Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Temporary structures are defined as buildings intended to be used for short periods of time.
Such structures may be used at special events or displays such as weddings, functions, music
festivals, market days, etc.
True characteristics of a temporary structure are it is de- and re-mountable, low mass
construction technique ,temporary doesnt mean a short life, unlimited possibilities of form,
future use ,translucency.
A temporary structure is "Any piece of work that is readily movable and used or intended to
be used for a period not to exceed 90 consecutive days. Such structure shall be subject to all
applicable property development standards for the district in which it is located." (Scottsdale,
Ariz.)
Or "A structure without any foundation or footing and removed when the designated time
period, activity, or use for which the temporary structure was erected has ceased." (Santa
Monica, Calif.)
1.2 AIM:
To study about cost effective construction techniques and building materials used in the
construction of temporary structures.
1.3 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of the study are,
1.4 SCOPE:
Temporary structures have evolved considerably over the years, bringing a wide range of
marquee hire options for anyone organising a festival, exhibition, product launch, wedding or
private party because of their comparatively low cost, versatility and unique designs. And
nowadays architects, engineers are choosing innovative , fast finishing and cost effective
methods of construction. The study will be helpful to promote the usage of temporary
structures among people who depends on permanent structure for exhibition and other
purposes because of expense issues, as my study is to identify cost effective construction
techniques and materials.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
1.5 LIMITATIONS:
The study is limited to the following due to time constraints and availability of case studies:
Details of temporary structures used only for exhibition purposes( its design, planning,
construction, dismantling and risk assessment).
Details of modular and custom designs
Fixing and construction details.
Time required for construction and dismantling of temporary structures, cost, climatic
suitability, foundation requirements, height and risk of construction of aluminium
alloy framed structures, light gauge steel framed structures and wooden framed
structures.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
It's high strength Temporary structure. Along the length of the semi-cylinder, these roofs are
capable large spans. The ancient Romans first used the semicircular arch which was then
extended into vault for tunnelled aqueducts etc. Shown in figure 2.4.
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A shed roof is basically a flat roof but has more pitch. This type of roof only slopes down in
one direction. It is sometimes used on a lower porch roof and ties into a wall or upper steeper
roof. It is also used on smaller temporary buildings where one wall is built taller than the
opposite one to create the pitch, hence the term "shed roof".
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
This type of roof is just a gable built on two different height walls. Sometimes this style of
roof is used to gain space to create a loft area.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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It has these negative characteristics: It is not highly fireproof, as it is made of wood. It is not
strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes and hurricanes.
Every timber frame structures are made of a few basic components: Studs are vertical wooden
members within the walls. Joists are the horizontal wooden beams that support the floors.
Rafters are the sloping wooden beams that support the roof. Sheathing are the sheets that are
nailed over the studs to connect them securely and form the wall surfaces. Sliding is the
exterior cladding that covers the walls from the outside. Timber frame structures can be again
classified in to:
a) Platform framed structures:
It is also called "western" framing. Joists, studs, rafters, and plates are the members that are
used to construct platform framing. Each floor is constructed as its own unit, helping to
prevent fire from spreading between floors. Wall sections for each floor are also constructed
as one-story units. Settling does occur after a house is framed, but most shrinkage occurs
uniformly over a structure. Generally this type of structures are used for semi permanent and
permanent structures . Typical construction methods for platform framing are shown below.
Platform Framing and Foundation Platform frames are started with a sill plate attached to
the foundation, and joists run perpendicular from the sill plate. A joist header attaches to the
end of each joist. The studs are then attached to the joists, running the ceiling height of the
floor. The subflooring is installed on top of the joists. A sole plate is then installed on top of
the subflooring material.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
e)Tent structure:
This structure mark the early evolution of green timber frames. This structures can be built
with a mix of round and square timber. The roof can be covered with shingles, tarps, felt or
thatch. This structure can be closed in or left open ended.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Advantages
Ideal as an instant temporary fix.
Fast to erect.
Fast to dismantle.
Will fix to any hard standing
surface( whether it is bolts or spikes)
Will stand on sloping or uneven ground.
Disadvantages
Not as secure as steel roof building due to
PVC fabric used for the roof.
Depreciate and deteriorate over time with
maximum 10 years life span.
Not classed as an asset because they are demountable.
Require regular maintenance.
Low fire retardancy values because of the
PVC and Aluminum.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Disadvantages
May require concrete base if it is to
be for a long term use.
