Andrew Rosen

Chapter 11 - Vectors and Vector-Valued Functions (using L TEX)

Scalar Multiplication:
Given a scalar,

c,

and a vector,

the magnitude of v

If c < 0, then c v

and

v,

the scalar multiple

c
v

is a vector whose magnitude is

|c|

multiplied by

point in opposite directions

Two vectors are parallel if they are scalar multiples of one another
Because

0
v =0

for all vectors, the zero vector is parallel to all vectors

Vector Components:
Round brackets, ( ), are for coordinates and angled brackets,
If

v = ha, b, ci,

then

|
v | = a2 + b2 + c2

h i,

are for components of a vector.

Unit Vectors:
A unit vector is a vector of magnitude (length) 1
If

Also,

is not the zero vector, then the unit vector in the direction of

|v|

are unit vectors parallel to

Unit Vectors:

is dened as:

v
v
=

|v|

i = h1, 0, 0i, j = h0, 1, 0i, k

= h0, 0, 1i

Vectors in Three Dimensions:

If the curled ngers of the right hand are rotated from the positive x axis to the positive y axis, the thumb
is in the direction of the positive z axis
To nd

PQ

from P (2, 1, 2) and

(4, 3, 6), the values must be subtracted since it's the vector between

these points.
Distance Formula in xyz-Space:
A sphere is dened as:

(x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 + (z2 z1 )2

(x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = r2

Example: (Note: Uses completing the square, which entails dividing the middle component by 2, squaring
it, and adding and subtracting it)

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4x 6y + 2z = 6
(x2 + 4x + 4 4) + (y 2 6y + 9 9) + (z 2 + 2z + 1 1) = 6
(x + 2)2 4 + (y 3)2 9 + (z + 1)2 1 = 6
(x + 2)2 + (y 3)2 + (z + 1)2 = 8

Dot Products:
If

v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i, then the dot product is:

u
v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3

dened as u v = | u || v | cos() if is the angle between the 2 vectors

u = hu1 , u2 , u3 i
It can also be

and

Vectors are said to be orthogonal if the dot product of the vectors is zero

Projections:

u onto
v , the following notation is used: P roj
v u

The scalar projection is Scal

v u = |P roj
v u|

Scal
v u = | u | cos() =

|
v|
!

u v
v

P roj
v u =

|
v|
|
v|

To nd the projection of u orthogonal to v , this equation would be used: u P roj

u
To dene the projection of

Note: The projection of a vector on another vector is merely a scalar multiple of the vector its being projected
onto. It doesn't even have to be in the same direction (can be antiparallel)

Cross-Product:

|
u
v | = |
u ||
v | sin()

where

is between 0 and

radians (angle between

and

v)

as the sides

and the

direction of the cross product is indicated by the right hand rule

Note: Cross product produces vector orthogonal to both vectors being crossed
The magnitude of the cross product is also the area of a parallelogram with

Anti-Commutative: u v = ( v u )
i j k (so, i j = k, and j k = i, and k i = j

and

u
v = (u2 v3 u3 v2 )i + (u3 v1 u1 v3 )
j + (u1 v2 u2 v1 )k
To get this, set up a 3x3 matrix:


 i j k


u
v =  u1 u2 u3
 v1 v 2 v3






 = i  u2
 v2





u3   u1

j
 v1
v3 



u3   u1
+
k
 v1
v3 


u2 
v2 

Then do the simple diagonal rule determinant for the 2x2 matrices (SE arrow multiplication minus SW
arrow)

P, Q, R, S : |P Q P R|

|P Q P R|
P, Q, R:
2

Area of a Parallelogram with sides

Area of a Triangle with sides

Vector-Valued Functions:

Equation of a Line passing through hx0 , y0 , z0 i the direction k to v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i is:

r (t) = hx0 + tv1 , y0 + tv2 , z0 + tv3 i

Also can be written parametrically as: x = x0 + tv1 ,
y = y0 + tv2 , z = z0 + tv3
What is needed is a point on the line and a vector that's parallel
There are innite vector-valued functions for a curve/line because the parameter can be changed using
another point

To dene a line segment, a specic domain for the parameter must be written along with
the vector-valued function for the whole line, which can be determined by doing the nal

coordinate minus the initial coordinate and making it a vector that will become
v or hv1 , v2 , v3 i
To nd the domain, look for all values of

that will give a value at the beginning and end of the line via

the given coordinates

r (t) = hf (t), g(t), h(t)i, a < t < b

The domain of t is all t values that make f (t), g(t), h(t) dened
To graph a function, make z zero to plot in the xy plane and then

Equation of a curve:

make a new plot adding

in

Finding intersections of planes and curves is straightforward, so keep it that way:

y x = 0 and
r (t) = h15 cos(t), 15 sin(t), ti
15 sin(t) 15 cos(t) = 0 and solve for t then plug

Ex:

Calculus with Vector-Valued

Functions:

As long as

r0 (t) 6= 0 ,

then

The Unit Tangent Vector:

r0 (t) is the tangent

r 0 (t)

T = 0
|r (t)|

into the original

vector assuming

r(t)

is fully dierentiable on the interval

All derivative rules still apply, but be careful:

(
u
v)=
u0
v +
u
v0
dt
d

Cross Product Rule:

(
u
v)=
u0
v +
u
v0
dt

Integration is as usual, but the constant is a vector ( C )

Dot Product Rule:

and can be added to the whole function or its

components. Also, integration can be distributed in to the components:

r (t)dt = R (t) + C

Motion in Space:

r 00 (t) =
v 0 (t) =
a (t)
When integrating and nding the constants using initial values (t

C is in

Speed = |
v (t)|
constant

= 0)

problems, remember that the

more than one dimension.

Arc Length:
p

b 0
b
f 0 (t)2 + g 0 (t)2 + h0 (t)2 dt = a |
r (t)|dt
a
If a vector is multiplied by a scalar multiple, it is the same equation even though it is dierent parametrization.
S=

Even so, its arc length is identical.

