Women and sustainable development Womens empowerment is a key factor for

achieving sustainable economic growth

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Arvind Kumar
Posted on May 13, 2012 - 14:50
This article draws upon the role of women in sustainable development and highlights the need
for empowerment to ensure equitable distribution of resources
Sustainable development depends on an equitable distribution of resources for today and for the
future. It cannot be achieved without gender equality. Womens empowerment is a key factor for
achieving sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability.
Sustainable development is broadly defined as development which meets the requirements of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development should be a key principle of all policies and actions, which are broadly
designed to create a society which is based on freedom, democracy and respect for fundamental
rights, fostering equality of opportunity and solidarity within and between generations.
The sustainable development should be based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a
highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment, a high level of education
and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the
environment.
Sustainable development should be a key objective for all national policies, and should aim at the
continuous improvement of the quality of life on earth of both current and future generations. It
is about safeguarding the earths capacity to support life in all its diversity. It is based on the
principles of democracy and the rule of law and respect for fundamental rights including freedom
and equal opportunities for all. It brings about solidarity within and between generations. It seeks
to promote a dynamic economy with a high level of employment and education, of health
protection, of social and territorial cohesion and of environmental protection in a peaceful and
secure world, respecting cultural diversity.
Viewed in a broad spectrum, women have played a vital role in the global environmental
movement. The World Commission on Environment and Development, in its report entitled Our
Common Future, published in 1988, linked the environmental crisis to unsustainable
development and financial practices that were worsening the North-South gap, with women a
majority of the world's poor and illiterate.
Over the years, women have continued to speak out for policies and practices that do not threaten

the health and well-being of future generations. They continue to fight for improved living
standards and protection of the environment. In almost all countries, women are
disproportionately represented among the poor. And studies have found that the poor, in urban
and rural areas of rich and poor countries, bear the greatest burden of environmental degradation
and pollution.
Women share the primary responsibility for nutrition, child care and household management in
almost all countries. They are also active in environmental management. In most developing
countries, women play a major role as farmers, animal tenders, and water and fuel collectors.
Yet, despite their roles, women are not adequately represented in the decision-making processes
related to the issues of environment and development at local, national or international levels.
Having their expertise, knowledge and perspective been overlooked for years, women are now
demanding that their voices be heard. They recognize that an integrated approach to sustainable
development is necessary since political, economic, social and environmental issues are closely
interlinked.
Women took active part in the Rio Earth Summit process and succeeded in obtaining a chapter
on women and sustainable development and and over one hundred references and
recommendations pertaining to women in the final agreement, Agenda 21. The 1992 Rio
Summit, together with the 1993 Human Rights Conference, the 1994 International Conference
on Population and Development, the 1995 Social Summit and the 1995 Fourth World Conference
on Women, have focused the work of the United Nations on the environment, population, human
rights, poverty and gender, and the relationships between these issues.
In Rio, women were considered a "major group" whose involvement was necessary to achieve
sustainable development. Today, there is a growing emphasis on "mainstreaming"- integrally
incorporating women's concerns and participation in the planning, implementation and
monitoring of all development and environmental management programmes to ensure that
women benefit. The United Nations system is in the process of mainstreaming a genderperspective in its work.
The Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in September 1995, emphasized that
empowerment, full participation and equality for women are the foundations for peace and
sustainable development. The plan also acknowledges that sustainable development policies that
do not involve women and men alike will not succeed in the long run.
Women and poverty
According to broad estimates, more than one in five people around the world live in conditions
of extreme poverty on little more than $1 per day. In all developing regions except East Asia, the
number of poor people has been rising since the 1980s. Studies indicate that the gaps between
rich and poor are widening, and that the majority of the world's poor are women. Since the
1970s, the number of rural women living below the poverty line has increased by 50 per cent, in
comparison with 30 per cent for men.

