Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Edit Profile
@Jagadeesh1
Comments 1292
Discussions
Recommends
Followers 16
Following 1
400 Upvotes
Nellore
http://drjagadeeshncda.blogspot.com/
IEEE Spectrum
TreeHugger.com
LoveToKnow
SciDev.Net
Grist
Introduction
Every 8 seconds, a child dies from water related disease around the globe. 50%
of people in developing countries suffer from one or more water-related
diseases. 80% of diseases in the developing countries are caused by
contaminated water. Providing safe drinking water to the people has been a
major challenge for Governments in developing countries. Conventional
technologies used to disinfect water are: ozonation, chlorination and
artificial UV radiation. These technologies require sophisticated equipment,
are capital intensive and require skilled operators . Boiling water requires
about 1 kg of wood/liter of water which results in deforestation in developing
countries. Also halazone or calcium hypochlorite tablets or solutions (sodium
hypochlorite at 1 to 2 drops per liter)
are used to disinfect drinking water. These methods are environmentally unsound
or hygienically unsafe when performed by a layperson. Misuse of sodium
hypochlorite solution poses a safety hazard.
Treatment to control waterborne microbial contaminants by exposure to sunlight
in clear vessels that allows the combined germicidal effects of both UV
radiation and heat has been developed and put into practice .The SODIS
system(Solar Disinfection of water) developed by scientists at the Swiss
Federal Agency for Environmental Science and Technology(EAWAG) recommends
placing PET bottles (usually discarded mineral water/beverage bottles) painted
black on one side, aerating (oxygenating) the water by vigorous shaking three
fourths water filled bottles and then filling them full and placing them in
sunlight for 6 hours. In this method, the water is exposed to UV radiation in
sunlight, primarily UV-A and it becomes heated; both effects contribute to the
inactivation of water borne microbes. The use of PET bottles requires periodic
replacement because of scratches and they become deformed if temperature
exceeds 65 degrees C. Also dust accumulates on these bottles in the groves
(provided for strength). The PET bottle mineral water manufacturers print on
the label, crush the bottle after use in India. Unless cleaned thoroughly
everyday, PET bottles turn brown over usage rendering lesser transmission of
sunlight.
Microorganisms are heat sensitive. It can be seen that it is not required
ON ATMs
I was in Secunderabad SD Road to book an Air Ticket to US. I went to 5 ATMs nearby
but to my surprise they were not functioning. Similar Experience I found in my
hometown,Nellore. In India advanced systems should be rugged for operation as they
will be handled by different sections of people and some times uneducated.
Of late much push is given to Water ATMs. Though these ATMs are couple of years
old,press blown them out of proportions as if they are the solution for drinking water
availability in Rural areas.
Here is a critical Analysis of Water ATMs and a simple,innovative Solar Disinfection
method to provide 'Safe Drinking Water for All' which uses thermal and UV present in
Sunlight.
No doubt the method sounds novel as we have such buzz words like ATM,prepaid card
etc. People with western thinking and orientation are ignorant of the realities in rural
areas of developing countries. Can this system work? Is it sustainable? Even simple Box
Type Solar Cooker could not penetrate in Rural areas which is more than 60 years old.
Only 6 lakh units sold(but not all of them used). What is the fate of solar panels at
signals? In India the major problem is dust accumulation on the solar panels. Who
undertakes regular cleaning? Even regular ATM(Cash) ,there are many cases of theft. Is
the WATER ATM Fool Proof? How much quantity it can meet? There is a notion among
planners and western educated that, RURAL IS BAD,URBAN IS BETTER AND
FOREIGN IS THE BEST. It is not at all valid in many cases in India.
Technology is culture specific. There are many water purification technologies available
which are simple and can be readily adoptable in rural areas. One such method
designed, demonstrated and disseminated is SOLAR DISINFECTION OF WATER.
Safe Drinking Water for All
Impure water is the root cause for many diseases especially in developing countries.
Millions of people become sick each year from drinking contaminated water. In many
regions of the world, sunshine is abundantly available which can be effectively utilised to
provide safe drinking water to the millions of people. A portable, low-cost, and low
maintenance solar disinfection unit to provide potable water has been designed and
tested. The solar disinfection system has been tested with bore water, well as well as
waste water. In 6 hours when the ambient temperature was 30 degrees Celsius, the unit
eradicated 3 log 10 (99.99%) of bacteria contained in the water samples. The unit will
provide about 6 liters of pure drinking water and larger units can be fabricated for
providing safe drinking water at community level in developing countries.
Introduction
Every 8 seconds, a child dies from water related disease around the globe. 50% of
people in developing countries suffer from one or more water-related diseases. 80% of
diseases in the developing countries are caused by contaminated water. Providing safe
drinking water to the people has been a major challenge for Governments in developing
countries. Conventional technologies used to disinfect water are: ozonation, chlorination
and artificial UV radiation. These technologies require sophisticated equipment, are
capital intensive and require skilled operators . Boiling water requires about 1 kg of
wood/liter of water which results in deforestation in developing countries. Also halazone
or calcium hypochlorite tablets or solutions (sodium hypochlorite at 1 to 2 drops per liter)
are used to disinfect drinking water. These methods are environmentally unsound or
hygienically unsafe when performed by a layperson. Misuse of sodium hypochlorite
solution poses a safety hazard .
will help the unit to be placed according to the latitude of the place for maximum solar
insolation. In this method clear glass bottles (used wine bottles) are utilised instead of
PET bottles as the former are easy to clean, lasts longer and are available at a low cost
in India. Solar disinfection is more efficient in water containing high levels of oxygen;
sunlight produces highly reactive forms of oxygen (oxygen free radicals and hydrogen
peroxides) in the water. These reactive forms of oxygen kill the microorganisms.
Aeration of water is achieved by shaking the 3/4 water filled bottles for about 20 seconds
before they are filled completely.
The unit has an advantage in that the rear reflection stainless steel will pass the light
through the bottles a second time, to both increase exposure and eliminate shadowing.
This reflection system will increase the light intensity minimum 2 times. It has been
widely experimented and established by earlier researchers that at temperature of 50
degrees C, pathogenic microbes are inactivated. The temperatures which cause
approximately a 1-log decrease in viability with 1 min are 55 degrees C for protozoan
cysts; 60 degrees C for E.coli, enteric bacteria, and rotavirus; and 65 degrees C for
hepatitis A virus (. Negar Safapour and Robert H.Metcalf ( in their extensive studies
reported enhancement of solar water pasteurization with reflectors and the crucial role
of temperature above 50 degrees C in the elimination of pathogens.
Operation
The unit is placed in the south direction (in India) around 10 am with inclination equal to
the latitude of the place. The glass bottles are filled with water three fourths and shaken
for 20 seconds to generate oxygen and then completely filled. The water filled bottles
are fixed with caps and put in the groves of the solar disinfection unit. The glass door is
closed and clipped airtight. Water bottles are removed from the unit at 3 pm and taken to
a cool place and the disinfected water transferred to a clean vessel, covered for later
usage.
Suspended particles in the water reduce the penetration of solar radiation into the water
and protect microorganisms from being irradiated. Solar disinfection requires relatively
clear water with a turbidity less than 30 NTU.To remove turbidity traditional methods of
putting the paste from seed of strichnos potatorum (Nirmal seeds) by rubbing the seed
on a rough stone with water is used. The method is effective, turbidity settles down in
half of an hour and the seed are available in plenty in forests in India besides being
inexpensive.
Samples Testing
Water samples with the solar disinfection unit were tested with Most Probable Number
(MPN) technique. To estimate the number of aerobic organisms present in water, Pour
Plate Technique has been used.
Results
The test results of various water samples disinfected show 99.99% purity. In the
samples
Acknowledgement
The project is financially supported by Science and Society Division, Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India.
AT
Appropriate Technology
Affordable Technology
Alternative Technology
Accessible Technology
Acceptable Technology
Water is the elixir of life Leonardo da Vinci
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
ON ATMs
I was in Secunderabad SD Road to book an Air Ticket to US. I went to 5 ATMs nearby
but to my surprise they were not functioning. Similar Experience I found in my
hometown,Nellore. In India advanced systems should be rugged for operation as they
will be handled by different sections of people and some times uneducated.
Of late much push is given to Water ATMs. Though these ATMs are couple of years
old,press bown them out of proportions as if they are the solution for drinking water
diseases in the developing countries are caused by contaminated water. Providing safe
drinking water to the people has been a major challenge for Governments in developing
countries. Conventional technologies used to disinfect water are: ozonation, chlorination
and artificial UV radiation. These technologies require sophisticated equipment, are
capital intensive and require skilled operators (1,17,20). Boiling water requires about 1
kg of wood/liter of water which results in deforestation in developing countries. Also
halazone or calcium hypochlorite tablets or solutions (sodium hypochlorite at 1 to 2
drops per liter)
are used to disinfect drinking water. These methods are environmentally unsound or
hygienically unsafe when performed by a layperson. Misuse of sodium hypochlorite
solution poses a safety hazard (2,4,11).
Treatment to control waterborne microbial contaminants by exposure to sunlight in clear
vessels that allows the combined germicidal effects of both UV radiation and heat has
been developed and put into practice (5,712,13,14,18,19).The SODIS system(Solar
Disinfection of water) developed by scientists at the Swiss Federal Agency for
Environmental Science and Technology(EAWAG) recommends placing PET bottles
(usually discarded mineral water/beverage bottles) painted black on one side, aerating
(oxygenating) the water by vigorous shaking three fourths water filled bottles and then
filling them full and placing them in sunlight for 6 hours. In this method, the water is
exposed to UV radiation in sunlight, primarily UV-A and it becomes heated; both effects
contribute to the inactivation of water borne microbes. The use of PET bottles requires
periodic replacement because of scratches and they become deformed if temperature
exceeds 65 degrees C. Also dust accumulates on these bottles in the groves (provided
for strength). The PET bottle mineral water manufacturers print on the label, crush the
bottle
after use in India. Unless cleaned thoroughly everyday, PET bottles turn brown over
usage rendering lesser transmission of sunlight.
Microorganisms are heat sensitive. It can be seen that it is not required
to boil the water in order to kill 99.9% of the microorganisms. Heating up water to 50 60 degrees C for one hour has the same effect (2,21).
The most favorable region for solar disinfection lies between latitudes 150 N/S and 35 0
N/S. These semi-arid regions are characterised by high solar radiation and limited cloud
coverage and rainfall (3000 hours sunshine per year).The second most favorable region
lies between the equator and latitude 15 0 N/S, the scattered radiation in this region is
closed and clipped airtight. Water bottles are removed from the unit at 3 pm and taken to
a cool place and the disinfected water transferred to a clean vessel, covered for later
usage.
Suspended particles in the water reduce the penetration of solar radiation into the water
and protect microorganisms from being irradiated. Solar disinfection requires relatively
clear water with a turbidity less than 30 NTU.To remove turbidity traditional methods of
putting the paste from seed of strichnos potatorum (Nirmal seeds) by rubbing the seed
on a rough stone with water is used. The method is effective, turbidity settles down in
half of an hour and the seed are available in plenty in forests in India besides being
inexpensive.
Samples Testing
Water samples with the solar disinfection unit were tested with Most Probable Number
(MPN) technique. To estimate the number of aerobic organisms present in water, Pour
Plate Technique has been used.
Results
The test results of various water samples disinfected show 99.99% purity. In the
samples
Acknowledgement
The project is financially supported by Science and Society Division, Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India.
AT
Appropriate Technology
Affordable Technology
Alternative Technology
Accessible Technology
Acceptable Technology
Water is the elixir of life Leonardo da Vinci
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Of late it has become fashion to combine solar power with various applications and one
such thing is solar ATM. The basic requirement for any ATM is reliable power while
Solar is intermittent and available in day time only. Of course storage of power in
Batteries. ATM deals with Money and it should be fool proof. For the system safety and
comfort of the user Air Conditioned room is preferred. How much is the Solar PV panel
Area required for this? Where to put the Solar Panels? Who will keep them clean for
optimum efficiency? Earlier there was much publicity for Water ATMs which is not a
success. Designers of these so called novel devices fail to understand the present low
efficiency of solar cell.
On the other hand rural area needs household energy. Solar Cooker is nearly 60 years
old. Why not Scientists desin a Box Type Solar Cooker with storage? Solar
Thermal is more reliable. In Japan there are 6 million solar water heaters in
use even though the ambient temperature never crosses 27 degrees celsius and in
India . So is in US,Germany,Denmark etc. When Solar Thermal technology is so
simple why solar water heaters have not caught up in many states even with
incentives?
INNOVATIVE VERTICAL & CYLINDRICAL SOLAR WATER HEATER DESIGNED BY
Dr.A.JAGADEESH,
Everybodys Solar Water Heater
Why solar water heaters have not made much headway in India? Is it the
cost? Can we think of alternate designs? A simple, cost-effective solar water heater
utilizing locally available material has been designed and tested.
DESIGN DETAILS
Two vertical and cylindrical drums made of stainless steel/copper of height 0.6 m
and diameter 32cm. Polyethylene cover to simulate green house effect.
A lotus shaped omni-directional stainless steel reflector. A bamboo basket with rock
wool and polyethylene covering acts as insulator.
OPERATION
Unit filled with potable water at 9 am Insulator covered over the collector at 4 pm.
Temperatures up to 70 degrees Celsius can be obtained in south India
100 litre unit costs around US 100 (about Rs. 6000) in South India. compared to
commercial 100 litre systems US$ 300.
ADVANTAGES
The Unit is mobile and easy to install and dismantle while transporting.
No necessity of cold water supply through pipes.
No need for overhead storage tank to supply cold water.
There is no need to have separate collector as it is an integrated system.
Since the collector is made of stainless steel, the hot water will be hygienic.
Because of the omni-directional reflector, relatively higher water temperatures are
obtained even in moderate sunshine.
The unit occupies less space being vertical and cylindrical, on the
ground or roof.
All the materials used in the fabrication of this simple and cost effective solar water
heater are available locally.
The unit is durable except that the polyethylene cover has to be
replaced once in 4 months, which costs just Rs 100 (about 2US$).
By the usage of pre -heated water for cooking from this unit, considerable fuel such as
firewood, kerosene, gas, electricity etc., can be conserved.
I designed many Renewable Energy Gadgets like Simple Solar Drier,Hand Operated
Washing machine, Hand operated Battery charger, Energy conservation in electric
pumpsets, Microhydro device for low heads, Multiple uses of gas stove, Passive cooling
of houses with clay covers, etc.
Also Our Centre is involved in the promotion of Biofuel/biogaspower/biochar from
care-free growth, regenerative CAM plants like Agave and Opuntia in vast
wastelands in India.
In India there is rich Indigenous talent which should be tapped. There are geniuses
everywhere. Often identifying the right problem is difficult rather than
finding a possible solution. People are better judges to identify the problems
and since they benefit most by the solutions, they can contribute for finding
the best solutions.
A novel and innovative scheme is suggested to achieve the above goal.
In developing countries the Government can advertise in the media seeking problems
Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on IEEE Spectrum 2 comments
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Amazing.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Fantastic.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Fantastic.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Spectacular.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Marvellous.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Fantastic.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Small Nuclear Reactors have a place in the Energy Mix ,especially of
developing countries like India.
Small Modular Reactors
One way of getting around many of these problems is through the development of small
modular reactors (SMR). These are reactors capable of generating about 300
megawatts of power or less, which is enough to run 45,000 US homes. Though small,
SMRs are proper reactors. They are quite different from the radio-thermal generators
(RTG) used in spacecraft and remote lighthouses in Siberia. Nuclear reactors such as
SMRs use controlled nuclear fission to generate power while RTGs use natural
radioactive decay to power a relatively simple thermoelectric generator that can only
produce, at most, about two kilowatts.
In terms of power, RTGs are the equivalent of batteries while small nuclear reactors are
only "small" when compared to conventional reactors. They are hardly the sort that you
would keep in the garage. In reality, SMR power plants would cover the area of a small
shopping mall. Still, such an installation is not very large as power plants go and a
reactor that only produces 300 megawatts may not seem worth the investment, but the
US Department of Energy is offering US$452 million in matching grants to develop
SMRs and private investors like the Bill Gates Foundation and the company of Babcock
and Wilcox are putting up money for their own modular reactor projects.
The 60-year old breakthrough
One reason for government and private industry to take an interest in SMRs is that
they've been successfully employed for much longer than most people realize. In fact,
hundreds have been steaming around the world inside the hulls of nuclear submarines
and other warships for sixty years. They've also been used in merchant ships,
icebreakers and as research and medical isotope reactors at universities. There was
even one installed in the Antarctic at McMurdo Station from 1962 to 1972. Now they're
being considered for domestic use.
The case for SMRs
SMRs have a number of advantages over conventional reactors. For one thing, SMRs
are cheaper to construct and run. This makes them very attractive to poorer, energystarved countries; small, growing communities that don't require a full-scale plant; and
remote locations such as mines or desalination plants. Part of the reason for this is
simply that the reactors are smaller. Another is that, not needing to be custom designed
in each case, the reactors can be standardized and some types built in factories that are
able to employ economies of scale. The factory-built aspect is also important because a
factory is more efficient than on-site construction by as much as eight to one in terms of
building time. Factory construction also allows SMRs to be built, delivered to the site,
and then returned to the factory for dismantling at the end of their service lives eliminating a major problem with old conventional reactors, i.e. how to dispose of them.
SMRs also enjoy a good deal of design flexibility. Conventional reactors are usually
cooled by water - a great deal of water - which means that the reactors need to be
situated near rivers or coastlines. SMRs, on the other hand, can be cooled by air, gas,
low-melting point metals or salt. This means that SMRs can be placed in remote, inland
areas where it isn't possible to site conventional reactors.
Safety
This cooling system is often passive. In other words, it relies more on the natural
circulation of the cooling medium within the reactor's containment flask than on pumps.
This passive cooling is one of the ways that SMRs can improve safety. Because
modular reactors are smaller than conventional ones, they contain less fuel. This means
that there's less of a mass to be affected if an accident occurs. If one does happen,
there's less radioactive material that can be released into the environment and makes it
easier to design emergency systems. Since they are smaller and use less fuel, they are
easier to cool effectively, which greatly reduces the likelihood of a catastrophic accident
or meltdown in the first place.
This also means that accidents proceed much slower in modular reactors than in
conventional ones. Where the latter need accident responses in a matter of hours or
minutes, SMRs can be responded to in hours or days, which reduces the chances of an
accident resulting in major damage to the reactor elements.
The SMR designs that reject water cooling in favor of gas, metal or salt have their own
safety advantages. Unlike water-cooled reactors, these media operate at a lower
pressure. One of the hazards of water cooling is that a cracked pipe or a damaged seal
can blow radioactive gases out like anti-freeze out of an overheated car radiator. With
low-pressure media, there's less force to push gases out and there's less stress placed
on the containment vessel. It also eliminates one of the frightening episodes of the
Fukushima accident where the water in the vessel broke down into hydrogen and
oxygen and then exploded.
Another advantage of modular design is that some SMRs are small enough to be
installed below ground. That is cheaper, faster to construct and less invasive than
building a reinforced concrete containment dome. There is also the point that putting a
reactor in the ground makes it less vulnerable to earthquakes. Underground installations
make modular reactors easier to secure and install in a much smaller footprint. This
makes SMRs particularly attractive to military customers who need to build power plants
for bases quickly. Underground installation also enhances security with fewer
sophisticated systems needed, which also helps bring down costs.
SMRs can help with proliferation, nuclear waste and fuel supply issues because, while
some modular reactors are based on conventional pressurized water reactors and burn
enhanced uranium, others use less conventional fuels. Some, for example, can
generate power from what is now regarded as "waste", burning depleted uranium and
plutonium left over from conventional reactors. Depleted uranium is basically U-238 from
which the fissible U-235 has been consumed. It's also much more abundant in nature
than U-235, which has the potential of providing the world with energy for thousands of
years. Other reactor designs don't even use uranium. Instead, they use thorium. This
fuel is also incredibly abundant, is easy to process for use as fuel and has the added
bonus of being utterly useless for making weapons, so it can provide power even to
areas where security concerns have been raised.
But there's still the sticking point that modular reactors are, by definition, small. That
may be fine for a submarine or the South Pole, but what about places that need more?
Is the alternative conventional nuclear plants? It turns out that the answer is no. Modular
reactors don't need to be used singly. They can be set up in batteries of five or six or
even more, providing as much power as an area needs. And if one unit needs to be
taken off line for repairs or even replacement, it needn't interfere with the operation of
the others.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Critical Analysis.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Moores Curse
Very Interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Inspiring.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Environmental Slogans
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent Guide.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Energy conservation is
the need of the hour. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is
an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both
energy reduction techniques. Even though energy conservation reduces energy
services, it can result in increased, environmental quality, national security,
and personal financial security. It is at the top of the sustainable energy
hierarchy. One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings
is to use an energy audit. An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of
energy use and flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system
to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting
the output(s). This is normally accomplished by trained professionals and can
be part of some of the national programs discussed above. In addition, recent
development of smart phone apps enable homeowners to complete relatively
sophisticated energy audits themselves. Building technologies and smart meters
can allow energy users, business and residential, to see graphically the impact
their energy use can have in their workplace or homes. Advanced real-time
energy metering is able to help people save energy by their actions. Elements
of passive solar design, shown in a direct gain application. In passive solar building
design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute
solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the
summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike
active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and
electrical devices. The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take
advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window
placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings,
but existing buildings can be retrofitted. Energy Saving in Lighting. One
innovation that saves enormous power in light is READING SOLAR LIGHT dual
powered.
Normally in India students read under a 40 Watt Fluorescent bulb. In school and
college hostels one Fluorescent bulb for 4 to 6 people. A Fluorescent bulb
consumes 40 Watts. Its life time is short. In voltage fluctuations (common in
some cases in rural India), it won't glow. There are Reading Solar lights with LED
(Best LED from a Company like Nichia corporation, Japan)which can be charged by
sunlight or electric including USB. This lasts 8 hours. It costs around Rs
400(about 7 US$) in India. It consumes 0.2 Watts. Moreover by this light one
can concentrate on the material reading (especially students) we used to have Reading
lights in the past (Table Lights electric). In suggest Schools, NGOs,
Government can promote these on a massive scale.
Each Kwh saved is each Kwh generated.
TODAYS WASTAGE IS TOMORROWS SHORTAGE.
Please save the power for the next hour!
Save power, energize the future.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP), India
EditView in discussion
Good post.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
Excellent Analysis.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
Good Discussion.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
Critical Analysis.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
People who write as Anonymous in many cases write non sense. It is the moderator to
check the contents. If somebody wants to express his views(if he has guts) why this
Anonymity? It is a pity the Editor/Moderator keeps the rubbish even after somebody
brought it to the notice of the Editor. In most cases I can call Anonymous comments as
far from reality and having decorum.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good
account on Dr.Ashok Gadgil and his inventions. Since he is from US and that too
from a Big Laboratory the world pays attention. There are hundreds of inventors
in developing countries in India and other developing countries who are
unsung heroes. There is a notion in developing countries that Rural is bad,
urban is better and Foreign is the best. It may not be true in many cases.
During 80s Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources(DNES) of Government of
India imported Wind Chargers and put them across the country at an exorbitant price.
None worked beyond 6 months.
On the other hand an 'Uneducated' skilled worker cut the palm tree near
Mandapam sea coast in Tamil Nadu and used it as Tower. He rewound the
Automobile Generator to have lower RPM. He made his own design of Wooden
blades(Blade design is complicated and done by few companies in the world). The
system worked well to charge a small Refrigerator, a radio and Tube light. I
saw it in 1980 as well as in 2000. It was working well.
Technology is culture specific. There are geniuses everywhere. we need to
identify them and nurture their inventive talent.
I have over 20 Innovations which received acclaim at home and
abroad. Unlike others I have not taken patent and the technology is available
on the Internet.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
o Rudyard Kipling
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP) India
Your arguments seems to favour R K Pachauri's behaviour. The very fact that an old
man is indulging in this type o0f activity is shameful.
You write:
" 74-year-old head of the company, RK Pachauri, who has recently won a Nobel
prize...... "
This is utterly false. Dr.R.K.Pachauri is not Nobel
Laureate but IPCC is.
Here is the Citation on 2007 Nobel Peace Prize:
Dr.R.K.Pachauri is not Nobel Laureate but IPCC is. How
the Press write such non sense. Here is the clarification to set the things
right:
Here is the Nobel Prize Citation:
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and
disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the
foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"(Source: "The
Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 22 Feb
2015.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prize...".
Consistently press has had been stating him as Nobel Laureate. At least in 15 Journals I
ridiculed it.
Who said Dr.R. K. Pachauri is Nobel Laureate? The organisation IPCC along with Al
Gore were recipients of 2007 Nobel Peace prize.
Dr.R.K.Pachauri by allowing this false claim in the press,sends wrong signals. Please
issue a statement for the benefit of Indians and to yourself that you are not NOBEL
LAUREATE ,Dr.R.K.Pachauri.
No. Indian Institute of Science,IITs are high ranked Universities(Institutes). They can
match world class institutes.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
2 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Roof Top Solar and Community Solar are the best options in India not big
solar PV Projects which have their own drawbacks.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
We expect Pachauri to resign on his own after he stepped down from IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and went on leave from Teri, a senior
government official told Hindustan Times. If he fails to resign on his own, I think the
PMO will remove him.-- Why wait,he should be sacked.
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
India should go in for Wave and Tidal Energy.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Government of India should remove him from Climate Change Council at once. His
claim of Nobel Prize is absurd. IPCC got Nobel Prize.
EditView in discussion
Mr.Rahul:
He is not Nobel Laureate but IPCC is. This is absurd.
1 EditView in discussion
You write:
Meanwhile, Pachauri, who shared Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with former US Vice
President Al Gore for work on climate issues ..
This is absurd. Dr.Pachauri is not Nobel Laureate but IPCC is.Why not he admit through
Press that he is not Nobel Laureate but
IPCC is as in the last 4 days some Journals and Media quoted him as Nobel
Laureate:
Here is the correct position:
Here is the Nobel Prize Citation:
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore
Jr. "for their efforts to build
up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay
the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such
change"(Source: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobelprize.org. Nobel
Media AB 2014. Web. 22 Feb 2015.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prize...".
Consistently Dr.Pachauri has had been addressed as Nobel
Laureate in some sections of the press.
At least in 15 Journals I ridiculed it.
Who said Dr.R. K. Pachauri is Nobel Laureate? The organisation IPCC along with
Al Gore were recipients of 2007 Nobel Peace prize. Dr.R.K.Pachauri by allowing
this false claim in the press,sends wrong signals. Please issue a statement for
the benefit of Indians and to yourself that you are not NOBEL LAUREATE
Dr.R.K.Pachauri.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
Discussion on The New Indian Express 1 comments
Excellent. It is unfortunate that in tropics first we heat the buildings and then try to cool
it. In fact there are fine examples of Traditional Housing methods from States like
Rajasthan in India which were cooler in Summer and hot in Winter.
Further, passive cooling systems are particularly appropriate for this part of Africa
because, long before humans thought of it, passive cooling was being used by the local
termites. Termite mounds include flues which vent through the top and sides, and the
mound itself is designed to catch the breeze. As the
wind blows, hot air from the main chambers below ground is drawn out of the structure,
helped by termites opening or blocking tunnels to control air flow.
Pearce's practice is in Harare, and he specialises in buildings which are low cost, low
maintenance, and have low environmental impact. His projects try to make best use of
locally available resources, and include Harare International School Arts Centre, Harare
Hindoo Temple and Chinhoyi Provincial Hospital, Zimbabwe. In 2003 Pearce was
awarded the Prince Claus Award for culture and development, for his work onThe
Eastgate Centre is a shopping centre and office block in central Harare, Zimbabwe
whose architect is Mick Pearce.Designed to be ventilated and cooled by entirely natural
means, it was probably the first building in the world to use natural cooling to this level of
sophistication. It opened in 1996 on Robert Mugabe Avenue and Second Street, and
provides 5,600 m of retail space, 26,000 m of office space and parking for 450 cars.
Designing for thermal control
The Eastgate Centre's design is a deliberate move away from the "big glass block".
Glass office blocks are typically expensive to maintain at a comfortable temperature,
needing substantial heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. They tend to
recycle air, in an attempt to keep the expensively conditioned atmosphere inside,
leading to high levels of air pollution in the building. Artificial air-conditioning systems are
high-maintenance, and Zimbabwe has the additional problem that the original system
and most spare parts have to be imported, squandering foreign exchange reserves.
Mick Pearce, the architect, therefore took an alternative approach. Because of its
altitude, Harare has a temperate climate despite being in
the tropics, and the typical daily temperature swing is 10 to 14 C.This makes a
mechanical or passive cooling system a viable alternative to artificial air-conditioning.
Passive cooling
Passive cooling works by storing heat in the day and venting it at night as temperatures
drop.
Start
of day: the building is cool.
During day: machines and people generate heat, and the sun shines. Heat is absorbed
by the fabric of the building, which has a high heat capacity, so that the temperature
inside increases but not greatly.
Evening:
temperatures outside drop. The warm internal air is vented through chimneys,
assisted by fans but also rising naturally because it is less dense, and
drawing in denser cool air at the bottom of the building.
Night:
this process continues, cold air flowing through cavities in the floor slabs
until the building's fabric has reached the ideal temperature to start the next
day.
Passively cooled, Eastgate uses only 10% of the energy needed by a similar
conventionally cooled building.[
Eastgate is emulated by London's Portcullis House (2001), opposite the Palace
of Westminster. The distinctive giant chimneys on which the system
relies are clearly visible.
To work well, the building must be very carefully designed. After computer simulation
and analysis, the engineering firm Ove Arup, gave Pearce a set of rules.
They said that no direct sunlight must fall on the external walls at all and the north
faade [direction of summer sun window-to-wall area must not exceed 25%. They asked
for a balance between artificial and external light to minimise energy consumption and
heat gain. They said all windows must be sealed because of noise pollution and
unpredictable wind pressures and temperatures, relying on ducted ventilation. Above all,
windows must be light filters, controlling glare, noise and security.
To help with this last, the windows have adjustable blinds, but Pearce also used deep
overhangs to keep direct sun off windows and walls. Deep eaves are a traditional
solution in Africa, shading the walls completely from the high summer sun, while
allowing the lower winter sun to warm the building in the morning.
Further, passive cooling systems are particularly appropriate for this part of Africa
because, long before humans thought of it, passive cooling was being used by the local
termites. Termite mounds include flues which vent through the top and sides, and the
mound itself is designed to catch the breeze. As the wind blows, hot air from the main
chambers below ground is drawn out of the structure, helped by termites opening or
blocking tunnels to control air flow.
Pearce's practice is in Harare, and he specialises in buildings which are low cost, low
maintenance, and have low environmental impact. His projects try to make best use of
locally available resources, and include Harare International School Arts Centre, Harare
Hindoo Temple and Chinhoyi Provincial Hospital,
Zimbabwe. In 2003 Pearce was awarded the Prince Claus Award for culture and
development, for his work on(Source: Wikipedia)
.For Example in Mumbai(India) Air Conditioning consumes 1000 Mw of Power per day
out of 2000 MW Total Power Consumption. As such traditional architecture can save
much of energy especially during summer besides physical comfort.
MODERNISE THE TRADITIONAL TRADITIONALISE THE
MODERN.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
You write:
74-year-old Pachauri, who shared Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with former US Vice
President Al Gore for work on climate issues ...
Dr.R.K.Pachauri is not Nobel Peace Prize Winner but IPCC is. It is a pity Zee news is
not aware of this.
Here is the clarification:
Here is the Nobel Prize Citation:
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build
up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the
foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"(Source: "The
Nobel Peace Prize 2007".Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 22 Feb
2015.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prize...".
Consistently Dr.Pachauri has had been addressed as Nobel Laureate in some sections
of the press.
At least in 15 Journals I ridiculed it.
Who said Dr.R. K. Pachauri is Nobel Laureate? The organisation IPCC along with Al
Gore were recipients of 2007 Nobel Peace prize. Dr.R.K.Pachauri by allowing
this false claim in the press,sends wrong signals. Please issue a statement for
the benefit of Indians and to yourself that you are not NOBEL LAUREATE
Dr.R.K.Pachauri.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
Discussion on HindustanTimes 17 comments
Your Caption,"
Nobel Laureate RK Pachauri calls upon youth to save environment" is wrong.
Dr.R.K.Pachauri is not Nobel Laureate but IPCC is.
Here is the Citation on 2007 Nobel Peace Prize:
Dr.R.K.Pachauri is not Nobel Laureate but IPCC is. How the Press write such non
sense. Here is the clarification to set the things right:
Here is the Nobel Prize Citation:
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and
disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the
foundations for the
measures that are needed to counteract such change"(Source: "The Nobel Peace Prize
2007".Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 22 Feb
2015.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prize...".
Consistently press has had been proclaiming as Nobel Laureate. At least in 15 Journals
I ridiculed it.
Dr.R.K.Pachauri by allowing this false claim in the press,sends wrong signals.
Please issue a statement for the benefit of Indians and to yourself that you
are not NOBEL LAUREATE ,Dr.R.K.Pachauri.
REAL NOBEL LAUREATES FROM INDIA:
o Rabindranath Tagore
o C. V. Raman
o Mother Teresa
o Amartya Sen
o Kailash Satyarthi
Laureates of Indian birth and origin who were erstwhile Indian citizens
o Hargobind Khorana
o Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
o Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Laureates with Indian connections
o Ronald Ross
o Rudyard Kipling
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP) India
EditView in discussion
You Write:
The 75-year old Nobel Laureate ....
Dr.R.K.Pachauri is not Nobel Laureate but IPCC is. How the Press(Only in India) write
such non sense. Here is the clarification to set the things right::
Here is the Nobel Prize Citation:
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts
to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change,
and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such
change"(Source: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobelprize.org.
Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 22 Feb 2015.http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prize...".
Consistently Dr.Pachauri has had been proclaiming as Nobel
Laureate. At least in 15 Journals I rediculed it. It is a pity Dr.Pachauri who
manages those in power and press gets into International and National
Committees. No Smoke Without Fire - Dr.Pachauri immediately should resign from
IPCC and Chairperson of the climate panel.
