CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1.

Background
Thermodynamics (Greek: thermos = 'hot' and dynamic = 'change')
is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of
processes. Thermodynamics closely related to statistical mechanics in
which many thermodynamic relations derived. On the system are in the
process exchange matter or energy, classical thermodynamics is not related
to the reaction kinetics (speed of the reaction process). Due to this reason,
the use of the term "thermodynamics" usually refers to equilibrium
thermodynamics.

With

this

connection,

the

main

concept

in

thermodynamics is kuasistatik process, which is idealized, the process of

"super slow". Thermodynamic processes in the studied time-dependent
non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
Because thermodynamics is not concerned with the concept of
time, it has been proposed that it should be called a thermostatic
equilibrium thermodynamics. Law of thermodynamics truth is very
common, and these laws do not depend on the details of the interactions or
the systems being studied. This means they can be applied to a system in
which a person does not know anything but the balance of energy and
matter transfer between them and the environment. Examples include
estimates of the Einstein spontaneous emission in the 20th century and
current research on the thermodynamics of black objects.
Thermodynamic system is part of the universe that counts. A real
limitation or imagination separating system with the universe, which is
called the environment. Classification system based on the thermodynamic
properties of the system-surrounding

boundary and flows of matter,

energy and entropy between the system and the surrounding.

1.2.

Summary of Problems
Based on the background that was displayed, then there are some problems
to be used as a guide in compiling this paper.
1

1.2.1. How is the general meaning of Thermodynamics?

1.2.2. How the system and the range of Thermodynamics?
1.2.3. How is the system (state of the system)?
1.2.4. How the meaning of Thermodynamics process?
1.2.5. How temperature and thermometer?
1.3.

Purposes
Based on the formulation of the problem has been displayed, the purpose
of this paper is as follows.
1.3.1. Describes the general meaning of Thermodynamics.
1.3.2. Describes the system in Thermodynamics and surroundings.
1.3.3. Identified system state (state of the system).
1.3.4. Describes the process in thermodynamics.
1.3.5. Describes the temperature and thermometer.

1.4.

Benefits
Benefits that can be obtained from the writing of this paper are as follows:
1.4.1. For Authors
Benefits for authors of this paper are the authors have extended
knowledge about the study of thermodynamics specialist for system
and surrounding including phenomena that exist in daily life and can
apply the basic concepts of system and surrounding.
1.4.2. For Readers
The benefits of writing this paper for the reader is able to understand
and be able to apply the concept of thermodynamics specialist for
system and surrounding.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1.

The General Definition of Thermodynamics

In a simple definition, thermodynamics refer to a branch of science
(physics) which deals to the matter consisted in equilibrium toward
temperatures change, pressure, and chemical compositions. More specific,
Thermodynamics defined as a study of science deals either with the
relationship or the change between heat and work. This relation or change
based on empirical definition namely the first and the second law of
Thermodynamics (Rapi, 1999). Further defined Thermodynamics refer to
a study of relationships, involving heat, mechanical work, and other
aspects of energy and energy transfer (Young & Freedman, 2010). For
example, in a car engine heat is generated by chemical reaction of oxygen
and vaporized gasoline in the engines cylinders. The heated gas pushes on
the piston within the cylinder, doing mechanical work that is used to
propel the car.
The existence of thermodynamics provides principles and methods
which is further used to :
a. Explain the work of several systems.
b. Explain the condition why a system does not work as what expected.
c. Explain why a system does not work at all.
d. Become a theoretical based for the engineers in planning systems or
machines such as heat engine, thermal pump, rockets engine, electric
power plant, gas turbine, air conditioner, high power laser, solar
heating system, and other else.

Figure 1. The use of thermodynamics

2.2.

Thermodynamics System and Surroundings

Thermodynamics always deal with two major components namely
Thermodynamics system and surroundings.

Thermodynamics system

defined as parameter that used to designate the working substance (the

thing that becomes the major focus) inside a closed boundary. These
closed boundaries can be imaginary or even real. While the Term
surroundings refer to the rest of the universe that interacts with the system
(All space in the universe outside the thermodynamic system).