Women accrue less income than men over their lifetime for a variety of reasons. They get paid
less for the same work and are more likely to work less in order to reconcile their careers with
child or elder care. These gaps in womens employment history reduce the amount of social
security women gain. It also decreases the likelihood of receiving credit or loans. All these facts
increase womens vulnerability to poverty, especially in old age. Governments must introduce
policies, programmes and quota systems which correct this imbalance.
The United Nations Development Programme has defined sustainable development as
development that not only generates economic growth but distributes its benefits equitably, that
regenerates the environment rather than destroying it, and that empowers people rather than
marginalizing them. It is development that gives priority to the poor, enlarging their choices and
opportunities and providing for their participation in decisions that affect their lives.
Many women's groups are concerned that current patterns of economic development and
globalization are increasing the gap between rich and poor, benefiting men more than women,
and leading to increased environmental degradation. One report published by the Women's
Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), "The imperatives of the global economy
seem to be outrunning the post-Rio agenda five years later. How to bring them into closer step is
the current challenge." Women are calling for gender-sensitive research in this area. They are
also calling for increased access to resources - land, credit, education, technology and
information--so that they can participate equally with men in key decisions that affect their lives
and all life on planet Earth.
Women have also raised demand that Governments establish new forms of economic accounting
to include women's unpaid work and promote public policies that will reduce the
disproportionate time women spend working, which is often twice as much as men.
Management of natural resources
In almost all developing regions, women are often the primary users and managers of land,
forest, water and other natural resources. Women in rural areas of developing regions spend
major parts of their day growing food, gathering fuel wood, cooking and carrying water.
Women are responsible for most local food production in Africa and Asia. Consequently, they are
responsible for the selection of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and the maintenance of
productive soil to nourish seedlings and plants. Women are also users, preservers and managers
of biodiversity. Research on 60 home gardens in Thailand revealed 230 different species - many
of which had been rescued from a neighbouring forest before it was cleared.
Indigenous women have a special relationship to natural resources. Their cultures and practices
promote a balanced, respectful use and preservation of natural resources so that future
generations can meet their needs. Yet most development schemes today ignore the needs and
practices of indigenous peoples.
As consumers and producers, caretakers of their families and educators, women play an
important role in promoting sustainable development through their concern for the quality and

sustainability of life for present and future generations. However, due to discrimination, many
women are unable to exercise their full potential in natural resource and environmental
management, given their lack of training, status, land and property rights and capital.
Women and water
In rural areas in most developing countries, women are the managers of water resources - often
walking miles to fetch water for basic household chores. In some parts of Africa, women and
children spend eight hours a day collecting water. The proportion of rural women affected by
water scarcity is estimated at 55 per cent in Africa, 32 per cent in Asia and 45 per cent in Latin
America.
Access to safe water is also an issue of increasing concern for urban women and families. Poor
water access and quality affect not only women's crop and livestock production and the amount
of labour they must expend to collect, store and distribute water, but also their health and that of
their families. Water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, malaria and diarrhoea
claim millions of lives each year. Parasitic diseases, such as onchocerciasis (river blindness), are
also spread through contaminated water.
However, despite their responsibility for water collection and sanitation management, women
rarely participate in decision-making when the construction of facilities is planned. All too often
they have no say about the location of a pump or the design of latrines. It is now recognized that
the exclusion of women from the planning of water supply and sanitation schemes is a major
cause of their high rate of failure. In order to improve health and quality of life for women, water
and sanitation programmes must concentrate on reducing the time and energy women expend in
water collection, and increasing women's participation in community decision-making regarding
water and sanitation.
Efforts must also be increased to ensure access to safe water. According to broad estimates,
currently, more than one billion people in developing countries do not have access to safe water.
Conclusion
Womens contribution to sustainable development must be recognized. Women have a strong role
in education and socializing their children, including teaching them care and responsibility with
regard to the use and protection of natural resources. More should be done to increase womens
voice in environmental decision making and to enable women to seize opportunities in the
green economy. More capacity building programmes and training tailored to the needs of
women are needed. In order to build women as catalyst for sustainable development, their role in
family, community and society at large has to free from socio-cultural and religious traditions
that prevent women participation. There is need for change of mindset, especially of the males
who dominate the scene.

Solar power Sustainable green energy to protect our

economy and environment:
1. Introduction - Originally developed for energy requirement for orbiting earth satellite Solar
Power have expanded in recent years for our domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is
produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity. This is done by using solar
panels, which are large flat panels made up of many individual solar cells. It is most often used
in remote locations, although it is becoming more popular in urban areas as well.

There is, indeed, enormous amount of advantages lies with use of solar power specially, in the
context of environmental impact and self-reliance. However, a few disadvantages such as its
initial cost and the effects of weather conditions, make us hesitant to proceed with full vigor. We
discuss below the advantages and disadvantages of Solar Power:
2. Advantages of Solar power (a) The major advantage of solar power is that no pollution is created in the process of generating
electricity. Environmentally it the most Clean and Green energy. Solar Energy is clean,
renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal) and sustainable, helping to protect our environment.
(b) Solar energy does not require any fuel.
(c) It does not pollute our air by releasing carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide or
mercury into the atmosphere like many traditional forms of electrical generation does.