Circular Motion with constant

|
r |:
r
v =0

Reparameterization:
If a curve or function has the dummy variable

replaced with one that is respect to arc length, it is unique

and has meaning (distance on curve)

t
|
r 0 (u)|du
a
Find S(t) and then solve for t to substitute into the vector-valued function
a is simply the lowest point on the domain
Change the domain for S(t) by replacing t for the function in terms of s in the
and then isolate s

If | r 0(t)| = 1, then arc length was already used for parameterization

S(t) =

inequality for the domain

Andrew Rosen

Chapter 12 - Functions of Several Variables (LATEX)

Planes and Surfaces1 :
(x0 , y0 , z0 )
a(x x0 ) + b(y y0 ) + c(z z0 ) = 0
The equation for a plane that contains

and has a normal vector

n = ha, b, ci

is:

This equation is unique because it is set to zero

For an equation, the point on the plane and a vector normal to the plane are needed
It can be arranged to make

ax + by + cz = d

and the coecients of the variables are

Note: Every plane has an orientation determined by

Finding Equation of a Plane:

1) Create two vector segments via subtraction
2) Cross the two new vectors since the cross product is perpendicular
3) Plug into equation
3) Isolate constants and variables

Example: A plane through three points

P (2, 1, 3), Q(1, 4, 0),

P Q = h1, 5, 3i and P R = h2, 0, 2i

i j k

P Q P R = 1 5 3 = h10, 8, 10i
2 0 2

Find the equation of a plane that contains

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:
Step 4:

and

R(0, 1, 5):

10(x 2) + 8(y (1)) + 10(z 3) = 0

5x + 4y + 5z = 21

Angle of Intersecting Planes:

1) The two normal vectors of each plane produce an angle identical to the angle of intersection
2) Solve for

cos()

between the two normal vectors using the dot product equation

Planes are parallel if their respective normal vectors are parallel (scalar multiples)
Planes are orthogonal if their respective normal vectors are orthogonal (dot product is zero)

Example: Intersecting Planes

Q : x + 2y + z = 5
solve for x and y (x = 3, y = 1, z = 0)

normal vectors ( v = n 1 n 2 )

Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes

Step 1: Set

z=0

and

Step 2: Cross the two

and

R : 2x + y z = 7

Step 3: Write an equation of a line from these two steps

Distance between a Point and a Plane:

If given a point

and an equation for a plane, do the scalar projection of

plane) projected onto the normal vector of the plane,

1 It

n.

Therefore, this is

is best to be familiar with how to to do all examples of planes in Chapter 12.1

P Q (where Q

scal
n P Q.

is a point on the

Distance between a Point and a Line:

If given a point

and the equation for a line, set

vector from the equation of the line,

v.

Then cross

t = 0 to nd another point, Q.

P Q and
v . Finally, divide this

Then nd the parallel

by

|
v|

Cylinders:
Think of a cylinder as an extruded spline (with surfsculpt)
If an equation is missing a variable, it is a cylinder (eg:

z = x2

in

R3 )

Not all cylinders have this property though

Cylinders extend in the dimension that is missing for innity and negative innity

Graphs and Level Curves:

Domain and range can be dened as usual

p
f (x, y) = 9 x2 y 2
D = {(x, y) R2 |x2 + y 2 9}
Ex:

R = [0, 3]
Level Curve:

Ex:

f (x, y) = c
f (x, y) =

where

is a constant

p
9 x2 y 2 = c

x 2 + y 2 = 9 c2 c

is between 0 and 3 (range)

Partial Derivatives:
A partial derivative ( ) simply is the computation of a derivative that is stated while the other variables are
made as constants
Ex:

z = 2x sin(y)

Higher Order:

z
= 2 sin(y)
x

2f

= fxx =
(fx )
2
x
x

A partial derivative is dierentiable if all of its (rst order) partial derivatives are continuous at a
point

(a, b)

fxy = fyx

for continuous functions

The Chain Rule:

To do the chain rule, a tree diagram should be set up with all of the variables. From this, one can trace out
the paths to get to the desired variable. Multiply partial derivatives down a chain, and add chains together.

Implicit Dierentiation:
dy
dx

Fx
Fy

To implicitly dierentiate, compute partial derivatives but be careful of implicitly dened functions

z
x

Eg:

of

x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 6xyz = 1

where

z
z
+ (6yz + 6xy ) = 0 z
x
x
z
3x2 6yz
=
x
3z 2 + 6xy

3x2 + 3z 2

is implicit for

and

is implicitly dened for

|u|

and is not constant

Directional Derivative:

f = hfx , fy , fz i

D
u f = f u

(where

is a

unit vector ha, b, ci from

f
u = | f ||
u | cos(), = 0 is the largest value because |
u |=1

f
u
is in the direction of maximum derivative (always
ascent: u
=

| f |

Since
Maximum

in direction of the

gradient)
Value of Maximum Ascent:

| f |

To nd maximum descent, negate the

is always

and

components of the unit vector

to level curves

Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations:

Tangent Plane for
where

F (x, y, z) = 0: Fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y y0 ) + Fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z z0 ) = 0,

P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and z = F (x, y)

is dierentiable at the point

Tangent Plane for

Linear Approximation:
Dierentials:

z = Fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) + F (x0 , y0 )

z = f (x, y) :

L(x, y) = Fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + Fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 ) + F (x0 , y0 )

dz = Fx (x, y)dx + Fy (x, y)dy

Maximum/Minimum Problems:
Critical Point:

1) fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0

Set both partial derivatives equal to zero simultaneously and solve (don't forget

with even roots)

2) Fx or Fy DN E
Discriminant:
1.
2.
3.
4.

D(a, b) = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) (fxy (a, b))2

If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f (a, b) is a local minimum

If D > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f (a, b) is a local maximum
If D < 0 then f (a, b) is a saddle point
If D = 0 it's inconclusive

Closed Set: Set of points that contains all its boundary points
Bounded Set: Set of points that is contained within some bigger nite circle
Extreme Value Theorem: If

is continuous on a closed, bounded domain,

max and absolute min value for some point(s) in

D,

then

attains an absolute

Absolute Extrema:
1. Find the critical points of

in

(no need to do second derivative test) and see if it's inside boundary

2. Find extreme value on the boundary

3. The largest value of

from steps 1 and 2 is the absolute max and vice versa

Note: If the closed region is that of a circle (eg:

and

y = a sin()

where

x2 + y 2 25),

then it can be modeled with

x = a cos()

is the disk's radius

Note: To nd the shortest distance between two regions, you can use the distance formula. Doing partial
derivatives on it is nasty, so square both sides and then nd the critical points as usual. Then plug the
and

values into the original function (not the squared one)

Lagrange Multipliers:
Find all

(x, y, z)

and

such that

If this is a physical problem,

f (x, y, z) = g(x, y, z)

usually cannot equal zero and thus can be divided (same with

x, y, z )

Note: If the boundary is given as a function with an equals sign, do not compute the critical point inside
the region. Only compute it on the boundary. If the boundary is given as an inequality, compute the critical
point inside the region as well as the points on the boundary.

Quadric Surfaces:

Andrew Rosen

AT X)
Chapter 13 - Multiple Integration (L
E

13.1 - Double Integration over Rectangular Regions

is continuous on a rectangle with

Fubini's Theorem: If

f (x, y) dx dy
a

then

f (x, y) dy dx =

f (x, y) dA =
D

[a, b] [c, d] = D,

2x y + 6 dy , then it becomes 2xy y2 + 6y + C )

2
1 


2 27
2 1
29 2
y2 
27

dy

(9x
+
y)
dx
dy

x
+
xy
+
y
dy

y
+
2
2
2
2  25
0
0 2
0
2
Example: (Note - if it's

The average value of an integrable function

f =

over a region

f (x, y) dA

Area of D

is:

f (x, y) dA

dA
D

Remember: If you are looking for the bounds on an integral with respect to

dx,

the lower bound is the lower

function and the upper bound is the higher function. If you are looking for the bounds on an integral with
respect to

dy ,

the lower bound is the left-most function and the upper bound is the right-most function,

assuming that this is on a typical

xy

plane.