Figure 2. Simple analogies of

thermodynamics system and
surroundings

To convenient the understanding of the systems here are given

some other analogies:
a) Compressed air inside a cylinder, in this case the air that being
compressed refers to a system, whiles the closed boundaries given by
the surface covered by the cylinder.
b) A 90 0C metal and 27 0C water inside a vessel, there will be a thermal
equilibrium on the both objects. In this case water and the metal are the
system meanwhile the boundaries covered by the vessel refers to the
closed real boundaries.
c) An ice chunk floats on a water, in this case the closed boundaries of
water refer to a closed which is tend to be imaginary since the water
has a very large area (Halliday & Resnick, 1998).
Regarding to whether there are mass or energy transfer take place,
systems can be further classified into three major points namely:
1) Open System
An open system can exchange both mass and energy with its
surroundings. Open systems have walls that allow transfer of both
energy and matter to and from the system.
2) Closed System
A closed system can exchange energy, but not mass, with its
surroundings. Closed systems have walls that allow transfer of energy
into or out of the system but are impervious to matter. They therefore
have a fixed mass and composition but variable energy levels.
3) Isolated System
An isolated system cannot exchange mass or energy with its
surroundings. Isolated systems have walls or boundaries that are rigid
(thus not permitting transfer of mechanical energy), perfectly
insulating (thus preventing the flow of heat), and impermeable to
matter. They therefore have a constant energy and mass content, since
none can pass in or out. Perfectly insulating walls and the systems they
enclose are called adiabatic. Isolated systems, of course, do not occur
in nature, because there are no such impermeable and rigid boundaries
(Halliday & Resnick, 1998). Nevertheless, this type of system has
great significance because reactions that occur (or could occur) in

isolated systems are ones that cannot liberate or absorb heat or any
other kind of energy.

Figure 3. The Thermodynamics system (a) an open system, (b)

a a closed systems, and b(c) an isolated system

2.3.

The System State (State of a System)

State of thermodynamic systems can be expressed by

some

quantities, such as pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), and density
(). State of thermodynamic systems can be expressed with the quantities
mentioned above and the relationship between these quantities is called
equation of state (Giancolli, 2001).
In the thermodynamic quantity divided into two massive extensive
quantity and intensive quantity. First, extensive quantity is a quantity that
is affected by the mass or number of moles of the system. For example:
volume, and heat capacity (C). Second, intensive quantity is a quantity that
is not influenced by the mass or number of moles of the system. For
example: pressure and temperature.
Thermodynamic coordinate system or state variable is the quantity
that can describe the state of the system. State of the system depends on
the coordinate system. This means the state will change if the coordinate
system is changed (Giancolli, 2001). Examples of gas contained in the
cylinder, the system state is represented by the pressure, volume, and
temperature. In this case p, V, and T are called the coordinates of
thermodynamics or the system state variables. State of the system will
change if the pressure, volume, or change the gas temperature.

Gas
p, V, dan T

Figure 4. State of the system depends on the coordinate system

State of the new system can be regarded as the coordinates of the
system when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium. When the
system is isolated, the system is not affected by the environment, but
changes may occur in the system, and these changes will stop after some
interval of time, and at this point the system is said to have reached
equilibrium conditions and are unlikely to change again (Masi, 2011).
System is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, when the
system is in a state of mechanical equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and
thermal equilibrium as follows.
1. Mechanical Equilibrium
The system is in mechanical equilibrium, if the resultant force acting
on the part of the system or the system with the environment equal to
zero (the pressure in all parts of the same system).
2. Chemical Equilibrium
The system is in chemical equilibrium, if the system does not undergo
spontaneous changes of internal structure (such as chemical reactions,
diffusion, and dissolution).
3. Thermal Equilibrium
The system is in thermal equilibrium, if the temperature of the system
together with the ambient temperature and the temperature of all parts
of the same system.
2.4.

Definition of Process

When a closed system move from equilibrium or if coordinate of

thermodynamics is change, like pressure, volume, or temperature, we can
say that the system do a process, during that characteristics of system are
change until realize the new equilibrium state (Hamid, 2007). So, we can
say that any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another is called a process, and the series of states through which a system
passes during a process is called the path of the process, like Figure 5. To
describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final
states of the process, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions
with the surroundings.

Figure 5. Process Path

The kind of interaction differed become three, those are interaction

through work outside, interaction through heat, interaction through work
outside and exchange heat. Every those situation have the characteristics
and apart calculations (Hamid, 2007). Hence, so important to know those
basics and definitions. The general fundamental like that:
1) Reversible Process
Reversible process is the process of changing from an initial state to
another state, and the final state is possible occurrence of reverse process
to the initial state of the easy when the system is subject to certain
conditions. A process is said to invert (reversible), as well as meet the
requirements, the process is the process quasistatik. While quasistatik
process is defined as a process that at every level of the system changes in
sequence often reach equilibrium states.
2) Irreversible Process