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b)Fibreglass
Another widely used membrane structure, coated with Teflon or silicone. The fibreglass has a
high ultimate tensile strength, behaves elastically and does not undergo significant stress
relaxation and creep. The Teflon coating is chemically inert, withstands temperature from
-100F to 450F , is immune to UV radiation and can be cleaned with water. It costs Rs.179/sq
ft.
c)Nylon
Nylon which may be laminated with vinyl films, is stronger and more durable than polyester.
But has a higher cost and more stretch . It may a good choice for some small jobs, but it
stretches too much for use in large buildings. It cots Rs.334/sq ft.
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Base plate is fixed to the ground using 20mm thick , 80cm long cast iron rod such that
50cm is below the ground. The depth of the drill hole should be the screw bolt length
+2times the screw bolt diameter. The spacing between each base plate should be 3 to
6m.
Fix the column in any of the following ways.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
The rafter beams are fixed separately by aligning them with the corresponding holes of
the apex plate and bolting them.
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There are various methods through which the membrane materials can be connected with the
frame of the structure. some of the commonly used methods are described below:
Connections by creating pocket on fabric material for inserting metal rods into it as
shown in figure 2.39
Connections by bolting fabric membrane material to the end plates as shown in figure
2.40
Connections by tying fabric and structural materials to an external support using metal
ties as shown in figure 2.41
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
2.1.6 SERVICES:
2.1.6.1 AIR CONDITIONING:
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature
and humidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the
conditioned air to an occupied space to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
Portable air conditioners are used to condition the occupied spaces inside temporary event
structures. They can be easily transported inside the buildings. They are currently available
with capacities of about 5,00060,000 BTU /h (1,80018,000 W output) and with or without
electric-resistance heaters. Portable air conditioners are either evaporative or refrigerative.
The compressor-based refrigerant systems are air-cooled, meaning they use air to exchange
heat, in the same way as a car or typical household air conditioner does. Such a system
dehumidifies the air as it cools it. It collects water condensed from the cooled air and
produces hot air which must be vented outside the cooled area; doing so transfers heat from
the air in the cooled area to the outside air.
Portable split system
A portable split system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible
pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
A single-hose unit uses air from within the room to cool its condenser, and then vents it
outside. This air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms (due to the negative
pressure inside the room), thus reducing the unit's effectiveness.
2.1.6.2 LIGHTING:
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well
as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or light
shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can
save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.
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Neon: A low pressure gas contained within a glass tube; the color emitted depends on
the gas.
Light emitting diodes: Light emitting diodes (LED) are solid state devices that emit
light by dint of the movement of electrons in a Semi conductor material.
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Down lighting is most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting
light downward. This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices and homes.
Although it is easy to design it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy
consumption due to large number of fittings. The introduction of LED lighting has greatly
improved this by approx. 90% when compared to a halogen down light or spotlight. LED
lamps or bulbs are now available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps.
Up lighting is less common, often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back
down. It is commonly used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform
general illuminance levels. Uplighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a
space and can minimize disabling glare on computer displays and other dark glossy
surfaces. It gives a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation. However
indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the surface. While
indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow free light effect it can be regarded as an
uneconomical lighting principle.
Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to make the subject look flat as its casts
almost no visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to
produce glare near eye level. Backlighting either around or through an object is mainly for
accent.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
2.2.1.1 Introduction:
In 1983, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), a leading company in the
computer industry, decided to promote the knowledge of technology, especially among young
people, by creating a travelling exhibit that would bet set up, for one month at a time, in the
parks of twenty different European cities. The architectural structure used for this exhibit had
to ensure precise microclimate control for the interior space in which the sophisticated
electronic equipment would be exhibited to the public, and had to be able to be set up in
various different settings.
The building, which was 48 metres long, 12 metres wide and 7 metres high, was comprised
of an entirely disassemblable transparent tunnel, equipped with the various support systems
for the computerized instrumentation that would be put on display. Each time the exhibition
was moved, a specific project had to be developed in order to allow it to be inserted within the
new context, while the functionality of the building itself only required a connection to a main
electrical power source.
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cast aluminium
laminated wood
The construction consist of a raised steel framed floor enclosed with 34 self supporting
arches, 1.4m in width spanning 10.2m
The outer laminated timber spar which joins the top of each pyramid with two similar
spars forms the double internal chords of the arch. The structure formed by the
pyramids and the spars behave as a triangular cross-section truss.