When it is published in many Journals and Newspapers that Dr.R.K.Pachauri is Nobel
Laureate and When I corrected it and even brought to Dr. Parachuter's
attention,why he is not openly giving clarification? This simple act itself speaks about
one's NOBLE nature !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
As the party's most dynamic leader, he undertook rath yatras and worked
ceaselessly to reach to the people. In ensuring the return of Atal Bihari
Vajpayee as prime minister, he can at least experience the satisfaction of a
'mission accomplished'.
Advani enters the Lok Sabha 22 months after he resigned his seat,
following his alleged involvement in the hawala scandal. Announcing that he would
enter Parliament only after his name is cleared, Advani did not contest the 1996
election.
Contesting the 1998 election from Gandhinagar after the Delhi high
court had cleared him of the charges, Advani had a pleasant surprise when the
Surpreme Court gave him a clean chit in the case on March 2, when the counting
of votes began.
In any case, the Gandhinagar electorate had reposed confidence in
him by giving him a lead of more than 200,000 votes.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on Grist 76 comments
Great article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
No doubt the method sounds novel and innovative. Unfortunately, in India such things
can never succeed. Technology is culture-specific while science is universal. How
reliable are such systems in villages? Who will take care of the cleaning of the solar
panels from dust? Already the efficiency of solar PV is low. Even at traffic signals, hardly
the solar panels are kept clean.
I have a simple and innovative solar disinfection of water method which received
acclaim at home and abroad.
For Complete article and Tables:
http://www.harvesth2o.com/adob...
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore (AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
Discussion on IEEE Spectrum 10 comments
Excellent.
Though this sounds astonishing, any proposals for implementation in Energy especially
Renewables must be REALISTIC and ACHIEVABLE.
Already the power cuts started in AP.
The past experience with Wind Energy in AP Sanctioned and implemented is dismal.
12. Low head Micro hydro device to generate power from the head of falling
water from the delivery pipe of Electric/diesel pump sets.
13. KW size Biogas power/cooking plant for villages.
14. Simple solar drier
15. Growing CAM Plants in Waste and Vacant lands which act as Carbon Sink.
Energy Conservation
https://www.scribd.com/doc/250...
Put the RENEWABLES to WORK: To get inexhaustible,Pollution- Free Energy which
cannot be misused.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
Renewable Energy Expert
Discussion on blog.umangrealtech.com 1 comments
Wonderful tips. The Andhra Pradesh Government should adopt this type of structures to
reduce Energy consumption.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Biogas ,biofuel and Biochar are the best options to India. There are care-free
growth,regenerative CAM plants like Agave and Opuntia which can be input for
Biofuel/Biogas power/biochar. These plants can be grown on a massive scale in millions
Biogas ,biofuel and Biochar are the best options to India. There are care-free
growth,regenerative CAM plants like Agave and Opuntia which can be input for
Biofuel/Biogas power/biochar. These plants can be grown on a massive scale in millions
of hectares of waste lands in India.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP) India
EditView in discussion
Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
257,000 people could die from Chinas toxic air over the
next decade
Incidentally China leads in Wind Power in the World and Solar Equipment Manufacture.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Great article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Oldest Congress Party Cipher without Number ! This shows People(Voters) are
powerful. Democracy in tact in Delhi.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
Why not Agave and Opuntia,carefree growth,regenerative CAM plants for Biofuel/biogas
power which can be grown in Waste Lands.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Mobile solar water heaters,simple solar driers,dual powered solar reading lamps,solar
mobile chargers,improved box type solar cookers etc. are very much needed in
developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Well researched article. Delhi needs MSW management and Sewage water treatment
very badly. One's TRASH IS ANOTHER'S TREASURE should be the motto .
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
The ideal choice for biogas power is Agave and Opuntia as input and they can be grown
in waste lands of Africa. They are Regenerative and CAM Plants.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Best option is to grow care-free,regenerative CAM plants like Agave and Opuntia in
Wastelands for Biofuel/biogas power which act as Carbon Sink.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
"sambhavami yuge yuge",Some people live after death- Shri R.K.Laxman will live for
ever in people's memory. A Great Cartoonist voicing the concerns of common man. I am
one of your Fans Laxman, Sir. May his soul rest in peace.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
vertical axis and comes in various shapes sizes and colors. Its movement is
similar to a coin spinning on the edge.
Here are
some of the advantages of VAWT:
1. The turbine generator and gearbox can be placed lower
to the ground making maintenance easier and lower the construction costs.
2. The
main advantage of VAWT is it does not need to be pointed towards
the wind to be effective. In other words, they can be used on the sites with
high variable wind direction.
3. Since VAWT are mounted closer to the ground they are
more bird friendly and down not destroy the wildlife.
4. VAWT quiet, efficient, economical and perfect for
residential energy production, especially in urban environments.
The
most popular type of VAWT are: Darrieus Wind Turbine and Savonius Wind Turbine.
Darrieus Wind Turbine
Darrieus Wind Turbine are
commonly known as an Eggbeater turbine. It was invented by Georges Darrieus
in 1931. A Darrieus is a high speed, low torque machine suitable for generating
alternating current (AC) electricity. Darrieus generally require manual push
therefore some external power source to start turning as the starting torque is
very low. Darrieus has two vertically oriented blades revolving around a
vertical shaft.
Savonius Wind Turbine
A Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine is a slow rotating,
high torque machine with two or more scoops and are used in high-reliability
low-efficiency power turbines. Most wind turbines use lift generated by
airfoil-shaped blades to drive a rotor, the Savonius uses drag and therefore
cannot rotate faster than the approaching wind speed.
Of late Combined Darrius and Savonius VAWT
are available from 300W to 10 KW Size and enven higher.
There are many designs of solar lights. Many solar lanterns are of poor quality as the
manufacturer wants to reduce the cost.The battery is the heart, Unless the battery is of
good quality the solar light is a failure. I have been using a Chinese Solar reading light
since TWO years. It is excellent. For Developing countries Solar Reading Lights are
ideal. There are solar Caps,Solar Hanging Fans etc. and are very useful.If one is willing
to pay the price Chinese goods are good.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Lot of Expectations on further co-operation between the two countries from the visit of
U.S. President Barack Obama to India. Reviving Nuclear deal,wider co-operation in
Renewables,Climate change are some of the issues.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Agave and opuntia which are care free growth,regenerative and CAM plants act as
Carbon Sink.
Biofuel/Biogas power from Agave and Opuntia:
Another area which yields immediate results and gainful employment is to grow carefree growth plants like Agave and Opuntia in waste lands. There are millions of hectares
of waste lands. In the debate Food Vs Fuel the alternative is to grow plants with multiple
uses which have care-free growth. Yet another option is Biofuel from Agave and Biogas
from Opuntia and power generation. Agave is a care free growth plant which can be
grown in millions of hectares of waste land and which produces Biofuel. Already Mexico
is using it. Another Care free growth plant is Opuntia which generates Biogas. Biogas
can be input to generate power through Biogas Generators. Biogas generators of MW
size are available from China. Yet another option is Water Hyacinth for biogas. Water
Hyacinth along with animal dung can produce biogas on a large scale and then power.
In Kolleru lake in Godavari and Krishna Delta in Andhra Pradesh in India it is available in
308 Sq. Km for nearly 8 months in a year. Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known
as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an
adaptation to arid conditions In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain
shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon
dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acidmalate, and then used during
photosynthesis during the day. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the
enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. Agave and Opuntia are the best
CAM Plants. Researchers find that the agave plant will serve as a biofuel crop to
produce ethanol. "Agave has a huge advantage, as it can grow in marginal or desert
land, not on arable land," and therefore would not displace food crops, says Oliver
Inderwildi, at the University of Oxford.The majority of ethanol produced in the world is
still derived from food crops such as corn and sugarcane. Speculators have argued for
years now that using such crops for fuel can drive up the price of food. Agave, however,
can grow on hot dry land with a high-yield and low environmental impact. The
researchers proposing the plants use have modeled a facility in Jalisco, Mexico, which
converts the high sugar content of the plant into ethanol. Another plant of great use is
OPUNTIA for biogas production. The cultivation of nopal((OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA), a
type of cactus, is one of the most important in Mexico. According to Rodrigo Morales,
Chilean engineer, Wayland biomass, installed on Mexican soil, allows you to generate
inexhaustible clean energy. Through the production of biogas, it can serve as a raw
material more efficiently, by example and by comparison with jatropha. Wayland
Morales, head of Elqui Global Energy argues that an acre of cactus produces 43 200
m3 of biogas or the equivalent in energy terms to 25,000 liters of diesel. With the same
land planted with jatropha, he says, it will produce 3,000 liters of biodiesel. Another of
the peculiarities of the nopal is biogas which is the same molecule of natural gas, but its
production does not require machines or devices of high complexity. Also, unlike natural
gas, contains primarily methane (75%), carbon dioxide (24%) and other minor gases
(1%), so it has advantages from the technical point of view since it has the same
capacity heat but is cleaner, he says, and as sum datum its calorific value is 7,000
kcal/m3. In the fields where Jatropha is being grown,Agave and Opuntia can be grown
as Inter cropping.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great Article.
Dr>A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Marvellous.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding Statistics
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent Statistics.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Interesting development.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Based on this the Currency fake notes are detected. Bio mimicry at its best.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Stick filters out 99 per cent of bacteria from water SciDev.Net South-East Asia & Pacific
Good method. Impure water is the root cause for many diseases.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Why not grow CAM ,regenerative and care free growth plants like Agave and Opuntia in
Wastelands for Biofuel and biogas for power generation. Mexico is pioneer in this.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Innovative and Adoptive to local conditions in Tanzania. Congratulations for this
fine initiative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I visited Israel for a fortnight and could see the tremendous development of Agriculture
there.
Why not Israel grow Agave and Opuntia in the desert lands which are care-free
growth,regenerative,CAM plants and which act as input for Biofuel,biogas for power
generation. Mexico is pioneer in this.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Useful.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
With wider use of Chemical Fertilizers and pesticides,the natural fertility of the soil is
lost. Hence revival of organic farming.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great. Congratulations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
When you remove a dead fluorescent lamp which you dont intend to replace
immediately, remember also to remove the starter, or else the choke will consume
electricity at the rate of 12 watts.
Always choose T.5 linear fluorescent lamps with electronics ballast. They consume
40% less energy than conventional linear fluorescent lamps.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I complement UGC.
Dr,A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
GROWING
VEGETABLES ON A STAND - YOUTUBE - Excellent - Must See
GROWING VEGETABLES IN
CONTAINERS ON A STAND
https://www.scribd.com/doc/244...
NUTRITIONAL GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES FOR ALL- Innovative System
Green Leafy Vegetables for All
Nutritious Green Vegetables For All
https://www.scribd.com/doc/241... system
One Can Grow Organic Vegetables on a Book Rack !
https://www.scribd.com/doc/244...
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on TreeHugger.com 26 comments
Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on TreeHugger.com 7 comments
Great article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on TreeHugger.com 47 comments
Hydrogen is the future energy carrier.Hydrogen and fuel cells are the best option of
energy storage.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on TreeHugger.com 18 comments
Very Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on SciDev.Net 1 comments
Wind is the oldest Renewable Energy and will certainly a major role in the power
scenario in the coming years.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
At least a beginning.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes,Of course.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Obamas deal with China is a big win for solar, nuclear, and
clean coal
Now that China and the U.S. have a climate deal, will India
step up next?
Lack of input like animal dung is the constraint for organic farming on a large scale.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
4 EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Great improvement.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article. Yes. Innovation,invention and creativity are the pilars of progress.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Technology during World War I reflected a trend toward industrialism and the
application of mass production methods to weapons and to the technology of warfare in
general. This trend began fifty years prior to World War I during
the U.S. Civil War, and continued through many smaller conflicts in which new weapons
were tested. The 19th-century vision of a peaceful future fed by
ever-increasing prosperity through technology was largely shattered by the
war's end; after the technological escalation during World War II, it was apparent that
whatever the gains in prosperity and comfort due to technology applied to civilian use
would always be under the shadow of the horrors of technology applied to warfare.
The earlier years of the First World War can be characterized as a clash of 20th-century
technology with 19th-century warfare in the form of ineffective battles with huge
numbers of casualties on both sides. It was not until the final year of the war that the
major armies made effective steps in revolutionizing matters of command and control
and tactics to adapt to the modern battlefield, and started to harness
the myriad new technologies to effective military purposes. Tactical
reorganizations (such as shifting the focus of command from the 100+ man
company to the 10+ man squad) went hand-in-hand with armored cars, the first
submachine guns, and automatic rifles that could be carried and used by one
man.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Inspiring story.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great story.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Inspiring story.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
TreeHugger
reduced. Moreover all the nutrients in the container are taken by the plant.The stand is
painted with Redoxide to free it from rusting. Since the stand is with in reach,watering is
not a problem.
One can use this system to grow vegetables on the roof or in the backyard. Rural
women can grow vegetables in this way for marketing on a small scale locally. The units
are modular depending on the requirement of vegetables.
The whole unit costs about Rs 2500(about US$ 40) including pots and the cost can be
recovered in less than a year.
Please see Photos:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/244...
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent post.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Often people refer to west to borrow and adopt in gardening at homes. We in the east
have a notion that , Rural is bad,urban is better and Foreign is best. Often this is not
true. I have been involved in Rural Technologies since decades. Developing countries
development solutions should come from locally but not imported. In the west,it is all
consumer economy and unless you price any commodity they wont even look into it
while in the east it is reverse. For Example when I designed Growing Green leafy
vegetables on book racks(which costs less than 50 US$, an American Inventor of
Garden equipment design laughed at me and said their system costs US$ 2000 1 One
should not forget the fact that Bullock Cart is still one of the modes of transportation of
goods in rural India.
In a bid to have vertical stand vegetable growing,I have designed a
simple,innovative,novel cost effective system utilising local resources and
resourcefulness.
When you supply plant nutrients at the roots they wont go deep.
I have designed a stand(sturdy,iron) and fitted rings of about 1 foot
diameter (3) in 3 layers. There is enough space between the rings horizontally
and spece to grow plants vertically. The base has a strong round stand for
stability(Iron). Pots(Conical) are filled with soil and animal dung and natural
fertilizer. Vegetables seed lings or seeds like tomato,Bhendi and others are
raised in the pots. There is a small hole at the bottom of the pots to drain
away excess water. The pots chosen are of tough plastic for light weight,durability and
elegance. The plastic pots are covered with thin black canvas so that due to sunlight
absorption weeds wont grow and evaporation water supplied is reduced. Moreover all
the nutrients in the container are taken by the plant.The stand is painted with Redoxide
to free it from rusting. Since the stand is with in reach,watering is not a problem.
One can use this system to grow vegetables on the roof or in the backyard. Rural
women can grow vegetables in this way for marketing on a small scale locally. The units
are modular depending on the requirement of vegetables.
The whole unit costs about Rs 2500 including pots(in South India) and the cost can be
recovered in less than a year.
Earlier Dr. Jagadeesh designed a system to grow Nutritious Green vegetables for all to
be raised on Book Racks.
Please see Photos:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/244...
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Yes. Private sector has a major role in research which eventually leads to
marketing. There must be proper linkage.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. In fact Mexico is pioneer in Biofuel/biogas power production from Agave and
opuntia plants which are care-free growth,regenerative and CAM Plants. These can be
grown in Waste lands in developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Only countries from Europe,no country from Asia,Africa and Latin America.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great Advice. I asked several of my friends to read this. Congratulations for the fine
piece Anthony K. Tjan.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
They have first hand information and knowledge being directly involved in agricultural
operations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
It is debatable.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
As one economist put it," Agriculture in spite of the glorious opportunities offered to is
sick because it is subjected to colonial economics which noone cares to study and
supersede. It is not the lack of resources but resourcefulness that explains why people
perish in the midst of plenty.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Kandeh Yumkella, much is expected from SE4ALL headed by you on the energy front.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
But in countries like India imbued with taboos and traditions,it is difficult to convince
people on usage of these things. In China Biogas production through human excreta is
in practice but not in India.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Here is an Innovative system for growing Nutritional Green leafy vegetables in Africa:
Nutritious Green Leafy Vegetables for All
Dark green leafy vegetables are perhaps the most potent super food on the planet. They
are also the most ignored and avoided foods as well. If you consider the powerful dose
of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytonutrients that we
get from spinach, kale, chard, collards, dandelion and other greens, its a
wonder we can live without them.
Leafy Green Nutrition
Leafy green vegetables have more nutrition per calorie than any other food. Greens
make up a significant source vitamins A, C, E and K as well as several B
vitamins. They are rich sources of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron
and potassium. They are rich in fiber, extremely low in fat and carbohydrates
and provide an excellent source of protein.
As a general rule, you should aim to eat at least five servings of vegetables daily (thats
about 2 1/2 cups of cooked vegetables), and that includes leafy greens. As long as
they're prepared in a healthy way, leafy greens, like other nonstarchy
vegetables, are a great addition to your diet and offer countless health
benefits.
Leafy greens are full of vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting phytochemicals. They
are rich in fiber, an important nutrient for weight loss and
maintenance because it keeps you feeling full and helps control your hunger.
Fiber can also lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and help to temper
blood-sugar swings by slowing the absorption of carbohydrates into your
bloodstream after meals. This lowers your risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2
diabetes. Leafy greens also contain a lot of water, which helps keep you
hydrated and contributes to beautiful skin and hair.
Some leafy greens, like collards and kale, are particularly rich in calcium, which helps
keep your teeth and bones strong and reduces your overall risk for
osteoporosis. Calcium also contributes to muscle function and blood-pressure
management. Leafy greens contain potassium as well, which further protects
against osteoporosis and helps manage blood-pressure levels.
The antioxidants like vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin that are contained in leafy
greens may help reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration. Vitamin
C helps the body make collagen too; collagen is a major component of cartilage
that aids in joint flexibility, may reduce your risk of arthritis, and keeps your skin and
hair healthy and beautiful. Research shows vitamin C may also slow bone loss
and decrease the risk of fractures.
Leafy greens that contain beta-carotene, such as collard greens, spinach, and Swiss
chard, contribute to the growth and repair of the body's tissues. Beta-carotene may also
protect your skin against sun damage. Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the
body, and food sources of beta-carotene are the best way to get your vitamin A fix, since
extremely high doses of vitamin A in supplements can be toxic and lead to bone, liver,
and neural disorders as well as birth defects. Food sources of beta-carotene are entirely
safe, though, since the body regulates how much beta-carotene is converted into
vitamin A.
Leafy greens are an excellent source of folate, which can reduce your risk of
cardiovascular disease and memory loss. And since folate contributes to the
production of serotonin, it may help ward off depression and improve mood.
The vitamin E found in green leafy vegetables works with vitamin C to keep skin healthy
as you age. This vitamin also helps protect your skin from the suns damaging rays and
may help reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.
When the Green leafy vegetables have such nutritional value,how is it not many people
use it? The reasons are: lack of availability,cost etc. In a bid to provide leafy vegetables
for all at an affordable price and using least space a simple,multi rack,easy to make
vegetable farming system has been designed and developed by
Dr.A.Jagadeesh,Director,Nayudamma Centre for Development
Alternatives,Nellore,Andhra Pradesh,India.
System Details:
Open Book racks are available commercially in towns and villages. These can be
assembled and dismantled easily. The height beween the gap of rack can be varied. A 5
level rack has been assembled reversing the plates(so that they
actlike a vessel) fixing extra plates on each side of rack level to give more
depth( about 5 to 6 cm) The Plates are a bit inclined and have small holes at
the end to drain extra water. Used Fertiliser bags(which are available) are cut
and spread in the space of the plates and filled with soil. Natural manure is
mixed with sooil. The setup is faced sun facing (East to west in South India).The leafy
vegetrable seeds are sprayed in each of the tray which is divided into
half. Thus in 5 plate vessels 10 varieitis of leafy vegetables can be
grown. One can choose which green leafy vegetables to grow. This way within 20 days
one can get sizeable plants. By having two racks one can get round the week
vegetables. For commercial purposes one can go for modular system. This can be
placed on the roof top or in the backyard and occupies little space(vertical). Since
natural fertilizer is provided at the roots,the roots wont go deep.
Advantages:
The whole unit is afforbable and can be easily assemblesd with a spanner.
It is mobile.
The height can be varied between plates to the size of the plants to be grown.
One can get natural organically grown leafy vegetables.
The system costs in Andhra Pradesh(South India) rs 2000(About 33 US$).
Mass production can reduce the cost of the system.
The Government can promote this system for livelihood among weaker sections of
society.
The unit lasts atleast Two years and with proper painting and maintenance 4 years.
The investment on the system can be recovered in 6 months.
Nutritios green leafy vegetables are available to all.
Using this set up with controlled conditions like shade,Broccoli sprouts can be raised:
Broccoli sprouts are three- to four-day-old broccoli plants that look like alfalfa sprouts,
but taste like radishes. The radish flavor comes from a phytochemical that may act as
protection against vectors (see also radical or free-radical theory) while the broccoli
plant is still young. This phytochemical not only benefits the young plant, but also when
eaten by humans, may act as an antioxidant to stimulate the ability of cells to protect
against disease.
Broccoli sprouts actually have lower nutritional values than full sized broccoli according
to the USDA.Many studies compare the nutritional value of dry, dormant seeds to
sprouts to obtain an exaggerated positive result for sprouts. However, the sprouts are
not typically consumed for their nutrient content; they are consumed for their content of
bioactive molecules with potent nutrigenomic potential. Broccoli sprouts contain a
particular glucosinolate compound, glucoraphanin, which is found in vacuoles within the
cytoplasm of the plant cell. The membrane of the plant cells also contain an enzyme,
myrosinase, which is walled off from the vacuoles of glucoraphanin. Only when the plant
cell is ruptured by cutting, chewing, etc. do the two substances come into contact with
each other. In the moist environment of the cell, this leads to a chemical reaction
wherein the
myrosinase converts the glucoraphanin to an isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. It is
predominantly the sulforaphane for which broccoli sprouts have been so widely
researched. The glucoraphanin of itself is inert.
Hundreds of research studies occur every year on the cancer preventive potential of
plant nutrients. The cancer preventive property of cruciferous vegetables and
sulforaphane is the subject of over 700 research studies to date. The following table is a
representation of the epidemiological evidence of cancer prevention by cruciferous
vegetables.
Broccoli sprouts can be grown pretty much anywhere and require very
little space or equipment. High in vitamins and antioxidants, broccoli sprouts
have been found to contain higher concentrations of cancer-fighting compounds
than broccoli grown to full size.
They have very high levels of nutrients and enzymes, which provide the body valuable
energy to detox and strengthen the immune system.
According to the Hippocrates Health Institute, the other key benefits of sprouts
include:
- Increased vitality, energy and vigor from the large amount of enzymes.
- 10 to 100 times more enzymes than fruits and vegetables when eaten within the first
seven days of being sprouted.
- Powerful antioxidants which help fight free radicals and aging.
- The minerals and nutrients are easily absorbed into the body.
While there are many excellent sprouts, there is a specific reason why I buy organic
broccoli sprouts.
What broccoli sprouts offer is sulforaphane, a powerful anti-cancer compound that helps
fight and reduce the risk of developing cancer.
Dr. Paul Talalay, Professor of Pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University, found that 3day old broccoli sprouts consistently contained 20 to 50 times the amount of
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
National Science Service Programme
In our educational system (both at School and College level) in India
emphasis must be laid on schemes which envisage exposure of students to the
problems of society. Just as we have NCC, NSS, we can also have a National
Science Service Programme (NSSP), which envisages the utilisation of the
services of Science Teachers and students for constructive activities in
villages. Under the programme the students from degree classes led by a
Lecturer choose and ADOPT a village near them. They will visit the village and
acquaint themselves with the problems of the villagers. They will plan how best
they can utilise the knowledge acquired in the classroom, for bettering the lot
of the villagers. They will prepare a mini-plan extending over 3 years, for
example, they can under take soil analysis, water analysis, pest control of
crops etc. In the regular curriculum practical training on subjects like soil
analysis, water analysis, blood testing etc., can be given.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
EditView in discussion
Unique pictures.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Hearty Congratulations Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner, for winning
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2014.
Ever since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek turned his simple microscope on a bit of pond
water in the 17th century, optical microscopes have been a key tool for biologists.
Unfortunately, they're rather limited as to the smallness of what they can see or at
least, they were. This year's winners of the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, Eric Betzig,
Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner, changed all that. Their discovery of two methods
to bypass the physical limits of optical microscopes led to the creation of the field of
nano microscopy.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Congratulations Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser and John OKeefe for winning the Nobel
Prize in Physiology for 2014.
The finding, a fundamental piece of research, explains how the brain works but does not
have immediate implications for new medicines, since it does not set out a mechanism
of action.
But knowledge about the brain's positioning system can also help understanding of what
causes loss of spatial awareness in stroke patients or those with devastating brain
diseases like dementia, of which Alzheimer's is the most common form and which
affects 44 million people worldwide.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Hearty congratulations Shuji Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki for
winning the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2014.
The development of LED
technology has caused their efficiency and light output to rise exponentially, with a
doubling occurring
approximately every 36 months since the 1960s, in a way similar to Moore's law.
This trend is generally attributed to the parallel development of other semiconductor
technologies and advances in optics and material science, and has been called Haitz's
law after Dr. Roland Haitz.
In 2001 and 2002, processes for growing gallium nitride (GaN) LEDs on silicon were
successfully demonstrated. In
January 2012, Osram demonstrated high-power InGaN LEDs
grown on silicon substrates commercially. It
has been speculated that the use of six-inch silicon wafers instead of two-inch sapphire
wafers andepitaxy manufacturing processes could reduce
production costs by up to 90%.
EditView in discussion
Cold water bath improves blood circulation and nervous system. That is why many
people in India go to Rivers to take bath. When foot becomes numb,people pour cold
water on it so that blood circulation is accelerated.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. These things will make solar PV more popular in developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Hearty congratulations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Such systems are fancy in the west as they have more glass doors for windows to let
sunlight in. In developing countries such a system wont work.
I have designed and developed an innovative system to grow green leafy vegetables at
an affordable cost specially suited to developing countries in Asia,Africa and
Latin America.
NUTRITIOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES FOR ALL
INNOVATIVE SYSTEM
There is a general agreement that green leaf vegetables have the best nutritional value.
But unfortunately lack of adequate supply and high cost forbid their wider consumption
especially in urban areas.With a view to have leaf green leaf vegetables available to all
and also to generate livelihood for rural women,an innovative,simple,cost
effective,mobile vertical farm system has been designed by Dr.A.Jagadeesh.By
spending just Rs 2000,a rural women can earn about Rs 100 every day minimum by
selling the green leaf vegetables. Urban people can get vegetables(leaf) at the doorstep.
(a US $ = Rs 60)
Advantages
1 Easy to make at local level2 The height between the plates can be varied for
conveneience3 The metal can be quoted with double coating of redoxide so that it is
rustproof4 Because of slant,water logging is avoided5. In South India, several green
leafy vegetables like:Allmanianodiflora,Alternantherasessilis,
amaranthuscaudatus,Amaranthuscruentus,
Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthusviridis,Basellarubra,Boerhaviadiffusa,
Brassica juncea, Cassia italic, Celosia argentea,Chenopodium album, Cleome
gynandra, Coriandrum sativum,Cucurbita maximaDuchesne, Digeramuricata, Hibiscus
cannabinus,Hibiscussabdariffa, Hygrophilaauriculata,
Hygrophilaauriculata,Menthaspicata,
Mirabilisjalapa, Moringaoleifera, Murrayakoenigii,Portulacapilosa,Portulacaquadrifida,
Rumexvesicarius, Sesbaniagrandiflora,Spinaciaoleracea,Tamarindusindica,
Trigonellafoenum-graecumare used.- The chemical constituents present
in green leafy vegetables are of greatpharmacological or
medicinal importance. Phytonutrients present in green leafyvegetables
produce many common health benefits like protection from eyeproblems, oxidative
stress, iron deficiency etc., Consumption of green leafy foodsbenefits
human health by improving nutritional status and reducing risks ofspecific
diseases like diabetes, cancer and hepatotoxicity.6. The chemical
constituents present in green leafy vegetables are of greatpharmacological or
medicinal importance. Phytonutrients present in green leafyvegetables
produce many common health benefits like protection from eyeproblems, oxidative
stress, iron deficiency etc., Consumption of green leafyfoods benefits
human health by improving nutritional status and reducing risksof specific
diseases like diabetes, cancer and hepatotoxicity.7. By spending just
Rs 2000,a rural women can earn about Rs 100 every dayminimum by selling
the green leaf vegetables. Urban people can get green leafvegetables
at the doorstep.
simple soil solarisation
The pots where plants like rose,jasmine and vegetables like Tomato, Bhendi etc.are
grown there will be weeds around the plant which take water as well asmanure.
To avoid this black polyethylene is wrapped on the pots with a hole inthe
middle from where the plants will come up.
The advantages are:
Nutritious Green Leafy vegetables My Innovative System & Simple Soil Solarisation &
Other Agricultural and Energy Projects Implementation in Developing Countries by
Rockefeller Foundation
Dr.A.Jagadeesh
Director
Nayudamma Centre for Development Alternatives
2/210 First Floor
Nawabpet
NELLORE- 524 002
Andhra Pradesh
INDIA
E-mail:anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
Facebook:http://www.facebook.com/anumak...
Blog: http://www.drjagadeeshncda.blo...
Twitter: @anumakondaj
Phone: ++ 91 861
2317776
Mobile: +91 9490125950
Vice Chancellor(Scientific Communications)
Australian Institute of High Energetic Materials
Clayton
Victoria
AUSTRALIA
Innovative System for
Nutritious Green Leafy Vegetables & Simple Soil Solarisation
https://www.scribd.com/doc/241...
Outstanding Comments by
Dr.A.Jagadeesh on Research Papers published in nature and naturenews
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6457...
Innovative People?s Technologies
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2162...
Many Uses of Agave
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2162...
Nellore Scientist's Distinction(Dr.Anumakonda Jagadeesh Blog
Statistics)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2162...
Over 3500 Comments published by Dr.A.Jagadeeh in International
Journals|Newsletters
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2162...
Renewables at best can supplement conventional power but cannot replace the latter.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Nutritious Green Leafy Vegetables for All
Dark green leafy vegetables are perhaps the most potent super food on the planet. They
are also the most ignored and avoided foods as well. If you consider the powerful dose
of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytonutrients that we
get from spinach, kale, chard, collards, dandelion and other greens, its a
wonder we can live without them.
Leafy Green Nutrition
Leafy green vegetables have more nutrition per calorie than any other food. Greens
make up a significant source vitamins A, C, E and K as well as several B
vitamins. They are rich sources of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron
and potassium. They are rich in fiber, extremely low in fat and carbohydrates
and provide an excellent source of protein.
As a general rule, you should aim to eat at least five servings of vegetables daily (thats
about 2 1/2 cups of cooked vegetables), and that includes leafy greens. As long as
they're prepared in a healthy way, leafy greens, like other nonstarchy
vegetables, are a great addition to your diet and offer countless health
benefits.
Leafy greens are full of vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting phytochemicals. They
are rich in fiber, an important nutrient for weight loss and
maintenance because it keeps you feeling full and helps control your hunger.
Fiber can also lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and help to temper
blood-sugar swings by slowing the absorption of carbohydrates into your
bloodstream after meals. This lowers your risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2
diabetes. Leafy greens also contain a lot of water, which helps keep you
hydrated and contributes to beautiful skin and hair.
Some leafy greens, like collards and kale, are particularly rich in calcium, which helps
keep your teeth and bones strong and reduces your overall risk for
osteoporosis. Calcium also contributes to muscle function and blood-pressure
management. Leafy greens contain potassium as well, which further protects
against osteoporosis and helps manage blood-pressure levels.
The antioxidants like vitamin C, lutein, and zeaxanthin that are contained in leafy
greens may help reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration. Vitamin
C helps the body make collagen too; collagen is a major component of cartilage
that aids in joint flexibility, may reduce your risk of arthritis, and keeps your skin and
hair healthy and beautiful. Research shows vitamin C may also slow bone loss
and decrease the risk of fractures.
Leafy greens that contain beta-carotene, such as collard greens, spinach, and Swiss
chard, contribute to the growth and repair of the body's tissues. Beta-carotene may also
protect your skin against sun damage. Beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the
body, and food sources of beta-carotene are the best way to get your vitamin A fix, since
extremely high doses of vitamin A in supplements can be toxic and lead to bone, liver,
and neural disorders as well as birth defects. Food sources of beta-carotene are entirely
safe, though, since the body regulates how much beta-carotene is converted into
vitamin A.
Leafy greens are an excellent source of folate, which can reduce your risk of
cardiovascular disease and memory loss. And since folate contributes to the
production of serotonin, it may help ward off depression and improve mood.
The vitamin E found in green leafy vegetables works with vitamin C to keep skin healthy
as you age. This vitamin also helps protect your skin from the suns damaging rays and
may help reduce your risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.
When the Green leafy vegetables have such nutritional value,how is it not many people
use it? The reasons are: lack of availability,cost etc. In a bid to provide leafy vegetables
for all at an affordable price and using least space a simple,multi rack,easy to make
vegetable farming system has been designed and developed by
Dr.A.Jagadeesh,Director,Nayudamma Centre for Development
Alternatives,Nellore,Andhra Pradesh,India.
System Details:
Open Book racks are available commercially in towns and villages. These can be
assembled and dismantled easily. The height beween the gap of rack can be varied. A 5
level rack has been assembled reversing the plates(so that they
actlike a vessel) fixing extra plates on each side of rack level to give more
depth( about 5 to 6 cm) The Plates are a bit inclined and have small holes at
the end to drain extra water. Used Fertiliser bags(which are available) are cut
and spread in the space of the plates and filled with soil. Natural manure is
mixed with sooil. The setup is faced sun facing (East to west in South India).The leafy
vegetrable seeds are sprayed in each of the tray which is divided into
half. Thus in 5 plate vessels 10 varieitis of leafy vegetables can be
grown. One can choose which green leafy vegetables to grow. This way within 20 days
one can get sizeable plants. By having two racks one can get round the week
vegetables. For commercial purposes one can go for modular system. This can be
placed on the roof top or in the backyard and occupies little space(vertical). Since
natural fertilizer is provided at the roots,the roots wont go deep.