Irreversible process is the opposite of a reversible process, the process

is cannot be reversed from the final state toward initial state through the
same path. In general, naturally occurring process is irreversible process.
For example, heat flows from objects which have a higher temperature to
the object that has a lower temperature. It may not be reversed naturally.
3) Adiabatic Process
Adiabatic process is a process that is not accompanied by the exchange
of heat between the system with the environment, in this case the system is
isolated from the environment, the system interaction with the
environment occurs only through great effort. In this process applies
dQ=0. This situation can occur if the system is well insulated, or the
process happens so quickly that heat (which flows with slow) does not
have time to flow into or out. Rapid gas expansion on the combustion
engine is almost adiabatic process. Slow adiabatic expansion of an ideal
gas follows the curves as follows.

Figure 6. Adiabatic Process

4) Isotherm Process
Isotherm process is the process in a system where the temperature is
constant, dT=0 and in this process of Boyle's law applies Marriotte PV=C.
If the system is an ideal gas PV=nRT. This process follows the curve of
the PV diagram below.

Figure 7. Isotherm Process

5) Isocorik Process
Isocorik process is a process in which the system is constant volume,
dV=0 and in this process applies the formula P/T=C. This process follows
the curve of PV as in the following diagram:

Figure 8. Isocorik Process

6) Isobar Process
Isobar process is a systematic process that pressure is constant, dP =0
and in this process applies formula V/T=C. This process follows the curve
of PV as AB in the following diagram:

Figure 9. Isobar Process

10

2.5.

Temperature and Thermometer

Between system and environment are dividing walls, and between
the system with other systems are also the dividing wall. The dividing wall
can be adiabatic and diatermik. If the separation wall is adiabatic then
there will be no thermal interaction (heat exchange) between systems with
other systems (isolated system). Thermal interactions will occur if the
separation wall is diatermal and between systems with different
environmental are temperatures (Satriawan, 2003).
So the temperature is a quantity that is jointly owned two or more
systems in a state of thermal equilibrium. Some say the temperature is a
measure of heat-chill of an object. Hot-cold an object is related to the
thermal energy contained in the object. The greater the thermal energy, the
greater the temperature.
Size serves to indicate the temperature of the heat energy in a solid,
liquid, or gas. The method usually use one of the changes in properties of a
material due to heat, such as expansion, and electrical properties
(Satriawan, 2003).
2.5.1. Thermal Contact
Two things to saying a state of thermal contact when the thermal
energy can be exchanged between two objects without any work done
(Zemansky & Richard, 1986). For example, of two system is systems A
and B before the interaction/contact stated, the system A pressure P1 and
temperature T1 and system B is expressed by the pressure P2 and
temperature T2. Between systems A and B bounded by walls that are
diatermik. After the interaction state of the system A is expressed by the
pressure P1' and temperature T1'. And system B is expressed by the
pressure P2' and the temperature T2'. As in the show in the chart below.

diatermik

A
P1, T1

P2, T2

Before

P1, T1

P2, T2

After

11

Figure 10. Different state of things which had thermal contact with the
no thermal contact

Thermal contact coordinates on each system change, but a new

equilibrium state is achieved after heat moves from warmer system to a
system that is less hot. In this new equilibrium both systems have the same
magnitude, namely temperature T1=T2, such as the thermal contact
between water and ice. Ice has a lower temperature than water, so ice will
receive the heat from the water in the event of thermal contact to a
situation where the water temperature and ice is same.
2.5.2. Thermal Equilibrium
The thermal equilibrium is situation where two objects are in
contact thermal exchange of thermal energy in the same amount. The time
required to reach thermal equilibrium depends on the nature of the object.
At the time of thermal equilibrium to the two objects have the same
temperature.
2.5.3. The Zero of Thermodynamics Law
To-zero law of thermodynamics is an emphasis on the concept of
temperature. For more details, will be assessed through this chart.

