- ,

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{ ( [.
, } ) ].

= [ , ] ( , ) [ , ) ( , ] 0 = ( , )

= (- , ] = (- , ) 0 = (- , )

= [ , + ) = ( , + ) 0 = ( , + )

= (- , + ) = 0 =

 f .

f
,
f .

x0 f
) f x0

f (x) f (x0 )
.
x x0
x x0

) lim

 f : A = (1 , 5) {6} f (x) = x2 f (x) = 2x

x (1 , 5) , f (6) f
( , 6] [6 , )
f (1 , 5)
f (x) = lnx = (0 , )
1
1
f (x) =
x A. x < 0,
x
x
f .
f = (0 , )

.
f (x) = |x| , x 0.
f : [0 , ) f (x) =

= (0 , ), 0.
x
1
f (x) f (0)
= lim
= lim
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x

, lim

 f (x) = x

* :

. f (x) = x3 x
0 : = *
1
. f (x) = x-3 = 3 x *
x

= [0 , )

> 0
5
3

. f (x) = x =

x 5 x 0

= (0 , )

< 0
. f (x) = x

5
3

1
3

x > 0

 f (x) = x ,
0 < < 1 = [0 , ). f
= (0 , ), 0.
, :
x
f (x) f (0)
1
lim
= lim
= lim 1 =
x 0
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0
f (x) =
f (x) = x , 2

f : A x0 g : B f
(x0), g f x0 (g f )(x 0 ) g(f (x 0 )) f (x 0 )
g o f x0
. .

 1
f x0 , g f (x 0 )
g o f x0
f (x) =

x = [0, ) 0.

g (x) = x2 = ,
f (0) = 0.
g o f = [0 , )

x = x x
2

(g o f)(x) =

g o f , 0.

 2
f x0 , g f (x0)
g o f x0
f (x) = |x| =
0.
2x , x 0
g(x) 2

x 1 , x 0

f (0) = 0, 0.
g o f = :
(g o f )(x) x 1 = x2 + 1 x ,
2

, 0.

 3
f x0, g f (x0)
g o f x0
h (x) =

1
2 3

(x 1) = [(x 1) ]
2

f (x) = (x-1)2 g(x) 3 x ,

h (x) = g (f (x)) x .
f , 1, g f (1) = 0.
h (x) = g (f (x)) =
1.

(x 1) 2

h 1
.
3
(x 1) 2
1
h(x) h(1)
: lim
= lim
= lim 3
= ,
x 1
x

1
x

1
x 1
x 1
x 1
h 1.

 4
f x0, g f (x0)
g o f x0
3 ,
h (x) =

(x 1) 4

f : f (x) = (x-1)4
g : [0 , ) g (x) =

. h (x) = g (f (x))

f 1. g f (1) = 0
h x 0 = 1 :
3
(x 1) 4
h(x) h(1)
lim
= lim
= lim 3 x 1 = 0
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
3
3
x 1
(x 1) 4
h(x) h(1)
lim
3 x 1 ) = 0
= lim
= lim
= lim(

x 1
x

1
x

1
x

1
x 1
x 1
x 1
4

h(x) h(1)
= 0 h 1 h (1) = 0
x 1
x 1

lim

h (1) = g (f (1)) f (1) g (f (1)) = g (0)

 , ..
A f g x0,
f
f + g , f g , f . g , ( ) x0
g
(f + g) (x0 ) = f ( x0) + g ( x0 )
(f + g) (x0 ) = f ( x0) + g ( x0 )
(f . g) (x0 ) = f ( x0) g ( x0 ) + f ( x0) g ( x0 )

f
f (x0 )g (x 0 ) f (x 0 )g(x 0 )
(x
)

0
(g (x0 ))2
g
:
f (x) = x2 , x(- , 1] [2 , + ) 1 f (1) = 2
g (x) = 3x , x[1, + ) 1
g (1) =3
f + g [2 , + ) {1}
1.


f : x0 0 .

f x0

lim f (x) = ,
x x0

f x0 f (x0) =
f x0.
f x0 f
, f x0.

 f x0 f
x0

f (x) - f (x 0 )
Hospital (
x x0
x - x0
).
f (x) - f (x 0 )
(f (x) - f (x 0 ))
lim
= lim
= lim f (x)
x x0
x x0
x x0

x - x0
(x - x 0 )

lim

f (x0) = lim f (x) .

