B.

ELEMENTARY FLUID MECHANICS REVJEW

The subject offluid mechanicsis usually divided into fluid staticsand fluid dynamics. In static
fluids, the only force exertedby the fluid is a pressureforce~nonnal to the surface. The basic equation
is F ==f areapd~ and the pressure may be found by the fundamental equation of hydrostatics:
dp = .:ydz. Fluid dynamicsproblemsare solved using con!;ervationof mass, energy, and momentum.
Elementaryfluid mechanicsproblemsusuallydeal only with incompressiblefluids in either the
static or the steady,one-dimensionalflow condition. There are five general categories of problems:

three types of forces (hydrostatic,dynamic,and viscous) and two types of flow (confined and
unconfined). Many complicated problems involve several categories.
Almost all equations found in fluid mechanicste~:tbooksand handbooks were derived using
certain simplifying assumptions. Do not use an equation unless you are sure that in making these

assumptions
you arenotintroducinganintolerableerror to the accuracyof your answer. Checkthe
answerto insure the assumptionwas valid. For example, if you use a laminar flow equation to find
the velocity in a pipe, check the Reynolds' number using that velocity to be sure that it is within the

laminarrange.

HYDROSTAllC FORCESAND PRESSURES

A

For

incompressible fluids, the fundamental equation (dp = -ydz) simplifies to:

p + yz = constant.
The only force exerted by a static fluid is a pressure force normal to the surface:
F = f areapdA = volume of pressureprism. It'the fluid is incompressible, the force on a

D.

2
submergedplane areais equalto (pressureat the centroid) x (area) and is located below the centroid

a distanceof

e =

Ic
yA

c.

The horizontalcomponentof the force on a submergedcurvedsurfaceis equalto the force

on the areaprojectedon a vertical plane.

The vertical componentof the force on a submerg(~dcurved surface is equal to the weight of
the fluid (real or imaginary) above the surface.

E.

Draw a free body diagramand use the basic equationsof static equilibrium: ~F = 0 and

~M=O.
F.

The bt;iyant force on a body is equal to the wei:ghtof the volume of fluid displaced by the

body.

G.

Any manometer problem can be worked by using these 2 rules:

At a given elevation the pressure is the same at all points (if fluid is

continuousandstatic).
Pressure
increases
by y ~ z asyougo down and decreasesby y ~ z as you go
up.
Note: Sometimes
the problemis more easilyhandledusing feet of waterasthe unit
of pressureandrule (2)becomes:Pressure~

in feet of waterincreasesby

s~z asyougo downanddecreases

by S~z as you go up. (S is the specific
gravity of the fluid throughwhich you are moving.)

B.
D.
E.

3
VISCOUS FORCES
A.

Viscous shearforce: F = A-r = AJ.L(dJl!dy).

If the distance is small, we assume

d'fl!dy = J1.'fl! J1.y.

Viscous drag force is usually calculated by empiJicalequations such as F = Y2CdpAu2,

DYNAMIC FORCES
A

Momentum equation: the net external force Q!1an isolated fluid volume is equal to the
increase in momentum flux through the volume:

Forces andvelocitiesarevectors,but densityandflow rate are scalars.

c.

For the dynamic force exerted Q.yajet stream(\1'1):

(1) On a single vane moving at velocity U:

(2) On a seriesof vanesmoving at velocityU:

Relativevelocitiesarealwaystangentto the vane.

For ideal fluids, Vl = V2 (in magnitude).

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

A

The continuity. energy and power equations are used as above. but the cross sectional area
of the flow is not so easilyobtained. We usuallyg(~ta cubic equation which has two positive

roots for the depthof flow.

B.

Empirical equation for head loss vs. velocity:

Manning:

V =

1.49
R213
n

81/2

, whl~re

v = velocity (l:/s)
R = hydraulic radius = Area I Wetted Pelimeter (ft)

S = slopeof energygradeline (channelslopefor uniform flow)

n = roughnesscoefficient

~Q!,

A closed
tank
contains
compressed
ai:t, and oil
(SGoil =: 0.90)
as
shown in the figure.
AU-tube
mahomete2:' using mercury
(SGH9 = 13.6)
is connected
to the tank.
For column hE~ights h, = 36 in, hz = 6 in,
and h3 = 9 in,
determine
the pressure
re~ading (J.n psi)
of the gage.

-f- y"~I

= 0
h~~

- 0

~I'"

7JQ~'1e..-:: 3. O(P?S;

~s.

If gate AS is rectangular
and is two meters wide (normal to the
page) I what force F is needed to open the gate?
Region C contains
air at atmospheric
pressure.
The water surface
lies
2 m above the
hinge at Band t is 5 M.

s", / oS';'1.r0 = 707"

~a.te.

- h

4.5" ~

Fw =

0;;:07"

'J-G.

2-

f--

(C;.

~ ""g=

I-

'c. A

..2""
--

~,n 'Ii.

~ .3,~ n1

::

G,.3~,..,

J: OZ rr}

I".

The curved surface

AB is 6 ft long perpendicular
to the plane of
the figure.
Determine
(a) the resultant
horizontal
force on AB,
its direction
and line of action
and (b) the resultant
vertical
force on AB, its direction
and line of action.
f7

4'

4-'

(J

-~-

-I,

--

5A wItT6'..

!_-

56 = /./

/ z.--

.2.'

1,.

-z--I

4("

c..

3-tr

F WII

16 ~

4//8. 4 I"~

Ff/::;
ht..

F;.~c.t

J:c..
-=--

::

h<;.A

~WI

-Fw

5/1-f

h =
(st+J (z. F+-)
(r, 1=1-)

:: ~...; V,..~J -rIN

Vr~c.f

:::

s. 0 7 .{-f

:"P

A,~.