C
P3
V3
T3
A
P1
V1
T1

B
P2
V2
T2

12

Figure 11. Three systems the situation is different

We examine three system A, B, and C, respectively stated

condition: P1, V1, T1; P2, V2, T2; P3, V3, T3. When a system is in thermal
equilibrium with system B, then T1=T2 and system A is also in a state of
thermal equilibrium with system C, then system C is also in a state of
thermal equilibrium with system B. The temperature of a system would be
similar to the temperature system B and with temperature system C or
T1=T2=T3.
The Zero of thermodynamics law is read If objects A and B
respectively in thermal equilibrium with third object C, then objects A and
B in a state of thermal equilibrium with each other. C is the third thing
which we will later call thermometer. Two objects A and B are in thermal
equilibrium have the same temperature. In the SI system of units
temperature is Kelvin (K) without a degree. The scale of temperature
measurement in degrees Celsius is equal to the Kelvin scale measure, but
the same zero point oC 273,15K. oC zero point is the condition of the ice
meltsat standard atmospheric conditions, while the condition of 0K is
absolute zero where all the conditions that produce energy movement in
all material stops.
2.5.4. Thermometer
Thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature or
changes in temperature. The term thermometer comes from the Latin
thermo means heat, and meter which means to measure
(Zemansky & Richard, 1986). Affixed thermometer need a scale to be used
for the quantitative measurement of temperature. All types and kinds
thermometers based on the symptoms that a certain physical quantities
change when the temperature is changed or modified. Such physical

13

quantities is named Thermometric Property. The types of thermometers

based on Symptoms which certain physical quantities change when the
temperature changes, among others: the gas thermometer pressure fixed,
fixed volume gas thermometer, liquid thermometer, thermometer resistor
and thermistor thermometers. Thermometers explanations include:
2.5.4.1.Thermometer Gas on Constant Pressure
On this type of thermometer, gas volume on the thermometer will
change due to changes in temperature and can be expressed by the
equation V=V(T).

Figure 12. Thermometer Gas on Constant Pressure

14

2.5.4.2.Thermometer Gas in Constant Volume

Thermometer
almost

is

perfect/ideal is a

constant-volume

gas

thermometer. The working

principle of constant-volume
gas

thermometer

is

as

follows. Gas volume be kept

fixed. When the temperature
increases, the gas pressure
also increases. In pipe 1and
Figure 13.Thermometer Gas in
Constant Volume

pipe 2 contained mercury.

Gas volume be kept constant,
by raising or lowering the

pipe 2 so that the surface of the mercury in the tube 1 has always been the
reference marks. If the temperature or the temperature increases, the gas
pressure in the tube will also increase. Therefore, the pipe should be
removed 2 higher order volume of gas is always constant.
Gas pressure can be known by reading the mercury column height
(h) in the pipe 2. If you use the manual method, just remember the
column of mercury as high as 760 mm = 1 atm pressure (1 atmosphere).
Usually the volume gas thermometer is equipped with a counter pressure.
Receptacles containing gash as also been designed so that gas is always
in a fixed volume. So the pressure is measured only changes alone
(Zemansky & Richard, 1986).
2.5.4.3.Fluid Thermometers
On this type of thermometer length of fluid in the thermometer will
change due to changes in temperature and can be expressed by the
equation L = L (T). Working principle of liquid thermometers use the basic
principles of expansion in the liquid. Liquid level rise indicates expansion,

15

the greater the heat received, the greater the increase in the level of liquid.
Liquid commonly used as mercury and alcohol. For example Fahrenheit
thermometer, Celsius, Reamur (Masi, 2011).

Figure 14. Fluids Thermometer

2.5.4.4. Resistor Thermometers

On this type

of thermometer, (density resistor material)

changes due to changes in temperature and can be expressed by the

equation =(T). The thermometer usually use a fine platinum wire is
wound pad of mica and thin silver tube inserted in a heat-resistant. On the
thermometer resistance, usually measured changes in electrical resistance
of a coil of wire or thin cylinders of carbon or germanium crystal. Because
the electrical resistance can usually be measured precisely, then the
resistance thermometer can measure temperature more accurately than
regular thermometer (Masi, 2011).

Figure 15. Thermometer Resistor

2.5.4.5. Bimetallic Thermometer

This thermometer has two pieces of metal that have different
expansion coefficients. When there is a change in the temperature of the
metal, the two pieces will be curved in one direction. If the temperature is

16

high, then the puck will be curved in the direction of metal its expansion
smaller coefficient (Rapi, 1999). Meanwhile, when the temperature is low,
the two pieces will curve to the metal its expansion coefficient greater.

Figure 16 . Bimetallic Thermometer

2.5.4.6. Infrared Thermometer
This thermometer measures the temperature using the radiation
emitted by a black box object (Rapi, 1999). Sometimes called laser
thermometers if a laser to help work measurement, or no touch
thermometer to illustrate the tool's ability to measure temperature from a
distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object
and its emissions, the temperature of the object can be distinguished.