x x0

2x3 1 x 1
f (x) 2
x 1
3x
f 1

f 1 {1}

6x 2 x 1
f (x)
6x x 1
lim f (x) lim f (x) = 6, f 1 f (1) = 6
x 1

x 1

lim f (x) f x0
x x 0

 2 1
x x 0
f (x) =
x

0 x = 0

f (x) - f (0)
1
= x
x- 0
x
1
1
1
x - x x x
x = x
x
x
x

(x) =

(1)

1
lim(- x ) = lim x =0, (1) lim(x ) =0, f
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
0 f (0)=0

x 0 : f (x) = (x2)
2x

1
1
1
1
1
( 2) =
+ x2( ) = 2x + x2 x
x
x
x
x

1
1
-
x
x

1
1
2x - x 0
f f (x)=
x
x

0
x = 0


f f (x) > 0 x ( , x0) f (x) < 0 x
(x0 , ) f x0, f (x0) = 0

f (x) > 0 ( , x0) f (x) < 0 (x0 , )

f (x) > 0 ( , x0) f x0, f .
( , x0].
f . [x0 , ). f x0
. Fermat
f (x0) = 0

f x0 .
f (x0) = 0

2x x2 ,
x 1
f (x) 3
x 3x 1 , x 1

2 2x ,
: f (x)
2
3x 3,

x 1
x 1

f (x) > 0 x (0 , 1) f (x) < 0 x (1 , 2)

f 1, .

 f f x0
.

2x x2 ,
x 1
f (x) 2
x x 1 , x 1
2 2x ,
: f (x)
2x 1,

x 1
x 1

f (x) > 0 x (0 , 1) f (x) < 0 x (1 , 2), f

1 .

 Rolle :
f :

[ , ]

( , )

f () = f ()

( , ) f () = 0


f ( , ) lim f (x) lim f (x) ,
x

( , ) f () = 0

lim f (x) lim f (x)

x

f (x) , x ( , )
: g(x)
, x x

g ( , ) f.
lim g(x) lim f (x) g() lim g(x) lim f (x) g() g
x

, g [ , ].
g ( , ) g (x) = f (x).
g () = g () ( = )
g . Rolle,
( , ) g () = 0
f () = 0 .

 (..)

f ( , ) , ( , )
f ()

lim f (x) lim f (x)

. Rolle
:

f (x), x (,)

g(x) lim f (x), x

x
lim f (x), x
x


:
0.
.
:
f f (x) = 0
x .
, f
[ , ],
.


f 0.
f (x) = 0 x 0 - , f .

.
,
.


f g
f (x) = g (x) x 0 x0
f (x0) = g (x0),
f (x) = g (x) x

f g f (x) = g (x) x 0
f (x) = g (x) + c x
x = x0 : f (x0) = g (x0) + c f (x0) = g (x0) c = 0,
f (x) = g (x) x


f : :
x

f (t)dt = f (x) + 1

(1)

(1): f (x) = f (x)

(2)
:
(3)
f (x) = ce x
(1) (2) ,
(3) (1), (1),
(3).
x = 2 (1) : 0 = f (2) +1 f (2) = -1
(3) x = 2 : f (2) = ce2 -1 = c e2 c = -e-2
(3) : f (x) = - e x- 2
x

g (x) = f (t)dt h (x) = f (x) +1, ,

2

f (x) = - e x- 2 g (x) = h (x) g (2) = h (2)

g (x) = h (x) x ,
(1).

f (x) > 0 (. f (x) < 0 ) x 0,

f . (. . )


) f 0 f 0.
f f
() ,
.
, .
f
) . f ,
0 ,
f (x) > 0 x 0, f (x) = 0 x

) :
f f (x) 0 (. f (x) 0) x 0 ,
f , f .
(. . ) .
f ,
f ( , ) f (x) > 0
x { , x0) (x0 , } , f (x0) = 0, f . { , }
, { , x0] f f (x) > 0 x ( , x0), f .
{ , x0].
f . [x0 , }.
f . { , x0] [x0 , }, { , }
) f x0
,


f .
f .
f (x) > 0 x 0 - , f
. .
:
f .
f .
f (x) > 0 (. f (x) < 0) x 0 -
, f . (. . ) .

 1

1
f : * f (x) =
x

f * = (- , 0) (0 , + ) .
x * f (x) = -

1
< 0. f .
x2

(- , 0) (0 , + ).
*
.
, f . *, x1 = -1 x2 = 1,
x1 < x2 f (x1) < f (x2)

x2 2x x 2
f f (x)
3x 6 x 2

f ( ) {2}
2x 2 x 2
f (x)
x 2
3
f 1. f

f . (- , 1] .
[1 , 2] [2 , +) (
2), f . [1 , 2] [2 , +) = [1 , + ).

