John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, came from a family of moderate means.

He worked
his way through college at Stanford University but never graduated. In 1925 he went to New York, where he
tried for a few years to establish himself as a free-lance writer, but he failed and returned to California. After
publishing some novels and short stories, Steinbeck first became widely known with Tortilla Flat (1935), a
series of humorous stories about Monterey paisanos.
Steinbeck's novels can all be classified as social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour,
but there is also a streak of worship of the soil in his books, which does not always agree with his matter-offact sociological approach. After the rough and earthy humour of Tortilla Flat, he moved on to more serious
fiction, often aggressive in its social criticism, to In Dubious Battle (1936), which deals with the strikes of the
migratory fruit pickers on California plantations. This was followed by Of Mice and Men (1937), the story of
the imbecile giant Lennie, and a series of admirable short stories collected in the volume The Long Valley
(1938). In 1939 he published what is considered his best work, The Grapes of Wrath, the story of Oklahoma
tenant farmers who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory
workers.
Among his later works should be mentioned East of Eden (1952), The Winter of Our Discontent (1961), and
Travels with Charley (1962), a travelogue in which Steinbeck wrote about his impressions during a threemonth tour in a truck that led him through forty American states. He died in New York City in 1968.
From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam,
1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les
Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. John Steinbeck died on December 20,
1968.
John Steinbeck (1902-1968), nacido en Salinas, California, provena de una familia de medios moderados. Se
abri camino a travs de la universidad en la Universidad de Stanford, pero nunca se gradu. En 1925 se
traslad a Nueva York, donde intent durante algunos aos para establecer a s mismo como un escritor
independiente, pero fracas y volvi a California. Despus de publicar algunas novelas y cuentos, Steinbeck
primero lleg a ser ampliamente conocida con Tortilla Flat (1935), una serie de historias de humor sobre
Monterey paisanos.
Novelas de Steinbeck pueden ser clasificados como novelas sociales que se ocupan de los problemas
econmicos de la mano de obra rural, pero tambin hay una racha de culto de la tierra en sus libros, que no
siempre estn de acuerdo con su enfoque sociolgico materia-de-hecho. Despus de que el humor spero y
terroso de Tortilla Flat, se traslad a la ficcin ms grave, a menudo agresiva en su crtica social, a En lucha
incierta (1936), que se ocupa de las huelgas de los recogedores de fruta migratorias en las plantaciones de
California. Esto fue seguido por De ratones y hombres (1937), la historia del gigante imbcil Lennie, y una
serie de cuentos admirables recogidos en el volumen El Long Valley (1938). En 1939 se public lo que se
considera su mejor obra, Las uvas de la ira, la historia de los agricultores Oklahoma arrendatarios que,
incapaz de ganarse la vida de la tierra, se mud a California donde se convirtieron en trabajadores
migratorios.
Entre sus ltimos trabajos se deben mencionar este del Edn (1952), El invierno de nuestro descontento
(1961), y viaja con Charley (1962), un diario de viaje en la que Steinbeck escribi acerca de sus impresiones
durante una gira de tres meses en un camin que lo llev a travs de cuarenta estados americanos. Muri en la
ciudad de Nueva York en 1968.
Desde Nobel Conferencias, Literatura 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company,
Amsterdam, 1969

Esta autobiografa / biografa fue escrita en el momento de la adjudicacin y publicado por primera vez en la
serie de libros Les Premio Nobel. Ms tarde fue editado y reeditado en Nobel Lectures.