(d) Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or smog. It actively
contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions.
(e) There is no on-going cost for the power it generates as solar radiation is free everywhere.
Once installed, there are no recurring costs.
(f) It can be flexibly applied to a variety of stationary or portable applications. Unlike most forms
of electrical generation, the panels can be made small enough to fit pocket-size electronic
devices, or sufficiently large to charge an automobile battery or supply electricity to entire
buildings.
(g) It offers much more self-reliance than depending upon a power utility for all electricity.
(h) It is quite economical in long run. After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy
from the sun is practically free. Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will last
for decades.
(i) Its not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not subjected to the everincreasing price of fossil fuel.
(j) By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost and problems of the
recovery and transportation of fuel or the storage of radioactive waste.
(k) Its generated where it is needed. Therefore, large scale transmission cost is minimized.
(l) Solar Energy can be utilized to offset utility-supplied energy consumption. It does not only
reduce your electricity bill, but will also continue to supply your home/ business with electricity
in the event of a power outage.
(m) A Solar Energy system can operate entirely independently, not requiring a connection to a
power or gas grid at all. Systems can therefore be installed in remote locations, making it more
practical and cost-effective than the supply of utility electricity to a new site.
(n) The use of solar energy indirectly reduces health costs.
(o) They operate silently, have no moving parts, do not release offensive smells and do not
require you to add any fuel.
(p) More solar panels can easily be added in the future when your familys needs grow.
(q) Solar Energy supports local job and wealth creation, fuelling local economies.

3. Disadvantages of Solar power

(a) The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy system, largely because
of the high cost of the semi-conducting materials used in building solar panels.
(b) The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable utility-supplied electricity.
As energy shortages are becoming more common, solar energy is becoming more pricecompetitive.
(c) Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a good level of efficiency.
(d) The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun, although this problem can
be overcome with the installation of certain components.
(e) The production of solar energy is influenced by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air.
Similarly, no solar energy will be produced during nighttime although a battery backup system
and/or net metering will solve this problem.
(f) As far as solar powered cars go their slower speed might not appeal to everyone caught up
in todays fast track movement.
4. Solar Cell Solar cell is a semiconductor device that converts the energy of sunlight into
electric energy. These are also called photovoltaic cell. Solar cells do not use chemical
reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving parts.
Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act
as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, including: calculators and other small devices;
telecommunications; rooftop panels on individual houses; and for lighting, pumping, and
medical refrigeration for villages in developing countries. In large arrays, which may contain
many thousands of individual cells, they can function as central electric power stations analogous

to nuclear, coal-, or oil-fired power plants. Arrays of solar cells are also used to power satellites;
because they have no moving parts that could require service or fuels that would require
replenishment, solar cells are ideal for providing power in space.
Most photovoltaic cells consist of a semiconductor pn junction, in which electron-hole pairs
produced by absorbed radiation are separated by the internal electric field in the junction to
generate a current, a voltage, or both, at the device terminals. Under open-circuit conditions
(current I = 0) the terminal voltage increases with increasing light intensity, and under shortcircuit conditions (voltage V = 0) the magnitude of the current increases with increasing light
intensity. When the current is negative and the voltage is positive, the photovoltaic cell delivers
power to the external circuit.
* Characteristics of a Solar Cell: The usable voltage from solar cells depend on the
semiconductor material. In silicon it amounts to approximately 0.5 V. Terminal voltages is only
weakly dependent on light radiation, while the current intensity increases with higher luminosity.
A 100 cm silicon cell, for example, reaches a maximum current intensity of approximately 2 A
when radiated by 1000 W/m. The output (product of electricity and voltage) of a solar cell is
temperature dependent. Higher cell temperatures lead to lower output, and hence to lower
efficiency. The level of efficiency indicates how much of the radiated quantity of light is
converted into useable electrical energy.
* Cell Types: One can distinguish three cell types according to the type of crystal:
monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous. To produce a monocrystalline silicon cell,
absolutely pure semiconducting material is necessary. Monocrystalline rods are extracted from
melted silicon and then sawed into thin plates. This production process guarantees a relatively
high level of efficiency.
The production of polycrystalline cells is more cost-efficient. In this process, liquid silicon is
poured into blocks that are subsequently sawed into plates. During solidification of the material,
crystal structures of varying sizes are formed, at whose borders defects emerge. As a result of
this crystal defect, the solar cell is less efficient.
If a silicon film is deposited on glass or another substrate material, this is a so-called amorphous
or thin layer cell. The layer thickness amounts to less than 1m (thickness of a human hair: 50100 m), so the production costs are lower due to the low material costs. However, the efficiency
of amorphous cells is much lower than that of the other two cell types. Because of this, they are
primarily used in low power equipment (watches, pocket calculators) or as facade elements.
* Efficiency: Solar cell efficiencies vary from 6% for amorphous silicon-based solar cells to
42.8% with multiple-junction research lab cells. Solar cell energy conversion efficiencies for
commercially available multicrystalline Si solar cells are around 14-16%. The highest efficiency
cells have not always been the most economical for example a 30% efficient multijunction
cell based on exotic materials such as gallium arsenide or indium selenide and produced in low
volume might well cost one hundred times as much as an 8% efficient amorphous silicon cell in
mass production, while only delivering about four times the electrical power.