 3
f

x4
x 0
f (x) 3
x x x 0

f *

4x 3
x 0
f (x)
2
3x 1 x 0
( 0 f , )
f (x) < 0 x (- , 0) (0 , + ). f .
.

x2
f : f (x) xx x
2

f .
: f (x) = x(1 + x)
1 + x 0 x , f (x) 0 x < 0
f (x) 0 x > 0.

f .
f . f
f . (- , 0] .
[0 , + )

 .

. Bolzano
. Rolle .
,
.
. Rolle
< [ , ].
.
, .


f (x) (
f (x) = 0), ( *)
+ 1

(x )f (x) (x - )

f (x)

: f (x) = (x ) (x) , () 0.
:
f . (. . )
f .
f
.


f :
f (x) 0 , f
, f (x) = 0, 2, :
f (x) = (x )2 (x) f (x) =2(x ) (x) + (x )2 (x), f () = 0, .

.

f (x) ,
f () = f () = f () = = f (-1) () = 0 , f () () 0
:
f () = f () = f () = = f (-1) () = 0, f () () 0,
f (x) .

 ( )
:
f : [ , ] R
. .
f

x 0
0

f (x)
1
x
x (0 ,1]

x
[0 , 1] , [0 , 1],
1
(0 , 1] lim f (x) lim (x ) 0 = f (0) ,
x 0
x 0
x
0 ( ).

 f
.

x 0
0

f (x) 2 1
x x (0,1]


f { , } x0 ( , ). f
{ , x0] [x0 , } f (x0) f .
.
, x0
. f ( , x0]
(x0 , ), x0 f
x0
.
f f

f x0,
f x0, ( , x0) (x0 , )
x0.

 1 ,
.
1 , f x0

2, f x0

 f (x1) ,
f 1 = (x2 , } f (x1)
1 , f 1 f ()

f (x1) > f () f (x1) f { , }

f (x1) < f () f () f { , }
f (x1) = f () f f (x1) = f () x1
.

1 , f (x1) lim f (x) =

x

f (x1) > f (x1) f { , }

f (x1) f { , }
lim f (x) = + , f
x

f x0
1 , f (x0) = 0,

f (x0) > 0, f x = x0 ,

f (x0) < 0, f x = x0

f (x0) = 0

:
f (x0) = f (x0) = f (3)(x0) = = f (-1) (x0) = 0
f () (x0) 0 :
= , f x0 ,
= , x0

f () (x0) < 0, f x0 ,
f () (x0) > 0 x0 .

f . { , x0] [x0 , } f .
{ , x0] [x0 , }={ , }.
. :
f { , x0] [x0 , },
f { , x0] [x0 , } = { , }

 f :

x2 ,
- 1 x 1
f (x) =
(x - 2)2 , 1 < x 3
f
2x,
- 1 x < 1
: f (x) =
2(x - 2), 1 < x 3

f . (-1 , 1) (1 , 3), f
[-1 , 1] [1 , 3], f
[-1 , 1] [1 , 3] = [-1 , 3], f . (-1 , 3).
1
3
1
3
, f ( ) = 1 f ( ) = -1, f ( ) > f ( )
2
2
2
2


f = { , } , x0 , f (x0) = 0

f (x) > 0 ( , x0) (x0 , ) f

f (x) < 0 ( , x0) (x0 , ) f

( f
)
, f 0 ( f )
f (x) > 0 ( , x0) (x0 , ), f . 0, f

2


) f
.
) ( )
f ,
.
) f , 0 f
0, 0
f (x) > 0 , f .
f
.

:
f x0 0, x0
.

x0 . ,
> 0, f (x) f (x0) x (x0 , x0 +) , f (x0) = 0
f x0, . f . (x0 , x0]
. [x0, x0 +).
, x (x0 , x0) : f (x) < f (x0) = 0 x (x0 , x0 + )
f (x) < f (x0) = 0, f (x) 0 x (x0 , x0 +) ,
f . (x0 , x0 +) x0
.
x0
.
x0
.

 Darboux
( Bolzano)
f [ , ]
f () . f () < 0, ( , ) f () = 0

. Darboux
( . )
f [ , ] f () f (),
f () f (), ( , ) f () =

f () f (), . . f () < f (), f () < < f ()

. Darboux g (x) = f (x) x
g [ , ] g (x) = f (x)
g() = f () < 0 g () = f () > 0, g (). g () < 0,
( , ) g() = 0 f () =