Advantages:
The whole unit is afforbable and can be easily assemblesd with a spanner.
It is mobile.
The height can be varied between plates to the size of the plants to be grown.
One can get natural organically grown leafy vegetables.
The system costs in Andhra Pradesh(South India) rs 2000(About 33 US$).
Mass production can reduce the cost of the system.
The Government can promote this system for livelihood among weaker sections of
society.
The unit lasts atleast Two years and with proper painting and maintenance 4 years.
The investment on the system can be recovered in 6 months.
Nutritios green leafy vegetables are available to all.
Using this set up with controlled conditions like shade,Broccoli sprouts can be raised:
Broccoli sprouts are three- to four-day-old broccoli plants that look like alfalfa sprouts,
but taste like radishes. The radish flavor comes from a phytochemical that may act as
protection against vectors (see also radical or free-radical theory) while the broccoli
plant is still young. This phytochemical not only benefits the young plant, but also when
eaten by humans, may act as an antioxidant to stimulate the ability of cells to protect
against disease.
Broccoli sprouts actually have lower nutritional values than full sized broccoli according
to the USDA.Many studies compare the nutritional value of dry, dormant seeds to
sprouts to obtain an exaggerated positive result for sprouts. However, the sprouts are
not typically consumed for their nutrient content; they are consumed for their content of
bioactive molecules with potent nutrigenomic potential. Broccoli sprouts contain a
particular glucosinolate compound, glucoraphanin, which is found in vacuoles within the
cytoplasm of the plant cell. The membrane of the plant cells also contain an enzyme,
myrosinase, which is walled off from the vacuoles of glucoraphanin. Only when the plant
cell is ruptured by cutting, chewing, etc. do the two substances come into contact with
each other. In the moist environment of the cell, this leads to a chemical reaction
wherein the
myrosinase converts the glucoraphanin to an isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. It is
predominantly the sulforaphane for which broccoli sprouts have been so widely
researched. The glucoraphanin of itself is inert.
Hundreds of research studies occur every year on the cancer preventive potential of
plant nutrients. The cancer preventive property of cruciferous vegetables and
sulforaphane is the subject of over 700 research studies to date. The following table is a
representation of the epidemiological evidence of cancer prevention by cruciferous
vegetables.
Broccoli sprouts can be grown pretty much anywhere and require very
little space or equipment. High in vitamins and antioxidants, broccoli sprouts
have been found to contain higher concentrations of cancer-fighting compounds
than broccoli grown to full size.
They have very high levels of nutrients and enzymes, which provide the body valuable
energy to detox and strengthen the immune system.
According to the Hippocrates Health Institute, the other key benefits of sprouts
include:
- Increased vitality, energy and vigor from the large amount of enzymes.
- 10 to 100 times more enzymes than fruits and vegetables when eaten within the first
seven days of being sprouted.
- Powerful antioxidants which help fight free radicals and aging.
- The minerals and nutrients are easily absorbed into the body.
While there are many excellent sprouts, there is a specific reason why I buy organic
broccoli sprouts.
What broccoli sprouts offer is sulforaphane, a powerful anti-cancer compound that helps
fight and reduce the risk of developing cancer.
Dr. Paul Talalay, Professor of Pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University, found that 3day old broccoli sprouts consistently contained 20 to 50 times the amount of
I have a novel and innovative policy to finance Renewables in India through People's
cooperation. Also Wind Farm /solar co-operatives can be started in India on the lines of
those in Denmark,Germany etc. Hitherto financial benefits are given to big
industrialists who establish wind farms. A RENEWABLE ENERGY FUND can be
created by Union Government and investment in this under Section 80C to get tax
exemption will help to create huge funds..This way the individual tax layer will become a
partner in Renewable energy Projects.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Do most of the developing countries need air-conditioning at all? Traditional
houses with cross ventilation and Mud offer promise. Only thing is we have to
modernise the traditional systems. There is Rocky Mountain Institute's Zero
Energy House, Mud houses in Rajasthan (India).
The Eastgate Centre in Harare, Zimbabwe,typifies the best of green architecture and
ecologically sensitive adaptation.The countrys largest office and shopping complex is
an architectural marvel in its use of biomimicry principles. The mid-rise building,
designed by architect Mick Pearce in conjunction with engineers at Arup Associates,
has no conventional air-conditioning or heating, yet stays regulated year round with
dramatically less energy consumption using design methods inspired by indigenous
Zimbabwean masonry and the self-cooling mounds of African termites!
Termites in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds inside of which they farm a fungus that is
their primary food source. The fungus must be kept at exactly 87 degrees F, while the
temperatures outside range from 35 degrees F at night to 104 degrees F during the day.
The termites achieve this remarkable feat by constantly opening and closing a series of
heating and cooling vents throughout the mound over the course of the day. With a
system of carefully adjusted convection currents, air is sucked in at the lower part of the
mound, down into enclosures with muddy walls, and up through a channel to the peak
of the termite mound. The industrious termites constantly dig new vents and plug up old
ones in order to regulate the temperature.
The Eastgate Centre, largely made of concrete, has a ventilation system which operates
in a similar way. Outside air that is drawn in is either warmed or cooled by the building
mass depending on which is hotter, the building concrete or the air. It is then vented into
the buildings floors and offices before exiting via chimneys at the top. The complex also
consists of two buildings side by side that are separated by an open space that is
covered by glass and open to the local breezes.
Air is continuously drawn from this open space by fans on the first floor. It is then
pushed up vertical supply sections of ducts that are located in the central spine of each
of the two buildings. The fresh air replaces stale air that rises and exits through exhaust
ports in the ceilings of each floor. Ultimately it enters the exhaust section of the vertical
ducts before it is flushed out of the building through chimneys.
The Eastgate Centre uses less than 10 percent of the energy of a conventional building
its size. These efficiencies translate directly to the bottom line: Eastgates owners have
saved $3.5 million alone because of an air-conditioning system that did not have to be
implemented. Outside of being eco-efficient and better for the environment, these
savings also trickle down to the tenants whose rents are 20 percent lower than those of
occupants in the surrounding buildings.
Our approach should be MODERNISE THE TRADITIONAL
- TRADITIONALISE THE MODERN.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article on the history of Bulb and its evolution. Still bulb is put to sympolise
Invention. We salute the Greatest inventor of all times Sir Thomas Alva Edison for
bringing light to the world.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
3414
Maharashtra
4098
Rajasthan
2820
Karnataka
2409
Andhra Pradesh
753
Madhya Pradesh
439.00
Kerala
55
Others 4.30
Total 21264 MW
Though India occupies 5th position in Wind in the world,no offshore wind farms.
The total length of coastline along each of the coastal State/UT in the country is
as follows:
Sl.
No. State / UT Length of
coastline (in km)
(i) Gujarat 1214.7
(ii) Maharashtra 652.6
(iii) Goa, Daman and Diu 160.5
(iv) Karnataka 280.0
(v) Kerala 569.7
(vi) Tamil Nadu 906.9
(vii) Pudducherry 30.6
Karnataka
2409
Andhra Pradesh
753
Madhya Pradesh
439.00
Kerala
55
Others 4.30
Total 21264 MW
Though India occupies 5th position in Wind in the world,no offshore wind farms. Infact
way back in 1994 itself I suggested Offshore Wind Farms(Refer my Letter to the
Editor,THE HINDU).
WHY NOT WE START OFFSHORE WIND FARMS?
Today there is much interest in offshore windfarms in Europe with UK leading.
US,France,Taiwan,China etc. have ambitious plans to go in for offshore Wind Farms.
Following are the official figures sourced from union governments latest documents:
The total length of coastline along each of the coastal State/UT in the country is as
follows:
Sl. No. State / UT Length of
coastline (in km)
(i) Gujarat 1214.7
(ii) Maharashtra 652.6
(iii) Goa, Daman and Diu 160.5
(iv) Karnataka 280.0
(v) Kerala 569.7
(vi) Tamil Nadu 906.9
(vii) Pudducherry 30.6
(viii) Andhra Pradesh 973.7
(ix) Odisha 476.4
(x) West Bengal 157.5
(xi) Lakshadweep Islands 132.0
Lakh Units per year by this canal top solar which is far below wind power generation per
MW.
The main advantages of power generation from wind energy are:
1. The capital cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind farm, the
capital cost ranges between 4.5 crores to 6.85 crores per MW, depending up on the
type of turbine, technology, size and location.
2. Construction time is less.
3. Fuel cost is zero.
4. O & M cost is very low.
5. Capacity addition can be in modular form.
6. There is no adverse effect on global environment. The whole system is pollution free
and environment friendly.
We cannot be always imitators in Renewable Energy and we should also be Innovators
.
At greater heights there is vast scope to harness Wind Energy in India including AP:
Estimation of installed Wind Power Potential at
50 meter and 80 Meter hub-height.
States / UTs Estimated potential (MW)
@ 50 m ($) @ 80 m (* #$)
Andaman & Nicobar 2 365
Andhra Pradesh 5394 14497
Arunachal Pradesh* 201 236
Assam* 53 112
Bihar - 144
Chhattisgarh* 23 314
Dieu Damn - 4
Gujarat 10609 35071
Haryana - 93
Himachal Pradesh * 20 64
Jharkhand - 91
Jammu & Kashmir * 5311 5685
Karnataka 8591 13593
Kerala 790 837
Lakshadweep 16 16
Great Advancement.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Infact storage for Renewables like Wind and solar is a major problem
involving cost.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
In fact there is the need to have solar cookers with storage. Some Efforts were made in
the past by Dr.David Mills of Sydney university in this direction.
Heat-accumulating steam Cooker
Type: Linear-parabolic reflector cooker with heat storage in steam and water
Developed by: David R. Mills, School of Physics, University of Sidney, Australia Mao Yin
Qiu, Gansu Natural Energy Research Institute, Lanzhow, Gansu Province, China.
Compared to most other solar cookers, the solar cooking stove, or solar steam cooker,
I tested the cooker I and found it is very efficient. The advantage of this
cooker compared to parabolic one is that the geodesic focuses towards the sun
without constant changing it. On the other hand the small dimon shape whole
will help from the shade to know whether the solar cooker is facing the sun or
not.
In India there were efforts to promote Box Type Solar Cookers giving subsidy also. But
till today only 0.6 million Box Type Solar Cookers sold(But not all used). The
reasons for non-acceptance is: It necessitates one to put the solar cooker in open
for longer times. Assuming Office going women adopt this,there is no time as
they go to office from 9am to 5 pm(except holidays). There is no provision for
frying but only boiling like rice,dal etc. In South India no meal is served
without fried curries. You cant have two systems one for boiling and another
for frying. If a reliable Solar cooker which is cost effective is available and
which includes operations like boiling and frying that will be instant success
in developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
5 EditView in discussion
Interesting technology.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article.
Genetically Modified (GM) plants have created rigorous debates not only in India, but
worldwide. GM Crops are a new living organism and the universe has not been
acquainted with this for millions of years. The potential adverse and unintended effects
of GM plants to the agro system and the safety of foods are the main causes of concern.
The global icons in the field of genetic engineering like Prof Michel Antoniou, Prof
Seralini and Prof Pushpa M Bhargava have stated that we cannot determine the
outcome of the conjugation of different genes. There is a possibility of
unintended effects which could be harmful to:
1) The organism that the researcher intends to modify;
2) The health of animals or humans who may use the organism;
3) The environment; and
4) Biodiversity.
GM is a living technology and has the ability to be irreversible and uncontrollable, unlike
the hybrid and chemical interventions in agriculture.
At the outset, any research or new interventions should satisfy the real necessity while
the lacuna should be established. As far as GMOs are concerned, there is no actual
need for this in our country. Here in India, the problem lies with the distribution of food
and not with its production. The reasons positioned by pro- GMO technocrats such as
higher yield in harvest, pest & herb resistance have never been satisfactorily proved by
the scientific community around the world.
The whole world is moving towards an eco-friendly lifestyle in many areas. India is one
among the few countries having large biodiversity zones with a huge potential to go
organic.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
No doubt Solar power generation cost has come down ,how about solar cell Efficiency?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Government of India
Ministry of Rural Development
Department of Land Resources
New Delhi, India
DISTRICT AND CATEGORY-WISE WASTELANDS OF INDIA
(Year 2000)
(Area in Sq.Kms.)
Total Wasteland Total Geographical Area
Percentage of total Geographical Area.
District Total Wasteland Total Geographical Area %
of Total Geographical Area
Ananthapur 3233.45 19130.00 16.9
Guntur 1676.36 11391 14.72
Kurnool 3879.14 17658 21.97
Nellore 4918.18 13076.0 37.61
There are plans to go in for solar projects in Ananthapur,Guntur,Cuddapah and
Kurnool Districts . How about Nellore? Solar Irradiation in Nellore is much
more than Guntur,Cuddapah and Kurnool. More over the wasteland available in Nellore
District is far more than in Ananthapur. Also huge solar PV power plants need
water to keep the solar panels clean. Nellore District is far better in ground
water in many places compared to Ananthapur.
Also AP Government is contemplating going in for canal top solar power
on the Narmada Canal top in Gujarat. Here are some pertinent points on Canal
Top Solar Project. Is the high cost of canal top solar justified when there is
abundant land available? Also it is claimed that Evaporation of water to the
tune of lakhs of litres ic avoided. How Evaopration is measured? Is it from
stationary water or flowing water? Even in the area where the solar panels are
installed,there is gap between panels through which evaporation of water takes
place.
Since it is Communications,I hope the best quality solar equipment will be employed.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Often predictions go wrong especially in Energy Generation in India. Even the Target for
the First Phase of National Solar Mission was not met. Let us be realistic in our forecast.
Mere playing into the gallery helps none.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
It is sad that though India ranks 5th in the world in onshore wind,it is yet to start Offshore
Wind farms?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Welcome move. Instead of wasting money on large solar PV projects which takes
time,the best option is roof top solar PV systems. When less solar insolation countries in
Europe and US have gone in for roof top solar why not India with abundant sunshine in
many states?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who has announced the governments intention to do
away with the Planning Commission, on Tuesday invited ideas from the people on the
new institution to replace the institution.
The government also announced creation of a special
open forum on the website mygov.nic.in for suggestions on the new institution.
We envision the proposed Institution as one that caters to the aspirations of 21st
century India and strengthens participation of the States.... Let the ideas flow, the Prime
Minister said in a statement.
We welcome it Prime Minister Narendra Modiji. We want Government of the people,by
the people and for the people but not Government off the people,bye the people and far
from the people.
Problems People Solutions
Research, Development and Demonstration projects in developing countries have
generated a variety of devices and systems for exploitation for example, solar cookers,
wind battery charges etc. In Innovation theory, this is a classic case of technology push,
that is, technical solutions looking for a social application. Technology push innovations
might of course be adopted if they happen to satisfy a real demand, or are heavily
promoted. Success is much more likely, however if the needs, priorities and demands
are studied before attempting to introduce a new
technology or system. This is the demand pull approach to innovation. Often
identifying the right problem is difficult rather than finding a possible
solution. People are better judges to identify the problems and since they
benefit most by the solutions, they can contribute for finding the best
solutions.
A novel and innovative scheme is suggested to achieve the above goal. In developing
countries the Government can advertise in the media seeking problems from the people
in different disciplines like education, health, energy, industry etc. The problems
received can be screened, studied and short-listed by a committee comprising
government officials, experts, representatives from N.G.O's etc. The short-listed
problems can be re-advertised seeking solutions from people. The solutions received
can be studied in detail and the best solutions given awards. To catch a fish the bait
should be attractive enough. As such there should be sizeable incentive so that people
can devote their talent and energies for finding solutions. As the saying goes Anything
can be done for a Dollar'. In this way the creative
potential of the people can be tapped to the full and a thought process will be
set in motion in the country. In India a general knowledge programme conducted
by a Super Star on TV is a roaring success and children, youth and old-all
alike have become addicted to get equipped with general knowledge so that they
can try their luck for winning fabulous cash prizes.
The Author has developed Novel solutions and sustainable technologies for the benefits
of bottoms billions like Everybody's Solar Water Heater, Simple Solar Drier, Safe
Drinking Water from Solar Disinfection,Energy Conservation in Irrigation pumpsets,Hand
operated Battery charger, Multiple Uses of Gas Stove,Pedal operated Washing machine
etc., Conclusions Innovation, Invention and creativity are the pillars of progress of any
Society / Nation. The greater the participation of people in the developmental activities,
the quicker will be the progress. A new approach
"Innovative Technology (IT)" deliberately involving people from all
walks of life is the need of the hour in identifying the felt needs in the
developing countries and finding solutions. Such a technology will contribute
to Integrated Development (ID). Some of the problems that need to be solved:
Designing an effective, economic toilet for rural areas
Designing a reliable blackboard and chalk
Designing water purification system based on traditional practices
Designing a cost effective multiple use solar cooker
Use of natural fertilisers/pesticides for clean environment
Once it was bird deaths with wind turbines and now solar radiation. Perhaps soon it will
be biomass?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Great. Congratulations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Govt
puts up 'idea boxes' seeking out-of-box suggestions this is the most
progressive step taken by the present Union Government.
AlsoPrime Minister
Narendra Modi, who has announced the governments intention to do away with the
Planning Commission, on Tuesday invited ideas from the people on the new
institution to replace the institution.
The government also announced creation of a
special open forum on the website mygov.nic.in for suggestions on the new
institution.
We envision the proposed Institution as one
that caters to the aspirations of 21st century India and strengthens participation
of the States.... Let the ideas flow, the Prime Minister said in a statement.
We welcome it Prime Minister Narendra Modiji. We
want Government of the people,by the people and for the people but not
Government off the people,bye the people and far from the people.
Problems People Solutions
Quite advancement.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Here are some pertinent questions? Is there any energy source which is free from
criticism? Coal - Pollution; Nuclear- problem with waste disposal; wind - death of birds;
hydro - displacement of inhabitants; of late solar PV -radiation effect and so on. No
power is costlier than No power - Dr.H.J.Bhabha.
In a power starved world,all means whether conventional or renewable should be
tapped.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
10 EditView in discussion
Excellent. At present the solar cell efficiency is low compared to other forms of energy
like Wind,Mini/microhydel etc. With tremendous research going on in countries like
US,Germany,Japan etc. it is hoped the Solar energy will be competitive in the near
future with other forms of Renewable Energy as well as conventional power.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
In India there is one such place in Mangalore itself, where two rivers
(Nethravathi and Gurpur) meet the mighty Arabian sea.
The Kerala Backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to
the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern
India. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both man made and
natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala
state. This labyrinthine system comprises of more than 900 km of waterways. The
backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low
barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the
Western Ghats range.
The backwaters have a unique ecosystem freshwater from the
rivers meets the seawater from the Arabian Sea. Salt water from the sea is
prevented from entering the deep inside, keeping the fresh water intact. Such
fresh water is extensively used for irrigation purposes.
Will MNRE take initiative in implementing such a project in India.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent. Vertical farming is especially suited for growing vegetables. I want to promote
this in India as in India Vegetable prices are very high.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Innovative approach.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Very inspiring.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent. Scientists like Sir C V Raman from India are rarely found in developing
countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great Speech with clear goals. "Manufactured goods should have zero defect as also
zero effect on environment," - Timely call by our Prime Minister". Quality of goods is
assured which are manufactured in India provided we pay for it. Unfortunately we turn to
Chinese Cheap stuff and Want Japanese Quality !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Right decision to do away with Planning Commission. Of late Planning Commission has
become rehabilitation Centre for those who got defeated at the Polls to be appointed as
Deputy Chairman(cabinet rank). Since each Ministry has its own advisory bodies,there
is hardly any need to have a seperate Planning Commission. Right decision Narendra
Modiji.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Interesting story.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Agave and Opuntia are care free growth plants,regenerative and CAM. They are
excellent input for Biofuel/biogas for power.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good comparison on land requirement for various energy options. But for Nuclear power
plant large area has to be kept vacant from the plant site for safety.
In the Wind farm the area can be utilised for short height agricultural plants.
Efficiency wise and from maintenance point of view Wind has more advantage. With
rapid advancement in Offshore wind technology,it is going to be dominant in the near
future.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Innovate or perish is the Mantra in Industry today. Creativity,Innovation and Invention are
the Pillars of progress and Development. Innovation spirit should be nurtured from
School level. The previous Government announced Rs 5000 Crore Innovation Fund.
Innovation Centres can be established in Engineering Colleges under this fund. Also
best Innovations from public to solve problems can be awarded under this innovation
fund.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Evaporation produces cooling. This works only in less humid areas. Anyhow
congratulations to the Innovator Mansukh Prajapati .
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Refrigerator magnets
Great article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Very interesting. Yes,IT Giants can go for Renewables on a massive scale to be trend
setters.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Inspiring story.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on Greentech Media 5 comments
Indias Anti - Dumping move is justified to promote domestic products provided the
quality is ensured.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on Greentech Media 6 comments
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on Greentech Media 10 comments
much more likely, however if the needs, priorities and demands are studied
before attempting to introduce a new technology or system. This is the demand
pull approach to innovation. Often identifying the right problem is difficult
rather than finding a possible solution. People are better judges to identify
the problems and since they benefit most by the solutions, they can contribute
for finding the best solutions. A novel and innovative scheme is suggested to
achieve the above goal. In developing countries the Government can advertise in
the media seeking problems from the people in different disciplines like
education, health, energy, industry etc. The problems received can be screened,
studied and short-listed by a committee comprising government officials,
experts, representatives from N.G.O's etc. The short-listed problems can be
re-advertised seeking solutions from people. The solutions received can be
studied in detail and the best solutions given awards. To catch a fish the bait
should be attractive enough. As such there should be sizeable incentive so that
people can devote their talent and energies for finding solutions. As the
saying goes Anything can be done for a Dollar'. In this way the creative
potential of the people can be tapped to the full and a thought process will be
set in motion in the country.
In India a general knowledge programme conducted
by a Super Star on TV is a roaring success and children, youth and old-all
alike have become addicted to get equipped with general knowledge so that they
can try their luck for winning fabulous cash prizes. The Author has developed
Novel solutions and sustainable technologies for the benefits of bottoms
billions like Everybody's Solar Water Heater, Simple Solar Drier, Safe Drinking
Water from Solar Disinfection,Energy Conservation in Irrigation pumpsets,Hand
operated Battery charger, Multiple Uses of Gas Stove,Pedal operated Washing
machine etc.,
Innovation, Invention and creativity are the pillars
of progress of any Society / Nation. The greater the participation of people in
the developmental activities, the quicker will be the progress. A new approach
"Innovative Technology (IT)" deliberately involving people from all
walks of life is the need of the hour in identifying the felt needs in the
developing countries and finding solutions. Such a technology will contribute
to Integrated Development (ID).
Excellent.
Here is an action plan to promote Wind Energy in India on a
massive scale.
Hitherto Depreciation benefits were given to large industries. A RENEWABLE ENERGY
FUND can be created and people( Individual Tax Payers) can be exempted if they invest
in this fund under Section 80C. This way there will be wide
participation of People in Renewable Energy Projects. Another area that needs
immediate attention is Offshore Wind Farms. I had been suggesting Offshore Wind
Farms since India has long coast line. Winds in the sea are about 30% more than
on land and since Power is cube of velocity,offshore wind farms give higher
yields.Atleast a Pilot Project can be started by MNRE so that Private Industry
follows.
Unemployed Youth can be trained in Agricultural operations and each can be
assigned WAste lands of 10 acres each and 10 such people can form a
co-operative. They can grow fast growing,multiple use plants like Agave,Opuntia
in these waste lands. Bioiofuel /Biogas power plants can be set up at local
level as decentralised power.
Apart from Solar Co-operatives,Windfarm Co-operatives are the need of the hour
in India.
Energy Cooperatives
The expansion of renewable energies leads to fundamental changes concerning our
energy supply. Wind turbines in the landscape, photovoltaic systems on roofs or farms
with biogas plants are visible indications for the development in that
sector. Heat pumps, wood pellet and woodchip heating plants provide heat and
relieve whole villages from fossil fuels.
Renewable energies do not only protect the climate, but also improve the
security of supply, create new jobs and increase the regional income. The
decentralized nature of renewable energy gives every citizen the opportunity to
make an active contribution to the transformation of energy supply, either by
building their own facilities or by participating in community projects.
In the last three decades, people came together in numerous citizens groups,
local councils and regional businesses to establish common renewable energy
projects in their region.
Energy cooperatives as organisational form are growing a lot in popularity
because they offer a variety of possibilities for action and design. Currently,
more than 80,000 citizens in Germany hold shares in new energy cooperatives.
They can already participate with small amounts. In the last years, more than
500 newly-founded energy cooperatives invested a total of 800 million euros in
renewable energy. This is confirmed by a recent study of the DGRV(
SourceDGRV).
The move away from conventional sources of energy in Germany is driven
primarily by citizens. An increasing number of people work together by forming
cooperatives to build wind farms and solar plants.
Cooperatives have experienced a revival in Germany. In 2006, eight new energy
cooperatives were founded. In 2011 alone, this number was 167. And the German
Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation expects the figure to be even higher
for 2012.
This kind of growth is vital if Germany wants to phase out its nuclear energy
dependency by 2022. By promoting energy policy at the local level, communities
all over Germany are profiting from renewable energy sources and the power of
cooperatives.
A typical example of this growth is seen in the Horb Ecumenical Energy
Cooperative in Stuttgart, which has implemented several solar power plants.
Bernard Bok was a driving force in this task: before his retirement he was on
the board of the local cooperative Volksbank, so he was interested in helping
the cooperative.
For him there was no question, the development of renewable energy needed the
strong legs of a cooperative to stand on. We are in a country of
cooperatives, said Bok.
Nowhere in Germany are cooperatives represented more strongly than in southern
German. Small-scale farming was expected to expand so local farmers organized
themselves into agricultural cooperatives.
Citizen participation instead of anonymous investors
In the mid 19th century, cooperative were born out of necessity. But today,
people come together for different reasons: the desire for self-government and
citizen participation is growing stronger. People are looking for an
alternative to unknown investors and prefer to follow their own agenda istead
of being dependent on others.
Thus, in times of global economic turmoil, local communities and civil
societies are a deliberate counterpoint to the international financial markets.
Often traditional cooperative banks, such as the Volks- and Raiffeisenbank,
participate in the funding and financing of local cooperatives.
Large projects are possible
The range of energy cooperatives is large, and it is not limited to just solar
or wind power. For example, a cooperative in the community of St. Peter in the
Black Forest last year built a plant for local thermal power.
A modern wood heating plant provides heat for the town of 150 houses, which
have made oil heaters obsolete. About 8,500 meters of piping were laid in the
village for the cooperative.
To complete the project, different stakeholders came together from over the
region each bringing their own specific professional knowledge. Markus Bohnert,
their time and money and together installing large wind turbines, solar panels,
or hydro-electric power for their local communities.
United States
Most of the wind farms in the United States are commercially owned. As of 2011,
Iowa has just on ecommunity owned wind farm, that is Hardin
HilltopnearJefferson, Iowa.National Windis a large-scale community wind project
developer, with thirteen families of projects in development or operation.
These projects have an aggregate capacity of over 4,000 MW. The vision of the
company
is to revitalize rural economies by promoting investment in domestic renewable
energy resources. National Wind creates shared ownership with communities and
allows them participation in decisions which are made.
Hitherto Depreciation benefits were given to large industries. A WIND FUND can
be created and people( Individual Tax Payers) can be exempted if they invest in
this Wind fund under Section 80C. This way there will be wide participation of
People in Wind Farms.
Another area that is advancing in Europe and Germany is Offshore Wind Farms:
The use of the offshore wind energy in German waters predominantly takes place
outside the 12 sea mile zone in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). With this,
the majority of the planned projects and those still in operation is located in
the high seas of the German North and Baltic Sea. At the end of August 2013,
520 MW of offshore wind capacity was being connected to the grid in Germany. By
2030, a capacity of 25,000 MW is to be connected to the grid according to the
plans of the Federal Government.
Currently, offshore wind farms (OWP) with a total capacity of about 1,600 MW
are being constructed; wind farms with a capacity of 9,000 to around 10,500 MW
received an authorization. Moreover, further 94 projects with about 6,600 Off
WEA and a total capacity of up to about 30,000 MW are in the process of
authorization so that all in all, about 40,000 MW are in the planning stage (as
at September 2012). The maps of the German North and Baltic Sea provide an
overview of both the location and the status of the projects(Source:OFFSHORE WINDENERGIE.NET).
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Dr.Amory Lovins concept of Soft Energy path brought in a paradigm shift from
conventional to clean energy. Zero Energy House at Rocky Mountain Institute is a
classic example.Zero-Energy House, built in Copenhagen in the 1970s by Vagn
Korsgaard (1921 2012) and Torben Esbensen.
"Korsgaards and Esbensens work demonstrated back in the 1970s that energy-efficient
technology really does work. The construction of this building was thus an important
basis for later developments in Europe and around the world," explains Dr. Wolfgang
Feist, who, as Founder and Director of the Passive House Institute, will present the
Pioneer Award on 20 April. "The Danish zero-energy experiment was one of thevery first
of its kind and was certainly one of the most systematic. The published project findings
were incorporated into Passive House research right from the start."
Modernise the Traditional - Traditionalise the Modern.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
4 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great post.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good post.
There were age old methods of using
copper,brass and silver to purify water which need to be studied Thoroughly for
standardisation.
Use of Copper and Brass - Way to Good health
Our ancestors used to have good health throughout their life; one of the various reasons
was daily use of Copper and Brass utensils. It has been proved that Copper and Brass
(Brass 60% +Copper 40% =Zinc) carries lots of medicinal properties, which are
tremendously beneficial for human health. According to this the medicinal properties of
Copper and zinc, gets leached into water stored in them and this stored water we call
'Tamra-Jal'. Human body gets benefits of these medicinal properties by drinking 'TamraJal' or cooking food in 'Tamra-Jal'.
Today, to ensure good health how much effort one takes? As a precaution we
drink only pure water either boiled or purified with expensive electric
purifiers. Instead of all this, one should drink only Tamra-Jal, which is
pure and medicated too!
Loss of wound healing capacity.
Benefits of Copper:
where it rapidly killed the cell's life support system. US regulations allow a silver level of
100 ppb in drinking water, but a silver level of only 20 ppb kills Legionella.
Eaton said silver ion generators currently are being used in intensive care and heart
transplant units of hospitals, and for poultry processing, engineering, brewing, cooling
towers and swimming pools.
Research Quotes:
Thanks to eye-opening research, silver is emerging as a wonder of modern medicine.
An antibiotic kills perhaps a half dozen different disease organisms but silver kills some
650. Moreover, silver is virtually non-toxic. Dr. Harry Margraf of St. Louis, a pioneering
silver researcher, says: "Silver is the best all around germ fighter we have."
The value of silver in medicine, and as a purifier has been acknowledged for centuries.
Egyptians implanted silver plates into skulls with surgery. In Ancient Greece and Rome,
people used silver containers to keep liquids fresh. When settlers moved across the
American West, they would purify a container of water by putting a silver dollar in it
overnight. Towards the end of the 19th century, other medicinal uses for silver were
developed including the use of silver and mercury in filling cavities, and the dropping of
a silver filtrate solution into the eyes of newborn babies to prevent blindness due to
infection.
Scores of independent tests have shown that silver promptly kills bacteria in water and
maintains water purity over long periods of time.
Russian scientists working on water recycling and purification problems for the Soviet
space program have decided on silver as the best long term sanitation agent.
Researching the problems of water shortage over periods of several months, as well as
purification for immediate use, they determined that ionized silver provides the safest
and longest lasting method of transforming polluted waste into potable water.After
testing 23 methods of purifying water, NASA has also chosen silver as the purifying
agent on the Space Shuttle program.
Silver was used to provide shuttle crews with pure water for drinking, air conditioning,
food preparation and other operations. By establishing 100 parts of silver per billion
parts of water NASA will totally eliminate the need for chlorine! The most dramatic
purification tests occurred in 1976 in a 20,000 gallon swimming pool in Nebraska. There
was no disinfectant of any kind in the water. Fifty gallons of municipal sewage waste
water was put into the pool. That produced a dangerous concentration of 7,000 E coli
cells per 100 millilitre [half a cup] of water. Contents of the pool were then pumped
through a tank containing alternating anodic and cathodic silver electrodes for
disinfection. Within three hours the pool was entirely free of E. coli and the water
contained only 3.2 parts of silver per billion parts of water.
The Allegheny County Health Department in Pennsylvania conducted tests in a 152,000
gallon pool which previously had been disinfected by a 50 pounds per day chlorinator.
The system was replaced by a silver system for the swimming pool season of 1974 and
1975. The County Health Department took up to 50 daily samples and found that silver
ions remained in the pool at the low steady rate of 20 parts per billion. The water
remained free of bacteria throughout the two seasons. In contrast, 65 water samples
from 30 other pools having a concentration of 700 parts per billion of available chlorine
showed a mean of 1.3 pseudomonas and 7.3 staph cells per millilitre of water.
The impact of silver technology continues to grow. More than half of the American soft
drink bottling companies, numerous shipping lines and a host of other enterprises in 70
countries, use silver to sterilize water. These and many other examples of the expanding
use of silver in water purification have been documented by Dr. Fred Zobist and
presented to the Silver Institute in Washington, D.C.
I designed a low-cost solar disinfection gadget which uses Solar
Thermal and UV. It is cost effective and can be fabricated locally.