Vred

(rs IAJ

Fred

:: ~~d

Z-M

t ~c.

&~

1/7./

If,

...41.,:

" t( == 0 .7&

II

rlJlf

0 Ji__l11io

The partially
submerged
wood pole
is attached
to the wall
by a
hinge as shown.
The pole is in equilib:rium
under the action
of the
weight
and buoyant
forces.
Determine
the density
of the wood.

p =

Il...
3

--

Y...;

(f

L.. tD'~30. )
s-

/8

~o
to

sl:f

L..

rwoo~-

--H

~i)1-

.-f

/J,

=ko/' -.?

55_I!;I 5
:::>,.)..::J

Jq //"11-3
.~~. /"11

11- _
,.~ '-

.'

A horizontal
150 rom pipe,
in which
62 lis
of
contracts
to a 75 romdiameter.
If the pressure
is 275 kpa, calculate
the magnitude
and direction
force
exerted
on the contraction.

= O.or--z. ,..,I/s

y =.
Zoo

/{ (.O7S")"/ '/

2. F~ -

~ = ..28t~

.2.~

(/82.3

XIOJ lI/m&)

~g~o N -F

it (:~7~M)~1.
tf

11.0 "'/$

..2.8,0 ~

(I)l)

.,.

.2.(~.,)

I..

2.{~.7)

-Boc. N
=. ~S-O.S'

F = 3'/otf N

Il 0
ao

'1.8 ","IJ/,.,1

z.
=-

3. ~-/ ",/s

..z 1 S" ..t.IJ/ "" a..

~ ~)('

z..

-:

?!-+

--

.o,z..m't'

~ :

'PI

water
are flowing,
in the 150 mm pipe
of the horizontal

/'I

A,,~

=. Ii.'"'

Water is flowing
in the system shown.
a flowrate
of 28 lis.

Calculate

the pump power for

~o~

=
f p

~...
~

-1;~r
r

2..

~ f -lz-

~# f -Z =
-I

'i"

'Z-:j

~
= '0,.. -30,., + O.~.\-n')-0./1. 9..., .: 30,S-2. ~

30 r71

f ~'l- =.

GO (?'1

f"

1/=

(!:;{ rGp
/o~O

(O,Ol8

,.,.I/s)('ir/tJ
1000

;Al/",1) (10, S-l.fPJ)

--

8.38

J:.W

too",

~
I
60,"

~
.-11

E,.I

i
~lo"'p)
"

"

."-P""'p)
'J ~~ ~/,"
--'--

(,0",

-L

~(.<. (~

..(j;)

=:m:::===~

Withl)",~

: -2.'1.13
",Is
1S'

"Pa-tM,

J: r V;-; 1:~

r /-;-i

(~~.';3)
.2.('j.t)

w;~

"P~~r

1-

of- -? ~

(7.3~)

2 (~. t)

q .: 0./7 _1/\

.~

r~ -rz>

S', 7 z..

v;~-o= '1., .3/'It/1

':
6"}

E = 1/ ~w

rf l. (, I"t7

A",.

f = o.OIB

1,

'/5

.j::I:>

1.,,2..

\I

'2.

2.~

1-

0.0/8

(~gC

t:..I_

/. S" ft

.c,.~M

~2...
( ~)

Z (.!l..z. Ffh")

IiIS

7i
-~

-+

.ffl.
QIS = (Ilot/' f-f/, )(~i~)

= 12..~~ fI./S

q,z-

V1L.
-

I. S Ii-

) 1/".
(--1I. S"
~B

30.=

~s.

2..

O.OIS ( ~-lf() If

z.(.3Z.LfIo/s&.)

6nHn,,;h,

S.J,,~

~!t
--

( ~II.. ft

) 2-

-~

.2. ftlh

.2.~

v -~--

F.,.

3 -~(*)Z"

It/-

(~~ t.

/. (po .J::+

2.:

= .2s: 7~-ti

z.(3Zoz..)

~'=.

,z.tI "1ft"
z.

~r~r'~
t
'Z.~

~ ~ -",-

"-':'
---""

)'"

'Z..j

~=
~

rt-~./~ ff,)~ ('2..cJ/J./r-t)-!

= "lJ.3 + I.' -";'S".

7~-.:.

YS-./$" /.,t

170 ~ S" 1'/.'iI L

If/t/ Iha./ft&'-

.c:-: =
.J

2: f:'1 ::
0(

=-J:>

,-t4n

-(

( ""iU
.z'1~) =

18.~

/'I.S'S'
(.~)

~'/

= /3:S I~

.2..9'/,

"

F =

935

/6

~~~

/8.$

"

~s.

b
.'~.I
!

~.-,--

35.

l_~~,k~~

t._1

: -~

r---'-l

~:1t.1

It

-~ -

II

-=

-c~

ti'l

:/-~"""
--.
a
=l ---

35"'

r-

Xt

3>

'"

1.

VQ

OC~"2.~

wllE:1J

't.

= :::--

fAr

'%..j

CAVlr.+TIUN

-=

--

v~~

(~) 1)

2.;j

7.('ESS'eI.c:.<. ])R.I?r

-1 ""3

h-3S"

BE"LDW

(- 71'/,), L ) (1'11,).~/IfL)

.,.p

(, l.t/"/FfL

fc.,.--

-/(,.1

-"'"

FI

34'J~

~
ilL.
Co

I..

1.

-Va

Va

01Co
'D

:o(~)'/V&

h
=.

frl'Sl~.rG

r>e.-

I~ VB
0

'L

+ "c.

z...

I-

+-,,/'"~(C-

z..~
L

;::/-DM

= Ib-

'/8

z.~,
Is-h

=. 57'-./

::'

=J,-~

= 1,+ I",~I