The spars made from laminated wood in short sections, are glued to cast aluminium
nodes to which the pyramids are stiffened with metal plates and stainless steel blocks,
bonded with special glues to the polycarbonate
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
For the assembly, two halves of the arched truss units are pinned at the base to the
framed floor and then lifted in to arch position. pin connections join the arch tops, and
the floor seams are attached as additional units to complete the cylindrical vault.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
KOCHIN.
Malayala manorama conducted their annual shopping exhibition 'manorama fiesta' on august
28 up to September 14 at jawahar lal nehru stadium, kochin.
Features:
Barrel roof
Materials used:
Runner wood pieces, Wooden boards and carpets for plat form
Arch units of 150 cm height, 120 cm height and a central arch unit
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
The required area and the Position of the base plates are marked with pegs and threads
Each base plates are aligned along the thread and 150 cm arch units are then brought
over the corresponding holes of the base plate and bolted using 1.2 m screws in to the
ground as shown in figure below
On either side of the central unit, five 120cm units are bolted one by one(intermediate
arch units can be added according to the span of the pavilion. For a dome structure the
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
maximum span can be up to 25m). This whole system is bought over the already fixed
150 cm units using a chain and pulley arrangement with scaffolding. similarly all the
arches are assembled.
Purlins are then bolted. One end of the purlin is bolted to first neck of the first unit and
the other end to the corresponding neck of the adjacent unit. similarly all purlins are
bolted as given in the figure below.
Wooden planks of 12cmx6cm are evenly placed along the width. Similarly, another set
of planks are placed perpendicular to the previous to form a grid like pattern. 8"x4"
plywood sheets of 12mm thickness are placed above it. over which the carpet is
spread.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Fabric used is tarpaulin sheets. Each sheet is 6m in width. One end of the rope is tied
to one of the grommets of the sheet and the other end on the purlin. similarly, ropes are
tied on to all the grommets which are thereby tied on to the purlins in each interval of
the arches. polyester sheets of the same dimensions are fixed in the same way in the
interior part of the pavilion in order to hide the tarpaulin sheets.
Purlins are unbolted from both of its sides and is tied on to a rope so that it could be
bought down slowly. Similarly all the purlins are removed.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
The central unit is the one which is then unbolted. Being heavy it is bought down
slowly with the help of scaffolding and chain pulley arrangement.
The rest of the units are unbolted and bought down one by one using rope.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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2.3.2.1 CONSTRUCTION:
1. Site preparation:
The site was already a level land as exhibitions are continuously conducted in the stadium
The required area and the position of base plates are marked with pegs and threads.
The total area of the exhibition pavilion is 60x20m
2. Portal frame assembly:
The base plate is fixed to the ground at an interval 5m , using nail of length 1m, such that 60
cm of it is below the ground. Only two of the diagonally placed holes are nailed here. The
base of the column is connected to the base plate. Similarly all the columns on either side are
fixed on to the base plates.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
(Figur
e 2.70 : fixing of rafter and apex plate)
Purlins are then bolted to the rafters at an interval of 2.5m. Bracing is provided at an interval
of 25m.
3. Fixing of membrane materials:
The ends of the sheets are folded to hold a steel rod of 3m length, for each interval of columns
to support the nylon covering on top
The side covering of the structure is also nylon sheet( light weight) which is fixed in to the
grooves of the beam. Sheets in between the intermediate columns are interconnected using
threads.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
The dismantling process is just the reverse process of assembling. The side covering is
removed first after the interconnecting threads are untied. The steel rods are taken out of the
gap formed by the ends of the sheet and the covering is removed.
All the purlins are then unbolted and stacked on one side of the site for loading. The rafter
beams along with the apex plate are taken away using chain pulley arrangement after the
haunch plates are unbolted. The apex plate is unbolted from the rafters and both are kept aside
for loading.
All the columns are unbolted from the base plates.
All the base plates are removed after the thick cast-iron rod are taken away.