13.2 - Double Integrals over General Regions

With integrals over nonrectangular regions, the order of integration cannot be simply switched. A correct

x1 = a, x2 = b, y1 = c,

statement would be the following where the bounds are

f (x, y) dy dx
a

g(x)

h(y)

f (x, y) dA =

f (x, y) dx dy
c

y2 = d:

h(x)

f (x, y) dA =

and

g(y)

How to nd the bounds of a double integral :

1. Determine with which variable the inner integral is with respect to:

dx

or

dy

2. The bounding curves determine the limits of integration for the variable determined in the rst step
3. The bounds of the remaining variable is the projection of the region on that axis

1 It

is important to be able to identify the standard quadric surfaces

Example: Double integral with

dx

on the inside and

dy

Compute the iterated integral of the region bounded by

and

dy

on the outside

y = 14 x, y = 3,

and

x=4

with

dx

on the inside

and

x=4

with

dy

on the inside

on the outside

Step 1: Plot the region

Step 2: Determine the bounds for the

dx

integral

dy

integral

4 x y + 14
Step 3: Determine the bounds for the

3 y 10
Step 4: Write the iterated integral:

10

y+14

f (x, y) dx dy
3

Example: Double integral with

dy

on the inside and

dx

Compute the iterated integral of the region bounded by

and

dx

on the outside

y = 14 x, y = 3,

on the outside

Step 1: Plot the region (see previous plot)

Step 2: Determine the bounds for the

dy

integral

dx

integral

3 y 14 x
Step 3: Determine the bounds for the

4 x 11
Step 4: Write the iterated integral:

11

14x

f (x, y) dy dx
4

g(x, y) f (x, y) is:

V =
(g(x, y) f (x, y)) dA

The volume between two surfaces where

D
If

is a region in the

xy

plane then the area of that region is:

AreaD =

dA
D

13.3 - Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Before doing double integration in polar coordinates, it is essential to recall the following identities:

r=

x2 + y 2 r 2 = x2 + y 2

x = r cos(), y = r sin()
As long as

while

polar rectangular region for a function,

and 0 a r b,
f (x, y):

then the following is the double integral over a

r=b

f [r cos(), r sin()] r dr d

f (r, ) dA =
r=a

With double integrals over non-rectangular polar regions, the order of integration cannot be switched directly.
A more general expression for the double integral over a general polar rectangular region where

r h()

and

with

f (x, y),

for a function,

0 g()

is:

r=h()

f (r, ) dA =

f [r cos(), r sin()] r dr d
=

r=g()

Note: Don't forget to multiply the integrand by a factor of

r!

Area of Polar Regions:

A=

r=h()

dA =

r dr d
=a

r=g()

The following trigonometric identities are crucial to integration of squared trigonometric functions:

2 It

sin2 () =

1
(1 cos(2))
2

cos2 () =

1
(1 + cos(2))
2

is essential to be able to recall the typical trigonometric values for sine, cosine, and tangent

Example:
Set up an equation to nd the area of 1 leaf of the rose,

r = cos(2)

1) Plot the function:

2) Write the bounds

0 r cos(2)

and

Note: When writing the bounds of integration for

, make sure that it is going from a lower value to a higher

value and make sure it is the correct region of the boundary. In this case,

7
4 to 4 would be incorrect since

it'd sweep more than one leaf.

3) Set up double integral

cos(2)

r dr d

A=

h(x)

13.4 - Triple Integrals

H(x,y)

f (x, y, z) dV =

f (x, y, z) dz dy dx
a

g(x)

G(x,y)

Note: Five other orders of integration could be set up based on Fubini's Theorem

How to Find the Bounds of Integration:

1. Imagine that you really, really hate calculus, and triple integrals make you want to stab things. This

attitude will help you greatly!

2. Your rst set of limits can be gured out if you imagine (fatally) stabbing the three-dimensional
boundary in the direction of the axis of the variable you're integrating. Find where the knife (or spear,
rusty lance, extra sharp pencil, etc.)

enters the three-dimensional boundary for the rst time and

where it exits. Basically, nd the entrance and exit wounds. Write this as an inequality (eg:
where the integral is with respect to

a z b,

dz ).

3. Set the rst variable of integration to zero (so, if you integrated with respect to z rst, make

z = 0)

to

create a plane. It might even be helpful to draw a new graph in a normal 2-variable Cartesian plane.
Now stab in the direction of the middle variable of integration. Find the entrance and exit wounds.
4. Now you are left with one variable to nd the limits of integration for. The bounds of the remaining
variable is the projection of the region on that axis.

3 Don't

worry. I'm not really that violent.

How to switch the bounds of a triple integral (and how to graph a 3D function given the bounds):
1. Since the middle and outer integrals' bounds are the projection of the 3D region, plot this 2D projection
rst. Be careful of this major fact: If you have

dx dy dz ,

you'd graph a

yz

projection rst. If one

D
of the bounds for, let's say,

is something like

equals and substitute that in for

y=z

then you can't graph that directly! See what

y = z.

2. From here, the bounds for the middle integral can be found as usual. The bounds for the outer integral
are the projection of the 2D graph on the axis of the variable that the outer integral is with respect to
(make sure that the outer integral has constants for the bounds)
3. Now, extrude this projection in the dimension of the inner integral variable. The bounds for the inner
integral can then be found as normal.
4. The key is to realize which bounds are functions of which variables and to adjust them accordingly.

Example:
Set up a triple integral to nd the volume of the given solid region in the rst octant bounded by the plane

12x + 16y + 12z = 48

and the coordinate planes.

Given graph of the boundary:

Step 1: Pick an order of integration. I will pick

dz dy dx

Step 2: Imagine stabbing this boundary in the

plane solved for

Step 3: Set

z,

z=0

which is

4y
4x .
3

arbitrarily. Any order can be used.

z =0
4y
0z 4x
3

axis. It enters at

Therefore,

and exits at the equation of the

to create a new Cartesian plane. Re-plotting the boundary might be helpful. The graph

is shown below.

Step 4: Find the boundaries for

point.

y.

The hypothetical knife would enter at

There are two easy ways to do this.