Henry Louis "HL" Mencken (September 12, 1880 January 29, 1956) was an American
journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English.[1] Known as the "Sage of
Baltimore", he is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the
first half of the twentieth century. As a scholar Mencken is known for The American Language, a
multi-volume study of how the English language is spoken in the United States. His satirical
reporting on the Scopes trial, which he dubbed the "Monkey Trial", also earned him notoreity. He
commented widely on the social scene, literature, music, prominent politicians and contemporary
movements.
As an admirer of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, he was a detractor of religion, populism
and representative democracy, which he believed was a system in which inferior men dominated
their superiors.[2] Mencken was a supporter of scientific progress, skeptical of economic theories
and critical of osteopathic/chiropractic medicine.
During and after World War I, he was sympathetic to the Germans, and was very distrustful of
British propaganda.[3] Though he deemed Adolf Hitler and his followers "ignorant thugs", he had
strong reservations about American participation in World War II. Mencken, through his wide
criticism of actions taken by government, had a strong impact on the American left and the
American libertarian movement.[4]
Mencken's longtime home in the Union Square neighborhood of West Baltimore has been turned
into a city museum, the H. L. Mencken House. His papers were distributed among various city and
university libraries, with the largest collection held in the Mencken Room at the central branch of
Baltimore's Enoch Pratt Free Library.
Henry Louis "HL" Mencken (12 septiembre 1880 a 29 enero 1956) fue un
periodista, escritor satrico, crtico cultural estadounidense y estudioso de
Ingls Americano [1] Conocido como el "Sabio de Baltimore", es considerado
como uno de. los ms influyentes escritores estadounidenses y estilistas de la
prosa de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Como erudito Mencken es conocida por
The American Language, un estudio de varios volmenes de cmo se utiliza la
lengua Ingls en los Estados Unidos. Sus reportajes satrica sobre el juicio de
Scopes, que l denomin el "juicio del mono", tambin le gan notoriedad.
Coment ampliamente en la escena social, literatura, msica, destacados
polticos y movimientos contemporneos.
Como admirador del filsofo alemn Friedrich Nietzsche, era un detractor de la
religin, el populismo y la democracia representativa, que l crea que era un
sistema en el que los hombres inferiores dominados sus superiores. [2]
Mencken era un partidario del progreso cientfico, escptico de las teoras
econmicas y crtico de osteoptica / medicina quiroprctica.
Durante y despus de la Primera Guerra Mundial, fue favorable a los alemanes,
y era muy desconfiado de la propaganda britnica. [3] A pesar de que se
considere Adolf Hitler y sus seguidores "matones ignorantes", tena fuertes
reservas sobre la participacin estadounidense en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Mencken, a travs de su amplia crtica a las acciones tomadas por el gobierno,

tuvo un fuerte impacto en la izquierda estadounidense y el movimiento
libertario de Amrica. [4]
Hogar de largo plazo de Mencken en el barrio de Union Square de West
Baltimore se ha convertido en un museo de la ciudad, la Casa HL Mencken. Sus
trabajos fueron distribuidos entre varias bibliotecas de la ciudad y de la
universidad, con la coleccin ms grande realizado en el Saln Mencken en la
rama central de Enoch Pratt Free Library de Baltimore.

. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 December 21, 1940) was an
American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of
the Jazz Age. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th
century.[1] Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He
finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby
(his most famous), and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last
Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat
themes of youth and promise along with age and despair.
Fitzgerald's work has been adapted into films many times. His short story, The Curious
Case of Benjamin Button, was the basis for a 2008 film. Tender Is the Night was filmed in
1962, and made into a television miniseries in 1985. The Beautiful and Damned was filmed
in 1922 and 2010. The Great Gatsby has been the basis for numerous films of the same
name, spanning nearly 90 years: 1926, 1949, 1974, 2000, and 2013 adaptations. In addition,
Fitzgerald's own life from 1937 to 1940 was dramatized in 1958 in Beloved Infidel.
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (24 septiembre 1896 a 21 diciembre 1940) fue un
escritor estadounidense de novelas y cuentos, cuyas obras son los escritos
paradigmticos de la poca del jazz. l es ampliamente considerado como uno
de los ms grandes escritores estadounidenses del siglo 20. [1] Fitzgerald es
considerado un miembro de la "generacin perdida" de los aos 1920. Termin
cuatro novelas: este lado del paraso, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great
Gatsby (su ms famoso), y Suave es la noche. Un quinto, novela inacabada, El
amor del ltimo magnate, se public pstumamente. Fitzgerald tambin
escribi muchos cuentos que tratan temas de juventud y prometen junto con la
edad y la desesperacin.
La obra de Fitzgerald ha sido adaptada al cine muchas veces. Su cuento, El
curioso caso de Benjamin Button, fue la base para una pelcula de 2008. Suave
es la noche fue filmada en 1962, y se convierte en una miniserie de televisin
en 1985. Bellos y condenados fue filmada en 1922 y 2010. El gran Gatsby ha
sido la base de numerosas pelculas del mismo nombre, que abarca casi 90
aos: 1926 , 1949, 1974, 2000, 2013 y adaptaciones. Adems, la propia vida
de Fitzgerald 1937-1940 fue dramatizada en 1958 en Beloved Infidel.
F. Scott Fitzgerald's life is a tragic example of both sides of the American Dream
- the joys of young love, wealth and success, and the tragedies associated with
excess and failure. Named for another famous American, a distant cousin who

authored the Star Spangled Banner, Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul Minnesota
on September 24, 1896. The son of a failed wicker furniture salesman (Edward
Fitzgerald) and an Irish immigrant with a large inheritance (Mary "Mollie"
McQuillan), Fitzgerald grew up in a solidly Catholic and upper middle class
environment.
Fitzgerald started writing at an early age. His high school newspaper published
his detective stories, encouraging him to pursue writing more enthusiastically
than academics. He dropped out of Princeton University to join the army and
continued to pursue his obsession, writing magazine articles and even musical
lyrics.
At 21 years of age, he submitted his first novel for publication and Charles
Scribner's Sons rejected it, but with words of encouragement. Beginning a
pattern of constant revising that would characterize his writing style for the
rest of his career, Fitzgerald decided to rewrite "The Romantic Egoist" and
resubmit it for publication. Meanwhile, fate, in the form of the U.S. army,
stationed him near Montgomery, Alabama in 1918, where he met and fell in
love with an 18-year-old Southern belle - Zelda Sayre. Scribners rejected his
novel for a second time, and so Fitzgerald turned to advertising as a steady
source of income. Unfortunately, his paltry salary was not enough to convince
Zelda to marry him, and tired of waiting for him to make his fortune, she broke
their engagement in 1919. Happily, Scribners finally accepted the novel after
Fitzgerald rewrote it for the third time as "This Side of Paradise", and published
it a year later. Fitzgerald, suddenly a rich and famous author, married Zelda a
week after its publication.
In between writing novels, Fitzgerald was quite prolific as a magazine story
writer. The Saturday Evening Post in particular served as a showcase for his
short works of fiction, most of which revolved around a new breed of American
woman - the young, free-thinking, independent "flapper" of the Roaring
Twenties.
The Fitzgeralds enjoyed fame and fortune, and his novels reflected their
lifestyle, describing in semi-autobiographical fiction the privileged lives of
wealthy, aspiring socialites. Fitzgerald wrote his second novel - "The Beautiful
and the Damned" a year after they were married. Three years later, after the
birth of their first and only child, Scottie, Fitzgerald completed his best-known
work: "The Great Gatsby."
The extravagant living made possible by such success, however, took its toll.
Constantly globe-trotting (living at various times in several different cities in
Italy, France, Switzerland, and eight of the United States), the Fitzgeralds tried
in vain to escape or at least seek respite from Scott's alcoholism and Zelda's
mental illness.
Zelda suffered several breakdowns in both her physical and mental health, and
sought treatment in and out of clinics from 1930 until her death (due to a fire
at Highland Hospital in North Carolina in 1948). Zelda's mental illness, the
subject of Fitzgerald's fourth novel, "Tender is the Night," had a debilitating