Here are details:
Safe Drinking for All through Solar Disinfection
Every 8 seconds, a child dies from water related disease around
the globe. 50% of people in developing countries suffer from one or more
water-related diseases. 80% of diseases in the developing countries are caused by
contaminated water. Providing safe drinking water to the people has been a major
challenge for Governments in developing countries. Conventional technologies used to
disinfect water are: ozonation, chlorination and artificial UV radiation. These
technologies require sophisticated equipment, are capital intensive and require skilled
operators .Boiling water requires about 1 kg of wood/liter of water which results in
deforestation in developing countries. Also halazone or calcium hypochlorite tablets or
solutions (sodium hypochlorite at 1 to 2 drops per liter) are used to disinfect drinking
water. These methods are environmentally unsound or hygienically unsafe when
about 5 inches diameter) . On the front is fixed a glass sheet having lifting
arrangement with a knob (this glass enclosure will protect the glass bottles
from cooling down due to outside wind). There are screws which can be used to keep
the contents airtight. On the backside a stand is fixed which will help
the unit to be placed according to the latitude of the place for maximum solar
insolation.
In this method clear glass bottles (used wine bottles) are utilised instead of
PET bottles as the former are easy to clean, lasts longer and are available at
a low cost in India. Solar disinfection is more efficient in water containing
high levels of oxygen; sunlight produces highly reactive forms of oxygen
(oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxides) in the water. These reactive
forms of oxygen kill the microorganisms. Aeration of water is achieved by
shaking the 3/4 water filled bottles for about 20 seconds before they are
filled completely.
The unit has an advantage in that the rear reflection stainless steel will pass
the light through the bottles a second time, to both increase exposure and
eliminate shadowing. This reflection system will increase the light intensity
minimum 2 times.
It has been widely experimented and established by earlier researchers that at
temperature of 50C (122F), pathogenic microbes are inactivated. The
temperatures which cause approximately a 1-log decrease in viability with 1 min
are 55C (131F) for protozoan cysts; 60C (140F) for E.coli, enteric bacteria,
and rotavirus; and 65C (149F)for hepatitis A virus .Negar Safapour and Robert
H.Metcalf in their extensive studies reported enhancement of solar water
pasteurization with reflectors and the crucial role of temperature above 50C
(122F) in the elimination of pathogens.
Operation
The unit is placed in the south direction (in India) around 10 am with
inclination equal to the latitude of the place. The glass bottles are filled
with water three fourths and shaken for 20 seconds to generate oxygen and then
completely filled. The water filled bottles are fixed with caps and put in the
groves of the solar disinfection unit. The glass door is closed and clipped
airtight. Water bottles are removed from the unit at 3 pm and taken to a cool
place and the disinfected water transferred to a clean vessel, covered for
later usage.
Suspended particles in the water reduce the penetration of solar radiation into
the water and protect microorganisms from being irradiated. Solar disinfection
requires relatively clear water with a turbidity less than 30 NTU.To remove
turbidity traditional methods of putting the paste from seed of strichnos
potatorum (Nirmal seeds) by rubbing the seed on a rough stone with water is
used. The method is effective, turbidity settles down in half ofv an hour and
the seed are available in plenty in forests in India besides being inexpensive.
Sample Testing
Water samples from the solar disinfection unit were tested with Most Probable
Number (MPN) technique. To estimate the number of aerobic organisms present in
water, Pour Plate Technique has been used.
Discussion
Eradication of coli forms from well water, bore water and waste water has been
reported from test results. The results confirm that there is 4-log 10
reduction of coli forms in the waste water after solar disinfection..Maximum
temperature occurs around 1 pm. Though 6 bottles were used in the system(each of 1
liter capacity),larger units with up to 100 bottles can be designed. The unit destroyed
99.99% of bacterial coli forms both in well water and waste water samples in 5 hours.
The innovative solar disinfection system has the advantages like:
1. The unit is portable,
2. It is cost-effective.
3. It can be fabricated in South India for US $20.
4. The unit incorporates the principle of reflection to increase solar intensity
and has protection from wind which results in temperature rise inside the unit,
5. Larger units can be manufactured, Used glass bottles withstand higher
temperatures and are available in plenty each for 2 US cents in South India,
Since all the materials are available locally, the unit can be manufactured
locally with local people.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. There is also the risk of
fire due to loose or broken electrical connections or the overloading of electrical circuits.
Braking systems pose a particularly high fire risk. Overheating can cause hot fragments
of the disc brake material to break off, rupturing hydraulic hoses and resulting in highly
combustible hydraulic fluid being expelled under pressure and coming into contact with
the hot disk brake fragments. Hydraulic pumps and connections have also been known
to fail, allowing the fluid to erupt into flames when it comes into contact with a hot
surface.
As of 31 March 2014 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 21136.3 MW,
mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (7154 MW), Gujarat (3,093 MW), Maharashtra (2976
MW), Karnataka (2113 MW), Rajasthan(2355 MW), Madhya Pradesh (386 MW), Andhra
Pradesh (435 MW), Kerala (35.1 MW), Orissa (2MW), West Bengal (1.1 MW) and other
states (3.20 MW).
In India there were practically nil Wind Farm Fire accidents(one or two stray
cases only).
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
9 EditView in discussion
Great research.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Building up bamboo
Excellent.
Bamboo has a long and well-established tradition as a building
material throughout the worlds tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is widely
used for many forms of construction, in particular for housing in rural areas.
Bamboo is a renewable and versatile resource, characterized by high strength
and low weight, and is easily worked using simple tools. It is widely
recognized as one of the most important non-timber forest resources due to the
high socio-economic benefits from bamboo based products. It is estimated that
there are 1200 species growing in about 14.5 million hectares area. Most of
them grow in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Bamboo is the worlds fastest growing woody plant. It grows approximately 7.5
to 40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in 24 hours in Japan. Bamboo
grows three times faster than most other species. Commercially important
species of bamboo usually mature in four or five years time, after which
multiple harvests are possible every second year, for upto 120 years in some
species and indefinitely in others. Bamboo also excels in biomass production,
giving 40 tons or more per hectare annually in managed stands. It accounts for
around one-quarter of biomass produced in tropical regions and one-fifth in
subtropical regions.
It has been used successfully to rehabilitate
soil ravage by brick making in India, and abandoned tin-mine sites in Malaysia.
It shelters top soil from the onslaught of tropical downpours, preserves many
exposed areas, providing micro-climate for forest regeneration and watershed
protection It is often introduced into the banks or streams or in other
vulnerable areas, for rapid control of soil erosion; one bamboo plants closely
matted roots can bind upto six cubic meters of soil.
GENERAL
USES
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
In India there is vast area of Wastelands.
Here are details:
Total Wastelands in the country:
Wastelands (sq.km) during 2008-09
467021.16
Major area of Wastelands in different States in
India(sq.km):
1.Andhra Pradesh 37296.62
2 Arunachal Pradesh 14895.24
3 Assam 23 78438 8778.02 8453.86 -324.15 862.56
538.04 11.19 10.78 -0.41
4 Bihar 37 94171 6841.09 9601.01 2759.92 1895.09
4654.41 7.26 10.20 2.93
5 Chattisgarh 11482.
6.Gujarat 20108.06 9
7.Himachal Pradesh 22347.88
8.Jharkhand 11017.38 13 Karnataka 13030.62
9.Madhya Pradesh 40113.27
10.Maharashtra 37830.82
11 Orissa 16425.76 22
12.Rajasthan 84929.10 24
13.Tamilnadu 30 130058 9125.56 8721.79 -403.77
426.78 22.74 7.02 6.71 -0.31
14.Tripura 4 10486 1315.17 964.64 -350.53 486.15
135.07 12.54 9.20 -3.34
15.Uttarakhand 12859.53
(Taken from Table-3: Category wise total area under
wastelands (sq.km) during 2008-09 vis-a-vis 2005-06 and change in different
categories, (Change Analysis based on temporal satellite data of 2005-06 and
2008-09), Wastelands Atlas of India 2011, (Change Analysis based on temporal
satellite data of 2005-06 and 2008-09), Department of Land Resources, Ministry
of Rural Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi: Land Use and Cover Monitoring
Division (LRUMG), Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Area, National Remote
Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Dept. of Space, Govt. of
India, Hyderabad)
In these waste lands care-free growth,
regenerative, CAM plants like Agave and Opuntia can be grown on a massive scale
to produce Biofuel/Biogas generation for power at local level. Unemployed Youth
can be assigned waste lands of about 10 acres each and they can grow the above
plants. This way the wastelands will be cultivated, providing employment to
youth. Also large plantations of Agave and Opuntia being CAM Plants help as
Carbon Sink.
Hitherto Corn and Sugarcane are used in the biofuel production. In the debate
on FOOD Vs FUEL, it is necessary to find alternatives.
Agave has a huge advantage, as it can grow in
marginal or desert land, not on arable land, and therefore would not displace
food crops, says Oliver Inderwildi, at the University of Oxford. The majority
of ethanol produced in the world is still derived from food crops such as corn
and sugarcane. Speculators have argued for years now that using such crops for
fuel can drive up the price of food.Agave, however, can grow on hot dry land
with a high-yield and low environmental impact. The researchers proposing the
plants use have modeled a facility in Jalisco, Mexico, which converts the high
sugar content of the plant into ethanol.
On both life cycle energy and GHG emissions agave scores at least as
well as corn, switch grass and sugarcane, while reaching a similar ethanol
output. The big advantages agave has over the before mentioned plants is that
it can grow in dry areas and on poor soil, thus practically eliminating their
competition with food crops and drastically decreasing their pressure on water
resources.
Plants which use crassulacean acid metabolism
(CAM), which include the cacti and Agaves, are of particular interest since
they can survive for many months without water and when water is available they
use it with an efficiency that can be more than 10 times that of other plants,
such as maize, sorghum, miscanthus and switchgrass. CAM species include no
major current or potential food crops; they have however for centuries been
cultivated for alcoholic beverages and low-lignin fibres.
They may therefore also be ideal for producing
biofuels on land unsuited for food production.
In Mxico, there are active research programs and
stakeholders investigating Agave spp. as a bioenergy feedstock. The unique
physiology of this genus has been exploited historically for the sake of fibers
and alcoholic beverages, and there is a wealth of knowledge in the country of
Mxico about the life history, genetics, and cultivation of Agave. The State of
Jalisco is the denomination of origin of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul, a
cultivar primarily used for the production of tequila that has been widely
researched to optimize yields. Other cultivars of Agave tequilana are grown
throughout Mxico, along with the Agave fourcroydes Lem., or henequen, which is
an important source of fiber that has traditionally been used for making ropes.
The high sugar content of Agave tequilana may be valuable for liquid fuel
production, while the high lignin content of Agave fourcroydes may be valuable
for power generation through combustion.
Along with Agave species described above, some other
economically important species include A. salmiana, A. angustiana, A.
americana, and A. sisalana. Agave sisalana is not produced in Mxico, but has
been an important crop in regions of Africa and Australia. Information
collected here could thus be relevant to semi-arid regions around the world.
South Korea
Outstanding success
story of South Korea. I was in Gwangjo giving Keynote address at World Hydrogen
Energy Conference 2014 during 15 to 20, 2014. I was amazed to find clean roads,
thousands of multistoried buildings, lush green rice fields, Solar panels in
Good post.
The best option for Tanzania to meet rural energy needs is to grow on a massive scale
in waste lands Care-free growth,regenerative CAM plants Agave and Opuntia.
Hitherto Corn and Sugarcane are used in the biofuel production. In the debate on FOOD
Vs FUEL, it is necessary to find alternatives.
Agave has a huge advantage, as it can grow in marginal or desert land, not on arable
land, and therefore would not displace food crops, says Oliver Inderwildi, at the
University of Oxford. The majority of ethanol produced in the world is still derived from
food crops such as corn and sugarcane. Speculators have argued for years now that
using such crops for fuel can drive up the price of food.
Agave, however, can grow on hot dry land with a high-yield and low environmental
impact. The researchers proposing the plants use have modeled a facility in Jalisco,
Mexico, which converts the high sugar content of the plant into ethanol.
The research, published in the journal Energy and Environmental Science, provides the
first ever life-cycle analysis of the energy and greenhouse gas balance of producing
ethanol with agave. Each megajoule of energy produced from the agave-to-ethanol
process resulted in a net emission of 35 grams of carbon dioxide, far below the 85g/MJ
estimated for corn ethanol production. Burning gasoline produces roughly 100g/MJ.The
characteristics of the agave suit it well to bioenergy production, but also reveal its
potential as a crop that is adaptable to future climate change, adds University of Oxford
plant scientist Andrew Smith. In a world where arable land and water resources are
increasingly scarce, these are key attributes in the food versus fuel argument, which is
likely to intensify given the expected large-scale growth in biofuel production.
Agave already appeared to be an interesting bio ethanol source due to its high sugar
content and its swift growth. For the first time Researchers at the universities of Oxford
and Sydney have now conducted the first life-cycle analysis of the energy and
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of agave-derived ethanol and present their promising
results in the journal Energy & Environmental Science.
On both life cycle energy and GHG emissions agave scores at least as well as corn,
switchgrass and sugarcane, while reaching a similar ethanol output. The big advantages
agave has over the before mentioned plants is that it can grow in dry areas and on poor
soil, thus practically eliminating their competition with food crops and drastically
decreasing their pressure on water resources.
Plants which use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which include the cacti and
Agaves, are of particular interest since they can survive for many months without water
and when water is available they use it with an efficiency that can be more than 10 times
that of other plants, such as maize, sorghum, miscanthus and switchgrass. CAM
species include no major current or potential food crops; they have however for
centuries been cultivated for alcoholic beverages and low-lignin fibres.
They may therefore also be ideal for producing biofuels on land unsuited for food
production.
In Mxico, there are active research programs and stakeholders investigating Agave
spp. as a bioenergy feedstock. The unique physiology of this genus has been exploited
historically for the sake of fibers and alcoholic beverages, and there is a wealth of
knowledge in the country of Mxico about the life history, genetics, and cultivation of
Agave. The State of Jalisco is the denomination of origin of Agave tequilana Weber var.
azul, a cultivar primarily used for the production of tequila that has been widely
researched to optimize yields. Other cultivars of Agave tequilana are grown throughout
Mxico, along with the Agave fourcroydes Lem., or henequen, which is an important
source of fiber that has traditionally been used for making ropes. The high sugar content
of Agave tequilana may be valuable for liquid fuel production, while the high lignin
content of Agave fourcroydes may be valuable for power generation through
combustion.
Along with Agave species described above, some other economically important species
include A. salmiana, A. angustiana, A. americana, and A. sisalana. Agave sisalana is
not produced in Mxico, but has been an important crop in regions of Africa and
Australia. Information collected here could thus be relevant to semi-arid regions around
the world.
Agave is a CAM Plant. Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM
photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an
adaptation to arid conditions in a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remains
shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon
dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acidmalate, and then used during
photosynthesis during the day. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the
enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. Agave and Opuntia are the best
CAM Plants.
Agave Competitive Advantages
* Thrives on dry land/marginal land. Most efficient use of soil, water and light
* Massive production. Year-around harvesting
* Very high yields with very low or no inputs
Innovative.
Dr A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
After the missing Malaysian Plane,the Malaysian Airlines has reduced the tariff to their
flights. This Air crash will further damage their reputation.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
If 'Missile shot down Malaysia Airlines plane' is true,it is barbaric,inhuman and innocent
passengers were victims. May the departed souls rest in peace.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
In Just 3 hours
12330 Comments. That shows how much the incident is shocking.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Shocked.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Nature's Wonders.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Discussion on TreeHugger.com 48 comments
Excellent. Everyone should adopt these. Each Kwh saved is each Kwh generated.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Great post.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Roof top solar lending in other countries like US can be adopted in India.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Though this is an attainable figure technically,in India most of the major projects depend
on political will and support. Once Wind was given a big boost,now solar. In essence
what is needed for a populous country like India which is power deficient is an
integrated approach involving Energy from both conventional and Renewable Energy
Sources. Often ignored is vast scope for Biofuel/biogas power from care-free
growth,regenerative CAM plants like Agave and Opuntia. Windfarm/solar cooperatives,Offshore Windfarms,Energy conservation in Agricultural pump sets,Energy
saving in lighting by switching over to CFLs and Digital lighting from Florescent lights.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Best advice.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. For Desert regions solar projects dust is a major concern as these regions
lack water resources. At the DESERTEC Project,this was a major issue. In
Rajasthan,India many Large Solar Projects are underway.Rajasthan experiences LU,
sand Storms.I hope MNRE and Solar Manufacturers in India will adopt this method.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
house of mud
MUD IS a versatile building material that has been used to make some
extraordinary architectural marvels -- from 1,000-year-old ksars (forts) in
Morocco and 6,000-year-old arches, vaults and domes in the Nile Valley to
multi-storeyed houses of adobe, sun-baked bricks of mud and straw, which is the
traditional building material throughout much of Latin America.
But what gives the material so much potential
importance in India, with its large population of homeless and ill-housed
people, is its cheapness and widespread availability. Considering the scarcity
and high cost of conventional building materials such as brick, cement and
steel, one way to solve the country"s severe housing shortage of an
estimated 40 million units by 2000, is to switch to mud.
Mud has other inherent advantages: It is extremely
malleable and offers better insulation than steel-and-concrete structures, it
decentralises the construction process because it utilises local material and
technology and thereby obviates the need for a contractor, and it costs much
less to maintain mud buildings
Bhung
or mud hut a traditional construction in Kutch(India) is an engineering wonder.
Here
are the mud houses or bhungas and
glipses of people of Kutch.These traditional circular homes withstood the
devastating earthquake (2001). They are also considered cyclone proof. They can
be constructed with local material.
The
colourful and one of the extremely rich in crafts region of Gujarat (India) is
Kutch. Many communities and tribes in this region have their own distinctive
styles in textiles, embroidery and handicrafts. Each community and tribal group
has its own lexicon of motifs and embroidery stitches.
Rabaaris
are the ones who decorate the insides of their mud-and-thatch huts with
lippankam or mud-mirror work; the Bharwaads are seen in their exquisitely
embroidered dresses and clothes; the Meghwaals decorate the exteriors of their
mud huts with alluring patterns; the nomadic Jaths whose subgroups include the
graceful Fakirani Jaths, live in huts made of coloured reeds. And you can see a
group of Jath women walking along the road in their brightly coloured and
beautifully embroidered costumes.
What
makes the `bhungas so strong?
Their
circular design and the steely mesh of mud plaster and twigs make them resist
any wind pressure and quake. The `bhungas, which even a king would envy for
its elaborate design and artistic elegance, have a light dome-shaped bamboo and
thatched roof and a circular wall plastered with mud, twigs and dung.
Their thick walls keep the interior cool when the
temperature rises to 46 degrees celsius in summer and warm when it drops to two
degrees in winter.
Rammed earth which involves developing a mixture of
sand and clay, and compressing it within a mold to shape the walls, etc.
Usually some form of insulation like polystyrene, polyurethane, or even
old newspaper in the middle of the wall, which maybe also reinforced with steel
rods.
Cob which
involves developing a loamy clay like mud compound and mixing straw or rice
paddy husks into it to build strength.
Mud or adobe bricks which are fundamentally made by
molding cob into bricks which are used in the construction on a dwelling, and
Mud based ferro cement,
invented by Dr. Kamarudin Bin Mohd. Nor of University Kuala Lumpur, which
incorporates a mixture of cement, sand and clay, which is rendered onto a steel
or wooden frame sown through some form of insulation like conventional
ferro cement.
Other methods important in the construction of natural buildings include straw bale
dwellings which
are usually rendered with a mud based mixture, and bamboo and thatches for the
ceilings and
roofs of mud based dwellings.
Building mud houses is more art than science. Learning the right
mixtures to use based on the soil you have available is more a matter trial and
error than calculation, and thus requires a certain amount of experimentation.
making an earth house is more similar to making a cake than building a
conventional form of house.
The material cost of building earth based dwellings is only a fraction
of the cost of building a conventional house with commercial materials. However
labor is the major cost.
Earth based houses are naturally insulated, so they will be cool in
summers and warm in winters. They are extremely strong if constructed
correctly, and proponents of earth houses claim they are resistant to
earthquakes. Other advocates of earth houses claim that are very healthy with
no irritant chemicals incorporated within the mixture to cause any allergies,
etc.
There has been a small revival of earth house building in Asia over the
last decade, however this revival is driven by a small number of champions like
Ajarn (teacher) Smith, as he likes to be called, of Sakaeo, approximately 300
km North-East of Bangkok.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
In India Plans are different from execution. As you yourself mentioned Canal top solar
power project of 1 MW.What is the cost comparison of this canal top solar project with 1
MW ground solar project? Efficiency wise solar PV is far below wind and mini/micro
hydro and biomass/biogas power because of low solar cell efficiency.On the other hand
India can go in a big way for biofuel/biogas power from care free growth regenerative
CAM plants like Agave ,Opuntia which can be grown in millions of hectares of waste
lands. Mexico is Pioneer in this.
Dr A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
7 EditView in discussion
Quite Interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Wind power is quite old and solar started a decade back that is why the difference.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Yes. IT Giants can go in for Renewables in a big way in India just as Google.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Energy is the prime Mover of any Nation. In our country there is an annual .
power deficit of about 10,000 MW. Here is an Action Plan to harness Renewables and
Energy Saving:
1. Starting Offshore Wind Farms.
2. Wind Farm and Solar Co-operatives
3. Creating Renewable Energy Fund.
4. Energy Saving by replacing mostly inefficient 2.6 Crore Agricultural Pump sets with
Efficient ones which saves 30% power. A scheme can be chalked out to give a
subsidy of Rs 15000(Out of cost of Rs 20,000 for a 5 HP Motor). Electricity is a high
grade energy which finds extensive use in industry,lighting,computers etc. In some
states power is free or nominal tariff.
5. Biofuel/Biogas for power generation through massive cultivation of care-free growth
regenerative CAM plants like Agave,Opuntia.
Hitherto Depreciation benefits were given to large industries. A RENEWABLE ENERGY
FUND can be created and people( Individual Tax Payers) can be exempted
if they invest in this fund under Section 80C. This way there will
be wide participation of People in Renewable Energy Projects. Another area that needs
immediate attention is Offshore Wind Farms. I had been suggesting
Offshore Wind Farms since India has long coast line. Winds in the sea
are about 30% more than on land and since Power is cube of
velocity,offshore wind farms give higher yields.Atleast a Pilot Project
can be started by MNRE so that Private Industry follows.
Unemployed Youth can be trained in Agricultural operations and each can be assigned
WAste lands of 10 acres each and 10 such people can form a co-operative. They can
grow fast growing,multiple use plants like Agave,Opuntia in these waste lands.
Bioiofuel /Biogas power plants can be set up at local level as decentralised power.
Prime Minister Narendra Modiji,please consider these innovative policies and projects
for prosperity.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India.
Discussion on Grist 84 comments
Yes. I agree.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Decentralised Energy Systems are the need of the hour for stability,to avoid
transmission losses etc. I have been advocating biogas power plants utilising care free
growth plants like Agave and Opuntia which are regenrative and CAM plants. Biofuel
and Biogas power can be obtained on a massive scale through Agave and Opuntia. In
Developing countries vast waste land can be utilised to grow Agave and Opuntia to
provide input for biofuel/biogas power plants. Mexico is pioneer in this.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Specialist
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Quite interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good. In our olden days Municipalities used to spray kerosene in open drains which
forms a layer and sunlight is forbidden ,thus multiplication of larvae reduced. A simple
but effective method.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
We need it very badly in India. We allocate some money in our monthly budget for
combating mosquito menace.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Big Hydro power plants are always associated with controversies while mini/micro hydro
power plants not !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Snake venom is highly modified salivacontaining zootoxins that facilitates the
immobilization and digestion of prey, and defends against a threat. It is injected by
unique fangs after a bite but some species are also able to spit. The glands that secrete
the zootoxins are a modification of the parotid salivary gland found in other vertebrates
and are usually situated on each side of the head, below and behind the eye and
encapsulated in a muscular sheath. The glands have large alveoli in which the
synthesized venom is stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of channeled
or tubular fangs through which it is ejected.
Venoms contain more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides. A
complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various other substances with toxic and
lethal properties serves to immobilize the prey animal, enzymes play an important role
in the digestion of prey, and various other substances are responsible for important but
non-lethal biological effects. Some of the proteins in snake venom have very specific
effects on various biological functions including blood coagulation, blood pressure
regulation, transmission of the nervous or muscular impulse and have been developed
for use as pharmacological or diagnostic tools or even useful drugs.
Chemistry
Charles Lucien Bonaparte, the son of Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother of Napoleon
Bonaparte, was the first to establish the proteinaceous nature of
snake venom in 1843.
Proteins constitute 90-95% of venom's dry weight and they are responsible for almost all
of its biological effects. Among hundreds, even thousands of proteins found in venom,
there are toxins, neurotoxins in particular, as well as
nontoxic proteins (which also have pharmacological properties), and many
enzymes, especially hydrolytic ones. Enzymes (molecular weight 13-150 KDa) make-up
80-90% of viperid and 25-70% of elapid venoms: digestive hydrolases, L-amino acid
oxidase, phospholipases, thrombin-like pro-coagulant, and kallikrein-like serine
proteases and metalloproteinases (hemorrhagins), which damage vascular
endothelium.Polypeptide toxins (molecular weight 5-10 KDa) include cytotoxins,
cardiotoxins, and postsynaptic neurotoxins (such as -bungarotoxin and -Cobratoxin),
which bind to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Compounds with
low molecular weight (up to 1.5 KDa) include metals, peptides, lipids,
nucleosides, carbohydrates, amines, and oligopeptides, which inhibit
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and potentiate bradykinin (BPP). Inter- and intraspecies variation in venom chemical composition is geographical and
ontogenic. Phosphodiesterases interfere with the prey's cardiac system, mainly to lower
the blood pressure.Phospholipase A2 causes hemolysis by lysing the phospholipid cell
membranes of red blood cells. Amino acid oxidases and proteases are used for
digestion. Amino acid oxidase also triggers some other enzymes and is responsible for
the yellow colour of the venom of some species. Hyaluronidase increases tissue
permeability to accelerate absorption of other enzymes into tissues. Some snake
venoms carry fasciculins, like the mambas (Dendroaspis), which inhibitcholinesterase to
make the prey lose
muscle control.
Venomous snakes occur throughout many regions of the world and are a threat to
public health, especially in the rural tropics where they are most abundant. Out of more
than 3000 species of snakes in the world, some 600 are venomous and over 200 are
considered to be medically important.
A database and image library has been created by WHO to enable users to easily
identify the most important venomous snakes in their country, territory or area; see the
distributions of each species; and find information about antivenom products for treating
envenoming caused by their bites. The database is accessible from theDatabase search
option in the left hand site navigation menu.
In assessing the relative risk of each species, two major categories have been
considered within the WHO Guidelines on production, control and regulation of snake
antivenom immunoglobulins.
CATEGORY
1: Highest medical importance
Definition: Highly venomous snakes that are common or widespread and cause
numerous snakebites, resulting in high levels of morbidity, disability or
mortality.
CATEGORY 2:
Secondary medical importance
Definition: Highly venomous snakes capable of causing morbidity, disability
or death, for which exact epidemiological or clinical data may be lacking; and/or are less
frequently implicated (due to their activity cycles, behavior, habitat preferences or
occurrence in areas remote to large human
populations).
The venomous snakes species listed as Category 1 are considered to cause the
greatest burden of injury, disability and/or mortality attributable to snakebites in various
countries, territories and other areas around the world. Species listed under this
category within a country, territory or area should be considered as being of highest
priority for antivenom production.
The distribution of snakes shown in the maps included in this website and their
categorization are based on data available in published reference texts and scientific
journals (see the WHO Guidelines above for a detailed bibliography) in addition to
records held in museum collection databases, and information obtained from
consultation with zoologists and other experts from many countries around the world. As
more information becomes available, new species may be added to these lists, and/or
some species, currently defined within Category 1 or Category 2 re-ranked.
(Source: WHO)
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Yes. Social media has played its own role in the recent elections in India.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
EditView in discussion
One needs(From Developing countries) VISA to every country the train passes.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Untitled
Very thoughtful.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
There will be certainly shift in the role of PMO with Narendramodiji as PM.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
The title is misleading. Narendramodiji is 100 % Swadeshi and has his own economic
programme and Agenda. He has rich experience as Chief Minister of Gujarat and
proved his abilities. Only thing now is from State to Centre.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Narendramodiji has proved that he stands for Development during
his tenure as CM of Gujarat and I am sure with his vision and long experience bring
There is accumulated knowledge in the small farmers around the world. The small
farmers adopt though their ingenuity what is best for them. It is the Agricultural Scientist
who must see these problems as challenges that have to be met. In short our motto,
MODERNISE THE TRADITIONAL - TRADITIONALISE THE MODERN.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Agreed 100%. But lot of money involved where some get kickbacks. Whereever
subsidies are provided the end result is dismal. Everybody wants his share. We have
seen in India well conceived schemes to benefit rural people ending up with HIGH
PROMISE AND LOW PERFORMANCE. Just see the Efficiencies: Solar PV around 15%
; Wind around 30; Mini/microhydel 60%. Moreover dust is a big problem in developing
countries especially in the arid regions. If you look at the progress of simple BOX TYPE
SOLAR COOKERS, there are only 0.65 million units sold(but not all used). Infact Solar
Cooking needs are more that solar PV needs for lighting in rural areas. People still use
inefficient methods of drying. I designed a simple Solar Drier which gives protection
from dust,insects and rain. What India badly needs is Innovative Solar and other
Renewable Energy Gadgets. Biofuel/biogas from fast growing plants like Agave and
Opuntia which are regenerative and CAM can transform rural economy. Mexico is
pioneer in this. In India there are 2.6 million agricultural pumpsets which are old and
inefffficient in most cases. A scheme can be chalked out to replace these old motors
with more efficient ones which results in 30% of saving in power. Electricity is a high
grade energy which has to be used judiciously.
EditView in discussion
As far as I know Ooty,Jammu and Kashmir are cool places and tourist attractions. Solar
PV power generation primarily depends on Solar Insolation.
Here are figures of Average Temperatures across the regions in the country:
Northern India
Average
annual temperatures
High F
Low F
Place
State
High C
Low C
91
67
Agra
Uttar
Pradesh
33
19
90
67
Allahabad
Uttar
Pradesh
32
19
87
60
Amritsar
Punjab
30
15
89
66
Bhopal
Madhya
Pradesh
32
19
87
62
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
30
17
82
60
Dehradun
Uttarakhand
28
15
89
64
Indore
Madhya
Pradesh
32
18
89
65
Lucknow
Uttar
Pradesh
32
18
86
63
Ludhiana
Punjab
30
17
65
47
Mukteswar
Uttarakhand
19
8
88
66
New
Delhi
Delhi
31
19
89
67
Patna
Bihar
31
20
62
50
Shimla
Himachal
Pradesh
17
10
67
45
Srinagar
Jammu
and Kashmir
20
7
90
67
Varanasi
Uttar
Pradesh
32
19
Eastern India
Temperatures
averages for the year
High F
Low F
Place
State
High C
Low C
87
68
Agartala
Tripura
31
20
89
71
Balasore
Orissa
(Odisha)
32
22
91
72
Bhubaneshwar
Orissa
(Odisha)
33
22
69
57
Cherrapunji
Meghalaya
21
14
82
65
Dibrugarh
Assam
28
18
87
73
Gopalpur
West
Bengal
30
23
85
67
Guwahati
Assam
29
19
72
58
Kohima
Nagaland
22
15
89
72
Kolkata
(Calcutta)
West
Bengal
32
22
91
70
Raipur
Chhattisgarh
33
21
85
65
Ranchi
Jharkhand
29
18
70
54
Shillong
Meghalaya
21
12
Southern
India
Annual
average temperature
High F
Low F
Place
State
High C
Low C
85
66
Bangalore
Karnataka
29
19
92
76
Chennai
Tamil
Nadu
33
24
90
70
Coimbatore
Tamil
Nadu
32
21
90
70
Hyderabad
Andhra
Pradesh
32
21
94
75
Madurai
Tamil
Nadu
34
24
88
76
Minicoy
Lakshadweep
31
25
86
66
Mysore
Karnataka
30
19
89
78
Pamban
Island
Tamil
Nadu
32
26
86
72
Port
Blair
Andaman
& Nicobar
30
22
92
75
Puducherry
Pondicherry
33
24
88
74
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala
31
23
74
74
Vijayawada
Andhra
Pradesh
23
23
91
75
Vishakhapatnam
Andhra
Pradesh
33
24
Western
India
Average
yearly temperatures
High F
Low F
Place
State
High C
Low C
94
69
Ahmedabad
Gujarat
34
21
90
65
Aurangabad
Maharashtra
32
18
90
66
Jaipur
Rajasthan
32
19
91
70
Kota
Rajasthan
33
21
88
75
Mumbai
Maharashtra
31
24
92
69
Nagpur
Maharashtra
34
20
89
63
Nasik
Maharashtra
32
17
89
74
Panaji
Goa
32
23
89
64
Pune
Maharashtra
32
18
93
68
Rajkot
Gujarat
34
20
92
71
Surat
Gujarat
33
22
94
69
Vadodara
Gujarat
34
21
Source: Current results: research news and science facts)
From the Data,
in Srinagar
High F Low F
High C Low C
67
45
Srinagar
Jammu and Kashmir
20 degrees Celsius
7 degrees Celsius
With the above average temperatures can Solar Projects be
successful in Jammu and Kashmir?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding. How about India which has far far more Solar Insolation?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Such mega projects always will be on paper . What happened to DESETEC in Sahara?
What India needs badly is to have decentralised small energy systems. Power cuts in
the months of January and 6 to 8 power(that to with breaks) for Farmers in Andhra
Pradesh is deplorable. Such a unique mega project like linking Ganga Kavery rivers
never took off ! This is India.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
No doubt solar energy can be a solution in the unelectrified areas with higher efficiency.
The present efficiency of solar PV is low(about 12%). As such (leaving heavy subsidies)
the cost of power generation of solar power is high.
There are other Renewable Energy systems which will bring in
rural prosperity quickly..