CHAPTER 3
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
METHODOLOGY
3.1 METHODOLOGY
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
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4.1 ANALYSIS
Table 4.1 : Comparative Analysis Of Barrel Roofed And Gable Roofed Structure
Cost
Time Of Construction
Time Of Dismantling
52 Rupees Per Sq Ft
35 Rupees Per Sq ft
construction
construction
Span
Height
25 m span
20 m span
structure
Risk
Comparatively riskless
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Table 4.1 shows comparative analysis between Barrel roofed temporary structure and Gable
roofed temporary structure on the basis of Cost of construction, Time required for
construction and dismantling of the structure, Span of the structure, Height of the temporary
structure and Risk of construction. All the above mentioned data are collected through Live
case studies on Vanitha max shopping exhibition 2014 and Manorama fiesta shopping
exhibition 2014 held at Calicut and Ernakulam respectively. Both the temporary structures are
Aluminium alloy framed , fabric membrane temporary structure. After analyzing these two
types of membrane roofed temporary structures, Arrived at conclusions that Barrel roofed
temporary structures are more suitable for long span temporary structures, Gable roofed
temporary structures are less costly than barrel roofed temporary structures, Barrel roofed
temporary structures are taking more time for construction and dismantling, Gable roofed
temporary structures are comparatively riskless as the structural frame members are light
weight. Height of the barrel roofed structures are proportional to the span of the structure.
Table 4.2 Comparative Analysis Of Flat Roof And Shed Roof Temporary Structures
structures
structures
membrane materials
membrane materials
dismantling
Cost
structures
Foundation
requirement
required
required
Span
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Height
Risk of construction
and dismantling
Table 4.2 shows comparative analysis of flat roofed and shed roofed temporary structures
based on cost, Time of construction and dismantling , foundation requirements, span , height
and risk of construction of the structure. It found from the table that both the flat roof and
shed roof structures are useful for small span structures only. flat roof structures are
comparatively less costly than shed roof structures as shed roof structures requires more
quantity of membrane materials than the flat roof structures.
Table 4.3 : Comparative Analysis Of Cost Of Commonly Used Membrane Materials
No.
Membrane
Cost in
materials
rupees
Size of sheets
Climatic
Method of
suitability
connection
per sq ft
1
Polyester
Fibre glass
Nylon
210
179
334
Available in various
Not suitable in
Connected
sizes
monsoon climate
using ropes
3050x1520 mm
Not suitable in
Connected
hot climate
using bolts
Suitable in any
Connected
climate
using ropes
Available in
Suitable in any
Connected
customized sizes
climate
using bolts
Suitable in any
Connected
2000x1000 mm
4
Kevlar
Tarpaulin
815
30
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Polycarbonat
153
7300 mm
climate
using ropes
1100x4270 mm
Suitable in any
Connected
climate
using bolts
e sheet
Table 4.2 shows comparative analysis of cost of Commonly used Membrane materials such as
Polyester, Fibre glass, Nylon, Kevlar, Tarpaulin. These are the commonly used Membrane
materials used in Aluminium alloy framed, Timber framed and light gauge steel framed
structures. This comparative analysis shows that Polyester , Fibre glass, Nylon, Polycarbonate
and Tarpaulin are Suitable for cost effective temporary structures. But Fibre glass is not
suitable for Hot climate as it will increase heat inside the structure. Tarpaulin sheets are very
cheap but it may require covering sheets inside the pavilion as the tarpaulin sheets are not
well pleasing aesthetically. Generally polyester sheets are used as the interior covering in
structures which are covered using tarpaulin sheets. It is found that Nylon sheets are suitable
for any climatic conditions , Cost effective and aesthetically pleasing.
Table 4.4 : comparative analysis of methods of fixing with and without base plate
U- Beam method
method
Time of
Time depends on the size Time depends on the Comparatively this type
erection and
of
the
dismantling
Comparatively very less will take 10 days for more time. It will take
time is taking than that of 30
workmen
to 12
days
for
30
10
days
for
30 1200 sq m area.
workmen to assemble a
pavilion of 1200 sq m area
pavilion of 1200 sq m
area.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Type of
structure
Can be used for both small This type of fixing can Used
span
and
large
in
large
span
structures.
span structures.
Cost
The cost of such structures costly than U beam methods with base plate
will
selection
of
The
materials also.
materials
fixing
requires
Table 4.3 shows comparative analysis of fixing of temporary structures. Methods of fixing
namely method with base plate, height adjustable method and U- Beam method are
compared on the basis of time of erection and dismantling, Types of structure and cost
of structure. It is found from the comparative analysis is that method with base plate is
less costly, can be used in both small and large span structures and time of erection
and dismantling is very less compared to height adjustable and U Beam method.
Method using U -Beam is suitable for large span structures. Height adjustable method
is not suitable for large span structures.