Figure 17. Infrared

Thermometer

2.5.4.7. Galileo Thermometer

This thermometer is made of mercury that are placed in a glass
tube. Calibrated marks on the tube which makes the temperature can be
read within the length of the mercury in the glass varies according to
temperature.
17

Figure 18 . Galileo Thermometer

2.5.4.8. Thermistor
Thermistor is a device or component or electronic sensors used to
measure temperature. The basic principle of the thermistor is a resistance
value changes (or barriers or werstan or resistance) if the temperature or
the temperature of the thermistor is changed.

Figure 19. Thermistor

Of the few examples of thermometers above, suppose the
thermometer gas at a constant pressure, the liquid thermometer, and
thermometer barriers, large values of V, L, and is mentioned by
thermometric property is a physical properties change as the temperature
changes. In facilitating reading thermometer scale, thermometric property
is always chosen as a linear function of temperature (T).
If thermometric property denoted by x can be formulated x = x (T),
for x chosen as a linear function of T then the next can be formulated as
follows (Rapi, 1999).
x=C.T or

x
C
T

.......................... Equation 1

So that from the equation, the calculation can be written as:

x1 x2
x
or T1 T2 1

T1 T2
x2

.......................... Equation 2

18

Specification:
T1 = temperature to be measured
x1 = Thermometric property values on the temperature to be measured
T2 = reference temperature
x2 = thermometric property value at a reference temperature
Furthermore, the international system of units (SI) has been agreed
that as the temperature of the triple point of reference taken pure water
with a value of T2 = 273,160K, so that equation (2) will be
T1 273,16 0

x1
K
x2

.......................... Equation 3

As for the gas thermometer at a fixed volume, the equation can be written:
T1 273,16 0

K
K or T 273,160
2
2

............. Equation 4

And if the amount of gas used in the thermometer is low, then

thermometer gas at constant volume related thermometer between linear
and

really

met

properly,

as

in

the

following

equation:

.............. Equation 5

However, based on the experiments it is known that the type of gas

does not affect the measurement. Therefore thermometer called a fixed
volume of an ideal gas thermometer and 5 above equation is the definition
of an ideal gas temperature. Triple temperature is the temperature at which
pure water is in a state of thermal balance with ice and saturated vapor
value T=273,160K Ice point is the temperature at which ice and water are
in thermal equilibrium at a pressure of 1 atm (Rapi, 1999). Ice point value
= 00C= 273,150K.

19

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1.

Conclusions
Based on the discussion above, some conclusions can be take as follows:
3.1.1. Thermodynamics is a study of Physics deals with the relation of
energy, energy transfer, chemical composition of substance, and
mechanical work.
3.1.2. Thermodynamics deals with two major components namely system
and surroundings which is separated by closed boundaries that can
be real or imaginary. Thermodynamics system can be further
defined regarding to there are mass transfer or energy transfer, into
three classes namely open system, closed system, and isolated
system.State of thermodynamic systems can be stated with some
quantities, such as pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), and
density ().
3.1.3. State of thermodynamic systems can be stated with some
quantities, such as pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), and
density ().
3.1.4. The system do the process if system change from the equilibrium
state to another state.
3.1.5. Temperature is a quantity that is jointly owned two or more
systems in a state of thermal equilibrium. The greater the thermal
energy, the greater the temperature. Thermometer is an instrument
used to measure temperature or changes in temperature. Affixed
thermometer need a scale to be used for the quantitative
measurement of temperature.

3.2.

Suggestion
As for suggestions that can authors give to the reader so that the reader
understand the material in thermodynamic specific for system and
surroundings, so that readers can add insight and can apply it in daily life.
REFERENCES

20

Giancoli, D. C. 2001. Fisika Edisi Kelima Jilid 1. Jakarta :Erlangga.

Halliday & Resnick. 1999. FISIKA Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Hamid,

A.
A.
2007.
Diktat
Termodinamika.
Dalam
http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/Diktat%20Termodinamika.pdf.
Diakses pada tanggal 5 September 2014.

Masi, M. 2011. Thermodynamics System and State Fuctions. Dalam

http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c06/e6-11-04-01.pdf. Diakses pada
tanggal 5 September.
Rapi, N. K. 1999. Buku Ajar Termodinamika. Singaraja :Jurusan Pendidikan
Fisika FMIPA UNDIKSHA.
Satriawan,
M.
2003.
Termodinamika.
http://mirza.staff.ugm.ac.id/termo/TERMODINAMIKA.pdf.
pada tanggal 5 September 2014.

Dalam
Di akses

Young, H.D. & Freedman, R.A. 2010. University Physics. United States: Adison
Wesley.
Zemansky, M. & Richard H. 1986. Kalor dan Termodinamika Terbitan Keenam.
Bandung : ITB.

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