One is to simply solve for

y = 0. Now
z = 0.

when

you need the exit

This would make

3
y = x + 3. Another way to do this, which is equally as easy, is to recognize that the slope of a line is
4
y
3
the
, which is . This, in conjunction with the knowledge that the y intercept is (0, 3) can yield the
x
4
3
3
equation of the line, which is x + 3. Therefore, 0 y x + 3.
4
4
Step 5: Find the remaining boundary for x. The projection of the previous boundary on the x axis yields
0 x 4.
Step 6: Use this information to piece together a triple integral. It would thus be:

3x
4 +3

4x 4y
3

dx dy dz
0

13.5, Part I - Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

The triple integral of

over

in cylindrical coordinates is:

h()

H(r cos(),r sin())

f (r, , z) dz r dr d

f (x, y, z) dV =
D

G(r cos(),r sin())

g()

The following are important conversion rules between rectangular and cylindrical coordinates:
1.

x = r cos()

2.

y = r sin()

3.

z=z

Example:
Set up, but do not evaluate,

2 4x2
2

2
0

4x

x2 +y 2

(x2 + y 2 ) dz dy dx

Step 1: Plot the boundary region. The tip of the cone is at

Step 2: Find the boundaries of

in cylindrical coordinates.

(0, 0, 0)

and opens from

z=0

to

z=2

by converting to cylindrical coordinates. The boundaries become

Also note that the integrand itself becomes

Step 3: Collapse the cone so that

z=0

r z 2.

r2 .

and plot it (indicated by shaded region)

Remember to check the boundaries given

Step 4: Find the boundaries for

and

With this graph, it is clear that

from a smaller angle to a higher angle for the boundary, so

0 r 2.

The angle must sweep

2.

Step 5: Set up the triple integral. It would become, with the boundaries already determined:

r2 r dz dr d
0

13.5, Part II - Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

There are three new coordinates to recognize in spherical coordinates:

1.

is the distance from the origin to a point, P

2.

is the angle between the positive z-axis and an arbitrary line

3.

is the same angle as in cylindrical coordinates and measures rotation about the z-axis relative to the

OP

that goes from

to

positive x-axis

4 = 0

is a line from the origin going upward vertically and

is a line from the origin going downward vertically

The triple integral of

D,

over a region,

in spherical coordinates is:

h(,)

f (, , )2 sin d d d

f (, , ) dV =
D

g(,)

The following are important conversion rules between rectangular and spherical coordinates:
1.

x = sin cos

2.

y = sin sin

3.
Also

z = cos

note: =
r2 + z 2

2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 + z 2

and

Example:

Set up, but do not evaluate, the following integral in spherical coordinates:

e(4x

+4y 2 +4z 2 ) 2

dV

where

is a sphere of radius

6.

Step 1: Convert known functions to spherical coordinates. The triple integral becomes

e4r

 23

dV

D
Step 2: Find the bounds for

Step 3: Find the bounds for

. The bounds for this will be from 0 to . The

take care of that part of the sweeping action

is because the bounds of

Step 4: Find the bounds for

This will extend from

to the sphere, which is

reason that it is not from

The bounds for this will be one full revolution from

to

to

Step 5: Set up the triple integral. It will be:

e8 2 sin d d d
0

Example:
Set up, but do not evaluate, an expression for the volume of the smaller region cut from the solid sphere

14

by the plane

z = 7.
.

Step 1: Find the bounds for

z = cos ,

Step 2: Find the bounds for

7
cos

An equation for a plane is given by

so the lower bound for

equal to

14

Therefore, the lower bound is

is

6 sec ,

a sec
14.

because

z=7

is the plane and

and the upper bound is

The lower limit is

and solving for

Step 3: Find the bounds for

= 0,

and the upper limit of

can be found by setting

. These are simply those

0 and upper bound is 2 .

of a circle in order to create one full revolution.

Step 4: Write out the triple integral.

/3

14

2 sin d d d
0

7/ cos

Andrew Rosen

AT X)
Chapter 14 - Vector Calculus (L
E
14.1 - Vector Fields
A vector eld is written as

(x, y, z)

F (x, y, z) = hf (x, y, z), g(x, y, z), h(x, y, z)i

because for every point in space

you get a dierent vector

A vector eld is conservative if it is the gradient ( ) of a scalar function

There exists a potential function,

(x, y, z),

such that

F (x, y, z) = (x, y, z)

would be considered a gradient eld

14.2 - Line Integrals

If

C,
r (t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i,

is a continuous function on the smooth curve

and

a t b,

then the

following is a line integral :

f (x, y, z) ds =

f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) |

r 0 (t)| dt =

f (x(t), y(t), z(t))

q
2
2
2
[x0 (t)] + [y 0 (t)] + [z 0 (t)] dt

How to Evaluate a Line Integral:

1. Find a parametric description of
2. Compute

|
r 0 (t)| =

in the form

r (t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i

for

atb

[x0 (t)] + [y 0 (t)] + [z 0 (t)]

3. Make substitutions for

and

in the integrand and evaluate an ordinary integral:

b
|
r 0 (t)| dt
a

f (x, y, z) ds =

f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) |

r 0 (t)| dt

To nd the length of a curve,

r (t),

a t b,

on the bounds

Example:
Set up the following line integral in an ordinary integral :

you can do the following line integral:

(2 + x2 y) ds,

where

is the upper half of the

C
unit circle

Step 1: Write a parametric description of the curve. A circle can be written in terms of cosine and sine, so
it is

r (t) = hcos t, sin ti,

f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) = 2 + cos2 t sin t

p

0
Compute the magnitude of the derivative of r (t). r (t) = h sin t, cos ti, so | r (t)| =
sin2 t + cos2 t =

Step 2: Substitute in for

Step 3:

0t
x and y . The function

where

becomes

1
Step 4: Substitute

|
r 0 (t)|

in for

ds.

ds = |
r 0 (t)| dt = 1 dt = dt

This becomes:

Step 5: Put all the pieces together to evaluate an ordinary integral:

(2 + x2 y) ds =

(2 + cos2 t + sin t) dt
0

1 If C is not smooth everywhere (piece-wise), the line integral can still be evaluated if the curve is broken up into segments

Line Integrals of Vector Fields:

F (x, y, z) is a continuous

integral of F on C is:

If

vector eld dened on a piece-wise smooth curve,

F d
r =

C
Let

( F T) ds =

from

a t b,

the line

F (
r (t)) r 0 (t) dt

be a continuous vector eld and let

r (t),

be a closed smooth curve. The circulation is the same as the

previously dened line integral of a vector eld:

Circulation =
C
Let

F T ds =

F =

F (
r (t)) r 0 (t) dt

be a continuous vector eld and let

be a closed smooth curve with counterclockwise orientation.

