Steam Plants: Dipartimento Energia Politecnico Di Torino

Politecnico di Torino
Dipartimento Energia
Steam plants
Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

machines & fluid power
Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul
Outline
Energy balance of steam plants

Rankine cycle
Efficiencies and specific consumptions
Efficiency improvements
Regenerative feed heating
Heat exchangers
Cogeneration steam plants

Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

1 =m
hO - h *
Q
M
i =0
L
O
G
M*
For an operating
machine:
i,Pump = m
h
L
- hL

K
L
=0
Q
4

For motors:
=0
Q
i,trb = m
hK - hO
-L
M*
2 =m
hL - hK
-Q
L
L i = 0
5
2 >0
where Q

O
i,trb = m
hO - hK
L
1 =m
hO - h *
Q
M
M*
A1 A2
h * - hL
L i,Pump = m
M
1 -Q
2 + L i,Pump - L i,trb = 0
Q
2 =m
hK - hL
Q
i = L i,trb - L i,Pump = Q
1 -Q
2
L
6

In all application of energy conservation to steam plants:
Eg h
Ec h
In a power plant, the change in kinetic energy between outlet and inlet of any
turbomachine is practically zero and can be neglected. The same consideration
holds for steam generator and condenser.
With reference to changes in gravitational energy, lets consider:
z = 100 m
g = 9.81m s2
Eg = gz 1kJ kg
For compressible flows, enthalpy difference across each machine is usually
larger than 100 kJ/kg, therefore change in gravitational energy can be
neglected with respect to enthalpy changes.
Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

Rankine cycle
T
i,Pump = m
h * - hL 0
L
M
i L i,trb
L
M*
L
M
N
L M*
K
S

Rankine cycle
M*
Li,Pump =
Vdp + Ec + Eg +L w
Ec =
2
2
cM
c
*
L
Li,Pump =
Eg = g zM* - zL
pM* - pL

10
V=
= const
g zM* - zL +L w
Rankine cycle
Li,Pump =
pM* - pL
g zM* - zL +L w
Lets consider:
pM* = 100 bar
pL = 0.1bar
= 1000 kg m3
g = 9.81m s2
zM* - zL = 10 m
99.9 105
9.81 10 J kg
Li,Pump - L w =
3
10
= 100.881 102 J kg 10 kJ kg Li,trb

11
Rankine cycle
O
h
N
K
Kis
L M*
S
12
Rankine cycle
O
N
M
M*
K
L

13
Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

14
Efficiencies
i L i,trb
L
=
1 Q
1
Q
Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle:
i - L m - L aux L plant
L
=
m =
i
i
L
L
Mechanical efficiency:
it takes account of mechancial frictions and power used to drive ancillary

components (e.g., fuel and oil pumps, blowers, ...; power spent for pump is
usually included in this efficiency).
b =
Steam generator efficiency:

15
1
Q
f HLp
m
Steam generator efficiency

f HLp
bm
Tair,in
1
hO - h * = Q
=m
M
; hO
m
Steam Generator efficiency
a ; Tair,in
m
f ; Tf,in
m
In what follows we will simply write:
1
f HLp = m
hO - h * = Q
bm
M
; hM*
m
16
=m
air + m
f
m
Texh
Overall efficiency of the power plant

plant =
plant
L
f HLp
m
1 L plant
Q
plant =
f HLp L
i
m
i
L
= bm
1
Q
Specific fuel consumption of the

power plant
sfc =
sfc =
f
m
plant
L

f
m
plant
L
f
m
1
=
=
f HLp plantHLp
plant m
17
Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

O
T
Q0
M
L w,trb = T dS
Kis
Li,is,trb = hO - hK,is
18

O
T
Li,trb Li = Q1 - Q2
Q1 L0LMNOK is,0
M
Q2 L0LKK 0
N
+
Kis
Kis
K
_
L0
19
Kis0 K0 Prof E. Spessa,SIng. D. Misul