effect on Scott's writing. He described his own "crack-up" in an essay that he

wrote in 1936, hopelessly in debt, unable to write, nearly estranged from his
wife and daughter, and incapacitated by excessive drinking and poor physical
health.
Things were looking up for Fitzgerald near the end of his life - he won a contract
in 1937 to write for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Hollywood and fell in love with
Sheilah Graham, a movie columnist. He had started writing again - scripts,
short-stories, and the first draft of a new novel about Hollywood - when he
suffered a heart attack and died in 1940 at the age of 44, a failure in his own
mind. Most commonly recognized only as an extravagant drunk, who
epitomized the excesses of the Jazz Age, Fitzgerald's work did not earn the
credibility and recognition it holds today until years after his death.
La vida de F. Scott Fitzgerald es un ejemplo trgico de ambos lados del sueo
americano - las alegras del amor joven, la riqueza y el xito, y las tragedias
asociadas con el exceso y el fracaso. Llamado as por otro famoso americano, un
primo lejano que fue autor del himno nacional, Fitzgerald naci en St. Paul
Minnesota el 24 de septiembre de 1896. Hijo de un vendedor de muebles de
mimbre fallado (Edward Fitzgerald) y un inmigrante irlands con una gran herencia
(Mara "Mollie" McQuillan), Fitzgerald se cri en un ambiente de clase media
slidamente catlica y superior.
Fitzgerald comenz a escribir a una edad temprana. Su peridico de la escuela
secundaria public sus novelas policacas, animndole a seguir escribiendo con
ms entusiasmo que los acadmicos. l se retir de la Universidad de Princeton
para unirse al ejrcito y continu con su obsesin, la redaccin de artculos de
revistas e incluso las letras musicales.
A los 21 aos de edad, que present su primera novela para su publicacin e Hijos
de Charles Scribner rechaz, pero con palabras de aliento. A partir de un patrn de
revisor constante que caracterizara su estilo de escritura para el resto de su
carrera, Fitzgerald decidi volver a escribir "El Egosta romntico" y volver a
enviarlo para su publicacin. Mientras tanto, el destino, en forma de ejrcito de
Estados Unidos, le estacionado cerca de Montgomery, Alabama, en 1918, donde
conoci y se enamor de un joven de 18 aos de edad, belleza surea - Zelda
Sayre. Scribners rechazaron su novela, por segunda vez, y as Fitzgerald volvi a la
publicidad como fuente de ingresos estable. Por desgracia, su sueldo msero no fue
suficiente para convencer a Zelda a casarse con l, y cansado de esperar por l
para hacer su fortuna, ella rompi su compromiso en 1919. Felizmente, Scribners
finalmente acept la novela despus Fitzgerald reescribi por tercera vez como " A
este lado del paraso ", y public un ao ms tarde. Fitzgerald, de repente un autor
ricos y famosos, se cas con Zelda una semana despus de su publicacin.
En medio de escribir novelas, Fitzgerald era muy prolfico como escritor articulo de
la revista. El Saturday Evening Post, en particular, sirvi como escaparate para sus
cortas obras de ficcin, la mayora de los cuales giraban en torno a un nuevo tipo
de mujer americana - los jvenes, librepensador, "flapper" independiente de los
aos veinte.
Los Fitzgeralds disfrutaron de fama y fortuna, y sus novelas refleja su estilo de
vida, que describe en la ficcin autobiogrfica la vida de ricos privilegiados, la alta
sociedad que aspiran. Fitzgerald escribi su segunda novela - "The Beautiful and