The (outward) ux is:

F n
ds =

F lux =

(f y 0 (t) g x0 (t)) dt
a

n
= T k

Note:

Note: A positive answer means a positive outward ux

14.3 - Conservative Vector Fields

A vector eld is said to be conservative on a region if there exists a scalar function,
For a conservative vector eld,

F , F d
r =0

such that

on all simple closed smooth oriented curves

F =

C
In

R2 ,

In

R3 ,

f
y
f

for conservative vector elds

x
g f
h
g
h
=
,
=
, and
=
y
x z
x
z
y

How to nd

in 2-space:

1. Integrate

x = f

2. Compute

with respect to

to obtain

to obtain an expression for

c(y)
c0 (y)

c(y)

to nd

in 3-space:

1. Integrate

x = f

2. Compute

with respect to

to obtain

which includes an arbitrary function

via partial dierentation and equate it to

3. Substitute in for
function

which includes an arbitrary function

and integrate with respect to

4. Put it all together for an expression of

via partial dierentiation and equate it to

3. Substitute in for

How to nd

for conservative vector elds

and integrate

cy (y, z)

to obtain an expression for

with respect to

to obtain

c(y, z),

c(y, z)
cy (y, z)

including an arbitrary

d(z)

4. Compute

equate it to

via partial dierentiation (using

from step 1 and

5. Substitute in for

and integrate with respect to

to get

d(z)

d(z)

substituted in from step 3) and

Example:
Determine whether the following vector eld is conservative on
when

F = h3x, 3yi

F is conservative
f (x, y) = 3x and g(x, y) = 3y
f
g
= 0 and
= 0, therefore it is
y
x

R2 .

If so, determine the potential function

Step 1: Prove if

Step 2: Find

conservative

x = f = 3x,

3
x dx = 3x dx = x2 + c(y)

 2
3 2
x + c(y) = c0 (y) = g
y 2
c0 (y) = 3y
0

3
c (y) dy = 3y dy = y 2 + C
2
Step 3: Put it together

(x, y) =

3 2 3 2
x + y +C
2
2

Example:
Determine whether the following vector eld is conservative on
when

F = h6y + z, 6x + 7z, x + 7yi

R3 .

If so, determine the potential function

F is conservative
f (x, y, z) = 6y + z and g(x, y, z) = 6x + 7z and h(x, y, z) = x + 7y
g f
h
g
h
f
=6=
,
=1=
, and
=7=
, therefore it is conservative
y
x z
x
z
y

Step 1: Prove if

Step 2: Find

x = f = 6yz

= x dx = 6y + z dx = 6xy + xz + c(y, z)

(6xy + xz + c(y, z)) = 6x + cy (y, z) = g

y =
y
6x + cy (y, z) = 6x + 7z cy (y, z) = 7z

c(y, z) = cy (y, z) dy = 7z dy = 7yz + d(z)

z =
(6xy + xz + 7yz + d(z)) = x + 7y + d0 (z) = h
z
x + 7y = x + 7y + d0 (z) d0 (z) = 0

d(z) = d0 (z) dz = 0 dz = C
Step 3: Put it together

(x, y, z) = 6xy + xz + 7yz + C

In order to evaluate the line integral

and dot it with

(or

d
r given (x, y) and
r (t), you must take the derivative of
r (t)
C

since they are equivalent), so make sure the gradient of

is taken. Then a simple

integral can be calculated.

Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals:

F T ds =

F (
r (t))
r 0 (t) dt = (B) (A)

Example:

r (t) = hcos(t), sin(t)i for t and (x, y) = xy , use the fundamental theorem for line integrals
2

evaluate
d
r

If given
to

C
Step 1: Plug each bound into

A : hcos

, sin

r (t)

to nd coordinates A and B

i = h0, 1i x = 0, y = 1 A = (0, 1)

B : hcos(), sin ()i = h1, 0i x = 1, y = 0 B = (1, 0)

Step 2: Use the fundamental theorem of line integrals

(x, y) = xy

d
r = (B) (A) = (1)(0) (0)(1) = 0

Andrew Rosen
Chapter 14 - Vector Calculus, Part II (LATEX)
14.4 - Green's Theorem

Green's Theorem - Circulation Form:

F d
r =


f dx + g dy =

g
x


dA

Note: The partial derivatives that are subtracted in the double integrand are collectively known as the
two-dimensional curl

Note: From here on out, the positive direction is counterclockwise. If the curve is oriented clockwise, negate
the answer

If the two-dimensional curl of a vector eld, F = hf, gi, is zero then it is said to be irrotational

If the 2-D curl is zero, F is conservative ( F = ) because

F d
r will also be zero

Area of a Plane Region by Line Integrals:

x dy =

y dx =
C

(x dy y dx)

2
C

Green's Theorem - Flux Form:

F n
ds =


f dy g dx =

f
x

g
y


dA

Note: The partial derivatives that are added in the double integrand are collectively known as the
dimensional divergence

two-

If the two-dimensional divergence of a vector eld, F = hf, gi, is zero then it is said to be source-free
14.5 - Divergence and Curl

g
h
f

div F = F =
+
+
x
y
z
h
g f
h g
f

curl F = F = h

i
y
z z
x x
y

Properties of a Conservative Vector Field:

1. There exists a potential function, , such that F =

2.

F d
r = (B) (A) for all points on a smooth, oriented curve, C , from A to B

3.

F d
r = 0 on all simple, smooth, close oriented curves C
C

4. 1 F = 0

Note: Rule #4 only applies if

F has continuous partial derivatives on all of R3 , so if there is a singularity anywhere then
the theorem cannot be used
1

Curl of a Gradient: If F is conservative then ( ) = 0

Divergence of the Curl: ( F ) = 0

14.6 - Surface Integrals

A general description for a parametric surface is the following,

r (u, v) = hx(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)i

A general description for parameterizing a cylinder with its axis along the z axis with radius, r:

r (, z) = hr cos , r sin , zi

A general description for parameterizing a cone with its vertex at the origin with radius, r, and height, h:
rz
rz

r (, z) = h cos ,
sin , zi
h
h

A general description for parameterizing a sphere with radius, , centered at the origin2 :

r (, ) = h sin cos , sin sin , cos i

Surface Integral of Scalar Functions:

f (x, y, z) dS =

f (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) | t u t v | dA

Surface Integral of Vector Fields:

F lux =

F n
dS =

F ( t u t v ) dA

Average value of a function on a surface:

Average =

f (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) | t u t v | dA

| t u t v | dA
R

Finding the magnitude of the cross product of the two partial derivative vectors can be dicult here, but it will usually be
, which is exactly what is used for a spherical coordinate triple integral! This will be dA here. Even though the sphere
is parameterized with spherical coordinates, do not multiply in another factor of 2 sin . It's a regular, rectangular double
integral with bounds for and
2

2 sin

Example for nding the equation of a tangent plane at a point on a surface:

Find the equation of the tangent plane at (1, 1, 3) of t (u, v) = hu2 , v 2 , u + 2vi
Step 1: Calculate the cross product of the partial derivatives

t u = h2u, 0, 1i and t v = h0, 2v, 2i

t u t v = h2u, 0, 1i h0, 2v, 2i = h2v, 4u, 4uvi

Step 2: Solve for the normal vector by nding u, v and substituting into the cross product
x = 1 = u2 u = 1
y = 1 = v 2 v = 1
z = 3 = u + 2v u, v = 1

n (1, 1, 3) = h2, 4, 4i

Step 3: Set up the tangent plane equation at that point

2(x 1) 4(y 1) + 4(z 3) = 0 2x 4y + 4z = 6

14.7 - Stokes' Theorem

Assuming that F is a vector eld show components have continuous rst partial derivatives on S ,

F d
r =

( F ) n
dS

Note: The normal vector for an explicitly dened surface z = g(x, y) is hzx , zy , 1i [Might help to solve
some problems]
Note: If the surface is in the xy plane, the unit normal vector is k
14.8 - Divergence Theorem

F n
dS =

F dV

Multivariable Calculus Study Guide:

A LATEX Version
Tyler Silber
University of Connecticut
December 11, 2011

Disclaimer

It is not guaranteed that I have every single bit of necessary information for
the course. This happened to be some of what I needed to know this specific
semester in my course. For example, Stokes Theorem is not even mentioned.

Vectors Between Two Points

Given : P (x1 , y1 ) & Q(x2 , y2 )

PQ =

Vectors in the Plane


let v =

v1
v2


&u=

0
0


cv =

cv1
cv2

|v| =

q
v12 + v22

0=

3.1

x2 x1
y2 y1

u1
u2

Simple Operations


v+u=

v1 + u1
v2 + u2

3.2

Unit Vectors

i=

1
0


&j=

0
1

v = v1 i + v2 j

3.3

Vectors of a Specified Length

 
 cv 
  = |c|
 |v| 

4
4.1

cv
kv
|v|

Vectors in Three Dimensions

Notes

Everything in the above section can be expanded to three dimensions. Simply

add another component.

0
k= 0
1

4.2

Random Equations
xy-plane {(x, y, z) : z = 0}
xz-plane {(x, y, z) : y = 0}
yz-plane {(x, y, z) : x = 0}
Sphere: (x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = r2

5
5.1

Dot Product
Definitions
u v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3 = |u||v| cos
uv uv =0
u k v u v = |u||v|

5.2

Projections

The orthogonal projection of u onto v is denoted projv u and the scalar component of u in the direction of v is denoted scalv u.
  
v
u v
=
v
projv u = |u| cos
|v|
vv
uv
scalv u = |u| cos =
|v|

Cross Product
|u v| = |u||v| sin

(1)

ukv uv =0

u2 v3 u3 v2
u v = u3 v1 u1 v3
u1 v2 u2 v1
Note: u v is orthogonal to both u and v and the direction is defined by the
right-hand rule.

Lines and Curves in Space

7.1

Vector-Valued Functions
r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i

7.2

Lines
hx, y, zi = hx0 , y0 , z0 i + tha, b, ci, for < t <

7.3

Line Segments
Given : P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) & P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 )

P1 P2 = hx1 , y1 , z1 i + thx2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 i, for 0 t 1

7.4

Curves in Space
r(t) = hf (t), g(t), h(t)i

Equation 1 is also equal to the area of the parallelogram created by the two vectors.

7.5

Limits
D
E
lim r(t) = lim f (t), lim g(t), lim h(t)

ta

8
8.1

ta

ta

ta

Calculus of Vector-Valued Functions

Derivative and Tangent Vector
r0 (t) = f 0 (t)i + g 0 (t)j + h0 (t)k

Note: r0 (t) is the tangent vector to r(t) at the point (f (t), g(t), h(t)).

8.2

Indefinite Integral
Z
r(t) dt = R(t) + C

Note: C is an arbitrary constant vector and R = F i + Gj + Hk.

8.3

Definite Integral
Z

"Z

r(t) dt =
a

9
9.1

"Z

f (t) dt i +

"Z

g(t) dt j +

h(t) dt k
a

Motion in Space
Definitions
a(t) = v0 (t) = r00 (t)
Speed = |v(t)|

9.2

Two-Dimensional Motion in a Gravitational Field

Given : v(0) = hu0 , v0 i & r(0) = hx0 , y0 i
v(t) = hx0 (t), y 0 (t)i = hu0 , gt + v0 i


1 2
r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i = u0 t + x0 , gt + v0 t + y0
2

9.3

Two-Dimensional Motion
Given : v(0) = h|v0 | cos , |v0 | sin i & r(0) = h0, 0i
T ime =

2|v0 | sin
g

|v0 |2 sin 2
g
 
T
(|v0 | sin )2
M ax Height = y
=
2
2g
Range =

10
10.1

Planes and Surfaces

Plane Equations

The plane passing through the point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) with a normal vector n =
ha, b, c, i is described by the equations:
a(x x0 ) + b(y y0 ) + c(z z0 ) = 0
ax + by + cz = d, where d = ax0 + by0 + cz0
In order to find the equation of a plane when given three points, simply create
any two vectors out of the points and take the cross product to find the vector
normal to the plane. Then use one of the above formulae.

10.2

Parallel and Orthogonal Planes

Two planes are parallel if their normal vectors are parallel. Two planes are
orthogonal if their normal vectors are orthogonal.

10.3

Surfaces

10.3.1

Ellipsoid
x2
y2
z2
+ 2 + 2 =1
2
a
b
c

10.3.2

Elliptic Paraboloid
z=

x2
y2
+
a2
b2

It would be worth it to learn how to derive sections 9.2 and 9.3.

10.3.3

Hyperboloid of One Sheet

y2
z2
x2
+ 2 2 =1
2
a
b
c

10.3.4

Hyperboloid of Two Sheets

10.3.5

x2
y2
z2
2 + 2 =1
2
a
b
c

Elliptic Cone
x2
y2
z2
+
=
a2
b2
c2

10.3.6

Hyperbolic Paraboloid
z=

11
11.1

x2
y2

a2
b2

Graphs and Level Curves

Functions of Two Variables
R2 R
z = f (x, y)
F (x, y, z) = 0

11.2

Functions of Three Variables

R3 R
w = f (x, y, z)
F (w, x, y, z) = 0

11.3

Level Curves

Imagine stepping onto a surface and walking along a path with constant elevation. The path you walk on is known as the contour curve, while the projection
of the path onto the xy-plane is known as a level curve.

12
12.1

Limits and Continuity

Limits

The function f has the limit L as P (x, y) approaches P0 (a, b).

lim

f (x, y) = lim f (x, y) = L

P P0

(x,y)(a,b)

If f (x, y) approaches two different values as (x, y) approaches (a, b) along two
different paths in the domain of f , then the limit does not exist.

