from the North West Frontier Province and one from
Baluchistan;
Two members, to be elected from amongst themselves by the teachers of all the
recognized Institutions of the Unani or Ayurvedic System of Medicine; one member, to
be elected from amongst themselves by the registered practitioners of the Ayurvedic
System of Medicine; and
Four members, to be nominated by the Federal Government, of whom one
shall be a Scientist from the related field and one Deputy Secretary (Budget) Ministry of
Health, who shall also bet he Chairman of the Finance Committee.
Functions of the National Council for Tibb?
To consider applications for recognition under this Act made by institutions

imparting or desiring to impart instruction in the system of medicine with
which the Council is concerned.
To secure the maintenance of an adequate standard of education in recognized
institutions.
To make arrangements for the registration of duly qualified persons in accordance
with the provision of UAH Act 1965.
To appoint committees or sub-committees, each having due representation of all
the Provinces, for a specific period, to perform any specified function connected
with the functions of the Council.
To provide for research in the system of medicine with which the Council is
concerned.
To do such other acts and things as it may be empowered or required to do by
this Act or the Rules.
Facts regarding Tib-e-Y unani in Pakistan
The duration of the course i.e. Fazil ut Tibb Wai Jarahat unrecognized institutions
of Unani or Ayurvedic system of medicine shall be four years and the course shall
include the subjects prescribed by regulations
The minimum qualification required for admission to a recognized institution of
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Tibb-e-Unani for FTJ course shall be Matriculation with Science or equivalent

examination of any University or Education Board in Pakistan established by or
under any law but those with Intermediate or higher qualification with Science
shall be preferred.
The minimum qualification required for admission to a recognized institution of
Tibb-e-Unani for BEMS Course shall be FSc. Pre Medical.
There are 30 Tibbia Colleges in the private sector and1 college in the public sector
offering 4 years diploma course in Tibb-e-Unani that follow the prescribed
curriculum and conditions laid down in the regulations. A five year degree
program has been launched by the faculty of Eastern Medicine of Hamdard
University, Karachi and the curricula are revised and standardized by the Higher
Education Commission.
There are more than 50000 Hakeems/Tabibs and 450 vaid registered with
National Council for Tibb as Medical Practitioners (Tabibs/Vaids).
In Pakistan about 457 Tibbi Dispensaries and many private clinics provide
medication to the public. About 95 Dispensaries have been established under
provincial Governments.
There are 300-350 Herbal/Tibb-e-Unani Manufacturing Companies.
Pakistan is amongst the leading exporters of Medicinal Plants. According to the
Export Promotion bureau, Pakistan exported 8500 tons of medicinal plants in
1999, and earned US$ 6 million from export compared to US$ 31 million spent on
import on herbal products. This is mainly because the technology is not yet
developed to export the processed form of herbal product which could be a major
source of revenue. There are around 5000 species of wild plants in Pakistan.
According to the National Institute of Health.
Last Edit: April 09, 2014, 11:23:47 PM by Administrator
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Medicine Pakistan Medical Information and Education Health Care System

History and Principles of Tib-e-Yunani

Health, in which all the functions of the body operate normally;

Imbalance of the humours (dyscrasia);

Clinical history of patient.

Government concerned, of whom one shall be from each Province.

To consider applications for recognition under this Act made by institutions

Tibb-e-Unani for FTJ course shall be Matriculation with Science or equivalent

Last Edit: April 09, 2014, 11:23:47 PM by Administrator

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