There is an annual deficit of about 10,000 MW in the country. We have not
crossed even 2 lakh MW since Independence. China added about 2 lakh MW in one
year. In the energy front Renewable Energy plays crucial role to supplement
Energy. The following Renewable Energy Projects and Energy Conservation are
urgently needed: On the Wind Energy side Wind Farm Co-operatives on the lines
in Denmark, Germany etc. Creating a Renewable Energy Fund with individuals
paying Income Tax can be exempted under section 80C with investment in this
fund. Thus there will be mass participation in Renewable Energy. In Denmark
every 5th person is a member of Renewable Energy Projects. Offshore Wind Farms
are yet to be started as they are hot favorites in urope. US,China,South
Korea,Taiwan etc. are going to build offshore wind farms in a big way. Also
crores of acres of waste lands in the country. In this Fast growing,regenerative,CAM
plants like Agave,Opuntia can be grown on a massive way which finds use as
inputs for Biofuel/Biogas and subsequent power generation. Unemployed youth
(about 10) can form Youth Economic Zone(like SEZ) and these youth can be
allotted each 10 acres waste land on lease basis. This way there will be
employment generation and waste land can be brought under cultivation. Also
Energy conservation and saving brings in quick results. In the country 2.6
crore Electric Agricultural pump sets exist. Most of these are old and
inefficient. In most of the states power for agriculture was nominal or nil.
These can be replaced by Advanced and Efficient Electric motors. A power saving
of 30% can be achieved. A subsidy of Rs 15000(out of cost of Rs 20,000 for 5 HP
Motor) can be given by Union/State Governments. A scheme can be chalked out.
These will give quick results. Electricity is a high grade energy which can be
used in Lighting, Industry etc. Power and Water are the major problems. It is
hoped, the Union Government gives highest priority to these two problems.
Narendramodiji,let us have an integrated approach to harness all renewables including
Energy conservation and saving without bias to Solar alone. Afterall it is all public
money that goes into subsidies of the solar systems,which should be used judiciously..
Put the RENEWABLES to WORK: To get inexhaustible pollution free energy which
cannot be misused.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Narendramodiji has experienced and talented MPs and is expected to form a Cabinet
which stands for development.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article.
There is an annual deficit of about 10,000 MW in the country. We have not crossed even
2 lakh MW since Independence. China added about 2 lakh MW in one year. In the
energy front Renewable Energy plays crucial role to supplement Energy. The following
Renewable Energy Projects and Energy Conservation are urgently needed: On the
Wind Energy side Wind Farm Co-operatives on the lines in Denmark, Germany etc.
Creating a Renewable Energy
Fund with individuals paying Income Tax can be exempted under section 80C with
investment in this fund. Thus there will be mass participation in Renewable Energy. In
Denmark every 5th person is a member of Renewable Energy Projects. Offshore Wind
Farms are yet to be started as they are hot favorites in urope. US,China,South
Korea,Taiwan etc. are going to build offshore wind farms in a
big way. Also crores of waste lands in the country. In this Fast
growing,regenerative,CAM plants like Agave,Opuntia can be grown on a massive way
which finds use as inputs for Biofuel/Biogas and subsequent power generation.
Unemployed youth
(about 10) can form Youth Economic Zone(like SEZ) and these youth can be allotted
each 10 acres waste land on lease basis. This way there will be employment generation
and waste land can be brought under cultivation. Also Energy conservation and saving
brings in quick results. In the country 2.6 crore Electric Agricultural pump sets exist.
Most of these are old and inefficient. In most of the states power for agriculture was
nominal or nil. These can be replaced by Advanced and Efficient Electric motors. A
power saving
of 30% can be achieved. A subsidy of Rs 15000(out of cost of Rs 20,000 for 5 HP
Motor) can be given by Union/State Governments. A scheme can be chalked out. These
will give quick results. Electricity is a high grade energy which can be used in Lighting,
Industry etc. Power and Water are the major problems. It is
hoped, the Union Government gives highest priority to these two problems.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
EditView in discussion
Very Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Bagasse
Cogeneration 2512.88 MW
Waste to Power
99.08 MW
Solar Power
2208.36 MW
OFF-GRID/
CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
Waste to Energy
119.63 MW
Biomass(non-bagasse)
Cogeneration 517.34 MW
Biomass Gasifiers
-Rural 17.63 MW
- Industrial
146.40 MW
Aero-Genrators/Hybrid
systems 2.18 MW
SPV Systems 159.77
Water mills/micro
hydel 10.18 (2547 nos)
Family Biogas
Plants (numbers in lakh)(1 Million = 10 Lakhs) 47.10
Solar Water
Heating Coll. Areas(million m2) 7.51
(Source:Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy,Government of
India).
Prognosis:
No doubt India occupies 5th Position in Wind Energy in the World after
China,US,Germany and Spain. The phenomenal success of Wind Power in Germany
and other Europen countries is through Wind Farm Co-operatives.
Community wind energy:
Community wind projects are locally owned by farmers, investors, businesses, schools,
utilities, or other public or private entities who utilize wind energy to
support and reduce energy costs to the local community. The key feature is that
local community members have a significant, direct financial stake in the
project beyond land lease payments and tax revenue. Projects may be used for
on-site power or to generate wholesale power for sale, usually on a
commercial-scale greater than 100 kW.
Cooperative
A wind turbine cooperative, also known as a wind energy cooperative, is a jointly owned
and democratically controlled enterprise that follows the cooperative model,
investing in wind turbines or wind farms. The cooperative model was developed
in Denmark. The model has also spread to Germany, the Netherlands and
Australia, with isolated examples elsewhere . In India Depreciation Benefits
are given to only big Industries investing in Renewables. Why not Government
give Income tax benefits to Individual tax payers who invest in a WIND FUND(to
be created by the Government) and give tax exemption under Section 80 C to
start windfarm co-operatives. This way there will be mass participation in Wind
Energy.
NEED FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS IN INDIA
Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to
generate electricity from wind. Better wind speeds are available offshore compared to on
land, so offshore wind powers contribution in terms of electricity supplied is higher.
However, offshore wind farms are relatively expensive.
Economics and benefits
Offshore
wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce air pollution and
greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel power generation), meet renewable
Length of coastline of India including the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in
the Bay of Bengal and Lakshwadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea is 7517 km.
Thorough Wind studies have to be carried out along the coast to identify the prospective
offshore wind farm sites. Based on these studies a Pilot project can be started by MNRE
which will help as a Demonstration project.
Accurate wind measurements at the site are the constraint. Many a time wind data is
extrapolated to the hub height at sites where the wind turbines are to be
erected. In the US in California wind farm developers used to monitor
(Anemometers, Anemographs) in the past at the sites where wind turbines to be
erected (Now Wind Masts). This gives more or less reliable wind data and hence the
turbine output.Unfortunately in some cases Wind Farm developers can't wait for years to
measure the wind data(In some cases to avail the tax benefits
quickly) and hence correlate the nearest wind mast data. That is why there will
be variation in the output. Moreover terrain also plays an important role in
wind energy production.
Remote sensing measurement techniques enable measurements to hub height and
beyond. There are resource measurement technique using sodar and lidar which need
to be adopted in India along with at least 75 meter Wind masts.
In a vast country like India as alternative energy biofuel and Biogas for power generation
is the best option. India has vast area of waste land. Care-free growth plants which are
regenerative and CAM like Agave and Opuntia can be grown on a massive scale in
these waste lands. Biofuel and biogas can be obtained at local level. Mexico is pioneer
in it.
Agave is a CAM Plant. Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM
photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants
as an adaptation to arid conditions in a plant using full CAM, the stomata in
the leaves remains shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open
at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon
acidmalate, and then used during photosynthesis during the day. The pre-collected CO2
is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency.
Agave and Opuntia are the best CAM Plants.
Agave Competitive Advantages
* Thrives on dry land/marginal land. Most efficient use of soil, water and
light
* Massive production. Year-around harvesting
* Very high yields with very low or no inputs
* Very high quality biomass and sugars
* Very low cost of production. Not a commodity, so prices are not
volatile
* Very versatile: biofuels, byproducts, chemicals
* World-wide geographical distribution
* Enhanced varieties are ready.
Another care-free growth plant is OPUNTIA.
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRIC PUMPSETS- AP a CASE STUDY:
The salient features of power scenario are as under: POWER SCENARIO OF ANDHRA
PRADESH FOR 2007-08
INSTALLED CAPACITY 12047 MW
TOTAL ENERGY SALES 52677 MU
PEAK DEMAND 10048 MW
PEAK MET 9162 MW
PEAK DEFECIT / SURPLUS - 886 MW (- 8.8 %)
ENERGY DEFICIT / SURPLUS - 2628 MU (-4.1%)
Sector wise break up of energy sales in MU
(2007-08)
Public Water works & Sewage pumping 639.58 (1%)
Agriculture 15241.05 (29%)
Public Lighting 1934.87 (4%)
Industrial Power 19839.69 (37%)
Commercial 2736.85 (5%)
Domestic 10678.52 (20%)
Out of the 2.6 Million Agricultural pumpsets in the country many are old and inefficient.
The power tariff for farmers is minimal. Electricity is a high grade energy which is
needed in industries,domestic purposes,computers etc. A scheme can be
chalked out to replace the inefficient motors by Efficient ones. The cost of a
5 HP Electric motor costs about Rs 20,000 .A subsidy of Rs 15,000 can be
provided to replace these inefficient motors.This yields quick results and
Energy conservation is better than energy generation. Each Kwh saved is each
Kwh generated. About 30% of the Electricity consumption can be saved by replacing
Agricultural old pumpsets with advanced and efficient ones.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renmewable Energy
Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
1 EditView in discussion
Chiranjeevi entered the last election with PRP with a bang but could get few seats only..
Any how he became a Union Minister - thanks to his party's merger with Congress. That
is Indian Politics !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
9 EditView in discussion
For Smt. Indira Gandhiji Son stroke cost the power and now the same for Smt. Sonia
Gandhiji.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Being an Engineer much was expected from Shri Nitish Kumar. I feel sorry for his exit.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
5 EditView in discussion
Now that Shri Chandrababu Naidu will become Chief Minister of Seemandhra after 9
years as Opposition leader and underwent padayathra(at a late age) to have first hand
knowledge of People's problems(Earlier having record of longest Chief Minister of AP),I
am sure he will concentrate on alround development of the State. TDP is an ally of the
ruling party at the Centre is an added advantage. Youth and middle classes besides
those under below poverty line are having great hopes on you Naidu Garu.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
The irony in India is hurdles and controversies arise after projects are sanctioned more
so in power projects !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Instead of going in for Big Solar and other Renewable energy projects which face
controversies and time consuming,it makes sense to go for small projects like Rooftop
Solar,decentralised systems like Wind,Biomass,Biogas/biofuel etc. In India where
political will prevails on success of big projects,a classic example is linking Ganga Kavery rivers.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. It is a great victory to BJP and Narendramodi. Now that a stablee Government and
a proven leader heading it,the country is poised as great economic power in the world.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
I visited China 5 times in the last 12 years. I could see Chinese herbal medicines sold
on the streets. Infact there was so much of wisdom in Traditional medical practices and
use of ayurveda and Homeopathy in India. It is a tragedy that the west took away some
of the traditional medical practices,synthesised them and sell back to India.While
pharmaceutical companies extract active ingredients from plants and sell them as
drugs, the benefits of medicinal plants cannot be replicated because their synergistic
combination of hundreds of naturally occurring phytochemicals cannot be reproduced in
laboratories.
This fact has been known to Ayurveda for thousands of years - the benefit comes from
using the whole plant, not just an isolated ingredient. Because they contain whole herbs
and fruits, Ayurvedic formulas are safer and more effective as opposed to Western
formulations which often times have harmful side effects.
Herbal drugs constitute a major
share of all the officially recognised systems of health in India viz.
Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Naturopathy, except Allopathy.
More than 70% of Indias 1.1 billion population still use these non-allopathic
systems of medicine. Indian medicinal plants also provide a rich source
for antioxidants that are known to prevent/delay different diseased states. The
antioxidant protection is observed at different levels. The medicinal plants
also contain other beneficial compounds like ingredients for functional foods.
Hence, the global knowledge about Ayurveda and Indian herbals will hopefully be
enhanced by information on the evidence-base of these plants.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
owned by the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, with a local renewable energy
co-operative (the Pukwis Energy Co-operative) owning the remainder of the project.
Denmark
In Denmark, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity
within their own or an adjoining commune. By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to
wind turbine cooperatives, which had installed 86% of all the wind turbines in Denmark,
a world leader in wind power. Wind
power has gained very high social acceptance in Denmark, with the development
of community wind farms playing a major role. In 1997, Sams won a government
competition to become a model renewable energy community. An offshore wind farm
comprising 10 turbines (making a total of 21 altogether including land-based windmills),
was completed, funded by the islanders. Now 100% of its electricity comes from wind
power and 75% of its heat comes from solar power and biomass energy. An Energy
Academy has opened in Ballen, with a visitor education center.
Germany
In Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens' wind farms
across the country and thousands of small and medium sized enterprises are running
successful businesses in a new sector that in 2008 employed 90,000 people and
generated 8 percent of Germany's electricity. Wind power has gained very high social
acceptance in Germany, with the development
of community wind farms playing a major role.
In the German district of North Frisia there are more than 60 wind farms with a capacity
of about 700 MW, and 90 percent are community-owned. North Frisia is seen to be a
model location for community wind, leading the way for other regions, especially in
southern Germany.
The Netherlands
Sixty-three farmers in De Zuidlob, the southern part of the municipality of Zeewolde,
have entered into a cooperative agreement that aims to develop a wind farm of at least
108 MW. The project will include the installation of three phases of 12 wind turbines with
capacities of 3 to 4.5 MW each. The aim is to put the wind farm into service in 2012.
United Kingdom
As of 2012, there are 43 communities who are in the process of or already producing
renewable energy through co-operative structures in the UK. They are set up and run by
everyday people, mostly local residents, who are investing their time and money and
together installing large wind turbines, solar panels, or hydro-electric power for their
local communities.
United States
National Wind is a large-scale community wind project developer, with thirteen families
of
projects in development or operation. These projects have an aggregate capacity of
over 4,000 MW. The vision of the company is to revitalize rural economies by promoting
investment in domestic renewable energy resources. National Wind creates shared
ownership with communities and allows them participation in decisions which are made.
In March 2009, National Wind formed Little Rock Wind LLC, its 7th Minnesota-based,
community-owned wind energy company. The company will develop up to 150 MW of
wind power within Big Stone County, Minnesota, over the next 5 to 7 years.
Business models
Community shared ownership
In a community-based model, the developer/manager of a wind farm shares ownership
of the project with area landowners and other community members. Property owners
whose land was used for
the wind farm are generally given a choice between a monthly cash lease and
ownership units in the development. While some community wind projects, such as High
Country Energy in southern Minnesota, issued public shares after the projects
formation, investment opportunities are usually offered to local citizens before the wind
development is officially created.
Cooperative
A wind turbine cooperative, also known as a wind energy cooperative, is a jointly owned
and democratically controlled enterprise that follows the cooperative model, investing in
wind turbines or wind farms. The cooperative model was developed in Denmark. The
model has also spread to Germany, the Netherlands and Australia, with isolated
examples elsewhere.
Municipal
Excellent analysis.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
In countries like Kenya,Lesotho etc. local people mix dried Agave pieces in concrete.
Since Agave has strong fibres it will act as binding. Agave is a care-free
growth,regenerative and CAM plant. Biofuel is also extracted from it. The fibre from
Agave is used in weaving clothes(DIP DRY).
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Let us exhaust land for Solar power before embarking on floating solar power.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Aviation biofuel is a biofuel used for aircraft. It is considered by some to be the primary
means by which the aviation industry can reduce its carbon footprint. After a multi-year
technical review from aircraft makers, engine manufacturers and oil companies,
biofuels were approved for commercial use in July 2011.Since then, some airlines have
experimented with using of biofuels on commercial flights. The focus of the industry has
now turned to second generation sustainable biofuels that do not compete with food
supplies.
The transport sector uses 60% of global oil production and has relied on
fossil-based liquid fuels for more than a century. Large-scale biofuel
production has been criticised for replacing food production and consuming
arable land. Hence, we should promote sustainable biofuel feedstocks growing on
non-arable land to produce future renewable bio energy in harmony with
continued food and fibre production.
At the 1900 Paris World Fair, German inventor Rudolph Diesel demonstrated his engine
powered by peanut oil.
Biofuels are not new, but many of the technologies are, and interest in renewable,
sustainable biofuels has recently been rising due to worry about peak oil and price
pressures, vulnerability of energy supplies, dependence on imports, and greenhouse
emissions.
Another potential bioethanol feedstock is agave (Agave spp.). Agave uses a type of
photosynthesis called Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM); agave plants open their
stomata (microscopic pores) at night and take up carbon dioxide in the dark to form
malic acid, which is then metabolised to release carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
during the following day. By closing the stomata during the day, less water is lost and
water use efficiency may be as much as six times greater than a C3 photosynthesis
species, such as wheat. Hence, agave is adapted to semi-arid land not suitable for food
production.
When the standards for biofuel use in commercial flights was approved July 1,2013
Mexico was ready to make the domestic Interjet and international AeroMexico flights a
possibility.
By 2015, the goal is to have 1% of all jet fuel in Mexico be biofuel, and by 2020,
15%, according to Gilberto Lopez Meyer, director of Airports and Auxiliary
Services (ASA)."This is a huge goal," Lopez said. "One percent
doesn't sound like a lot, but it equals more than 40 million liters (10.6
million gallons)."
Mexico has several things in its favor to become a leader in biofuels, he said. It has
plenty of land not being used for food, it has a high demand for energy, and it
is located next door to the energy-hungry United States.
"Mexico has made the very important first step to be in a very privileged place,"
Lopez said. Halfway across the world, researchers at Oxford recently published a study
extolling the benefits that ethanol derived from agave.
Agave can grow in arid land, and produces less than half of the carbon dioxide
emissions produced by corn-based ethanol according to Oliver Inderwildi, one of the
study's authors. Sugar-based ethanol produces even less emissions, but it needs arable
land for cultivation."We need every space we can get, every arable land, for food,"
Inderwildi said. "We think agave may be one part of the solution."
For their study, the researchers did a life-cycle analysis for the production of
ethanol based on a hypothetical plant in Jalisco, Mexico, where 90% of tequila
is produced. Potentially, agave plantations could boost local economies and create jobs,
Inderwildi said. Mexico, the native home of agave plants, stands to benefit if such an
ethanol industry takes off. Food prices would be spared, but would drinkers have to pay
more for their margaritas and tequila shots? The tequila business is very small
compared to the fuel business, and is also more expensive than fuel ethanol, so
Inderwildi predicts that alcohol prices would remain stable.
And unlike tequila, which requires the harvesting of the agave stem only, ethanol
production would also require harvesting the leaves of the plant. "Our
study backs up that this is a good idea from an environmental perspective," he said.
The catch, for now, is that neither jatropha or agave biofuel production is
cost-effective. But technological advances and oil prices make such
alternatives more desirable. When that tipping point comes, Mexico will be ready, the
experts said. But James Row, CEO of Houston-based Producers Energy and part
owner of a Mexican-based biodiesel company, told CNN that Mexico is still far from
being an ideal place to produce biofuels.
"Mexico is absolutely a perfect country for biodiesel, especially if it can be
domestically grown," he said, but the country's ejido system -- collectively-held land in
rural areas -- creates hurdles for private investment. The result is difficulty in finding
continuous large areas of rural land that can be negotiated for use for cultivation, or high
prices that make it cost prohibitive. Without land reform, issues with land availability will
continue, and Mexico will fall a decade or more behind other countries in the biofuels
sector, Row said. The demand is there, the land is there, but there is no way to get it, he
said. "Now is the time for Mexico to get its act together for biofuels," he said.
Algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to fossil fuel that uses algae as its source of
natural deposits. Several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to
reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable.
Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO2 when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel,
algae fuel and other biofuels only release CO2 recently removed from the atmosphere
via photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew. The energy crisis and the world food
crisis have ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making biodiesel and other
biofuels using land unsuitable for agriculture. Among algal fuels' attractive
characteristics are that they can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources,
can be produced using saline and wastewater, have a high flash point and are
biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae cost more per
unit mass than other second-generation biofuel crops due to high capital and operating
costs but are claimed to yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area. The
United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the
petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000 km2),
which is only 0.42% of the U.S. map, or about half of the land area of Maine. This is less
than 17 the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.
According to the head of the Algal Biomass Organization, algae fuel can reach price
parity with oil in 2018 if granted production tax credits. However, in 2013,Exxon Mobil
Chairman and CEO Rex Tillerson said that after committing to spend up to $600 million
Excellent.
A periscope is an instrument for
observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that
prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.
In its simplest form, it consists of an outer
case with mirrors at each end set parallel to
each other at a 45-degree angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of
two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I.
Military personnel also use
periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles.
More complex periscopes, using prisms and/or advanced fiber
optics instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on submarines and in
various fields of
science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very
simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have
This way the student will appreciate the application of Periscope. We must educate the
students on the practical applications of different scientific devices they learn in the
class room so that they will appreciate and gives them inspiration to innovate.
Moreover the picture in a plane mirror will be clear without distortions. Normally we read
a book at inclination. The same provision occurs in the case of Periscope projection for
Computer monitors.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Using Periscope to Avoid Accidents while overtaking on narrow roads in developing
countries:
When a vehicle is following another on the road(Like a Truck or bus),
there is no provision to know whether any vehicle is coming in the opposite
direction. When the forward vehicle driver drives extreme left(in India), the
behind vehicle driver thinks that the way is clear. But sometimes it may be due
to a vehicle coming in the opposite direction. Thus there is the possibility of
accidents. Cant science avert this? There is convex mirror to know behind
objects but no provision to see ahead opposite coming vehicles.. I tried a PERISCOPE
to know forward coming unsighted objects. The Periscope is mounted on the right side
of each vehicle with small inclination to have more field of view. The driver can have an
idea about the unsighted objects while overtaking to avoid accidents. The metal
Periscope costs just 10 US$ but highly useful. In developing countries where the roads
are narrow, this device will go a long way to avoid accidents while overtaking.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great advancement.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Innovative approach.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. CSP program under the National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in India is
rather slow. It often happens in India the Renewable Energy Targets and achievements
have wide gap. The serious problem for solar projects in Rahasthan is dust. Already
Solar PV efficiency is low and unless the panels are kept clean,solar PV will not be a
success. As far as India is concerned there are many states where solar insolation is
high and I wonder why only Rajasthan state which is dusty and where there is scarce
water is chosen for major solar programs.
State wise Solar PV Break Up as on March 9,2013 Capacity (MW)
Projects under JNNSM 0
Projects under the State Policy 824.09
Projects Under RPSSGP/GBI Scheme 0
Projects Under REC Scheme 0
Other projects 0
Total 824.09
EditView in discussion
I am afraid it will be
the joke of the year.
In
India except WIND which was driven by liberal incentives by the Government no
other form of RENEWABLE energy made a mark. Even in wind, when the incentives
are slowly withdrawn, the progress is
slow.
Let us
analyse the Renewable Energy situation in India and its future
prospects.
Total
Renewable Energy Installed Capacity (December 2013)
Source
Total Installed Capacity (MW)
Wind
Power 20,149.50
Solar
Power (SPV) 2,180.00
Small
Hydro Power 3,763.15
Biomass
Power 1,284.60
Bagasse
Cogeneration 2,512.88
Waste
to Power 99.08
Total
29,989.21
Among
the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind made advancement in India.
In
India the growth of Wind Power was mainly driven by Accelerated depreciation.
This has been an accelerating factor in the wind energy in India which occupies
5th position Globally. It is a fact that this progressive policy has been
misused in some cases by Investors without paying attention to the
best
production from wind turbines. There should have been a policy to match the
subsidies with production of power.
Hitherto
the incentives for Wind Power are used by big industries. I have been
advocating extending the benefits to large section by going in for Wind Farm
Co-operatives. The Government of India can create a Renewable Energy Fund and
investments by Individuals can be exempted from Income Tax under Section 80C.
Another area that needs to be promoted in India is Offshore Wind Farms. India
has long coastline. Today Offshore Wind Farms are well established in Europe
and US, France, China, Korea etc.have ambitious plans to harness offshore Wind
Energy.
Another
area that can transform rural economy is biofuel/biogas from Agave and Opuntia
massive plantations in millions of hectares of waste lands in India. Both are
regenerative,CAM plants besides care-free growth. Mexico is pioneer in this.
Energy
Conservation yields immediate results. There are 2.6 Million agricultural pump
sets in the country. Most of these are inefficient and old. A scheme can
be chalked out to replace these old pump sets with advanced efficient
sets by giving a subsidy of Rs 15,000(out of Rs 20,000 per 5 HP Motor
set)(1 US $ = Rs 60). This yields immediate results. Electricity is a high
grade energy which finds use in Industry,lighting,computers etc. In many
states the power tariff for agriculture is nominal or nil. As such about 30%
power in the agricultural sector can be saved. Each Kwh saved is each Kwh generated.
Let us
be realistic in projecting Renewables future in the country. Any progress both
industrially and socially depends on political will. There will be a Change of
Government at the Centre soon. It is the New Governments approach on Renewables
that determines the pace of Renewables. Even simple Box type solar cookers,
solar driers, Improved Chulhas,Wind chargers,solar street lights have not
penetrated in the rural areas despite push by the Government.
In
summary, Renewables at best can supplement Conventional Energy like
Petroleum,Gas etc. but cannot replace it in the near future. I will be happy if
Renewables can meet 20 to 25 % by 2030 and about 40% by 2050 given the
political stability in the country in the coming years. I am neither a
pessimist nor optimist but realist involved in the research and promotion of
Renewables for over 3 decades.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh
Nellore(AP),India
Renewable
Energy Expert
E-mail:
anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Self driving cars OK. If self Driving Trucks come on roads in a developing country like
India,drivers drink and sleep.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
This follows the dictum, WASTE NOT WANT NOT. Water is a precious commodity.
Unfortunately in developing countries we waste it without reason in some cases.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
There is Agave a care-free growth plant which can be put to many uses:
Agave is a CAM Plant.Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM
photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an
adaptation to arid conditions in a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remains
shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect
carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acidmalate, and then
used during photosynthesis during the day. The pre-collected CO2 is
concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency.
Agave and Opuntia are the best CAM Plants.
Agave Competitive Advantages
* Thrives on dry land/marginal land. Most efficient use of soil, water and
light
* Massive production. Year-around harvesting
* Very high yields with very low or no inputs
* Very high quality biomass and sugars
* Very low cost of production. Not a commodity, so prices are not volatile
* Very versatile: biofuels, byproducts, chemicals
* World-wide geographical distribution
* Enhanced varieties are ready.
Agave fibre is used to weave clothes under trade name DIP
DRY in Philippines. The speciality of these fabrics is that Water wont stick
to it.
Also a steroid Hecogenin is extracted from Agave. Since it
has cellupose,agave can be input in paper making. Since it has fibrous material,
people cut the agave into pieces,dry it and mix it in Concrete in Kenya and
Lesotho.
Agave can be grown in huge areas of waste lands in Developing countries like India.
Another route of power production is biogas generation from Agave as well as Opuntia.
Biogas power generators are commercially available. This way power can be generated
at local level with local resources. Both agave and Opuntia are regenerative plants.
Yet another CAM plant is Opuntia for use in Biofuel/biogas for power production.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Per capita emissions are relatively low, at about 0.64 tonnes of CO2per year.
Nigeria has one of the least energy-efficient economies in the world (ranking 21 out of
186 globally)1.
As the biggest oil producer in Africa, Nigerias economy is dominated by oil and gas.
Total CO2 in the energy sector are expected to grow by 2.2 per cent annually2.
Nigeria has implemented a variety of plans and policies with a view to scaling up
investment in renewable energy.
Resources are being mobilised under the Clean Technology Fund to improve access to
finance for energy efficiency and renewable energy roll-outs.
Renewable energy technologies (RETs) portend the best possibilities of connecting
isolated communities to the national grid and to induce local economic growth that
would
culminate in socio-economic development of the South-East and Nigeria in
general. Thus, a policy drive is needed to create the enabling environment for
RETs to thrive in the region.
There is severe power shortage in the country even in big cities like Abuja,Lagos
etc. Mostly Diesel Gensets operate in millions to provide power.
In the Rural areas there is great scope to popularize renewable energy gadgets like
Solar Cookers, Solar Driers,Solar Disinfection systems to provide safe drinking
water, solar reading lights,solar lanterns,small wind generators,microhydro
devices for low heads, solar mobile chargers etc.
Another promising area is to grow Agave for Biofuel and Opuntia for Biogas generation
and subsequent power generation in waste and vacant lands as both are care-free
growth plants besides CAM Plants to stabilize climate change. This way
decentralised power can be generated.
I visited Nigeria twice to chair sessions at Renewable energy Conferences at Abuja and
Ota. I could see the great potential of Renewable energy in the country.
Nigeria is endowed with abundance of renewable energy resources in solar, smallhydro,
biomass and wind. The South-East especially has a fair share of the overall
distribution of these RE resources that can be harnessed to stimulate economic
EditView in discussion
Big is bountiful.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Energy saving yields quick results. Each Kwh saved is each Kwh generated.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
EditView in discussion
Yes Polio eradication in India is something to be proud of. In this connection sustained
efforts by Government,private organisations and others need appreciation at Global
level.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent story. Yes. Pomato has to be promoted on a massive scale as shelf life of
Tomato is short especially in Tropics(Hot Climate).
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Mrs. Indira Gandhiji was a shrewd and people's Prime Minister. Against odds ,she
bounced back and was unchallenged leader in her times. I rate Mrs. Indira Gandhiji as
the best Prime Minister we hand(long served).
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Useful.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent!
Yes. There is a lot of wisdom in traditional water harvesting and storage methods which
needs to be revived by scientific study for adaptation.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
"Solar power is the cheapest option for new electricity across much of the developing
world" , can there be more funny joke than this. I will site the example of solar
Energy(PV) in India. Solar PV is the costliest in India compatred to Wind,Biomass,Mini
and Microhydel. Solar PV efficiency is low(about 13%) and accumulation of dust on the
Solar PV panels is a big problem. Heavy subsidy is provided to Solar PV(Which is pblic
money).
For captive consumption of electricity, wind electricity is
probably the cheapest option. If one considers medium term horizon, together with
benefits of CERs/ RECs, wind energy would turn out to be the cheapest source of
captive electricity from the beginning. Total cost of ownership for wind farm is far lower
than that of captive plants based on conventional fuels.
Main strengths of wind energy projects are:
Enormous wind energy potential across the globe,
Protection against inflation or escalation in electricity
generation cost over the project life,
Ease of putting up a wind farm,
Low operations and maintenance requirements,
Scalability,
Short gestation period and others.
As on 31 Jan 2014 the installed capacity of various Renewables are:
Wind 20293.83
MW
Small Hydropower
3774.15 MW
Biomass Power & Gasification 1285.60 MW
Bagasse Cogeneration 2512.88 MW
Waste to Power
99.08 MW
Solar Power 2208.36 MW
OFF-GRID/
CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
Waste to Energy 119.63 MW
Biomass(non-bagasse) Cogeneration 517.34 MW
Biomass Gasifiers
-Rural 17.63 MW
- Industrial 146.40 MW
Aero-Genrators/Hybrid systems 2.18 MW
SPV Systems 159.77
Water mills/micro hydel 10.18 (2547 nos)
Family Biogas Plants (numbers in lakh)(1 Million = 10 Lakhs) 47.10
Solar Water Heating Coll. Areas(million m2) 7.51
(Source:Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,Government of
India).
Prognosis:
No doubt India occupies 5th Position in Wind Energy in the World after
China,US,Germany and Spain. The phenomenal success of Wind Power in Germany
and other Europen countries is through Wind Farm Co-operatives.
Community wind energy:
Community wind projects are locally owned by farmers, investors, businesses, schools,
utilities, or other public or private entities who utilize wind energy to
support and reduce energy costs to the local community. The key feature is that
local community members have a significant, direct financial stake in the
project beyond land lease payments and tax revenue. Projects may be used for
on-site power or to generate wholesale power for sale, usually on a
commercial-scale greater than 100 kW.
Cooperative
A wind turbine cooperative, also known as a wind energy cooperative, is a jointly owned
and democratically controlled enterprise that follows the cooperative model,
investing in wind turbines or wind farms. The cooperative model was developed
in Denmark. The model has also spread to Germany, the Netherlands and
Australia, with isolated examples elsewhere . In India Depreciation Benefits are given to
only big Industries investing in Renewables. Why not Government give Income tax
benefits to Individual tax payers who invest in a WIND FUND(to be created by the
Government) and give tax exemption under Section 80 C to start windfarm cooperatives. This way there will be mass participation in Wind Energy.
NEED FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS IN INDIA
Offshore wind power
refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to generate
electricity from wind. Better wind speeds are available offshore compared to on
land, so offshore wind powers contribution in terms of electricity supplied is
higher. However, offshore wind farms are relatively expensive.
Economics and benefits
Offshore
wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce air pollution and
greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel power generation), meet renewable
electricity standards, and create jobs and local business opportunities.
COST
COMPARISON OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE WIND FARMS
Onshore
Investment
of about $1.5 million per MW
Levelized
cost of 6-7 cents per kWh
O&M
1-3% of capital costs
May be built in smaller units
Offshore
Investment
of $2.3 million per MW
Levelized
cost of about 10-11 cents per kWh
Higher
O&M 40$ per kW and 0.7 cents per kWh variable
Large
turbines and farms required
In spite of the higher costs and the uncertainties involved in offshore wind,
research in this sector has been significant, and the main reason is the
potential offered by offshore wind turbines, especially in lands close to water .
At the end of 2011, there were 53 European offshore wind farms in waters off Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the
United Kingdom, with an operating capacity of 3,813 MW,[ while 5,603 MW is
under construction
USA, China, South Korea, Taiwan, France and Japan have ambitious plans to go in for
offshore wind farms on a massive scale.
Length of coastline of India including the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in
the Bay of Bengal and Lakshwadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea is 7517 km. Length of
Coastline of Indian mainland is 6100 km.
Thorough Wind studies have to be carried out along the coast to identify the prospective
offshore wind farm sites. Based on these studies a Pilot project can be started
by MNRE which will help as a Demonstration project.
