(1937 1999)

& (1952 2011)

[ ]


Legendre,
, ,
,
baccalaureat,


.


,
,

.
,

.

. (19051985): .
. ... (1966)



, , ,
. ,
. . ,
, ,
, .
, ,
( )
, ,

.


,
.
, ,
.



.


.



.

 , ,


,
, ,
.

.

, .. ,
.
. : .

(2000)




, 30 40
,
,
.


.

 ,

,
,


.

.
. :
.
, 1995 .71 79.

...
.... 1990

.

.
: , .94

1951

 :

. : .
, 8 1991, .46
. :
. 80, 1994,
.1&18
. :
.
, 1995 .149 156.
. & . :
.
: . , 27,
1986, .1731.


:


.
,
,
(, 1959).

,
(
, ).

 :
&
16 2011

2. f R. y = x +
f +;
( 5)


2. . 280

 280 ;

y = x +
f +, ,
lim f(x) (x ) 0,

lim f(x) (x ) 0.



, .

y = x +
f +, ,

f(x)
lim
R lim f(x) x R
x x
x

f(x)
lim
R lim f(x) x R
x x
x

 ,



18 2011 ( 12:10)



2

...


&
29 2007
1
2. f, g ;
( 4)


2. . 141

 141 ;

x A f(x) = g(x)

;

.




.
,


.
R,
-, , ,

,
,
.

 ,

.



.
,
,




.
..
( 2014)


( = + )
2008, 4()
f R
2

f(x) (10x 3 3x) f(t)dt 45

0

f(x) = 20x3 + 6x 45

( 8)

: f(t)dt k (1)
0
:
f(x) 10kx 3 3kx 45
(1) :
2
4 2
2 2
x
x
2
3
0 10kx 3kx 45 dt k 10k 4 3k 2 45 x 0 k
0


4/
2

f(x) (10x 3x) f(t)dt 45

3

f(x) 10x 3 f(t)dt 3x f(t)dt 45 , x R.

f(t)dt 2
0

F(x) f(t)dt , x R F(0) = 0. F

0

/ [0, 2]. F [0, 2]

F(2) F(0) F(2)

2
2
F(2)
f() 2 F(2) 2f().

(0, 2): F()

F() f()
2

f(t)dt 2f().
0

R f() = 1

f(0) = 45

lim f(x) lim(10x 3 3x) f(t)dt 45

f x = 0
f(0) = 45, f
, A ,
1 45 >>>0,
0 + f() = 1.
2

f(t)dt 2

f(x) = 20x3 + 6x 45


F(2) = 2.
... F
(0, 2) ,
F(2) = 2f().
, , f() = 1.
... f
(0, +)
f 1.

,
!
f()
,
, .


2008, 4()
g R.
:
g(x) g(x h)
( 4)
g(x) lim
h 0

1000 53

742

74%

151

15%

35

3,5%

15

1,5%

57

6%


2.1 ( )
8. , f xo,

f(x o h) f(x o )
lim
h 0

f(x o )

:
f(x o h) f(x o )
f xo : f(x o ) lim
h 0
h
h 0

f x o (h) f(x o )
f(x o h) f(x o )

h
h

f(x o h) f(x o )
lim
h 0
h

f x o (h) f(x o )
f x o k f(x o )
lim
lim
h 0
k0
h
k

( k = h) f(xo )

 ;
8
, f xo,

f(x o h) f(x o )
lim
f (x o )
h 0
h

4()
g R.
:

g(x) g(x h)
g(x) lim
h 0
h

 ...
g R.
:
g(x) g(x h)
g(x) lim
h 0
h

g(x) g(x h)
g(x h) g(x)
lim
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
h = u. h0, u 0

g(x u) g(x)
g(x)
(1) lim
u 0
u
g 2 .


( , )
x = xo+ h. h0 x xo x xo.

g(x) g(x h)
g(x) lim
h 0
h
g(x) g(x o )
g(x) lim
g(x o )
x xo
x xo

g 2 R.

g(x) g(x h)
g(x) lim
h 0
h

h x ( )

g(x) g(x o )
g(x) g(x h) x xo h
lim
lim
g(x o )
h 0
x xo
h
x xo

x
xo.
g(x) g(xo )
g .

g(x) g(x h)
lim

h 0
h
g(x h) g(x) x hu
lim

h 0
h
g(u) g(x)
lim
g(x)
u x
u x
( )

 ,

:
g(x) g(x o )
x xo
x xo

g(x o ) lim

g(u) g(x o )
lim
u xo
u x o

u = x

h u x o u x o h

g(x o h) g(x o )
g(x o ) g(x o h)
lim
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h

xo ,

g(x) g(x h)
g(x) lim
h 0
h

 ,

De l Hospital:
0
g(x) g(x h)
g(x) g(x h) 0
0 g(x h)(x h)
lim
lim
lim

h 0
h 0
h

0
h
1
h

lim g(x h)(1) limg(x h) g(x)

h 0

h 0

h, g(x) 0 .

 ,

:
g(x) R [x h, x]
g(x) R [x h, x]

2 ...
(x h, x) :
g(x) g(x h) g(x) g(x h)
g()

xxh
h
(x)
g() g() limg
x
g(x) g(x h)
g() lim
h 0
h


x h < < x, h 0 x
g(x) g(x h)
g()
...
h
g(x) g(x h)
lim
limg() limg() g(x)

h 0
h 0
x
h

( g )

(1)


g R.
:
g(x) g(x h)
g(x) lim
h 0
h
g(x)

g(x h)

y g(x)

xh

(;)

 .. 60/2006


:
)
, , , ,
.
,
,
.


;
2009, 1
( 10)
.1 f . f
x
f(x) = 0, f .
2008, 1
( 10)
. f(x) ln x , x R
R :

ln x x

 1
1000 53

2009

2008

452

45%

492

49%

13

1%

23

2%

17

2%

13

1%

22

2%

1%

11

1%

41

4%

12

1%

25

2,5%

12

1%

15

1,5%

25

3%

15

1,5%

27

3%

15

1,5%

71

7%

18

2%

10

338

34%

10

336

34%

.
,
,
.
,
.
,
, .

.
.





y = x +
.
;
.
:
1. 2.
3. 4.


y = x +
x .
y .
.

yy.
R.

(x, y) (, ) :


y = x +
. x, y
.
: x = 0, y =
( yy)

. ,
.
: = 0, y =
( xx)


H. Freudenthal:Didactical Phenomenology of Mathematical Structures (.508)

y = x +
x, y
,
().
( )
,
x, y
().
( )



T. Apostol: ( , .130)

f(x h) f(x)
f(x) lim
h 0
h
x
h, h.
Q
f(x h) f(x)
Q(h)
h
h 0 x + h f.

Q(h) h0 , f x.
f(x)
f(t) f(x)

f (x) lim
t x
tx
.

1956

1996

. . : (1997, )

,
,
, .

,

.
,




.

,
,


.

,

, .




)
)

 forum

,

.
, :


(.. )
, ..:
x



, ,
.


forum

!

, ,
,
.
(... )
, ,
, , .
:

 ,
,
,
,

.
, !

;
,
, .
,
.
,
,
.


!


Bolzano (


,
Fermat
, ,
;

!
: .

,

, .
!
;

. !
,
, ,

.
, .

.

, !