Table 4.5 : Comparative analysis of different types of temporary structures
Cost
Span
Aluminium alloy
Varies according
Gabled
framed temporary
to requirements.
structures can
structure
be spanned up
(Galvanized)
framed structure.
to 20 m. barrel
52 Rs/sqft with
roof structures
A/c, 15Rs/sqft
up to 25 m
without A/c
(Rental cost)
Climatic
Time Of Erection
Suitability
And Dismantling
Suitable for
Varies according
Warm-humid,
to size
Hot-arid
requirements. A
climatic
regular size of
conditions
10x10m requires 4
days for 10
workmen.
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
Timber/ wooden
Intermediate
Less durable
Varies according
framed temporary
framed
columns are
to the size
structures
temporary
required
falls on it
requirements. It
structure.9Rs/sqf
according to
constantly,
t without
Increase in size
requires regular
for 10 people to
maintenance.
construct 10x10m
A/c(Rental cost)
Light gauge steel
Costly than
framed structures
aluminium and
required span.
climatic
than aluminium
timber framed
Intermediate
structures.
columns are
steel is
structures
galvalume steel
according to
increase in span
Table 4.3 shows comparative analysis of various types of temporary structures. Temporary
structures are classified under 3 categories such as Aluminium alloy frame temporary
structures, Timber frame temporary structure and Light gauge steel framed temporary
structures based on the data acquired Through Secondary and Primary data collection. In table
4.3 These Three Structures are compared on the basis of Cost, Span, Climatic Suitability and
Time required for construction and dismantling. This comparative analysis shows that
Aluminium alloy framed structures and Light gauge steel framed structures are suitable for all
climatic conditions, Timber framed structures are less costly but they are not suitable for all
conditions as it requires regular maintenance and it may fail when used constantly in rainy
seasons.
Height
Requirements
Risk Of
Construction
Aluminium alloy
No heavy
Height varies
framed temporary
foundations are
according to the
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
structure
required
(Galvanized)
steel framed
maximum height of 7
temporary structures.
No heavy concrete
Height varies
framed temporary
foundations are
according to
structures
Concrete foundations
Riskiness is high
framed structures
as the structural
strong to withstand
loads
Table 4.4 shows comparative analysis between Aluminium alloy framed temporary structures,
Timber framed temporary structures and Light gauge steel framed structures on the basis of
Foundation requirement, Height and Risk of Construction. It is found from this Comparative
study that Steel framed structures requires Deep and Heavy foundations, and Concrete
foundations if the structure is to be used for a long time. This heavy foundation requirements
makes the steel framed structures costly. Riskiness is high in steel framed structures when
comparing with the other two types, as the aluminium alloy framed structure and timber
framed structures are riskless.
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
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5.1 SUMMARY:
The research was to study about temporary exhibition structures. As a first step all the
terminologies related to such structures, different parts of a temporary structure , different
types of temporary structures, their advantages and disadvantages, different types of
membrane materials, construction of temporary structure, Air conditioning and lighting inside
a temporary structure were studied. Using the secondary data 3 main types of temporary
structures are listed , and comparing these three types on the basis of cost , riskiness of
construction ,span, climatic suitability, time of erection and dismantling, Foundation
requirements and height , it was found that temporary structure made with aluminium
structural members and fabric membrane materials such as tarpaulin, nylon and polyester is
more preferable.
5.2 INFERENCE:
The Live case study shows that the temporary fabric structures can be constructed in two
ways conventionally, namely barrel roofed structure and gable roof structure. only these two
types of structures are found economical in our context.
Table 4.1 shows that barrel structure are more expensive than the gable structure. And the
barrel roofed structure can have more span approximately 25m while the gable roofed
structure will not be strong to withstand wind loads and other loads when the span exceeds
20m .
When comparing the barrel and gable structure in terms of time taking for the construction,
dismantling and the riskiness of construction, the gable roofed structure is more preferable as
its taking lesser time to erect and dismantle. And the riskiness is comparatively very lesser
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TEMPORARY EXHIBITION STRUCTURES
than the barrel structures because the arch units used for the construction of barrel roofed
structures are more heavy than the rafters and purlins used for the gable roofed structure.
Table 4.2 shows the cost comparison of Membrane materials used for the temporary
structures. From the data collected through literature review , it is clear that the more
expensive membrane material is Kevlar and which is rarely used for the short term temporary
structures. Nylon sheets, tarpaulin and polyesters are preferred as membrane structures for
temporary pavilions
The studies shows that even though the fibre glass is lesser expensive than the Kevlar sheets
,it can increase the heat inside the structure. Which leads to the need of air conditioners more
capacity and thereby increasing the cost.