Accurate wind measurements at the site are the constraint. Many a time wind data is
extrapolated to the hub height at sites where the wind turbines are to be
erected. In the US in California wind farm developers used to monitor
(Anemometers, Anemographs) in the past at the sites where wind turbines to be
erected (Now Wind Masts). This gives more or less reliable wind data and hence
the turbine output.Unfortunately in some cases Wind Farm developers can't wait
for years to measure the wind data(In some cases to avail the tax benefits
quickly) and hence correlate the nearest wind mast data. That is why there will
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP)
1 EditView in discussion
UID Aadhaar card: Best finger first, but lets now scan the
eye
Amazing.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
I agree.
EditView in discussion
Mr.wiredforstereo :
Please note that some technologies work in certain period. For Examples water
pumping windmills were very popular in the past. With the advent of Electricity their
usage almost vanished. In Lasithi(Greece) I have seen at one place 10,000 Water
Pumping windmills rusted being out of use.VAWT like Savonius and Darrius are omni
directional wind turbines. Savonius rotor is simple in design. One can cut a drum into
two pieces and use them as blades. With low RPM Generators available in the market,it
makes sense to revive Savonius Rotors in developing countries for battery charging.
Don't you know Mr.Expert is not a proper name,sorry for your ignorance.
2 EditView in discussion
Is it so? Can such things happen at that level? God save the World from Catastrophe.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Informative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
It is a usual thing.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon
dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acid malate, and then used during
photosynthesis during the day. The
pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing
photosynthetic efficiency
Agave has multiple uses:
Good article. The main drawback for wider
application of Biofuels is input. There was a big movement for biofuel from
Jatropha in India but in reality not much has been achieved. Agave(Americana),Sisal
Agave is a multiple use plant which has 10% fermentable sugars and rich in cellulose.
The fibre is used in rope making and also for weaving clothes in Philippines under the
trade name DIP-DRY. In Brazil a paper factory runs on sisal as input. A Steroid
HECOGENIN is extracted from this
plant leaves. Since on purification, it produces methane gas, it can be cut and
used as input in biogas plants. Also in Kenya and Lesotho dried pieces of Agave
are mixed with concrete since it has fibres which act as binding. Here is an
excellent analysis on Agave as a biofuel: Agave shows potential as biofuel
feedstock, Checkbiotech, By Anna Austin, February 11, 2010: 'Mounting interest
in agave as a biofuel feedstock could jump-start the Mexican biofuels industry,
according to agave expert Arturo Valez Jimenez. Agave thrives in Mexico and is
traditionally used to produce liquors such as tequila. It has a rosette of
thick fleshy leaves, each of which usually end in a sharp point with a spiny
margin. Commonly mistaken for cacti, the agave plant is actually closely
related to the lily and amaryllis families. The plants use water and soil more
efficiently than any other plant or tree in the world, Arturo said. 'This is a
scientific fact they don't require watering or fertilizing and they can absorb
carbon dioxide during the night,' he said. The plants annually produce up to
500 metric tons of biomass per hectare, he added. Agave fibers contain 65
percent to 78 percent cellulose, according to Jimenez. 'With new technology, it
is possible to breakdown over 90 percent of the cellulose and hemi cellulose
structures, which will increase ethanol and other liquid biofuels from lingo cellulosic
biomass drastically,' he said. 'Mascoma is assessing such technology.'
Opuntia for Biofuel/Biogas
Another plant of great use is OPUNTIA for biogas production. The cultivation of
nopal((OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA), a type of cactus, is one of the most important in
Mexico. According to Rodrigo Morales, Chilean engineer, Wayland biomass, installed on
Mexican soil, 'allows you to generate inexhaustible clean energy.' Through the
production of biogas, it can serve as a raw material more efficiently, by example and by
comparison with jatropha. Wayland Morales, head of Elqui Global Energy argues that
'an acre of cactus produces 43 200 m3 of biogas or the equivalent in energy terms to
25,000 liters of diesel.' With the same land planted with jatropha, he says, it will produce
3,000 liters of biodiesel. Another of the peculiarities of the nopal is biogas which is the
same molecule of natural gas, but its production does not require machines or devices
of high complexity. Also, unlike natural gas, contains primarily methane (75%), carbon
dioxide (24%) and other minor gases (1%), 'so it has advantages from the technical
point of view since it has the same capacity heat but is cleaner, 'he says, and as sum
datum its calorific value is 7,000 kcal/m3. Biogas power generators from KW to MW size
are
available from China and Vietnam. Agave and Opuntia can be grown on a massive
scale in wastelands in developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Yes. Energy conservation yields immediate results than energy generation.
Each Kwh saved is each Kwh generated.
I am presenting a case study of Energy saving in Electric Pumpsets in Andhra Pradesh:
OVERVIEW
The salient features of power scenario are as under: POWER
SCENARIO OF ANDHRA PRADESH FOR 2007-08
INSTALLED CAPACITY
12047 MW
TOTAL ENERGY SALES
52677 MU
PEAK DEMAND
10048 MW
PEAK MET
9162 MW
PEAK DEFECIT / SURPLUS
- 886 MW (- 8.8 %)
ENERGY DEFICIT / SURPLUS
- 2628 MU (-4.1%)
Sector wise break up of energy sales in MU
(2007-08)
Public Water works & Sewage pumping 639.58 (1%)
Agriculture
15241.05 (29%)
Public Lighting
1934.87 (4%)
Industrial Power
19839.69 (37%)
Commercial
2736.85 (5%)
Domestic
10678.52 (20%)
Others 2246.77 (4%)
ENERGY
SAVING POTENTIAL IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR The annual electricity sale to
agriculture sector is 15.24 BU. The major energy consumption is in the area of
energising agricultural pumps. The population of agricultural pumpsets is around 2.60
million, accounting for a connected load of 9850 MW and annual consumption of 14.48
BU.The energy saving potential assessment has been carried out only for
agricultural pumpsets, whereas other allied areas have not been considered. The
rating- wise population of agricultural pumpsets is as follows:
Population
of different sized agricultural pump-sets HP
EPDCL
SPDCL
CPDCL
NPDCL
Number of Pumps
Connected Load (kW)
%
3
36531
202539
128322
506213
873605
1955128
19.85
5
80620
304689
721338
287999
1394646
5202030
52.81
7.5
24943
69934
45404
27901
168182
940978
9.55
10
21711
51046
24990
29116
126863
946398
9.61
Over10
21795
39241
10327
15022
86385
805540
8.18
TOTAL
185600
667449
930381
866251
2649681
9850074
100.00
%
7.00
25.19
35.11
32.69
100.00
Based on several studies carried out on agricultural pumpset efficiency, it has been
found that the pump efficiency varies from 25-35% due to various factors. By
adopting BEE star lebelled agricultural pumpsets, the efficiency can be
enhanced upto 50-52%. It is estimated that, by replacement of existing pumps
with the BEE star labelled pumps, the achievable saving potential is 30-40% and
sectoral saving potential works out to be 4.34 BU per year.
Excellent article.
Chemists at the University of California, San Diego have demonstrated the feasibility of
exploiting sunlight to transform a greenhouse gas into a useful product.
Clifford Kubiak,professor of chemistry and biochemistry, and his graduate student Aaron
Sathrum have developed a prototype device that can capture energy from the sun,
convert it to electrical energy and split carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide (CO) and
oxygen.
For every mention of CO2 splitting, there are more than 100 articles on splitting water to
produce hydrogen, yet CO2 splitting uses up more of what you want to put a dent into,
explained Kubiak. It also produces CO, an important industrial chemical, which is
normally produced from natural gas. So with CO2 splitting you can save fuel, produce a
useful chemical and reduce a greenhouse gas.
Although carbon monoxide is poisonous, it is highly sought after. Millions of pounds of it
are used each year to manufacture chemicals including detergents and plastics. It can
also be converted into liquid fuel.
A research team at the University of Illinois at Chicago is on track to developing a lowcost method for reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, which puts it one step
away from creating synfuels including synthetic gasoline. The secret sauce is the use of
carbon nanofibers in combination with another catalyst.
If the new UIC carbon reduction system bears out on a commercial scale, it would
provide a direct financial incentive for carbon emitters to capture and reclaim
carbon dioxide as a valuable byproduct, rather than enabling it to enter
the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.
If the new UIC carbon reduction system bears out on a commercial
scale, it would provide a direct financial incentive for carbon emitters to
capture and reclaim carbon dioxide as a valuable byproduct, rather than
enabling it to enter the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.
That discovery could turn out to be the eureka moment for the
UIC team as described by UICs Bijandra Kumar, who co-first-authored the
research paper (just published online in Nature Communications and slated for
the print edition, too):
one can imagine that using atomically-thin,
two-dimensional graphene nano-sheets, which have extremely high surface area
and can easily be designed with dopant atoms like nitrogen, we can develop even
far more efficient catalyst systems.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore (AP), India
2 EditView in discussion
Outstanding innovation.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Anyone with an iPhone 5 can use its fingerprint reader to unlock the device and pay for
apps or music in Apples iTunes store. Owners of Samsungs latest flagship device, the
Galaxy S5 smartphone, which launches on April 11, will be able to make much broader
use of their fingerprints to pay for things. If they visit a website or app that accepts
PayPal using the device, they can authorize payments by swiping a finger across the
phones home button. And PayPals own mobile app can be used to pay for goods in
some physical stores in the U.S.
Fingerprint payments are likely to be offered on many more smartphones in the near
future. The Galaxy S5s payments system is the first commercial deployment of a new
protocol developed by the FIDO Alliance, a group founded by tech companies to end
our reliance on insecure passwords (see PayPal, Lenovo Launch Campaign to Kill the
Password). Indeed, fingerprint readers are expected to become commonplace on
mobile devices over the next year or so.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
In the past there was POMATO a cross of Tomato and Potato(Potato normally grows
inside the ground) Tomato above the Ground. The end product has more longevity. Also
there was Winged Bean(Improvement of Soybean) where every part of the plant is
edible,roots,leaves,and pods.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. It is ture.
Air pollution is an underestimated scourge that kills far more people than AIDS and
malaria and a shift to cleaner energy could easily halve the toll by 2030, U.N. officials
said on Tuesday.
Investments in solar, wind or hydropower would benefit both human health and a drive
by almost 200 nations to slow climate change, blamed mainly on a build-up of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from use of fossil fuels, they said.
"Air pollution is causing more deaths than HIV or malaria combined," Kandeh Yumkella,
director general of the U.N. Industrial Development Organization, told a conference in
Oslo trying to work out new U.N. development goals for 2030.
Most victims from indoor pollution, caused by wood fires and primitive stoves in
developing nations, were women and children.
He suggested that new U.N. energy goals for 2030 should include halving the number of
premature deaths caused by indoor and outdoor pollution.
Here are the ways to reduce Air Pollution(United States Environmental Protection
Agency):
Ways to Reduce Air Pollution
We make choices everyday that can help reduce air pollution. Below are a few ideas
that you can take to help clean our air.
At Home
Conserve energy - turn off appliances and lights when you leave the room.
Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans. (This conserves
energy and reduces production emissions.)
Keep woodstoves and fireplaces well maintained. You should also consider replacing
old wood stoves with EPA-certified models. Visit www.epa.gov/burnwise.
Plant deciduous trees in locations around your home to provide shade in the summer,
but to allow light in the winter.
Buy green electricity-produced by low-or even zero-pollution facilities.
Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting.
Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot.
Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120F.
Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes, and paint strippers.
Test your home for radon-a dangerous, radioactive gas that is odorless and tasteless. If
the test shows elevated levels of radon, the problem can be fixed cost effectively.
Visit www.epa.gov/radon.
Choose not to smoke in your home, especially if you have children. If you or your visitors
must smoke, then smoke outside. Visit www.epa.gov/smokefree.
Buy Smart
Buy ENERGY STAR products, including energy efficient lighting and appliances. They
are environmentally friendly products. For more information, visit www.energystar.gov or
call 1-888-STAR-YES.
Choose efficient, low-polluting models of vehicles. Visit www.epa.gov/greenvehicles.
Choose products that have less packaging and are reusable.
Shop with a canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags.
Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently.
Drive Wise
Plan your trips. Save gasoline and reduce air pollution.
Keep tires properly inflated and aligned.
In the summertime, fill gas tank during cooler evening hours to cut down on evaporation.
Avoid spilling gas and don't "top off" the tank. Replace gas tank cap tightly.
Avoid waiting in long drive-thru lines, for example, at fast-food restaurants or banks.
Park your car and go in.
When possible, use public transportation, walk, or ride a bike.
Get regular engine tune ups and car maintenance checks (especially for the spark
plugs).
Use an energy-conserving (EC) grade motor oil.
Ask your employer to consider flexible work schedules or telecommuting.
Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency.
Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.
For Your Health
Check daily air quality forecasts, which tell how clean or polluted your air is, and the
associated health concerns. Visit www.airnow.gov.
Remove indoor asthma triggers from your home and avoid outdoor triggers in order to
effectively control your asthma. Visit www.epa.gov/asthma to learn more about asthma
triggers and ways to avoid them.
Minimize your sun exposure. Wear sun block and UV protection sunglasses. To find out
about current forecasts of UV where you live, go to www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.ht....
Our Motto: Let us live in harmony with nature and let us not LOOT and POLLUTE
nature.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Alarming news.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. I agree. Infact in India most of the school going children are addicts to Internet
especially games.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent post. Yes. There must be collaboration between advanced Nations like US and
developing countries in Africa to foster Innovations in the latter.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very good post. One need not be secretive in discussing about his invention lest it will
be copied. An IMITATOR can never overtake the INNOVATOR.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Hybrid Vehicles Are Perfect Fit for Traffic Jams of India and
China
Do already congested Roads in China and India need more cars that too hybrid? A day
may come, WHERE THERE IS A WHEEL, THERE IS NO WAY !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Great.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Solar energy has a long way to catch up Wind Energy around the Globe.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding post.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. Bicycle usage is very high in Netherlands. I visited Netherlands and could see
people preferring bicycles to cars in some cases.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
5 EditView in discussion
2 EditView in discussion
Glad that more and more African countries are going in for Solar Projects. Will Wind
Projects lag behind?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Our Centre has been involved in Science and Technology, Energy and Environment
projects since two decades. Ours is a 3 D approach, DESIGN, DEMONSTRATE AND
DISSEMINATE. We have many innovative devices like Vertical and Cylindrical Solar
Water Heater, Simple Solar Drier, Power from Pumped water, Energy conservation in
Pump sets, Pedal operated Battery charger, Multiple uses of gas stove, pedal operated
washing
machine,Air cum water cooler,Horizontal table fan, solar disinfection of water
unit etc. We have not taken out any patent on our innovative devices and are
willing to share the technology for developing countries especially the rural
areas.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
Blog: http://www.drjagadeeshncda.blo...
EditView in discussion
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/anumak...
Blog: http://www.drjagadeeshncda.blo...
EditView in discussion
Are
the designers of these gadget crazy? A hand pump costs & 15, 000 and the
device $ 500 !!
For this price they can as well replace the pump when it comes
for repairs with a new one. Any ideas developed outside developing countries to
solve the local problems will meet with limited success. Technology is CULTURE
SPECIFIC. There are best brains everywhere including Africa. Let the
Technologists study the problem and find solutions with local knowledge. We
have a Notion in Developing countries that RURAL IS BAD, URBAN IS BETTER and
FOREIGN IS THE BEST! It is not the case always. I will illustrate this with an
example. In India during 80s 50 Wind Turbines were imported at an exorbitant
cost and installed across the country under a Demonstration Program. None
worked beyond a year. On the other hand an "UNEDUCATED" technician
used Palm tree trunk as tower, designed his own wooden blades and changed the
automobile generator windings ( to have low rpm) and fitted near the sea coast
at Mandapam in Tamil Nadu,India. He uses the power for a mall fridge, radio and
Fluorescent light (in 80s). I visited the site in 1990 and again in 2000,it was
working. In fact Blade design is such a sophisticated job, only few companies
in the world make them. One should not ignore the local ingenuity in solving
the problems.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Yes. Small entrepreneurs always have to struggle hard to push their products
as big industries(Competitive) can always try to crush them. But small entrepreneurs
should choose the area judiciously to have firm footing in the initial stages.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article on Wave and Tidal energy and current status and future prospects.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
CSE has always been in the forefront in drawing policies and projects in Renewable
Energy. Yes. What is needed in India is Decentralised Energy policy through
Renewables.
CURRENT STATUS OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AND ELECTRICITY SERVICE
DELIVERY IN RURAL AREAS OF INDIA
I. Status of Village Electrification in India:
As on 31st August 2013, a total of 32,227 villages of India are yet to be provided with
electricity access.
Out of a total of 593,732 inhabited villages as per the 2001 census, as on 31st
August 2013, a total of 561505 villages were electrified.
Status of Village Electrification in India
Total inhabited Villages as per 2001
Census
Villages electrified as on 31/03/2013 as per new definition (Provisional)
Cumulative achievement as on 31/08/2013 as per new definition
%age of villages electrified as on 31/08/2013
Unelectrified villages as on 31/08/2013(V) No. %
India 593,732 560552 94.4 561505 94.6 32227
A village is deemed electrified, if 10 percent of all the households of the village has
electricity access and
Very interesting. Science and technology should have Bottom Up approach for
development in less developed countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. One can find lot of firms in Africa with great innovations . Cooperation and collaboration with advanced countries will enrich innovations by African
Firms further. I worked in Denmark at Danish Centre for Renewable Energy where
trainees from African countries used to come. I found quite innovative approach by
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Quality and performance are related to cost and automobiles are
no exception. The reference to 'nano car' in the article is relevant. Today the purchasing
power of Average Indians has increased. Just to supply cheap car won't help to get it
accepted. Moreover the cars should be sturdy to drive on bad roads(mostly in rural
areas). But today there are many small cars from multinational companies available in
India at a reasonable price. When There are good cars from TATA which are
popular,how 'nano' could not click is anybody's guess.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Energy Storage is a critical component in harnessing Renewables and any efficient and
economic method is most welcome.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Yes. Offshore Wind farms are the future large energy generation options. Already
Europe leads(especially UK) and US,Taiwan,China,France,Korea etc. have ambitious
plans to go for offshore wind. Will India start with atleast a Pilot Offshore Wind Farm
since it has long coast line and occupies 5th position in the world with 19779 MW as on
July end 2014?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Wind Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
1 EditView in discussion
Yes. UK is leader in Offshore Wind Farms. It is an irony that While India has onshore
wind farms of 20,150 MW,UK has 10,531 MW but UK tops in Offshore Wind in the World
while India is yet to have an Offshore Wind Farm!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Africa can utilise decentralised Renewables to provide energy
needs. Biofuel/Biogas from Care-free growth plants like Agave and Opuntia can benefit
Excellent. The Rural people are intelligent to adopt to the local conditions.Ideas float
around in bewildering numbers, and scores of designs, ranging from windmills to the
spinning wheel, are available; papers are circulated stating the wonders of intermediate
(not appropriate) technology what could be done, why it should be done, what must be
done, and how the rural countryside can be changed if intermediate technology is
implemented. Experts are called from abroad to tell people this.
In all this talk, there seems to be no place for the ideas generated by farmers, rural
artisans, members of the scheduled castes and harijans. A stand seems to have been
taken that this transfer of technology for the socio-economic regeneration of the rural
areas is a novelty for country-folk. But rural communities have survived for generations
without any help in ideas and materials from outside. They have developed a low-cost
technology of their own, suited to their own particular areas. It would be foolish to over
look and take for granted methods used by farmers and artisans. When a ploughshare
The agricultural sector accounts for about 30% of electricity consumption in India. The
largest population of inefficient pumps and systems is also to be found in this sector.
Two factors that adversely impact electricity consumption are, efficiency of the pumping
system, and inadequate standards for motors and pump-sets.
ICPCI{ International Copper Promotion Council (India)} is involved in several initiatives
targeted at improving the equipment and distribution system efficiencies in the
Agricultural sector. They have expertise and experience in :
1. Propagate the use of Energy Efficient Motors for energy savings, in Industries.
2. Promote the use of high efficiency motors and pumps in the Agricultural sector.
Expertise from organisations like ICPCI can be availed by Government of India and
State Governments in going in for high efficient agricultural Electric Motors. Even a 10 to
20 % efficiency in Electric Motors contributes much to the power demand in the country.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
5. Theft: Theft of solar panels can be a problem in some areas. So the farmers need to
take necessary precautions. Ideally, the solar system should insured against theft as
well as natural hazards like lightning.
The criticism for electric pump sets is that in many areas power cuts. At least during
nights the Farmer can water his crops when the power is there. On the other hand
intermittent nature of sunlight will forbid sustained water supply for crops like rice. For
dry crops unless water runs through pipes, evaporation of water takes place of the
limited water supply by the Solar Pump. I had experience of electric, diesel and solar
pumps. At a site where the water table is 150 ft. I could not use solar pump. So the solar
pump is used to pump water from a sump to the nearby pond which is waste water.
The Indian power sector provides significant opportunities for reducing energy
consumption by addressing existing inefficiencies of technical, operational and
economic nature. Replacement of inefficient agricultural pump sets has been identified
as one of the key policy initiatives, which to date, has been limited
to a few pilot projects. The policy objectives are to: replace inefficient pump sets,
improve distribution grids and provide metering. Adequate readdressing of economic
inefficiencies, in terms of electricity pricing, remains a long-term objective. The
scalability of such a policy proposal across the country offers many challenges(A Policy
for Improving Efficiency of Agriculture Pump sets in India:
Drivers, Barriers and Indicators ,Anoop Singh, Climate Strategies, September 2009)
As a Renewable Energy Expert I very much welcome deployment
of Renewables and Solar pumps are no exception. What I stress is reliability of power to
pump water on demand . Here is a simple solution to use Electric pump sets efficiently.
A 5 HP electric pump set costs about Rs 20,000 and a subsidy of Rs 15000 can be
provided to replace the inefficient old electric pump sets. This can be funded by
Union/State/International organisations. Energy saving yields immediate results
compared to energy generation. When Rs 5 lakhs is provided as subsidy out of Rs 6
lakhs for a solar pump, mere Rs 15,000 per electric pump set is peanuts. Enormous
electricity can be saved by this. Electricity is a high grade energy which is badly needed
for lighting, computers, Industries
etc. Moreover such ambitious plans like Solar Pumps replacing 26 Million
irrigation pump sets often end up in HIGH PROMISE AND LOW PERFORMANCE as
witnessed in some of the Renewable Energy Projects earlier in India.
Africa and India can collaborate in Biofuel|Biogas research besides wind and solar.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. I have had been advocating offshore wind energy in India since decade.
To day Offshore wind farms operate in Europe, UK topping. In India Onshore Wind
farms started in 1985 and today the Wind installations in the country are(Compared to
other countries):
Installed wind power capacity (MW) up to 2013 end
European Union
117,289
China
91,424
United States
61,091
Germany
34,250
Spain
22,959
India
20,150
United Kingdom
10,531
Italy
8,552
France
8,254
Canada
7,803
Denmark
4,772
Portugal
4,724
Sweden
4,470
Offshore Wind Farm installed Capacity(MW)
Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to
generate electricity from wind. Better wind speeds are available offshore compared to on
land, so offshore wind powers contribution in terms of electricity supplied is higher,and
NIMBY opposition to construction is usually much weaker. However, offshore wind farms
are relatively expensive. At the end of June 2013 total European combined offshore
wind energy capacity was 6,040 MW.
As of 2010 Siemens and Vestas were turbine suppliers for 90% of offshore wind power,
while Dong Energy, Vattenfall and E.on were the leading offshore operators. As of
October 2010, 3.16 GW of offshore wind power capacity was operational, mainly in
Northern Europe. According to BTM Consult, more than 16 GW of additional capacity
will be installed before the end of 2014 and the United Kingdom and Germany will
become the two leading markets. Offshore wind power capacity is expected to reach a
total of 75 GW worldwide by 2020, with significant contributions from China and the
United States.
As of 2013, the 630 MW London Array is the largest offshore wind farm in the world,
with the 504 MW Greater Gabbard wind farm as the second largest, followed by the 367
MW Walney Wind Farm. All are off the coast of the UK. These projects will be dwarfed
by subsequent wind farms that are in the pipeline, including Dogger Bank at 9,000 MW,
Norfolk Bank (7,200 MW), and Irish Sea (4,200 MW). In the end of June 2013 total
European combined offshore wind energy capacity was 6,040 MW. UK installed 513.5
MW offshore wind power in the first half year of 2013.
It can be easily seen While UK tops the world in Offshore Wind farms, India has double
the capacity of onshore wind farms compared to UK and no offshore wind installations
at all. Why? The reasons are not far to seek. There is a strong notion among Indian
wind turbine manufacturers, Renewable Energy planners, Government etc. that offshore
wind farms cost double to triple the cost of onshore wind farms. How this figure of
double or triple arrived at is a billion dollar question. The main charm of offshore wind
farms is that the roughness of the sea is zero(no obstacles like onshore) and since
power is cube of velocity of wind other factors being linear, higher velocities mean the
power shoots up very much.
This factor is often overlooked. Moreover instead of going in for onshore wind farms, it
will be worthwhile to go offshore nearby to harness more wind power. No doubt the cost
of the offshore wind farms will be high compared to onshore because of foundation and
cable costs. But these costs are offset by the higher power from offshore wind farms. I
wonder how this figure of double or triple
arrived at between offshore and onshore wind farms. Has any systematic life cycle study
of onshore and offshore wind farms in a region has been carried out? Why not Research
Institutes, Wind Industries in UK carry out such a study which will help to dispel the
misconceptions on cost of offshore wind farms in India.
On 6th February 2014 there was a UK-India Offshore Wind Energy Workshop in
Chennai (INDIA) organized by UK Science & Innovation Network , which I attended. I
suggested the need for above study and the need for offshore wind farms in India. India
has long coast. At least a pilot project can be initiated by Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) so that Private Wind farm developers follow suit.
Countries like US, China, Taiwan, Korea, France. etc have ambitious plans to go for
offshore wind farms. It is sad that India though occupies fifth position in wind in the
Excellent article. Energy and wter are primary needs .With insufficient energy supply to
meet the demand,both developed and developing countries have had been
concentrating to harness Alternative energy sources like Solar,Wind,Biomass etc. not to
replace the conventional energy but to supplement the latter. The most research in the
last decades has been on Renewable Energy which plays vital role in abating climate
change.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Organic Farming will ensure natural fertility of the soil.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(ap),India
EditView in discussion
Very true.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good Article. Being in the Sunny Zone,Africa can harness Renewables on a massive
scale.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Africa can benefit immensely with small decentralised Renewable
Energy Systems especially for Rural Areas.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
This will help Filipinos in rural areas. I visited Philippines twice and could see the
potential use of Renewables there.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Has any thorough cost benefit analysis on solar water pumps been made? Solar Water
pumps efficiency is low and fit for open wells which are not very deep. For bore wells
(with its intermittent nature) solar water pumps are least effective. Subsidies mean
public money. On the other hand most of the irrigation pump sets are very old and
inefficient. A scheme can be chalked out to replace the old and obsolete irrigation pump
sets with more efficient ones. This will save enormous money and increases reliability.
On the other hand power tariff for small farmers in many states is nominal or nil. As such
how many Farmers will be willing to invest their share in Solar pumps which are not
reliable? Here is a pertinent point. For centuries Water pumping windmills were in use.
Why they vanished? Because of least reliability. In the eighties thousands of water
pumping windmills were installed across the country under a Demonstration Programme
by DNES (Now MNRE). None of them worked beyond a year. I am afraid the same fate
may be for solar pumps. Agriculture needs water on demand. The Farmer wont mind
installing even diesel pump set so long as he gets reliable water supply for crops. A
Government which is showing so much enthusiasm to promote solar pumps, why is
reluctant to promote solar cookers which are efficient and reliable? The solar cookers
will be best suited for rural areas.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
Renewable Energy Expert
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Though the life span of wind turbines is about 20 years,there are wind turbines working
beyond 20 years.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent. Water will be scarce and costly in the future and any saving is most welcome.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Siting wind turbines to avoid this is the answer.Are not Aeroplanes fly avoiding birds by
their migration studies.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Algae has many uses. Extensive research on Spirulina algae was undertaken by
Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre,Chennai,India(http://villgro.org/researchblo.... It
should be popularised on a massive scale which will provide employment .
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Deep insight into the Chulha Program in India. Very thorough study Madam.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Why should one limit? After all in this knowledge and digital era,e-mail is the best
communication tool. I for one is the most prolific user of E-mail.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Very Interesting to find Bike Usage in Cities abroad though India,China and Indonesia
lead in its usage.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very True. As a frequent flyer I used to wonder when I see some of these.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Alarming Information.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great Story on South Korea's Progress. Such familiar names like Samsung,Hyundai are
from South Korea. The very fact that SAMSUNG Tab Galaxy is competing with Apple
shows the supremacy of Korean Company in Innovations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
The engineering, procurement and construction contract for the project was awarded to
Sun Edison at a cost of Rs 17.71 crore.The pilot project was developed on a 750 metre
stretch of the canal by Gujarat State Electricity Corporation (GSECL) with support from
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd (SSNNL), which owns and maintains the canal
network.
The cost per megawatt of solar power, in this case, is likely to be much less than the
estimated Rs 10-11 crore, as the two banks of the canal will be used to cover the canal
by installing
solar power panel and the government will not have to spend much on creating basic
infrastructure, including land acquisition .
Gujarat has about 458 Kilometre of open main canal, while the total canal length,
including sub-branches, is about 19,000 Kilometre at present. When completed, the
SSNNL's canal network will be about 85,000 km long.
Assuming a utilisation of only 10 per cent of the existing canal network of 19,000
Kilometre, it is estimated that 2,200 MW
of solar power generating capacity can be installed by covering the canals with solar
panels.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
One thing common in South and North: Often North Indians(Hindi Speaking) say
ACHHA: Tamilians say: APPRAM,Telugu People say: Avunu. So all start with the first
Alphabet " A" .
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP,India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. At best Solar can supplement conventional energy but cannot replace
the latter.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
The best option is to grow Agave and Opuntia for Biofuel|Biogas for power production as
both are CAM plants and care-free growth.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
In the design of public toilets it is lack of water that is main problem,Mr. Bill Gates.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent coverage on International Aid. It is a well known fact only part of the
International aid reaches the beneficiary,as it is swallowed in between by those
implementing the projects.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Utopian thinking.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Why accuse china for dumping solar panels all over the world. If the quality is poor,why
Nations are going for them. This obviously shows big solar Companies outside fear of
losing because as hitherto thy priced Solar panels very high. For Developing countries
Solar products are most welcome,of course with quality assured.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
China is a shining example of massive usage of Solar and Wind . BIG IS BOUNTIFUL
seems to be motto of Chinese in Energy and Infrastructure Projects.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
TEAM - Together Everybody Achieves More.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Thought provoking article on new patterns of innovation. Invention and Innovation are
the pillars of progress.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very interesting article. Providing drinking water has been a challenge for many
Governments in Developing countries.
Water is the elixir of life - Leonardo da Vinci.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Good article. Yes. Engineers can play a crucial role in development especially in rural
areas with Innovative Technologies. In this connection, I applaud ENGINEERS
WITHOUT BORDERS movement.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
2 EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
This graph shows why solar power will take over the world
No doubt Solar is Future Energy. How quickly depends on the Solar Cell Efficiency and
Economics .
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
I am glad that Dr.Sunita Narainji has been discharged from Hospital. I thank God for
helping her recovery. Madam is such a dedicated and honest woman,Down To Earth is
carrying the mantle left by Dr.Anilji. I am an ardent Fan of Dr.Sunit Narainji.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Innovative idea.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. But Shampoo has so much penetrated in the world,it is difficult to convince
the users to do away with it.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Yes. Thorium Reactors will come back as there is a lot of pressure on Power around the
Globe.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. Africa has resources and manpower. More and more co-operation and
collaboration with developed countries will certainly lead to have a strong Africa
economcally.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Surely,it was not t all the intention of Thomas Alva Edison to kill the Elephant.
The design miss the basics - Air resistance due to the Area of the Solar Panels. Also
Solar PV Efficiency is low.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great post. Yes.Nuts are the best nutritious food for all ages. If .old people cannot bite
the hard nuts they can put them in water to soften or in Milk
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
A leader is one who leads and Manger is one who just manages !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. I visited China 6 times in the last 12 years and could see tremendous
progress in all fronts. Think Big,Bulk sales less profit are the motto of Chinese
Businessmen. Atleast in Renewable Energy Chinese progress is Phenomenal.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Because of cheap labour cost,most global brand Companies have their products
manufactured in China.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
No doubt China is advancing in all fronts,but partnering with China in Business has
some reservations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
China,India together with Korea and Taiwan can make a strong economic force in Asian
Region.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. Yes. China is advancing in Science and Technology at a rapid speed. India
should catch up.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
With over 600 million people in India or 53 per cent of Indian households defecating in
the open, absence of toilet or latrine is one of the important contributors to malnutrition,
a World Bank report has said.
The report that released on Monday on the eve of the first ever UN World Toilet Day, the
World Bank said, access to improved sanitation can increase cognition among children.
It is unfortunate in Villages people are crazy to own Mobiles than owning Toilets. As the
saying goes,"Some People Eat in Private and Ease in Public".
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
It has been proved that mere legislation of banning plastic bags in India is not Effective.
Recycling seems to be a better option. What cannot be cured must be endured.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I agree with you. Prof. C.N.R. Rao is not an Administrator but a serious Scientist. I have
known him intimately for over 3 decades.Dr.Rao serves on so many committees and
trips abroad hardly could spend whole time as Director of IISc.
At the time of the inception of IISc in 1909, Morris Travers, Sir William Ramsay's coworker in the discovery of the noble gases, became its first Director. For Travers, this
was a natural continuation of his work on the Institute, since he had played a role in its
founding. The first Indian Director was the Nobel Laureate Sir C.V. Raman. Raman was
the Indian Science based Nobel Laureate. Later Dr.S.Bhagavantam,Ex-Scientific
Advisor to Defence Ministry; Dr.Satish Dhawan,Former Chairman,ISRO became
Directors.