Damned" un ao despus de que se casaron. Tres aos ms tarde, despus del

nacimiento de su primer y nico hijo, Scottie, Fitzgerald complet su obra ms
conocida: "El gran Gatsby".
La vida extravagante posible gracias a este xito, sin embargo, tuvo su efecto.
Constantemente trotamundos (que viven en diferentes momentos en diferentes
ciudades de Italia, Francia, Suiza, y ocho de los Estados Unidos), los Fitzgerald trat
en vano de escapar o al menos buscar respiro de alcoholismo de Scott y la
enfermedad mental de Zelda.
Zelda sufri varias averas, tanto en su salud fsica y mental, y busc tratamiento
dentro y fuera de las clnicas a partir de 1930 hasta su muerte (debido a un
incendio en el Hospital Highland en Carolina del Norte en 1948). La enfermedad
mental de Zelda, el tema de la cuarta novela de Fitzgerald, "Suave es la noche",
tuvo un efecto debilitante en la escritura de Scott. Describi su propia "crack-up"
en un ensayo que escribi en 1936, irremediablemente en deuda, no puede
escribir, casi separado de su esposa y su hija, e incapacitado por consumo
excesivo de alcohol y la mala salud fsica.
Las cosas estaban mejorando para Fitzgerald cerca del final de su vida - que gan
un contrato en 1937 para escribir para la Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer en Hollywood y se
enamor de Sheilah Graham, columnista de cine. Haba empezado a escribir de
nuevo - guiones, cuentos, y el primer borrador de una nueva novela sobre
Hollywood - cuando sufri un ataque al corazn y muri en 1940 a la edad de 44
aos, un fracaso en su propia mente. Lo ms comn es reconocido slo como un
borracho extravagante, quien personific a los excesos de la poca del jazz, la obra
de Fitzgerald no gan la credibilidad y el reconocimiento que tiene hoy y hasta
aos despus de su muerte.

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career
as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After
the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance
unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated
by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his
return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American
newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the
Greek Revolution.
During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate
Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also
Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an
American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a
deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in
Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls
(1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old
Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and
lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.

Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters,

bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are
set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation
lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his
predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories,
some of which are collected in Men Without Women (1927) and The Fifth
Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Hemingway died in Idaho in
1961.
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), nacido en Oak Park, Illinois, comenz su carrera
como escritor en una oficina del peridico en Kansas City a la edad de diecisiete
aos. Despus de que Estados Unidos entr en la Primera Guerra Mundial, se uni
a una unidad de ambulancia voluntario en el ejrcito italiano. Servir en la parte
delantera, que estaba herido, fue condecorado por el Gobierno italiano, y pas un
tiempo considerable en los hospitales. Despus de su regreso a los Estados Unidos,
se convirti en un reportero de peridicos canadienses y estadounidenses y pronto
fue enviado de vuelta a Europa para cubrir acontecimientos como la revolucin
griega.
Durante los aos veinte, Hemingway se convirti en un miembro del grupo de los
estadounidenses expatriados en Pars, que describi en su primera obra
importante, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Igualmente exitosa fue Adis a las armas
(1929), el estudio de la desilusin de un oficial ambulancia americana en la guerra
y su papel como un desertor. Hemingway utiliz sus experiencias como reportero
durante la guerra civil en Espaa como fondo para su novela ms ambiciosa, Por
quin doblan las campanas (1940). Entre sus ltimas obras, la ms destacada es la
novela corta, El viejo y el mar (1952), la historia del viaje de un viejo pescador, su
larga y solitaria lucha con un pez y el mar, y su victoria en la derrota.
Hemingway - l mismo un gran deportista - le gusta retratar soldados, cazadores,
toreros - resistente, a veces las personas primitivas cuyo coraje y la honestidad son
frente a las formas brutales de la sociedad moderna, y que en esta confrontacin
perder la esperanza y la fe. Su prosa sencilla, su dilogo de repuesto, y su
predileccin por la subestimacin son particularmente eficaces en sus cuentos,
algunos de los cuales se recogen en Hombres sin mujeres (1927) y La Quinta
Columna y los primeros cuarenta y nueve cuentos (1938). Hemingway muri en
Idaho en 1961.