12.2

Continuity

The function f if continuous at the point (a, b) provided:

lim

f (x, y) = f (a, b)

(x,y)(a,b)

13
13.1

Partial Derivatives
Definitions

f (a + h, b) f (a, b)
h
f (a, b + h) f (a, b)
fy (a, b) = lim
h0
h
So basically just take the derivative of one (the subscript) given that the other
one is a constant.
fx (a, b) = lim

h0

13.2

Notation for Higher-Order Partial Derivatives

f
x


=

2f
= (fx )x = fxx
x2


f
2f
=
= (fy )y = fyy
y
y 2
 
2f
f
=
= (fy )x = fyx
x y
xy
 
f
2f
=
= (fx )y = fxy
y x
yx

Note: fxy = fyx for nice functions.

13.3

Differentiability

Suppose the function f has partial derivatives fx and fy defined on an open

region containing (a, b), with fx and fy continuous at (a, b). Then f is differentiable at (a, b). This also implies that it is continuous at (a, b).
7

14
14.1

Chain Rule
Examples

You can use a tree diagram to determine the equation for the chain rule. You
can also just think about it. Refer to the following examples.
z is a function of x and y, while x and y are functions of t
dz
z dx z dy
=
+
dt
x dt
y dt
w is a function of x, y, and z, while x, y, and z are functions of t
dw
w dx w dy w dz
=
+
+
dt
x dt
y dt
z dt
z is a function of x and y, while x and y are functions of s and t
z x z y
z
=
+
s
x s
y s
w is a function of z, z is a function of x and y, x and y are functions of t


dw
dw z dx z dy
=
+
dt
dz x dt
y dt

14.2

Implicit Differentiation

Let F be differentiable on its domain and suppose that F (x, y) = 0 defines y as

a differentiable function of x. Provided Fy 6= 0,
Fx
dy
=
dx
Fy

15
15.1

Directional Derivatives and Gradient

Definitions

Let f be differentiable at (a, b) and let u = hu1 , u2 i be a unit vector in the

xy-plane. The directional derivative of f at (a, b) in the direction of u is
Du f (a, b) = hfx (a, b), fy (a, b)i hu1 , u2 i = f (a, b) u
Gradient
f (x, y) = hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i = fx (x, y)i + fy (x, y)j

15.2

Directions of Change

f has its maximum rate of increase at (a, b) in the direction of the gradient
f (a, b). The rate of increase in this direction is |f (a, b)|.
f has its maximum rate of decrease at (a, b) in the direction of the gradient
f (a, b). The rate of decrease in this direction is |f (a, b)|.
The directional derivative is zero in any direction orthogonal to f (a, b).

15.3

Expanding to Three Dimensions

Its really intuitive how it expands into three dimensions. Just add another
component or fz where you think it should go.

16
16.1

Tangent Plane and Linear Approximation

Tangent Plane for F(x, y, z) = 0

The tangent plane passes through the point P0 (a, b, c).

Fx (a, b, c)(x a) + Fy (a, b, c)(y b) + Fz (a, b, c)(z c) = 0

16.2

Tangent Plane for z = f (x, y)

The tangent plane passes through the point (a, b, f (a, b)).
z = fx (a, b)(x a) + fy (a, b)(y b) + f (a, b)

16.3

Linear Approximation

Firstly, calculate the equation of the tangent plane of a point near the point you
wish to approximate. Then simply plug in the point and youre done.

16.4

The differential dz

The change in z = f (x, y) as the independent variables change from (a, b) to

(a + dx, b + dy) is denoted z and is approximated by the differential dz:
z dz = fx (a, b)dx + fy (a, b)dy

17
17.1

Max-Min Problems
Derivatives and Local Maximum/Minimum Values

If f has a local maximum or minimum value at (a, b) and the partial derivatives
fx and fy exist at (a, b), then fx (a, b) = fy (a, b) = 0.

17.2

Critical Points

A critical point exists if either

fx (a, b) = fy (a, b) = 0
one (or both) of fx or fy does not exist at (a, b)

17.3

Second Derivative Test

2
Let D(x, y) = fxx fyy fxy

If D(a, b) > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f has a local maximum at (a, b).
If D(a, b) > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f has a local minimum at (a, b).
If D(a, b) < 0, then f has a saddle point at (a, b).
If D(a, b) = 0, then the test is inconclusive.

17.4

Absolute Maximum/Minimum Values

Let f be continuous on a closed bounded set R in R2 . To find absolute maximum

and minimum values of f on R:
1. Determine the values of f at all critical points in R.
2. Find the maximum and minimum values of f on the boundary of R.
3. The greatest function value found in Steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value of f on R, and the least function value found in Steps 1 and 2
is the absolute minimum values of f on R.

18
18.1

Double Integrals
Double Integrals on Rectangular Regions

Let f be continuous on the rectangular region R = {(x, y) : a x b, c y

d}. The double integral of f over R may be evaluated by either of two iterated
integrals:
ZZ

f (x, y) dA =
R

f (x, y) dx dy =
c

f (x, y) dy dx
a

10

18.2

Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions

Let R be a region bounded below and above by the graphs of the continuous
functions y = g(x) and y = h(x), respectively, and by the lines x = a and x = b.
If f is continuous on R, then
ZZ

h(x)

f (x, y) dy dx

f (x, y) dA =
g(x)

Let R be a region bounded on the left and right by the graphs of the continuous
functions x = g(y) and x = h(y), respectively, and by the lines y = c and y = d.
If f is continuous on R, then
ZZ

h(y)

f (x, y) dA =

f (x, y) dx dy
c

18.3

g(y)

Areas of Regions by Double Integrals

ZZ
area of R =

dA
R

19
19.1

Polar Double Integrals

Double Integrals over Polar Rectangular Regions

Let f be continuous on the region in the xy-plane R = {(r, ) : 0 a r

b, }, where 2. Then
ZZ

f (r, ) dA =

f (r, ) r dr d

19.2

Double Integrals over More General Polar Regions

Let f be continuous on the region in the xy-plane

R = {(r, ) : 0 g() r h(), }
where 2. Then.
ZZ

h()

f (r, ) dA =
R

f (r, ) r dr d

g()

If f is nonnegative on R, the double integral gives the volume of the solid

bounded by the surface z = f (r, ) and R.

11

19.3

Area of Polar Regions

ZZ

A=

h()

r dr d

dA =
g()

20

Triple Integrals

Let D = {(x, y, z) : a x b, g(x) y h(x), G(x, y) z H(x, y)}, where

g, h, G, H are continuous functions. The triple integral of a continuous function
f on D is evaluated as the iterated integral
b

ZZZ

h(x)

H(x,y)

f (x, y, z) dz dy dx

f (x, y, z) dV =
D

21

g(x)

G(x,y)

Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

21.1
21.1.1

Definitions
Cylindrical Coordinates

(r, , z) An extension of polar coordinates into R3 . Simply add a z component.

21.1.2

Spherical Coordinates

(, , )
is the distance from the origin to a point P .
is the angle between the positive z-axis and the line OP .
is the same angle as in cylindrical coordinates; it measure rotation about
the z-axis relative to the positive x-axis.