It is found from the literature studies that other than the conventional methods of assembling
and designs it is possible to design structural components and joints of different shapes and
make a modular temporary structure.
From the above studies it is found that gable roofed structures are preferred to reduce the cost
of construction and the time of erection and dismantling, and semicircular or barrel roofed
structures are preferred for long span structures.
5.3 CONCLUSION:
From the studies it is found that fabric roofed structures are preferable as it is cost effective
and the time of erection and dismantling is very less. polyester , nylon and tarpaulin are
preferred structures. poly carbonate sheets and steel clad roof structures are not preferred as
these types of structures are found very costly from the literature studies. it is found from the
literature studies that other than conventional technique of construction, temporary structures
can be constructed as modular structures, which can be carried from one site to the other.
Terminologies used in temporary structures, different parts of a temporary structure, Different
types of temporary structures and the occasions in which they are used, the choice of
appropriate design and materials , construction techniques of temporary structures, proper
planning and control of work practices, positioning on the site including ground conditions
and foundations etc. are studied.
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REFERENCE:
Websites:
http://www.vikonvaliant.co.za/category/products/
http://www.attwoollsmarquees.co.uk/temporary-structures.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes
http://www.bca.gov.sg/buildingplan/temporary_buildings_application.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_roof
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes
http://www.tentsandtensilestructures.com/exhibition-hanger-structure.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercially_available_roofing_material
http://www.omegastructures.com/en-us/contenidos/26/steel-framed-structuresdescription.aspx
http://www.helm.org.uk/guidance-library/guidance-on-temporary-structures-forevents/temporary-structures-historic-places.pdf
http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/tensile-structures/5816/
http://www.designboom.com/architecture/top-10-temporary-structures-of-2013-12-172013/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercially_available_roofing_material
www.planning.nsw.gov.au/exemptandcomplying
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http://www.neptunus.co.uk/events
http://guangshatent.en.alibaba.com/product/1118598198211910923/temporary_structure_frame_tent_for_exhibition_fair.html
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/life_and_death/aj201105252736
http://www.basestructures.com/blog-posts/temporary-structures/what-is-a-temporarystructure-the-definitive-answer.html
http://www.awc.org/publications/dca/dca5/dca5.pdf
http://ddtruss.com/blog/commercial/wood-truss-gable-end-frames/
http://www.wholewoods.co.uk/page.cfm?pageid=ww-rustic-buildings
http://clearybuilding.com/our-product/post-frame-advantages/
http://www.ecohome.net/guide/material-choices-wood-frame-construction
http://www.canadawood.cn/downloads/pdf/fireandsound/fire_english.pdf
http://www.diynetwork.com/floors/all-about-wood-floor-framing-andconstruction/page-2.html
http://www.temporarywarehouse.com/temporary-warehouse-installation-process/
http://www.understandconstruction.com/wood-framed-construction.html
http://www.steelconstruction.info/facades_and_interfaces
http://www.haltec.co.uk/en/products/halls/temporary-buildings-and-storagemarquees.html
http://awnings-canopies-tensile-structures.com/temporary_structure_design
http://www.tensilesystems.com/architectural-membrane-roofing.html
http://tensilemembranestructureinuae.blogspot.in/2013/01/tensile-membranestructures-in-uae.html
http://fabricarchitecturemag.com/articles/0714_f1_under_fabricroof.html
http://blog.procore.com/blog/bid/378649/balloon-framing-a-flash-in-the-past-orglimpse-into-the-future
http://nlfabric.wordpress.com/page/2/
http://www.haltec.co.uk/en/products/halls/temporary-buildings-and-storagemarquees.html
http://artsites.ucsc.edu/ems/music/tech_background/te-02/teces_02.html
http://artsites.ucsc.edu/ems/music/tech_background/te-02/modes/modes.html
http://awnings-canopies-tensile-structures.com/temporary_structure_design
http://www.quickspaceltd.co.uk/
http://www.tentsandtensilestructures.com/exhibition-hanger-structure.html
http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/indoor-structures.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting#Methods
http://fabricarchitecturemag.com/articles/0714_f1_under_fabricroof.html
Books / Published papers:
Portable architecture by Wang Shahonkiag
Temporary structures by John Koyler
Events management: an international approach by Paul Kitchin
Hand book of temporary structures by Robert T Ratay
Small Structures: Compact Dwellings, Temporary Structures, Room Modules by
Christian Schittich
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