I wonder why so much hype is given to present Bharat Ratna to be awarded to Prof.
C.N.R.Rao and Sachin Tendulkar. When Shri Abdul Kalam received Bharat Ratna and
also M.G.Ramachandran, no such hype in the press.
Shri P.V.Narasimha Rao, Saviour of India from Economic Crisis through liberalisation
and Former Prime Minister who brought Dr.Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister and
Dr.Yellapragada Subba Rao,Inventor of Miracle Drugs should be honoured with Bharat
Ratna.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
With the hype for IT, Basic Sciences was driven to background. But people forget that
most of the Top ranking Technologists were having their background in basic sciences
like Physics, Chemistry etc.In England Physics is.the most sought after branch like
Economics. Government realized the decline in Pure Science interest in the country and
is providing financial support to the meritorious.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
With the hype for IT, Basic Sciences was driven to background. But people forget that
most of the Top ranking Technologists were having their background in basic sciences
like Physics, Chemistry etc.In England Physics is.the most sought after branch like
Economics. Government realized the decline in Pure Science interest in the country and
is providing financial support to the meritorious.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. I entirely agree with you Prof.C.N.R.Rao. What is needed is Commitment by the
government to inspire and support S & T. We have the best researchers, Scientists and
Technologists.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
What the Government of India spends on Science and Technology is peanuts. Today
Modern Research demands heavy investment..Science & Technology are the
propellants for progress.It is hoped that the budget for Science and Technology will be
increased threefold.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Having made the statement which received Nationwide attention,no body sees the
clarification that the remarks were casual.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
heading Science Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister right from the days of Shri
Rajiv Gandhi.. No
doubt Indi's spending on S & T is meagre compared to even China. China investing
about 2.5% of its GDP last year in S&T works out to $174 billion compared to Indias
0.9% which works out to roughly $16.5 billion.Still holding the position of
Chairman,Science Advisory Committee to Prime Minister ,Dr.Rao's Comments were
unwarranted.Dr.Rao is a well respected Scientist Worldwide. Those who live in glass
houses should not throw stones.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
How about Shi P.V.Narasimha Rao,the Father of Lberalisation which saved the country
from
economic collapse and Ex Prime Minister? He was a literary giant knowing 14
languages. In fact It was Shri Rao who brought Dr.Manmohan Singh to Politics
and made him Finance Minister.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
coalition Governmnt,a literary Giant Shri P.V.Narasimha Raoji.It was Shri Rao
Who brought Dr.Manmohan Singh to Politics and made him Finance Minster giving
him complete Freedom.Simply because he was the Prime Minister at the time of
demolition of the Babri Masjid
in December, 1992 ,all his achievements on economic front through
lliberalisation cannot be ignored. Shri P.V.Narasimh Rao is the best Choice for
Bharat Ratna as much as Shri Atal Behari Vajpayeeji.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
I am glad that IT Giants like Facebook and Google are going green.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very interesting.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Amazing !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP,India
1 EditView in discussion
Such a devastating cyclone never seen in recent history. unbelievable human loss.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Powerful article on how to be powerful. Thanks for the fine piece NILOFER
MERCHANT.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
What a calamity? Philippines experiences Tycoons on and off. May the departed souls
rest in peace.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Yes. Brazil has vast potential of Wind Energy. Brazil already leads in Ethanol production.
Brazil can go in for massive cultivation of Agave and Opuntia in waste lands to produce
biofuel and biogas and subsequent power generation. Both plants are regenerative and
CAM Plants. Already Mexico is doing this. Another country in Latin America which has
tremendous potential of wind energy is Argentina. It was estimated that Argentina has
gross wind energy potential of about 500,000 MW !
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Good article. African local methods which stood the test of time,nee to be modernized to
bring rural prosperity.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent post. TEAM - Together Everybody Achieves More. This type of collaboration
will benefit developing countries to improve their entrepreneurship.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
During World War II, hay boxes were used as a way of conserving rationed cooking fuel.
Campers and hikers have used variations of hay boxes for years, heating their food in
the morning and then storing the heated pot in a sleeping bag or backpack. In this way a
hot meal is available for eating at the end of the day.
Commercial designs based on this principle differed only in details of construction, and
the kind of insulating material used. Some types were provided with soapstone or iron
plates which were heated during the preliminary cooking on the stove and then placed in
the fireless cooker either over or
under the cooking pot. In these types, a non-flammable insulating material was used. A
successful home-made strategy was to take a box so large that the cooking pot when
placed in it could be surrounded by a thick layer of
non-conducting material, such as hay, excelsior or crumpled paper. A cushion was
placed over the pot and a tight-fitting lid was placed over all(Wikipedia).
Here is how it works
After your food is brought to a hard boil or, has been allowed to simmer for a period of
time over a flame or electric burner, transfer the cooking vessel to a well insulated
container, in this case your hay box cooker. Cover and seal
well, allowing enough heat retention to permit the food to finish the cooking process in a
manner similar to slow, or crock pot cooking.The insulated container will then allow the
food to continue cooking with its own heat and to
keep the food hot or warm for several hours longer, allowing for a timely and warm meal.
Why use a hay box cooker?
In many third world countries, a hay box is used in conjunction with a solar cooker or
other types of fuel cookers or stoves in order to preserve valuable and scarce fuel
resources.Since many people can ill afford the cost of cooking fuel, and also the means
or ability to obtain it on a regular and practical
basis, the use of a hay box can prolong or extend the meager fuel supplies of the poor,
thereby becoming an economic benefit to the families and individuals who use
them.See how one organization is using the \hay box\ cooker to help
people in Africa improve their lives.
Use of a hay box with a solar cooker has been the means to increasing the quantities of
food that are possible to be cooked when using such a \time constrained\ method of
cooking such as solar cooking.Once food is brought to a
steady boil or steady simmer and maintained for several minutes, it can then be
transferred (in the same pot) over to the hay box for continued cooking, thus saving time
and continued fuel consumption.
Hay box/Wonder bag cooking can save vast amounts of fuel, but there is a risk of
bacterial growth if the food items are allowed to remain in the danger zone (41140 F
or 560 C) for one or more hours. In order to reduce the risk, food
cooked in hay boxes can be reheated to boiling before eating, or a food thermometer
can be used(Solar Cooker at CantinaWest).
Simple soaking of rice,dal will help saving fuel as it takes
less time to reach boiling point. A wet blotting paper absorbs ink quickly than a dry
blotting paper.
Yet another method is to heat pre-heated water in a simple solar water heater and using
it in cooking by any method: Gas Stove,Firewood,Kerosene and Electric. This will save
energy.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Interesting.
The principle involved in this is nothing but acting as insulator to retain heat just like
centuries old HAY BOX.
A hay box, straw box, fireless cooker, insulation cooker, wonder oven or retained-heat
cooker is a cooker that utilizes the heat of the food being cooked to complete the
cooking process. Food items to be cooked are heated to
boiling point, and then insulated. Over a period of time, the food items cook by the heat
captured in the insulated container. Generally, it takes three times the normal cooking
time to cook food in a hay box.
Hay boxes are so called because hay or straw were the commonly used insulators. Pots
of food would be brought to a boil and then placed in a box filled with hay or straw.
Additional hay or straw would be added around and on top of the pot.
EditView in discussion
Cipollini Onions
It is nice to know. Infact I have seen in Canada many use public transport.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Travelling by Private buses has become fatal especially during night journeys. Some of
the drivers by private bus operators are not qualified.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
There is controversy over GMOs, especially with regard to their use in producing food.
The dispute involves consumers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators,
non-governmental organizations, and scientists. The key areas of controversy related to
GMO
food are whether GM food should be labeled, the role of government regulators, the
effect of GM crops on health and the environment, the effect on pesticide resistance, the
impact of GM crops for farmers, and the role of GM
crops in feeding the world population.
There is broad scientific consensus that food on the market derived from GM crops
poses no greater risk than conventional food. There is no evidence to support the idea
that the consumption of approved GM food has a detrimental effect on human health.
Although labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in many countries, it
is not required in the United States and no distinction between marketed GMO and nonGMO foods is recognized by the US FDA.
Advocacy groups such as Greenpeace, The Non-GMO
Project and Organic Consumers Association say that risks of GM food have not been
adequately identified and managed, and have questioned the objectivity of regulatory
authorities. Opponents say that food derived from GMOs may be unsafe and propose it
be banned, or at least labeled. They have expressed concerns about the objectivity of
regulators and rigor of the regulatory
process, about contamination of the non-GM food supply, about effects of GMOs on the
environment and nature, and about the consolidation of control of the food supply in
companies that make and sell GMOs.
References:
1. Wesseler, J. and N. Kalaitzandonakes (2011): Present and Future EU GMO policy. In
Arie Oskam, Gerrit Meesters and Huib Silvis (eds.), EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and
Rural Areas. Second Edition, pp. 23-323
23-332. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers
2. Beckmann,V., C. Soregaroli, J. Wesseler (2011): Coexistence of genetically modified
(GM)
and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent
with respect to the coexistence value? In "Genetically modified
food and global welfare" edited by Colin Carter, GianCarlo Moschini and Ian Sheldon,
Rural people in India to clean turbid water for drinking put the paste of STRICHNOS
POTATORUM(By rubbing the seed on a rough surface with water). The turbidity settles
down within an hour. Also some people use Tamarind seed paste to clear the turbid
water. There are many traditional methods of water purification in Asia and Africa.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I read the method. Such methods are there in many developing countries. They dont
work at vall. Unless UV and Thermal treated most of the bacteria wont die. In the past
methods like saree filtering were tried in
Bangladesh but failed miserably.
Microorganisms are heat sensitive. The Following lists up the required temperature to
eliminate microorganisms within 60 minutes. It can be seen that it is not required
to boil the water in order to kill 99.9% of the microorganisms. Heating up water to 50 60o C for one hour has the same effect .
Thermo resistance of microorganisms
Microorganisms Temperature for 100%
Destruction 1 Min. 6 Min. 60 Min
Enteroviruses 62 degrees C
Rotaviruses 63 degrees C for 30 Min.
Faecal Colioforms At 80 degrees C Complete destruction
Salmonelae 45 degrees C
Shigella 61 degrees C
54degrees C
provide
safe drinking water to the millions of people. A portable, low-cost, and lowmaintenance
solar disinfection unit to provide potable water has been designed and tested. The solar
disinfection system has been tested with bore
water, well as well as waste water. In 6 hours when the ambient temperature was 30
degrees Celsius, the unit eradicated 3 log 10 (99.99%) of bacteria contained
in the water samples. The unit will provide about 6 liters of pure drinking water and
larger units can be fabricated for providing safe drinking water at community level in
developing countries.
Eradication of coli forms from well water, bore water and waste water has been reported
from test results. The results confirm that there is 4-log 10 reduction of coli forms in the
waste water after solar disinfection. The experiments were conducted at
Kavaraipettai,Tamil adu,India.Maximum
temperature occurs around 1 pm. Though 6 bottles were used in the system(each of 1
liter capacity),larger units with up to 100 bottles
can be designed. The unit destroyed 99.99% of
bacterial coli forms both in well water and waste water samples in 6 hours.
The innovative solar disinfection system has
the advantages like:
1.The unit is portable,
2.It is cost-effective. It can be fabricated
in South India for US$ 20.The unit incorporates
the principle of reflection to increase solar
intensity and has protection from wind which
results in temperature rise inside the unit,
3.Larger units can be manufactured,
4. Used glass bottles withstand higher
temperatures and are available in plenty each for 2
US cents in South India ,
5. Since all the materials are available
locally, the unit can be manufactured locally with local people. Temperatures above 30
degrees C occur in south India for more than 10 months in a year and as such this
innovative solar disinfection unit will be a boon in this region.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: Anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent. Yes. Wind power meets much of energy needs in Denmark during peak time.
I worked in Denmark and could see the Wind Turbines running continuously during most
of the time.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
S R Sankaran: In Memoriam
Shri S.R.Sankaran was a great IAS Officer. I had the privilege of interacting with him
when he was Collector of Nellore District and Principal Secretary,S & T,Government of
Andhra Pradesh. He was personification of honesty,devotion to duty and simplicity. We
came across such great people rarely.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Excellent post. Another trick employed by businessmen is putting offers like Dusserah
offer,Diwali offer etc. In most cases they hike the actual price and quote lesser on sale
advertisement. No businessman sells the goods for loss,is the simple truth. In some
other cases,the businessmen put the nearing expiry goods in offer. With my past
experience,I have now come to the conclusion not to be tempted by offers Which in
many cases are FRAUD!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. These are the type of solar applications that are needed for developing
countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
If Geographic area and population are not the criteria,Denmark should find a place in
the list.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. In Europe especially in Germany Bike use is high. Of course China leads followed
by India. Infact Bike is the clean form of energy.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Crazy! How can you get Manholes at a desired place for charging?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. In reality health care has become a rich man's affair in India. Once
HEALTH IS WEALTH but now WEALTH IS HEALTH. The difference between west and
India is that in the west one gets best treatment for the money spent. Here in India in
many cases it is on the reverse. Thanks to corporate hospitals that are pervading the
country clinical tests whether needed or not are the order of the day. Many a times the
hospitals thrive on the medical shop attached and many medicines come back to the
medical shop! In a developing country like India as well as in Africa,Latin Amercia and
Asia Homeopathy can be revived and that can reach masses at an affordable price.
Only thing lacking faith in Homeopathy. It is an irony that in Germany Homeopathy is still
popular!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Thought provoking article. Yes. Renewables are expanding and will meet sizeable share
in the energy mix in the future.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Bioenergy is a very important component in the energy mix especially in the developing
countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
The History and Promise of Green Technology - Very inspiring.Yes. Green Technologies
are the answer to control Climate Change.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I happened to read this today. Most of the issues raised are relevant even today.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Buds of Hope
Inspiring story.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Africa has plenty of land. With innovative approach it can bring
rural prosperity.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very Innovative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. Congratulations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Quality of solar panels is poor in some cases. This is because in
order to grab subsidies,some people install substandard stuff as they have to meet
some hidden costs!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Congratulations
Peter Higgs and Francois Englert for winning the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. There has to be a place for local methods for abating climate
change to be studied and adopted by Scientists.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent Story. There are many innovations practiced in rural areas of developing
countries. The users may not be knowing that they are innovations. I myself identified
several methods and exposed them to Scientists and Technologists for approval.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Very good article. The prices of solar PV are falling no doubt. How about increasing the
efficiency of solar Cell?
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good post. It is indeed sad that the World's most prestigious NASA my face closure.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
This couple has been biking around the world for five years
and 60,000 miles
What the IPCC found: The big news from the new climate
assessment
Timely warning of Human Intervention that may contribute to Climate Change by IPCC.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
Good article.
Himalayan glaciers: how the IPCC erred:
The IPCC error on the 2035 prediction was unfortunate and it's important that such
mistakes are avoided in future publications through more rigorous review
This is not the first inaccuracy to be found in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report there have been several papers demonstrating where IPCC predictions have
underestimated the climate response to CO2 emissions. However, this time the climate
response has been overestimated. Specifically, the IPCC AR4 predicted the Himalayan
glaciers would disappear by 2035 which is decidedly not the case. What's the
significance of this error? To determine this, let's look at how it happened
and the broader context.
The error occurs in Section 10.6.2: The Himalayan glaciers of the IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report:
"Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if
the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035
and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.Its total
area will likely shrink from the present 500,000 to 100,000 km2 by
the year 2035 (WWF, 2005)."
The source for this information was "An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and
Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China", a 2005 report by the World Wildlife
In the beginning convex shaped TV screens were there which gave place to Flat
Screens. Now again we go for curved ones. History repeats itself!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Outstanding article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I agree. Media should take lead in highlighting the Climate issues. Also NGOs have a
moral obligation to protect the planet by enlightening people on vital issues like
Environment,Energy and Sustainable Development.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. Water is essential for survival of humanity. It should be given the top priority.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good research to solve Arsenic problem. Whether it is practical or not,we have to wait
and see.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good observation. But does it mean to solve one problem we have to face another
problem. Termites are deadly in destruction of wood,paper and other things.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I agree. I bought simple silk cloth bag which can be folded and put in pocket. It carries
up to 5 Kilograms weight. I used it for a year. It costs very little. It is from China.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. I use net and Facebook to advance Science and Technology,Energy
and Environment etc.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. Damaged Fruits and vegetables petrify quickly. One way to utilise them is
to collect in bulk for biogas production. The Garbage collectors can segregate them. In
Europe seperate garbage bins are provided the near houses.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article on Climate Change Effects in Saudi Arabia.Saudi Arabia can grow Agave
and Opuntia in the desert regions to control climate change to some extent as both are
CAM Plants. Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a
carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.
In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce
evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored
as the four-carbon acidmalate, and then used during photosynthesis during the day. The
pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing
photosynthetic efficiency.Biofuel can be obtained from both Agave and Opuntia as well
as biogas for power generation. Both are care-free growth plants.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
It is heartening to note that Burkina Faso will create research and Innovation Fund.
There are many innovators in Africa and given the support they will come out with the
best innovations.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. The Grass root innovators and innovating institutions are doing
great work. Of late there is more and more awareness on the importance of Innovations
at Grass root level in Developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
The Title of the article is misleading. I am reminded of criticism on solar cell. The critics
of solar cell say that the amount of energy that goes into the production of solar cellis
much more than what it gives in its life time. The contention is the material used in the
solar panel such as glass,aluminium,copper etc are all energy intensive. All said and
dome Mobiles have become part of the life especially in populous countries like India
and China.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. Yes. Noise from Wind Turbines is a criticism especially near the urban
areas. Any reduction in noise from Wind Turbines is most welcome. Excellent research.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Wind,Solar,Biomass etc. are the future energy options of the world. As
far as Biofuel from Sugarcane and Corn is concerned,in the ongoing debate on Food Vs
fuel,fortunately there are alternatives. Agave is a care-free growth plant and it can be
grown in waste lands. Biofuel is obtained from Agave. Mexico is pioneer in it. Also
Opuntia is the source for biogas/biofuel again another care-free growth plant. Power
generation is the best way through biogas route. Both Agave and Opuntia are CAM
Plants.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article. Compressed Air Energy Storage is a good option.Glad that it is being
revived.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
China can take lead to replace to the extent possible coal thermal power by
Renewables. China is already leader in Wind and Solar PV exporter.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes.
Electronic equipment has become a mainstay of American way of life. In one way or
another, it is an integral part of everything they own: TVs
in homes, GPSs in cars, cell phones and MP3 players in ears, blackberries and
video games in hands, and computers in laps and on desks. The electronic
industry generates nearly $2 billion a year, and its no small wonder.
Americans own nearly 3 billion electronic products.
Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products,
while others are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as
construction, flatware, and jewelry.
Substances found in large quantities include epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs,
PVC(polyvinyl chlorides), thermo setting plastics, lead, tin, copper, silicon,
beryllium,carbon, iron and aluminium.
Elements found in small amounts include cadmium, mercury, and thallium.
Elements found in trace amounts include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium,bismuth,
boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, lithium,manganese, nickel,
niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silver,tantalum, terbium,
thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium.
Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and printed
circuit board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. Most of
the E-waste goes to China,Kenya and other countries. Guiyu in the Shantou region of
China is a huge electronic waste processing area. It is often referred to as the e-waste
capital of the world. The city employs over 150,000 e-waste workers that work
disassembling old computers and recapturing whatever metals and parts they can reuse
or sell. The thousands of individual workshops employ laborers to snip cables, pry chips
from circuit boards, grind plastic computer cases into particles,and dip circuit boards in
acid baths to dissolve the lead, cadmium, and other toxic metals. Others work to strip
insulation from all wiring in an attempt to salvage tiny amounts of copper wire.
Unless effective recycling measures of E-waste are adopted within the
countries,disposal of e waste becomes a menace in countries like US.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good discussion about Wright's Law and More's Law in predicting the technology
Development. A person predicting future developments has every reason to guess the
wrong.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Why Africa Can Feed Itselfand Help Feed the World Too
Good article. Yes. Africa can feed itself. I visited Kenya,Nigeria,etc. If you can provide
the ideas the young engineers and others can easly catch them and implement.
Renewable Energy Utilisation,Waste lands cultivation with carefree growth plants like
Agave for biofuel and Opuntia for Biogas and subsequent power generation will improve
rural economies in Africa.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Africa is endowed with natural resources and abundant
manpower. What is needed is proper planning,peace and implementing modern
technologies for development. As one economist put it, :" It is not the resources but
resourcefulness that explanins why people perish in the midst of plenty".
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Excellent post. Yes. Telecommuting has its own limits.Proximity is well known in
communicating between people. This is something like teleteaching and Blackboard
teaching.
Dr.a.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article.
There are other methods of Hydrogen Production:
Partial oxidation, Plasma reforming, Coal, From water, Electrolysis, Thermolysis,
ferrosilicon method, Photobiological water splitting, Photocatalytic water
splitting, Sulfur-iodine cycle, Biohydrogen routes, Fermentative hydrogen
Good Article.
There are other methods for Hydrogen production:
Partial oxidation, Plasma reforming, Coal, From water, Electrolysis, Thermolysis,
ferrosilicon method, Photobiological water splitting, Photocatalytic water
splitting, Sulfur-iodine cycle, Biohydrogen routes, Fermentative hydrogen
production, Enzymatic hydrogen generation, Biocatalysed electrolysis and
Renewable hydrogen.
When these methods are yet to be adopted on a large scale hydrogen production,there
is no point in searching for new methods.
Hydrogen is mainly used for the conversion of heavy petroleum fractions into lighter
ones via the process of hydro cracking and other petroleum fractions (de hydro
cyclization and the aromatization process). It is also required for cleaning fossil fuels via
hydro desulfurization. Hydrogen is also used for the production of ammonia via Haber
process. In this case, the hydrogen is produced in situ. Ammonia is the major
component of most fertilizers.
Earlier it was common to vent the surplus hydrogen off, nowadays the process systems
are balanced with hydrogen pinch to collect hydrogen for further use.
Hydrogen may be used in fuel cells for local electricity generation, making it possible for
hydrogen to be used as a transportation fuel for an electric vehicle.
Hydrogen is also produced as a by-product of industrial chlorine production by
electrolysis. Although requiring expensive technologies, hydrogen can be cooled,
compressed and purified for use in other processes on site or sold to a customer via
Excellent article. Innovation is not a routine work culminating in the Eureka! It comes as
a spark. As such one should not be disappointed if the immediate results are not
forthcoming. Persistence and perseverance are the essential factors for Innovations to
succeed.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent research. Batteries play crucial role in storing energy especially from
Renewables.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great research.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent. The main constraint for wider use of Solar PV is its low efficiency now. The
research is expected to pave the way for more efficient solar cells which will eventually
bring down the cost of production of power through PV.
Good research. Congratulations to all concerned.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Great article. Innovate or perish is the Mantra in Industry today. Innovation and invention
are the pillars of development.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent post. It is not ideas problem in Innovation but in selecting the right one and
working on it for success.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good story. Innovation involves a lot of uncertainty. Unless one sticks to the path and
persevere the outcome cannot be positive.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good Story. I visited Nigeria twice to attend conferences. I could meet some private
Entrepreneurs who were active in energy field. The country has resources and
manpower. Proper planning will help Nigeria to advance in all fields through innovative
approach.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article.
In the discussion Food Vs Fuel there are alternatives.
There is Agave and Opuntia which are care-free growth plants. Both of them are
good input for Biofuel as well as Biogas generation for power production.
Already Mexico is pioneer in it. These can be grown on a massive scale .
Especially in the Developing countries in the waste lands both these crops can
be grown intensively. Both are CAM Plants.There are other uses of Agave:
"Agave has a huge advantage, as it can grow in marginal or desert land, not on arable
land," and therefore would not displace food crops, says Oliver
Inderwildi, at the University of Oxford.
The majority of ethanol produced in the world is still derived from food crops such
as corn and sugarcane. Speculators have argued for years now that using such
crops for fuel can drive up the price of food.
Agave,however, can grow on hot dry land with a high-yield and low environmental
impact.The researchers proposing the plants use have modeled a facility in
Jalisco,Mexico, which converts the high sugar content of the plant into ethanol.
The main drawback for wider application of Biofuels is input. There was a big
movement for biofuel from Jatropha in India but in reality not much has been
achieved. Agave (Americana), Sisal Agave is a multiple use plant which has 10%
fermentable sugars and rich in cellulose. The fibre is used in rope making and
also for weaving clothes in Philippines under the trade name DIP-DRY. In Brazil
a paper factory runs on sisal as input. A Steroid HECOGENIN is extracted from
this plant leaves. Since on putrification,it produces methane gas, it can be
cut and used as input in biogas plants. Also in Kenya and Lesotho dried pieces
of Agave are mixed with concrete since it has fibres which act as binding.
At present, approximately 68.35 million hectare area of the land is lying as
wastelands in India. Agave and Opuntia can be grown in these lands which will
transform the rural economy. Mexico is leader in Biofuel from Agave and Biogas
from Opuntia.
Also biogas can be generated with input from Agave and Opuntia. There are
commercially available Biogas power generation plants from KW size to MW from
Germany,China and Vietnam.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good article.
In the discussion Food Vs Fuel there are alternatives.
There is Agave and Opuntia which are care-free growth plants. Both of them are good
input for Biofuel as well as Biogas generation for power production. Already Mexico is
pioneer in it. These can be grown on a massive scale . Especially in the Developing
countries in the waste lands both these crops can be grown intensively. Both are CAM
Plants.There are other uses of Agave:
"Agave has a huge advantage, as it can grow in marginal or desert land, not on arable
land," and therefore would not displace food crops, says Oliver Inderwildi, at the
University of Oxford.
The majority of ethanol produced in the world is still derived from food crops such as
corn and sugarcane. Speculators have argued for years now that using such crops for
fuel can drive up the price of food.
Agave, however, can grow on hot dry land with a high-yield and low environmental
impact. The researchers proposing the plants use have modeled a facility in Jalisco,
Mexico, which converts the high sugar content of the plant into ethanol.
The main drawback for wider application of Biofuels is input. There was a big movement
for biofuel from Jatropha in India but in reality not much has been achieved. Agave
(Americana), Sisal Agave is a multiple use plant which has 10% fermentable sugars and
rich in cellulose. The fibre is used in rope making and also for weaving clothes in
Philippines under the trade name DIP-DRY. In Brazil a paper factory runs on sisal as
input. A Steroid HECOGENIN is extracted from this plant leaves. Since on putrification,it
produces methane gas, it can be cut and used as input in biogas plants. Also in Kenya
and Lesotho dried pieces of Agave are mixed with concrete since it has fibres which act
as binding.
At present, approximately 68.35 million hectare area of the land is lying as wastelands in
India. Agave and Opuntia can be grown in these lands which will transform the rural
economy. Mexico is leader in Biofuel from Agave and Biogas from Opuntia.
Also biogas can be generated with input from Agave and Opuntia. There are
commercially available Biogas power generation plants from KW size to MW from
Germany,China and Vietnam.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
E-mail: anumakonda.jagadeesh@gmail.com
EditView in discussion
Though the method uses high tech,how reliable it is in rural areas of developing
countries? Many renewable energy designs like solar PV in rural areas had limited
success. Any technology that needs external personnel maintenance will meet with
limited success. Technology to be successful should be:
AT - Appropriate Technology
Adoptable Technology
Affordable Technology
Acceptable Technology
Accessable Technology.
Also some gadgets have instant success while others fail miserably. The examples are
Bicycle Vs Solar VBox Type Solar Cooker.While bicycle which costs double or triple that
of box type solar cooker,millions of bicycles are there on the roads while hardly about
600,000 Box Type solar cookers are sold(but not all of them used). The reason is ,there
is no provision for frying in box type solar cooker. Only boiling. In South India no meal is
served with out fried curries. There are two approaches in INNOVATION THEORY:
Technology push and Demand Push. If the device meets the user needs,he will readilily
accepts it. TECHNOLOGY IS CULTURE SPECIFIC while SCIENCE IS UNIVERSAL.
In Developing countries Dust isa big problem. Already the efficiency of present solar PV
is low. We have already seen about the dust accumulation at traffic signals.
I designed a 12 liter Solar disinfection unit which costs Rs 2000(about 300 US$) in
South India and which can be fabricated locally.
99.9% pure water is obtainable when the inside temperature in the unit reaches 55
degrees Celsius(outside temperature 30 degrees Celsius. Here both Thermal and UV
present in Sunlight are utilised. This unit will be a boon in developing
countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
While appreciating the project especially as it uses clean energy,I feel reliability is the
primary concern. Water is essential commodity. In developing countries dust is a big
problem. Already the signal lights with solar panels are facing problem because of dust
and smoke in developing countries. In such endeavors involving community,cooperation is a must. But unfortunately in many cases Co-operation means MORE
COOING AND LESS OPERATION. There are water purification methods which are cost
effective available in developing countries. There is a notion in developing countries that
RURAL IS BAD,URBAN IS BETTER AND FOREIGN IS THE BEST.
.I designed a 12 liter Solar disinfection unit which costs Rs 2000(about 300 US$) in
South India and which can be fabricated locally. 99.9% pure water is obtainable when
the inside temperature in the unit reaches 55 degrees Celsius(outside temperature 30
degrees Celsius. Here both Thermal and UV present in Sunlight are utilised. This unit
will be a boon in developing countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Nodoubt the project looks novel andwhat is more it uses solar energy. But the point is
how reliable the system in developing countries. Dust is a major constraint in developing
countries.. Already the efficiency of solar cell is low. Drinking water is an essential
commodity and as such reliability should be the primary concern. Already the signalling
lights and strreet lights suffer from this Dust problem. In such ventures especially in the
community projects in rural areas Co-operation is essential. But in many cases Cooperation means MORE COOING AND LESS OPERATION!
What developing countries need badly are devices which can be fabricated locally and
maintained with local skills. There are low cost water purification devices that are
available now. Unfortunately in the developing countries there is a notion that RURAL IS
BAD,URBAN IS BETTER AND FOREIGN IS THE BEST!
I designed a 12 liter Solar disinfection unit which costs Rs 2000(about 300 US$) in
South India and which can be fabricated locally. 99.9% pure water is obtainable when
the inside temperature in the unit reaches 55 degrees Celsius(outside temperature 30
degrees Celsius. This unit will be a boon in developing countries.
Details of the Unit:
http://www.harvesth2o.com/adob...
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
Prevention is better than cure. Pollution is such a widespread problem regulation makes
sense.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
EV s will be the most clean transportation. Hydrogen and fuel cells too.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Energy saving at every level(even if it causes little bit uncomfort) has to be adopted by
every one. Air Conditioners consume maximum energy in domestic use. Traditional
architecture (for example mud hoses in Rajasthan),cross ventilation will reduce the
consumption of power in houses and offices with ceiling and pedestal fans in developing
countries. It was estimated in Mumbai(India), out of 2700 MW usage of Electricity per
day 1000 MW goes to Air Conditioning!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. With more and more efficient solar cells coming into market in the
future(near!),it is expected solar energy(PV and CSP) will be affordable in developing
countries.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I salute President Barack Obama for his commitment to promote Renewable Energy
and to combat Climate Change.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
2 EditView in discussion
The article may not give the true picture of power position in Germany vis a vis
Renewable Energy.
Germany's renewable energy sector is among the most innovative and successful
worldwide. The share of electricity produced from renewable energy in Germany has
increased from 6.3 percent of the national total in 2000 to about 25 percent in the first
half of 2012. In 2011 20.5% (123.5 TWh) of Germany's electricity supply (603 TWH)
was produced from renewable energy sources, more than the 2010
contribution of gas-fired power plants.
Siemens chief executive, Peter Lscher believes that Germanys target of generating 35
per cent of its electricity from renewables by 2020 is achievable and, most probably,
profitable for Europes largest engineering company. Nordex, Repower, Fuhrlnder and
Enercon arewind power companies based in Germany. Solon SE, Q-Cells and Conergy
are solar powercompanies based in Germany, which had held an important share of the
world market, but have all had to file for insolvency due to Chinese competition and
major cuts in guaranteed feed-in tariffs (Solon: 11/2011, Q-Cells: 4/2012,
Conergy:7/2013). Every third solar panel and every second wind rotor is made in
Germany, and German turbines and generators used in hydro energy generation are
among the most popular worldwide. In 2010, investments totaling 26 billion euros were
made in Germanys renewable energies sector.
According to official figures, some 370,000 people in Germany were employed in the
renewable energy sector in 2010, especially in small and medium sized companies.
This is an increase of around 8 percent compared to 2009
(around 339,500 jobs), and well over twice the number of jobs in 2004 (160,500). About
two-thirds of these jobs are attributed to the Renewable Energy Sources Act Germany
has been called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".
However German consumers pay the highest electricity prices in Europe. However,
prices are set to rise because the renewable energy surcharge is projected to increase
from 5.3 cents to between 6.2 and 6.5 cents per kilowatt hour along with a higher
surcharge to finance the power grids of 0.2 to 0.4 cents per kwh. In 2013 German
consumers will pay 20 billion ($26 billion) for electricity from solar, wind and biogas
plants to consume electricity with a market price of just over 3 billion.
According to a government study, electricity will cost up to 40 cents a kilowatt-hour by
2020, a 40-percent increase over today's prices.
If too much power comes from the grid, wind turbines have to be shut down, but
consumers must pay for the "phantom electricity" the turbines are theoretically
generating. Occasionally, the country has to pay to get rid of excess power instead of
getting paid for producing it, creating "negative electricity prices". To attract investors,
the government agreed to pay 19 cents per kilowatt-hour for offshore wind, 50 percent
more than from land-based wind farms and assumed liability. New high-voltage power
lines will transport offshore energy to western and southern Germany. Grid expansion
costs are estimated at 20 billion, excluding cables to bring the power ashore.
Today Energy from Renewables may be expensive compared to Conventional power but
as advances in the Renewable Energy Efficiency increases,
the difference will narrow down Germany is also known to offer free education to
Graduate students in Universities. In Germany, most of the institutions of higher
education charge no or very little tuition fee to the tune of 500 Euro per
semester. However, one has to pay semester contribution ranging from Euro 50 to
250, depending upon the university and the services or benefits provided.