William Faulkner (1897-1962), who came from an old southern family, grew
up in Oxford, Mississippi. He joined the Canadian, and later the British, Royal
Air Force during the First World War, studied for a while at the University of
Mississippi, and temporarily worked for a New York bookstore and a New
Orleans newspaper. Except for some trips to Europe and Asia, and a few brief
stays in Hollywood as a scriptwriter, he worked on his novels and short stories
on a farm in Oxford.
In an attempt to create a saga of his own, Faulkner has invented a host of
characters typical of the historical growth and subsequent decadence of the
South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is then built on the model of the

actual, historical drama extending over almost a century and a half Each story
and each novel contributes to the construction of a whole, which is the
imaginary Yoknapatawpha County and its inhabitants. Their theme is the decay
of the old South, as represented by the Sartoris and Compson families, and the
emergence of ruthless and brash newcomers, the Snopeses. Theme and
technique - the distortion of time through the use of the inner monologue are
fused particularly successfully in The Sound and the Fury (1929), the downfall
of the Compson family seen through the minds of several characters. The novel
Sanctuary (1931) is about the degeneration of Temple Drake, a young girl from
a distinguished southern family. Its sequel, Requiem For A Nun (1951), written
partly as a drama, centered on the courtroom trial of a Negro woman who had
once been a party to Temple Drake's debauchery. In Light in August (1932),
prejudice is shown to be most destructive when it is internalized, as in Joe
Christmas, who believes, though there is no proof of it, that one of his parents
was a Negro. The theme of racial prejudice is brought up again in Absalom,
Absalom! (1936), in which a young man is rejected by his father and brother
because of his mixed blood. Faulkner's most outspoken moral evaluation of the
relationship and the problems between Negroes and whites is to be found in
Intruder In the Dust (1948).
In 1940, Faulkner published the first volume of the Snopes trilogy, The Hamlet,
to be followed by two volumes, The Town (1957) and The Mansion (1959), all of
them tracing the rise of the insidious Snopes family to positions of power and
wealth in the community. The reivers, his last - and most humorous - work, with
great many similarities to Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, appeared in 1962, the
year of Faulkners death.
William Faulkner (1897-1962), que vena de una antigua familia del Sur, creci en
Oxford, Mississippi. Se uni a la de Canad, y ms tarde los britnicos, la Real
Fuerza Area durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, estudi durante un tiempo en la
Universidad de Mississippi, y trabajaba temporalmente para una librera de Nueva
York y un peridico de Nueva Orleans. A excepcin de algunos viajes a Europa y
Asia, y algunas estancias breves en Hollywood como guionista, trabaj en sus
novelas y relatos cortos en una granja en Oxford.
En un intento de crear una saga de su propia, Faulkner ha inventado una serie de
personajes tpicos del crecimiento histrico y la posterior decadencia del Sur. El
drama humano en las novelas de Faulkner se construye entonces en el modelo del
drama real, histrico se extiende por casi un siglo y medio Cada historia y cada
novela contribuye a la construccin de un todo, que es el imaginario condado de
Yoknapatawpha y sus habitantes. Su tema es la decadencia del viejo Sur,
representado por las familias Sartoris y Compson, y la aparicin de los recin
llegados despiadados y descarados, los Snopes. Tema y tcnica - la distorsin del
tiempo a travs del uso del monlogo interior se fusionan con un xito
especialmente en El sonido y la furia (1929), la cada de la familia Compson visto a
travs de las mentes de varios personajes. La novela Santuario (1931) es la
degeneracin del templo de Drake, una joven de una familia distinguida sur. Su
secuela, Requiem for a Nun (1951), escrito en parte como un drama, centrada en