O
T
Li,is,trb Q1 - Q2,is
Q1 L0LMNOKis,0
M
Q2,is L0LK isK is,0
N
+
Kis
Kis
L0
20

O
T
Li,is,trb Q1 - Q2,is
Q1 L0LMNOKis,0
Q2,is L0LKisKis,0
N
+
Kis
Kis
L0
21

Li,is,trb - Li,trb = L w,trb - R
T
M
N
Kis
Kis

22

O
T
Q0
M
Li,trb
Li,is,trb

hO - hK
=
hO - hK,is
23
Kis
Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

24
As shown in Thermodynamics and Thermokinetics lectures, thremal
efficiency of Rankine cycle can be increased by:
Increasing vaporization pressure
Increasing superheating temperature
A combination of the two previous practice
Reheating steam after a partial expansion
Lowering the condenser pressure

25
Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

26

m
O
G
m
M
L
27

m
m
T
E
E
M
L

28
= mS

m
m
T
E
E
r
Q
29
= mS

m
m
T
E
E
M
m
K
r
Q
30
=m
S
S

m
m
T
E
E
M
L
1
Q

2
Q
31
=m
S
S

O
T
M
E

32

m
For baseline cycle:
i m
hO - hK hO - hK
L
=
=
hO - hL hO - hL
1 m
Q
For cycle with regenerative

feed heating:
i m
hO - hK + m
hO - hE
L
= =
+m
hO - hM'
1
m
Q
m
hO - hK + hO - hE
m
=

m
1+ hO - hM'
m

With reference to the heat

exchanger:
hM' - hL = m
hE - hM'
m
m
hM' - hL =
hE - hM'
m
33
m
m
h
h
h
h
+
hO - hE
O
E
O
K
m
m
=
=
m
m
m
hO - hM' +
h - h hO - hM' + hM' - hL - hE - hM' + hO - hM'
m O M'
m
m
hO - hK +
m
hO - hK + hO - hE
m
=
m
hO - hL +
h - h
m O E
hO - hE
hO - hE
m
m
1+
hO - hK
hO - hK
hO - hK
m
m
= ref
=
hO - hE
hO - hE
m
m
hO - hL
1+
1+
m hO - hL
hO - hL
m
1+

34

O
T
M
E
hO - hE
m
1+
hO - hK
m
ref
= ref
hO - hE
m
1+
hO - hL
m

35

O
T
M
M
L
K

36

max
n10
n5
n3
n2
n1
0
nstages of regenerative feed heating

37
hM' - hL
hM - hL
Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

38
Heat exchangers

39
Heat exchangers
(Bled steam)

40
Heat exchangers
(Bled steam)

41
Outline

Rankine cycle
Heat exchangers

42

In a cogeneration plant, the steam poduced in the steam generator is used not
only to produce electric power through the turbine, but also to meet process
and heating requirements.
Rate of
supply of
useful heat
u
Q
u
Q
Back pressure plant

L
L
Extraction condensing plant

(with pass-out or extraction turbine)
43

The overall efficiency of congeneration power plants can be defined as follows:
CG =
plant
L
u
Q
f HLp m
For cogenerative power plants with back-pressure turbine
CG =
plant
L
f HLp m
u =Q
2:
Q
plant
L
plant
i
L
L
= b
= b
= bm
= bm
2
2
1 -Q
2
1 -Q
2
f HLp - Q
Q
Q
Q
b m

44

Steam Plants: Dipartimento Energia Politecnico Di Torino

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Politecnico di Torino

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Energy balance of steam plants

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

= 100.881 102 J kg 10 kJ kg Li,trb

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle:

it takes account of mechancial frictions and power used to drive ancillary

Steam generator efficiency:

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Steam generator efficiency

Steam Generator efficiency

In what follows we will simply write:

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Overall efficiency of the power plant

Specific fuel consumption of the

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

Kis0 K0 Prof E. Spessa,SIng. D. Misul

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

Q2,is L0LK isK is,0

Kis0 K0 Prof E. Spessa,SIng. D. Misul

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

Kis0 K0 Prof E. Spessa,SIng. D. Misul

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Kis0 K0 Prof E. Spessa,SIng. D. Misul

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Energy balance of steam plants

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic

Prof E. Spessa, Ing. D. Misul

Fundamentals of thermal and hydraulic