Besides one has to take into account your living expenses of around Euro 740 a
month and travel expenses to and from home country.Many developing country
students got benefit from the excellent education offered in Germany compared
to the very expensive education in US.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
5 EditView in discussion
water in elevated reservoirs, using excess electricity at times of low demand to pump
water up to the reservoirs, then letting the water pass through turbine generators to
retrieve the energy when electrical demands peak.
Many renewable energy sources (most notably solar and wind) produce intermittent
power. Wherever intermittent power sources reach high levels of grid penetration,
energy storage becomes one option to provide reliable energy supplies. Other options
include recourse to peaking power plants, methane storage (excess renewable
electricity to hydrogen via electrolysis, combine with CO2 (low to neutral CO2 system) to
produce methane (synthetic natural gas sabatier process) with stockage in the natural
gas network)[28][29]and smart grids with advanced energy demand management.
The latter involves bringing "prices to devices", i.e. making electrical equipment and
appliances able to adjust their operation to seek the lowest spot price of electricity. On a
grid with a high penetration of renewables, low spot prices would correspond to times of
high availability of wind and/or sunshine.
Seasonal thermal energy storage stores heat deep in the ground via a cluster of
boreholes, the Drake Landing Solar Community in Alberta, Canada has achieved a 97%
solar fraction for year 'round heating, with solar collectors on the garage
roofs as the heat source. In Braestrup, Denmark, the community's solar district
heating system also utilizes STES, at a storage temperature of 65 oC. A heat pump,
which is run only when there is surplus wind power available on the national grid, is
used when extracting heat from the storage to raise the temperature to 80 oC for
distribution. This helps stabilize the national grid, as well as contributing
to maximal use of wind power. When surplus wind generated electricity is not
available, a gas-fired boiler is used. Presently, 20% of Braestrup's heat is
solar, but expansion of the facility is planned to raise the fraction to 50%.
References:
1. Wild, Matthew, L. Wind Drives Growing Use of Batteries, The New York Times,
July 28, 2010, pp. B1.
2. Diane Cardwell (July 16, 2013). "Battery Seen as Way to Cut Heat-Related Power
Losses". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
3. Natural Resources Canada, 2012. Canadian Solar Community Sets New World
Record for Energy Efficiency and Innovation. 5 Oct. 2012.
4. Solar District Heating (SDH). 2012. Braedstrup Solar Park in Denmark Is Now a
Reality! Newsletter. 25 Oct. 2012. SDH is a European Union-wide program.
5.Weeks, Jennifer (2010-04-28). "U.S. Electrical Grid Undergoes Massive Transition to
Connect to Renewables".Scientific American. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes,It is. I was in Japan for a fortnight and was surprised about the cost of small bottled
water. Mineral water costs more than a soft drink.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Fix This/Water
Excellent Innovation.Amazing.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. Energy Saving is as important as Energy Generation. Each Kwh saved is each
Kwh generated.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. There is more and more usage of power from Renewables. Hence Decentralised
power will play a major role.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good news for Diabetics. In India Diabetes is the most common disease.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good alternative.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Why not developing countries follow these. Out of 2700 MW Power consumption per
day in Mumbai(India) Air Conditioning accounts for1000 MW!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
6 EditView in discussion
On the top of the Wind Turbine Hang the 2 Foot diameter (16 inch Inflated) Scare-Eye to
scare away flocks of nuisance birds who are repelled by its bright color and the unusual
design. The eyes exaggerate the glaring eyes and gaping mouth of a predator bird.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Excellent post. Bio mimicry is followed in many cases of Science and technology
breakthroughs.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Good post. Mr.Narayana Murthy is avisionary and is expected to bring in the much
needed leadership to set right the things in Infosys.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Westmill solar park is in the United Kingdom located on a site of 30 acres near to
Watchfield, on the Wiltshire/Oxfordshire border, just off the A420.The site adjoins that of
the Westmill Wind Farm Co-operative.
The solar power plant has over 21,000 solar panels and
has been operational since July 2011.
When acquired by the Co-operative, it was the largest community-owned photovoltaic
power station in the world.
Here are just some of the many successful community energy schemes in the UK:
Leominster Community Solar (LCS)
LCS
installed a 49kW solar array on Bridge Street Sports Centre in Leominster in
November 2011.
The site generates clean, green electricity for the centre. The Coop raised The
150,725 from 94 locals, and the scheme was oversubscribed by 40%.
Ovesco
Lewes
Ovesco installed a large photovoltaic system on the roof of the Harveys warehouse in
July 2011. The 544 photovoltaic (PV) panels generate 92,000 kWh hours of green
electricity each year enough to save more than 40 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually.
The Coop raised 307,000, mostly via a share offer in the local community.
Bath and West Community Energy
BWCE launched a 400,000 community share offer in September 2011. Over the next
four months they installed solar PV on several schools in the area, part of 1.5
megawatts of community-owned solar in the area.
Brixton Energy
Londons first cooperatively owned solar power project was launched in March 2012.
Brixton Energy Solar 1 houses several hundred square metres of solar panels on the
roof of Elmore House in the Loughborough Estate in Brixton. The solar panels started
generating power on the 30th of March 2012.
Baywind
In 1996/7 the communities of Ulverston and Barrow in Cumbria raised 1.2 million to
buy two turbines. In 1998/99 a second share offer raised a further 670,000 to buy
another turbine. Since then theyve built 5 other projects. The co-op currently has over
1,300 shareholders throughout the UK and abroad.
Hockerton Housing Project
Hockerton Housing Project is the UKs first earth sheltered sustainable
housingdevelopment: together the five houses generate 80% their energy needs onsite
through wind turbines and solar pv, topped up by a renewable energy tariff zero
carbon since 1997!
Sustainable Hockerton installed a community-owned wind turbine in 2009, generating
electricity equivalent to the amount used by homes in the parish. The 75 members
invested a total of 235,000 and receive interest on their shares; and remaining profits
will be invested in local sustainability projects.
Boyndie Wind Farm Co-op
Boyndie Wind Farm Co-op raised 750.000 and purchased a stake in Falck Renewables
in 2006. The 716 members, each with a shareholding ranging from 250 to 20,000,
receive annual interest on their shares. The wind farm generates 14 MW at full capacity.
Fesa
Fesa in south Germany raises capital for energy co-op projects in South-Baden. So far
they have raised about 20 million for investments in regional energy systems, including
nine wind turbines, eight solar power systems, one hydroelectric power system and a
power saving scheme.
Danish Wind Guilds
Danish Wind Coops provided much of the early impetus behind Danish renewable
energy
Over 600MW of Denmarks wind capacity is owned by guilds with over 100,000
members owning around 3200 turbines. Partnerships between the wind guilds and wind
turbine manufactureres has helped
Danish industry become a leading country once.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
We have about 1,200 investors now in 44 states. The average investment is $1,000.
They range from 18 years old to 95 years old and the mean investor age is 40, but the
most common investor is 28 years old, probably lives in the [San Francisco] Bay Area.
Its not quite 60-40 male/female, and while the profile started out with more
philanthropic motivation, increasingly people are coming on because they like the
investment on a pure returns basis.
In India also similar ventures can be started to make Solar a peoples movement.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
glad that more and more Latin American countries are going in for large scale
Renewable Energy Projects in Wind and Solar.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Australia being a vast country decentralkised Renewable energy Systems make sense.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Biofuels From Waste Enzyme From Tiny Marine WoodBorers May Provide Cost-Effective Means To Produce
Biofuel
It is of much concern.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
JNNSM Phase 2 Draft Policy, by which the Government aims to install 10GW of Solar
Power and of this 10 GW target, 4 GW would fall under the central scheme and the
remaining 6 GW under various State specific schemes.
In July 2009, India unveiled a US$19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power by
2020. Under the plan, the use of solar-powered equipment and applications would be
made compulsory in all
government buildings, as well as hospitals and hotels. On 18 November 2009, it was
reported that India was ready to launch its National Solar Mission under the National
Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013.
From August 2011 to July 2012, India went from 2.5 MW of grid connected photovoltaics
to over 1,000 MW.
Land is a scarce resource in India and per capita land availability is low. Dedication of
land area for exclusive installation of solar arrays might have to compete with other
necessities that require land. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power
plantscurrently approximately 1 km2 for every 2060 megawatts (MW) generated
could pose a strain on India's available land resource. The
architecture more suitable for most of India would be a highly distributed set of individual
rooftop power generation systems, all connected via a local grid. However, erecting such
an infrastructure, which does not enjoy the economies of scale possible in mass,
utility-scale, solar panel deployment, needs the market price of solar
technology deployment to substantially decline, so that it attracts the
individual and average family size household consumer. That might be possible in the
future, because PV is projected to continue its current cost reductions for the next
decades and be able to compete with fossil fuel.
Here I want to draw a parallel between Wind and Solar Energy development in India.
Wind turbines were totally imported in 1990 and in no time Indian Wind Industry
indigenized most parts and India occupies the 5th position in the World next only to
China,US,Germany and Spain. When such a phenomenal success was there in Wind
why these starting troubles in Solar PV? India with such a huge industrial infrastructure
and talent can indigenize TOTAL SOLAR panel production. When China can do it why
not India? Obviously somewhere something is holding back. When there is ban of
Chinese Wind Turbines import, why Solar Components are allowed?
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has
significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind
industry compared with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest
installed wind power capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest
among the other top four countries.
As of 31 Jan 2013 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 19051.5MW, mainly
spread across Tamil Nadu (7154 MW), Gujarat (3,093 MW), Maharashtra (2976 MW),
Karnataka (2113 MW), Rajasthan (2355 MW), Madhya Pradesh (386 MW), Andhra
Pradesh (435 MW), Kerala (35.1 MW), Orissa (2MW), West Bengal (1.1
MW) and other states (3.20 MW). It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additional wind power
capacity will be installed in India by 2012. Wind power accounts for 6% of India's total
installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power. India's wind atlas
is available.
To make it a National movement why not we adopt Wind and
Solar Co-operatives?
Need for Wind Turbine Co-operatives in India:
Wind turbine cooperatives - Origin from Denmark:
To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for
generating their own electricity within their own
or an adjoining commune.While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more
often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in
community wind turbines.
The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to single turbines. The
Middelgrunden offshore wind farm with 20 turbines the world's largest offshore farm at
the time it was built in 2000 is 50% owned by the 10,000 investors in the
Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company.
By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to wind turbine cooperatives, which had
installed 86% of all the wind turbines in Denmark. By 2004 over 150,000 were either
members or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with
greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to
75%.
The Netherlands has an active community of wind cooperatives. They build and operate
wind parks in all regions of the Netherlands. This started in the 1980s with the first
Lagerweij turbines. Back then, these turbines could be financed by the members of the
cooperatives. Today, the cooperatives build larger wind parks, but not as large
as commercial parties do. Some still operate self-sufficiently; others partner with larger
commercial wind park developers.
United Kingdom
As of 2012, there are 43 communities who are in the
process of or already producing renewable energy through co-operative structures in the
UK. They are set up and run by everyday people, mostly local residents, who are
investing their time and money and together installing large wind turbines, solar panels,
or hydro-electric power for their local communities
United States
As of 2011, Iowa has just one community owned wind farm,
that is Hardin Hilltop near Jefferson, Iowa. National Windis
a large-scale community wind project developer, with thirteen families of projects in
development or operation. These projects have an aggregate capacity of over 4,000
MW. The vision of the company is to revitalize rural economies by promoting investment
in domestic renewable energy resources. National Wind creates shared ownership with
communities and allows them participation in decisions which are made.
In India also Wind Farm /Solar Co-operatives can be started.
A Wind Fund can be created by Government with contributions from Individuals paying
Income Tax to get tax Exemption under Section 80 C.
This fund will invest in Community Wind Farms (Wind Turbine
Co-operatives) and Solar Co-operatives..
This way Wind and solar will become a mass movement.
In Rajasthan desert area a lot of Solar Farms are coming up.
I visited the area where the present Solar Projects were established. The Problem with
Rajasthan is LOO.
One problem with solar panels that I have repeatedly raised is dust. It's everywhere, and
the atmosphere is full of it. That's a lot of dust, and it coats everything, including solar
panels. And more dust is kicked up by the wind.
Desert countries are of course best suited to photovoltaic generation, but keep in mind
that arid regions also have a bigger problem with dust, that means PV panels have to be
frequently cleaned to maintain optimum power production, and that of course requires a
further expenditure of energy for maintenance.
Some countries are setting up Vast solar arrays in desert
countries and exporting the power to other countries. And the bigger the solar park, the
more people and machines will be needed to keep making the rounds and cleaning the
panels, especially after a dust storm. This continuing expenditure of energy for
maintenance needs to be taken into account. If cleaning is neglected, then before you
know it a solar park's output will drop to half or even below as dust continues to
accumulate.
Dust accumulation on the Solar Panels is a big problem especially in arid regions.
Everybody knows anything immobile is quickly covered, whether hanging laundry,
parked cars or solar panels. Unless regularly
removed, accumulated dust can in one month reduce a solar panel's efficiency by 35
per cent, according to some experts, more if there is a dust storm. Making matters
worse is that, in addition to the dust that blows in from the desert, the region's relatively
high humidity helps turn fine dust into a sort of crust. "It makes the dust stick,"
Using precious water in those regions is expensive nor regular cleaning manually large
installations.
Why not Scientists develop non sticky dust glass ? A glass where the dust won't stick to
the surface but slides with a periodic jerk. A motor can be fitted to the solar panels with
a Timer and power for the motor can be obtained from solar panels themselves. In
Rajasthan,India there is ambitious Solar PV Programme for large scale power. Dust
storms in Rajasthan during summer are common which are carried to far way places.
The Loo is a strong, hot and dry summer afternoon wind from the west which blows over
the western Indo-Gangetic Plain region of North India and Pakistan. It is especially
strong in the months of May and June. Due to its very high temperatures (45 C50 C
or 115F-120F), exposure to it often leads to fatal heat strokes.
Here are interesting points on Desertec?
Desertec is a set of plans for a massive network of solar and wind farms stretching
across the Mena region and intended to connect to Europe via high voltage direct
current transmission cables (which are supposed to only lose 3% of their electricity per
1000km, or 620 miles).
One of the difficulties in maintaining CSPs is the harsh desert itself; while damaging
sandstorms are relatively rare, the troughs must
be tilted away from the wind if it reaches a certain speed. Bodo Becker, operations
manager at a German company specializing in building CSP plants designed for desert
use, says that if the troughs are not moved away from high winds, they act like giant
sails. (Thats definitely not good for the equipment.)
Keeping the troughs clean isnt easy, either; dry cleaning technology is being developed,
but it doesnt quite work yet. Currently, water is used both to cool the heat transfer fluid
and clean the array. Its a lot of water, according to Becker, as reported by the Guardian:
Due to the dusty conditions, we are witnessing about 2% degradation every day in
performance, so we need to clean them daily. We use about 39 cubic meters [10,300
gallons] of demineralized water each day for cleaning across the whole site.
In the Rajasthan area where the solar farms are coming up getting water for regular
cleaning is expensive if not practicable(Every day).
Certainly a study on the effect of sand particles when they strike the solar panels and
their effect on the solar panel and subsequent efficiency reduction should be carried out
as the life of the solar panel is about 20 years. Unlike Wind which is the oldest
Renewable energy, solar is a few years old(on a massive scale) and as such
reliability of solar panels under harsh conditions is a must.
Since India is having an ambitious Solar Energy Program, thorough research in
increasing the efficiency and reliability of the systems is a must.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Mobile is the greatest invention in recent times, no doubt. But of late it is being misused
to a large extent especially by the youngsters.So is the social media like Facebook.
There must be a check if somebody misuses Mobile to harass people and severe
punishment accorded. Mobile should not become MOB(ile)!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Yes. Infact many women factory workers are paid less salaries as they work for their
sustenance.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. The trouble with solar PV is its low efficiency. The present Solar PV
Efficiency is around 15% while wind about 35%, micro hydel about 60% . Tremendous
research on improving solar cell efficiency is on in countries like Germany,USA,Japan
etc. with improved and efficient materials like Gallium Arsenide,Gallium
Phosphide,Tandem,organic polymer etc. What puzzles me is while countries with low
sunshine like Germany,Spain,US are going in a big way in solar energy utilisation why a
country with abundant sunshine is lagging behind? the reason is we still use low
Yes. I agree. The mineral water(Bottled) is very popular in India also. But in the rural
areas people keep drinking water in Mud jars which has natural cooling( mud jars has
pores, evaporation produces cooling).
In Hindu Temples Theertham(Holy Water) is served by priest which has leaves of
Ocimum sanctum,Illiyachi,Green Camphor . These give fine taste besides the water is
preserved safe by these ingredients.
Here are the properties of Ocimum sanctum:
Name: Ocimum sanctum
Filename: Ocimum_sanctum.jpg
Description:
Botanical name : Ocimum sanctum Linn (Black variety)
Family : Lamiaceae
SANSKRIT SYNONYMS
Tulasi, Surasa, Svetatulasi.
AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES
Rasa : Kashaya, Tikta
Guna : Lakhu,
Rooksha
Virya : Ushna
PLANT NAME IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES
English :
EditView in discussion
Excellent article on Shale gas and its role in Indian Energy Scenario.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Watch this video and you will never need to waste an apple
core again
It won't require a VIDEO to show this. Everybody does the same in India. But a Rider:
YOU CAN'T BITE MORE THAN WHAT YOU CAN CHEW. So Gentleman in the Video)
be slow in eating the Apple.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Yes. Developing countries can follow the fine example of Germany in Harnessing
Renewables.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article. Yes. Renewables Differ widely. The paradox is each promoter of a
particular Renewable Energy thinks it is superior. But all efforts should be to utilise
Renewables where ever each one is strong.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
3 EditView in discussion
1 EditView in discussion
But even then Solar PV is a far cry in many developing countries. It is not the fall of price
but increase of Efficiency that matters. Solar PV Efficiency is around 15% while wind
turbines 35%,micro/minihydel about 60%. Unless improved material and efficient solar
Cells are available in the World, SOLAR PV cannot be competitive with other
Renewables leave away conventional power.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent article.
Our current system of trade is based on the availability of cheap fossil fuels. Yet the time
nears when prices will rise and oil will become increasingly scarce. If we want to
avoid this vulnerability, we must now begin to think about ways to reduce our
dependency and promote the idea of self-sustaining towns and communities.
In June 2010, Lloyds Insurance and Chatham House issued a report called Sustainable
Energy Security: strategic risks and opportunities for business, which argued that
energy security is now inseparable from the
transition to a low-carbon economy and business plans should prepare for this new
reality. So what might it look like if our response to climate change is also designed to
respond to energy security, and the imminent peaking in world oil production (or peak
oil)? The Transition movement, which began in Ireland and is now active in hundreds of
communities around the world, is a huge
collective experiment in trying to figure this out. Its premise is that just as cheap energy,
particularly liquid fuels, have made economic globalization possible, so will it become
increasingly difficult to sustain as these fuels
become scarcer...
In a thought provoking article World Without Oil(
Sustainable City News), Lise Maring argues:
The world is now consuming roughly 77 million barrels of oil a day. And the demand
grows every year as other countries aspire to our style of living and level of
consumption. What's really interesting is that out of that 77 million barrels, the U.S.
consumes most of it. In 2002, the U.S. consumed 19.66 million barrels a day on the
average--more than one-quarter of the entire world's oil
consumption--and the demand in this country continues to grow every year. You can
check this out for yourself on this US Department of Energy web site: eia.doe.gov
Today, much of our food travels an average of 1200 to 1500 miles before it gets to our
tables. Most of the vegetables consumed in the East were transported overland by truck
from California. The roads the trucks roll on are made of asphalt. Where does asphalt
come from? You guessed it--from petroleum. When the supplies of asphalt become
more restricted, our entire transportation
system may very well begin to deteriorate. There are some substitutes, but certainly not
in the quantities required to maintain a national road system. And the substitutes also
require energy to manufacture and transport. Which
roads will be sacrificed first? Will it be the interstate system on the edge of town, or the
street in front of your home?
And, oh, by the way, those tires on the trucks and on your
family car? They also required petroleum in their manufacture and distribution. Along
with the machinery that mined the iron ore, converted it into steel, and
formed it into the frame for your car.
So, okay, what else is oil used for? Well, plastics for one
thing! Look around you. How much of your world is made up of plastic? The keyboard
you type on is most likely plastic, as are the casings for your monitor and your printer.
Good article.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Excellent
article. Though there is loud talk on Renewables,much needs to be done in this
area in many states. Even Simple solar cookers,solar driers,small wind
turbines,energy conservation in lighting,energy efficient electric motors etc.
are yet to be promoted on a massive scale.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Why not Scientists develop non sticky dust glass ? A glass where the dust won't stick to
the surface but slides with a periodic jerk. In Rajasthan,India there is ambitious Solar PV
Programme for large scale power. Dust storms in Rajasthan during summer are
common which are carried to far way places.
The Loo is a strong, hot and dry summer afternoon wind from
the west which blows over the western Indo-Gangetic Plain region of North India and
Pakistan. It is especially strong in the months of May and June. Due to its very high
temperatures (45 C50 C or 115F-120F), exposure to it often leads to fatal heat
strokes.
Infact there are places hot enough like Ramagundam,Kothagudem,Rentachintala in
Andhra Pradesh.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Cheating Students
Excellent article.
Yes. Mahatma Gandhijis views on Education with human values
especially at the school level are still relevant today.
Here is an excellent short article, Relevance Of Gandhian Ideals In The Scheme Of
Value Education by P. I. Devraj & Shyamala K.( Comprehensive Site By Gandhian
Institute Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal & Gandhi Research Foundation)
The importance of providing value education is felt necessary today because the
present system of education cannot contribute much to the individual and social
development. Value-oriented education does not mean preaching of mere moral
sciences or propagating particular religious tenets, but it is imparting knowledge of
values considered
functional for both individual as well as society.
and ends. They are values central to any society because all human relations in
the social, political as well as economic spheres are influenced by them in one
way or the other. They are to be the standards and goals of our society. These
can also become the foundations of a more peaceful and happy world order which
is very much the need of mankind today.
In the field of education and especially in society today, "humanistic education" is the
subject of considerable interest and controversy. Many people of good will immediately
react "for it" or "against it," depending on previous experience with the term...Actually,
the term means many different things to different people. Humanistic education is an
educational approach. Most educators who advocate humanistic education typically
intend this approach to mean one or more of three things:
1. Humanistic education teaches a wide variety of skills which are needed to function in
today's world--basic skills such as reading, writing and computation, as well as skills in
communicating, thinking, decision-making, problem-solving and knowing oneself.
2. Humanistic education is a humane approach to education--one that helps students
believe in themselves and their potential, that encourages compassion and
understanding, that fosters self-respect and respect for others.
3. Humanistic education deals with basic human concerns--with the issues throughout
history and today that are of concern to human beings trying to improve the quality of
life--to pursue knowledge, to grow, to love, to find meaning for one's existence.
Humanistic education methods are used in public and private schools, the family,
religious education, business and other settings.
Humanistic education is essential for preparing young people to be citizens in a
democracy.If democracy is to work, its citizens must be educated. They must know how
to gather information, distinguish fact from opinion, analyze propaganda, understand
many different viewpoints, understand justice, think for themselves, communicate their
opinions clearly, and work with others for the common good. These are among the most
important skills that humanistic education seeks to teach our youth.
The concept of Gurukulam in India and Folkeschools in Denmark is to develop
humanistic values.
New Germanium-Based Material Could Replace Silicon for Electronics - Yes. It Will.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Great research by Purdue Universitys Birck Nanotechnology Center. Let us hope it will
be a major breakthrough.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Everyday some news or other appears that solar cell efficiency has been increased in
the laboratory tests. But for developing countries solar PV is still a luxury because still
the low efficient systems are only used. Is it not time to think of going in for the latest
efficient solar PV systems after a couple of years rather than rushing with the present
ones. There are alternatives like Wind,Biomass,micro and mini hydel which are more
efficient and which costs less compared to PV.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
What you get and what you answer is nothing Mr.Tom Cochran . I receive hundreds of
e-mails and I am one of the most prolific users in the WORLD itself! It is only
commitment and efficiency of answering the E-mails that matter. Sometimes my
answers to e-mail runs into pages. All replies sent with in an hour of receipt. For me Email and Internet saves me much money compared to posting number of letters in the
past. Long live E-mail!
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
There are alternatives to suck Carbon Dioxide in deserts Mr.Paul Gipe. There are CAM
Plants.
As the CO2 content of the air progressively declined
millions of years ago, certain plants evolved specialized biochemical pathways and
anatomical adaptations that enabled them to increase their intracellular CO2
concentration at the site of its fixation, which
allowed the primary carboxylating enzyme rubisco to function more efficiently. The CO2
concentrating mechanism possessed by these CAM plants operates by sequentially
reducing CO2 into carbohydrates at two different times of day. The initial reduction of
CO2 into a four-carbon sugar is done at night - when CAM plant stomata are open - by
the enzyme PEP-carboxylase. Then, during the day when CAM plant stomata are
closed, the four-carbon sugar is decarboxylated, increasing the plant's intercellular CO2
concentration, and the resulting CO2 is subsequently reduced back into a carbohydrate,
but this time by rubisco.
Please see:
https://www.khanacademy.org/sc...
Among CAM plants, species of Agave have started to attract increasing attention as
energy crops .Agave is a succulent genus within the monocot family Agavaceae. The
plants have a large rosette of thick fleshy leaves, each ending generally in a sharp point,
and are indigenous to both arid and semi-arid regions from the southern USA to
northern South America.The genus Agave traditionally includes about 166 species;
however, the genus is paraphyletic to the genera Manfreda, Polianthes, and
Prochnyanthes. The entire clade of 208 species has been termed Agave sensu lato .The
most important commercial species are Agave tequilana grown for production of tequila;
Agave angustifolia, Agave salmiana, Agave americana, and several other species that
are grown commercially in Mexico for the production of mescal (a distilled beverage
similar to tequila); Agave sisalana that has been cultivated in the Caribbean, Brazil,
India, many Pacific islands, Australia,
and parts of Africa for fiber production; and Agave fourcroydes and Agave lechuguilla
which are the species of choice for fiber production in Mexico. The saponins tigogenin
and hecogenin are extracted from the waste residues of A. sisalana and A.americana
fibers and are important raw materials in the synthesis of steroid hormone.
The genus Agave is important for the consideration of these species as biomass
feedstocks. Some Agave species have a real potential to be bioenergy crops.Water-Use
Efficiency and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism About 7% of all plant species possess
CAM many of which represent the predominant plant biomass in arid,semi-arid, or
marginal regions of the world. Normally, a CAM plant has approximately 33% of the
water requirement of a C4 plant and approximately 16% of the water requirement of a
C3 plant to produce the same amount of biomass.
Thanks to CAM, several cultivated species of Agave can reach good productivities in
areas where rainfall is insufficient for the cultivation of many C3 and C4 crops. For
example, the productivity of A. salmiana under only 32 cm of annual rainfall
was 10 Mg ha1 year1. CAM permits the net uptake of CO2 at night end,
thereby dramatically improving water-use efficiency for carbon assimilation in plants
growing in arid habitats.Stomata (the microscopic pores in leaves) open to allow CO2 to
enter to carry out photosynthesis. This opening leads to the loss of water vapor
(transpiration). C3 and C4 plants open their stomata during the day when the
temperatures are higher, the sun is brighter, and the loss of water by transpiration is
high. The key feature of the CAM photosynthetic pathway used by agaves is the opening
of stomata and CO2 uptake during the night, thus allowing less water to be lost by
transpiration.During the daytime, CAM plants tend to close their stomata, so any CO2
fixed during this period
must come from within the plants.
Agave Uses and Potential By-products
Alcoholic beverages, sweeteners, fibers, and some speciality chemicals are currently
the main products coming from agave plants.
Beverages
Among the most common products of agave are alcoholic beverages, tequila (from
A.tequilana) and mescal (mainly from A. angustifolia) .Another product is the nectar or
syrup, consisting of non-structural carbohydrates and used as a sweetener. Recently,
this has appeared internationally in chain grocery stores .
Fibers
These are the vascular bundles that carry water from the soil. They have been used for
bindings, nets, sacks,twines, and ropes, etc. The preferred species for fiber production
have been A. lechuguilla, A. fourcroydes, and A. sisalana. The agave fiber industry once
consumed
over 1million ha of land, but this has now been reduced by about 90% due to the growth
of the synthetic fiber industry.
Chemicals
The steroidal saponins tigogenin and hecogenin, extracted from the waste residues after
production of sisal fibers from A. sisalana and A. americana, are important raw
materials in the synthesis of steroid hormones. They are used as starting materials in
the production of corticosteroids (cortisone, cortisol, prednisolone, prednisone,
dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, etc.). They have cholesterol-lowering,
anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation activities .Other
saponins identified within the Agave genus include manogenin, yucagenin,agavogenin,
Yes. US can take lead in going in for massive usage of solar and wind both onshore and
offshore.
Put the SUN and WIND to WORK: To get inexhaustible,pollution-free energy which
cannot be misused.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
4 EditView in discussion
success and children, youth and old-all alike have become addicted to get equipped
with general knowledge so that they can try their luck for winning fabulous
cash prizes.
The Author has developed Novel
solutions and sustainable technologies for the benefits of bottoms billions
like Everybodys Solar Water Heater, Simple Solar Drier, Safe Drinking Water
from Solar Disinfection,Energy Conservation in Irrigation pumpsets,Hand
operated Battery charger, Multiple Uses of Gas Stove,Pedal operated Washing
machine etc.,
Innovation, Invention and
creativity are the pillars of progress of any Society / Nation. The greater the
participation of people in the developmental activities, the quicker will be
the progress. A new approach Innovative Technology (IT) deliberately involving
people from all walks of life is the need of the hour in identifying the felt
needs in the developing countries and finding solutions. Such a technology will
contribute to Integrated Development (ID).
Modernise the Traditional
Traditionalise the Modern
Dr.A.Jagadeesh
Nellore(AP),India
1 EditView in discussion
Yes. Technology can end poverty. Technology advancement should be centered around
common man. The technology should be coupled with social justice.
The Challenge today is to harness science to the chariot wheels of progress and to
press science as a deliberate tool to serve the basic needs of the common man and
contribute to the economic, social, and cultural transformation of the country.If the
benefits of science and technology are to reach the vast majority of our people who live
in country side, some serious thinking is called for to develop science to serve the
needs of these people. Science must be relevant and percolate to reach these people
and involve the people in the process of development. This calls for organisation and
management of science and developing science to suit the development of these
people.Innovative TechnologyThe new awareness culminating in quest for Innovative
Technology has three components : the realization that mans inner needs are as great
as, if not greater than, his outer requirements ; the appreciation of the inadequacy of our
institutions for rethinking and the acceptance of the fact that the world is evolving not
towards a plurality of civilizations.The Innovative Technology arises from the new
awareness. A prior commitment to enlightened cosmologies is a necessary precondition for the development of the Innovative Technology. As such, the Innovative
Technology : integrates values with knowledge replaces linear thinking of old science
by the multi-dimensional systems approach ; is multi-cultural, that is, it carries different
hopes and aspirations for different groups of people ; and gives rise to alternative
Innovative Technologies.The Innovative Technology is based on a new concept and is
intended for the well-being of men and his habitat. It encourages direct innovation with
human needs and environmental imperatives in view. It is unique to people and their
culture, it is their technology and will meet only their needs and their requirements.Three
essential ingredients to evolve such Innovative Technology are : Mass scientific
network: This is basically an extension network covering agriculture and related
activities, public health and industry. Local problem-solving capability: Formalized
groups within rural industries and other production units:(a) to articulate its demand for
additional inputs ;(b) to establish outward linkages into the national S&T system ; and
to extend inward linkages into the extension network serving the locality.Content and
Scope of Innovative TechnologiesIn this field several terms have sprung up and have
been indiscriminately used like (a) Intermediate technology or low technology, (b)
appropriate technology, and Innovative Technologies.(a) Intermediate or Low
TechnologyIntermediate technology has meant many things to many people as a type of
technology which lies in between the primitive technology and sophisticated technology.
The concept of intermediate technology comes very near the one propagated by
Mahatma Gandhi the Father of our Nation but this would hardly satisfy our scientists in
these countries, who, by training and temperament, are keen on undertaking
internationally fashion oriented sophisticated research. Development of intermediate
technologies, by and large, has thus remained a programme to be worked at
implemented. Experts are called from abroad to tell people this.In all this talk, there
seems to be no place for the ideas generated by farmers, rural artisans. A stand seems
to have been taken that this transfer of technology for the socio-economic regeneration
of the rural areas is a novelty for country-folk. But rural communities have survived for
generations without any help in ideas and materials from outside. They have developed
a low-cost technology of their own, suited to their own particular areas. It would be
foolish to overlook and take for granted methods used by farmers and artisans. When a
ploughshare develops trouble on the field, when a bullock cart breaks down on the road
to market, when a house collapses in a storm, the villager uses materials available in
the immediate vicinity to solve his problem. It is the scientist who must see these
problems as challenges that must be met if there is to be development in rural areas. It
is clear that the villagers and scientists will see the problems of the villages quite
differently, and it will not always be true that the projects proposed by the scientists will
be meaningful to the villages. If projects are imposed on the villagers, they are likely to
be skeptical and may well resist rather than co-operate with the programme. Rural
Development Schemes, in the broadest sense, requires first a good sociological
approach, and as much psychology as scientific knowledge. After all country means
people and not soil.It is not the KNOW HOW but SHOW HOW will help the technology
promotion and propagation quickly in developing countries.While Science is
Universal,Technology is culture specific.Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
Methods offer promise and there can be a blend of TRADITION and MODERNISM in
Cook Stoves.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh
Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
I was in Nigeria where still people use thick Wicks in Bottles with Kerosene on the
roadside selling of goods during nights on the roadside.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India
EditView in discussion
The so called IMPROVED COOK STOVES ended as MORE PROMISE AND LESS
PERFORMANCE.
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India