la sala de audiencias de juicio una mujer negra que haba sido parte en el
libertinaje de Temple Drake. En Luz de agosto (1932), el prejuicio se demuestra que
es ms destructivo cuando se interioriza, como en Joe Christmas, que cree, aunque
no hay pruebas de ello, que uno de sus padres era un negro. El tema de los
prejuicios raciales es trado de nuevo en Absaln, Absaln! (1936), en el que un
joven es rechazado por su padre y hermano a causa de su sangre mezclada.
Evaluacin moral ms abierto de Faulkner de la relacin y los problemas entre los
negros y los blancos se encuentra en Intruder in the Dust (1948).
En 1940, Faulkner public el primer volumen de la triloga Snopes, La Aldea, para
ser seguido por dos volmenes, la ciudad (1957) y The Mansion (1959), todos ellos
trazando el aumento de la familia Snopes insidiosa a posiciones de poder y la
riqueza en la comunidad. Los rateros, su ltima - y ms humorstico - trabajo, con
muchas similitudes con Mark Twain Huckleberry Finn, apareci en 1962, el ao de
la muerte de Faulkner.
Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, and after his fathers death in 1885, he moved with his
family to Lawrence, Massachusetts, where he became interested in reading and writing poetry while in
high school. Frost attended Dartmouth College and Harvard University, but never received a degree. He
was a jack of all trades, and had many different occupations after leaving school, including a teacher, a
cobbler, and an editor of the local newspaper, the "Lawrence Sentinel". His first published poem was
"My Butterfly: An Elegy" in the New York literary journal "The Independent" in 1894. A year later he
married Elinor Miriam White, with whom he shared valedictorian honours with at his Massachusetts
High School.
In the following years, he operated a farm in Derry, New Hampshire, and taught at Derry's Pinkerton
Academy. In 1912, he sold his farm and moved his family to England, where he could devote himself
entirely to his writing. His efforts to establish himself in England were immediately successful, and in
1913 he published "A Boy's Will", followed a year later by "North of Boston". It was in England where
he met and was influenced by such poets at Rupert Brooke and Robert Graves, and where he established
his life-long friendship with Ezra Pound, who helped to promote and publish his work. *Frost returned
to the United states in 1915, and by the 1920's, he was the most celebrated poet in North America, and
was granted four Pulitzer Prizes. Robert Frost lived and taught for many years in Massachusetts and
Vermont, and died on January 29, 1963 in Boston.
Robert Lee Frost naci en San Francisco, y despus de muerte de su padre en 1885, se traslad con su
familia a Lawrence, Massachusetts, donde se interes en la lectura y escritura de la poesa en la
escuela secundaria. Escarcha asisti a Dartmouth College y la Universidad de Harvard, pero nunca
recibi un grado. l era un aprendiz de todo, y tena muchas ocupaciones diferentes despus de salir
de la escuela, incluyendo un maestro, un zapatero y un editor del peridico local, el "Lawrence
Sentinel". Su primer poema publicado fue "My Butterfly: Una Elega" en la revista literaria de Nueva
York "The Independent" en 1894. Un ao ms tarde se cas con Elinor Miriam Blanco, con quien
comparti los honores de despedida con su escuela de alta Massachusetts. ***En los aos siguientes,
se oper una granja en Derry, New Hampshire, y ense en la Academia Pinkerton de Derry. En 1912,
vendi su granja y se mud con su familia a Inglaterra, donde pudo dedicarse por entero a su
escritura. Sus esfuerzos por establecer a s mismo en Inglaterra fueron un xito inmediato, y en 1913
public "La voluntad de un nio", fruto de un ao ms tarde por "Al norte de Boston". Fue en Inglaterra
donde conoci y fue influenciado por esos poetas a Rupert Brooke y Robert Graves, y donde estableci
su amistad de por vida con Ezra Pound, quien ayud a promover y publicar su obra. **Escarcha
regres a los Estados Unidos en 1915, y por la dcada de 1920, fue el poeta ms clebre en Amrica
del Norte, y se le concedi cuatro premios Pulitzer. Robert Frost vivi y ense durante muchos aos
en Massachusetts y Vermont, y muri el 29 de enero de 1963 en Boston.