21.2

Rectangular to Cylindrical
r 2 = x2 + y 2
y
tan =
x
z=z

21.3

Cylindrical to Rectangular
x = r cos
y = r sin
z=z

12

21.4

Integration in Cylindrical Coordinates

ZZZ

h()

H(r cos ,r sin )

f (r, , z) dz r dr d

f (r, , z) dV =

21.5

G(r cos ,r sin )

g()

Rectangular to Spherical
2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

You have to solve for and with trigonometry.

21.6

Spherical to Rectangular
x = sin cos
y = sin sin
z = cos

21.7

Integration in Spherical Coordinates

ZZZ

h(,)

f (, , ) dV =

22
22.1

f (, , )2 sin d d d

g(,)

Change of Variables
Jacobian Determinant of a Transformation of Two
Variables

Given a transformation T : x = g(u, v), y = h(u, v), where g and h are differentiable on a region of the uv-plane, the Jacobian determinant of T is


 x x 


(x, y)  u v 
J(u, v) =
=

(u, v)  y y 




u v

22.2

Change of Variables for Double Integrals

ZZ

ZZ
f (x, y) dA =

22.3

f (g(u, v), h(u, v))|J(u, v)| dA

S

Change of Variables for Triple Integrals

I am SO not typing out the expansion of the above into triple integrals. Its
intuitive. Just add stuff where you think it should go.

13

22.4

YOU have to Choose the Transformation

Just cry.

23

Vector Fields

23.1

Vector Fields in Two Dimensions

F(x, y) = hf (x, y), g(x, y)i

23.2

Radial Vector Fields in R2

Let r = (x, y). A vector field of the form F = f (x, y)r, where f is a scalar-valued
function, is a radial vector field.
F(x, y) =

hx, yi
r
=
p
|r|
|r|p

p is a real number. At every point (sans origin), the vectors of this field are
1
directed outward format he origin with a magnitude of |F| = p1 . You can
|r|
also apply all of this to R3 by just adding a z component.

23.3

Gradient Fields and Potential Functions

Let z = (x, y) and w = (x, y, z) be differentiable functions on regions of R2

and R3 , respectively. The vector field F = is a gradient field, and the
function is a potential function for F.

24

Line Integrals

24.1

Evaluating Scalar Line Integrals in R2

Let f be continuous on a region containing a smooth curve C : r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i,

for a t b. Then
Z
Z b
Z b
p
f ds =
f (x(t), y(t))|r0 (t)| dt =
f (x(t), y(t)) x0 (t)2 + y 0 (t)2 dt
C

24.2

Evaluating Scalar Line Integrals in R3

Simply add a z component to the above where it obviously belongs.

14

24.3

Line Integrals of Vector Fields

24.3.1

Definition

Let F be a vector field that is continuous on a region containing a smooth

oriented curve C parametrized by arc length. Let T be the unit tangent vector
at each
R point of C consistent with the orientation. The line integral of F over
C is C F T ds.
24.3.2

Different Forms

F = hf, g, hi and C has a parametrization r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i, for a t b

Z b
Z b
Z
Z
F r0 (t) dt =
(f x0 (t) + gy 0 (t) + hz 0 (t)) dt = f dx + g dy + h dz = F dr
a

For line integrals in the plane, we let F = hf, gi and assume C is parametrized
in the form r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i, for a t b. Then
Z
Z b
Z
Z
0
0
F T ds =
(f x (t) + gy (t)) dt = f dx + g dy = F dr
C

24.4

Work

F is a force field
Z

Z
F T ds =

W =

F r0 (t) dt

24.5

Circulation

F is a vector field

Z
F T ds

Circulation =
C

24.6

Flux
Z

Z
F n ds =

F lux =
C

(f y 0 (t) gx0 (t)) dt

n = T k, and a positive answer means a positive outward flux.

25
25.1

Conservative Vector Fields

Test for Conservative Vector Field

Let F = hf, g, hi be a vector field defined on a connected and simply connected

region D of R3 , where f , g, and h have continuous first partial derivatives on
15

D. Then, F is a conservative vector field on D (there is a potential function

such that F = ) if and only if
f
g

=
y
x
f
h
=
z
x
g
h

=
z
y

For vector fields in R2 , we have the single condition

25.2

f
g
=
.
y
x

Finding Potential Functions

Suppose F = hf, g, hi is a conservative vector field. To find such that F = ,

take the following steps:
1. Integrate x = f with respect to x to obtain , which includes an arbitrary
function c(y, z.
2. Compute y and equate it to g to obtain an expression for cy (y, z).
3. Integrate cy (y, z) with respect to y to obtain c(y, z), including an arbitrary
function d(z).
4. Compute z and equate it to h to get d(z).
Beginning the procedure with y = g or z = h may be easier in some cases.
This method can also be used to check if a vector field is conservative by seeing
if there is a potential function.

25.3

Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

Z

Z
F T ds =

25.4

F dr = (B) (A)
C

Line Integrals on Closed Curves

Let R in R2 (or D in RH3 ) be an open region. Then F is a conservative vector

field on R if and only if C F dr = 0 on all simple closed smooth oriented curves
C in R.

26
26.1

Greens Theorem
Circulation Form
I
F dr =
C

ZZ 

I
f dx + g dy =
C

16

g
f

x y


dA

26.2

Area of a Plane Region by Line Integrals

I

I
x dy =

26.3

ZZ 
f dy g dx =

f
g
+
x y


dA

Divergence and Curl

Divergence of a Vector Field
div(F) = F =

g
h
f
+
+
x y
z

Divergence of Radial Vector Fields

div(F) =
F=

27.3

(x dy y dx)
C

27.2

Flux Form
F n ds =

27.1

1
2

27

y dx =

3p
|r|p

r
hx, y, zi
= 2
p
|r|
(x + y 2 + z 2 )p/2

Curl
curl(F) = F

Just derive the curl by doing the cross product.

27.4

Divergence of the Curl

( F) = 0

28
28.1
28.1.1

Surface Integrals
Parameterization
z is Explicitly Defined

Use x = x, y = y, and since z is explicitly defined, you already have what z

equals.
28.1.2

Cylinder

Simply use cylindrical coordinates to parameterize the surface in terms of and

z.
17

28.1.3

Sphere

Simply use spherical coordinates to parameterize the surface in terms of and

.
28.1.4

Cone

Use:
x = v cos u
y = v sin u
z=v
0 u 2 and 0 v h

28.2

Surface Integrals of Parameterized Surfaces

ZZ

ZZ
f (x, y, z) d =

29



 r r 

 dA
f (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) 

s
t 

Divergence Theorem

Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous first partial derivatives in a connected and simply connected region D enclosed by a smooth oriented surface S. Then
ZZ
ZZZ
F n dS =
F dV
S

where n is the outward normal vector on S.

18