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Form friction:
Friction between the layer is called form friction, form friction
arises due to eddies, swirls when flow is turbulent is called form
friction
Laminar flow:
Stream line or steady flow is called laminar flow when a layer does
not intermix with each other. Reynolds number for laminar flow
is less than 2000
Turbulent flow:
Unsteady and non stream line flow is called turbulent flow, when
layers intermix with each other due to formation of eddies and
vortex .Reynolds number for turbulent flow is greater than 4000.
Transition flow:
The flow between laminar and turbulent flow is called transition
flow, Reynolds number for transition flow is between 2000-4000.
Head:
Energy per unit weight is called head its unit are length
E.g. Pressure head, kinetic head, potential head
Hydrostatic head:
Height of liquid is called hydrostatic head its units also
length. It is very important in chemical industries if we
know the head we can know the pressure of liquid.
Energy head:
Energy per unit weight is called energy head, like kinetic
energy potential energy etc
Dimensionless number:
Dimensionless no. is a number which represent property
of physical system
Classification of fluids:
1) Compressible & non compressible fluids
2) Ideal & non ideal fluids
Compressible fluids:
If the volume of fluid varies with temperature and pressure these fluid
called compressible fluids, water, milk air etc
Non-compressible fluids:
If the volume is independent on pressure and temperature is
called non-compressible fluids, all ideal fluids are noncompressible fluid they actually does not exist.
Ideal fluids:
Ideal fluid is a fluid having no viscosity, and incompressible. Ideal
fluid do not actually exist ,but some time it is useful to consider
what would happened to an ideal fluid in a particular fluid flow
problem in order to simplify the problem.
Non-ideal fluids:
Non-ideal fluids having some viscosity and produce
resistance when flow. all fluids are non- ideal fluids
Newtonian fluids:
Fluids which obey Newtons law of viscosity are as
Newtonian .
Non-Newtonian fluids:
Those fluids which dont obey Newtons law of
viscosity.
In those fluids relation between shear stress and
strain rate is nonlinear and time dependent.
Constant coefficient of viscosity cant be defined.
Blood,plastic,chocolate,paints are common examples
Dilatants (sand)
Bingham fluids(toothpaste)
Pseudo plastics(blood, paint)
Equation of continuity:
The product of velocity and area remain constant and is
equal to flow rate
A1V1=A2V2
Bernoullis equation:
Pressure drop:
It is drop in pressure between two ends of point due
to friction and other losses.
Pressure difference:
It is difference in pressure between two ends of pipe;
pressure may be increase or decrease.
Baffles:
These are strips of metal or other material to change the
flow mainly produces turbulence which increase the rate of
mixing
Louvers:
These are strips which control the flow and change
the direction of flow.
Swirls:
Wakes:
These are waves produce behind the fluid when it moves
due to high turbulences
Vortex:
Intermixing of layers are called vortex.
Boundary layers:
When fluid flow from the solid surface, due to high friction fluid
speed decreases which disturb the whole flow, the portion which
is disturbed called boundary layers.
It is very important factor in fluid motion when fluid overcome this
boundary layer effect fluid can easily flow by applying pressure
Rhyology:
To study the non-Newtonian fluids fluid and their
graph called rhylogy
Flow meters:
Flow meters are devices which are used to measure flow
rate by measuring pressure difference
There are two categorize of flow meters:
1) Variable head meter
2) Variable area meter
Variable head meter: the flow measuring devices which measure
flow rate at the expense of change in head like kinetic energy
change into pressure energy or pressure energy into kinetic
energy while in variable area meter pressure difference measure
expense of change in area and pressure difference remain same
in variable area meters.
Orifice meter:
Device used to measure flow rate at the expense of pressure
difference called orifice meter
Venturi meter:
A device having small converging cone and large diverging
Rota meter:
It is variable head meter. It is normally installed
vertically made by tapered tube. Efficiency of Rota
meter depends on type of float when rot meter
installed horizontally head will not involved.
Pitot tube:
Pitot tube is a device used to measure point
velocity having two holes one for static pressure
other for impact pressure