To make practical use of the solar-generated energy, the electricity is most often fed into the
electricity grid using inverters (grid-connected PV systems); in stand alone systems, batteries are
used to store the energy that is not needed immediately.
* Advantages of solar cells: Solar cells are long lasting sources of energy which can be used
almost anywhere. They are particularly useful where there is no national grid and also where
there are no people such as remote site water pumping or in space. Solar cells provide cost
effective solutions to energy problems in places where there is no mains electricity. Solar cells
are also totally silent and non-polluting. As they have no moving parts they require little
maintenance and have a long lifetime. Compared to other renewable sources they also possess
many advantages; wind and water power rely on turbines which are noisy, expensive and liable
to breaking down.
Rooftop power is a good way of supplying energy to a growing community. More cells can be
added to homes and businesses as the community grows so that energy generation is in line with
demand. Many large scale systems currently end up over generating to ensure that everyone has
enough. Solar cells can also be installed in a distributed fashion, i.e. they dont need large scale
installations. Solar cells can easily be installed on roofs, which mean no new space is needed and
each user can quietly generate their own energy.
* Disadvantages of solar cells: The main disadvantage of solar energy is the initial cost. Most
types of solar cell require large areas of land to achieve average efficiency. Air pollution and
weather can also have a large effect on the efficiency of the cells. The silicon used is also very
expensive and the problem of nocturnal down times means solar cells can only ever generate
during the daytime. Solar energy is currently thought to cost about twice as much as traditional
sources (coal, oil etc). Obviously, as fossil fuel reserves become depleted, their cost will rise
until a point is reached where solar cells become an economically viable source of energy. When
this occurs, massive investment will be able to further increase their efficiency and lower their
cost.
5. Nanoparticle with carbon nanotubes based solar cells more efficient and practical
-Experts have demonstrated a way to significantly improve the efficiency of solar cells made
using low-cost, readily available materials, including a chemical commonly used in paints. The
researchers added single-walled carbon nanotubes to a film made of titanium-dioxide
nanoparticles. This process doubles the efficiency of cell for converting ultraviolet light into
electrons when compared with the performance of the nanoparticles alone. Titanium oxide is a
main ingredient in white paint.
Such cells are appealing because nanoparticles have a great potential for absorbing light and
generating electrons. But so far, the efficiency of actual devices made of such nanoparticles has
been considerably lower than that of conventional silicon solar cells. Thats largely because it has
proved difficult to harness the electrons that are generated to create a current. In fact, when
electrons generated by absorbing light by titanium oxide, absence of carbon nanotubes with the
titanium-oxide particles make the electrons jump from particle to particle before reaching an
electrode. On the path many electrons do not able to reach the electrode, thus fail to generate an

electrical current. The carbon nanotubes collect the electrons and provide a more direct route
to the electrode, improving the efficiency of the solar cells.
The new carbon-nanotube with titanium oxide nanoparticle system is not yet a practical solar
cell, as titanium oxide only absorbs ultraviolet light; most of the visible spectrum of light is
reflected rather than absorbed. Researchers have also demonstrated ways to modify the
nanoparticles to absorb the visible spectrum.
Several other groups of researchers are exploring approaches to improve the collection of
electrons within a cell, including forming titanium-oxide nanotubes or complex branching
structures made of various semiconductors. Using carbon nanotubes as a conduit for electrons
from titanium oxide is a novel idea, and once it is successful the cheaper variety of efficient solar
cells can be developed.
More research is needed towards development of efficient solar cells, as solar energy is
renewable, clean and unlike grain based bio-fuel, solar energy is not agriculture based thus do
not utilize farm land and do not hamper food production.
6. Desert Solar Power Future of environmentally clean and sustainable Energy A recent renewed interest in alternative energy technologies has revitalized interest in solar
thermal technology, a type of solar power that uses the suns heat rather than its light to produce
electricity. Although the technology for solar thermal has existed for more than two decades,
projects have languished while fossil fuels remained cheap. But solar thermals time may now
have come and mirrored arrays of solar thermal power plants, hopefully, will soon bloom in
many of the worlds deserts.

Large desert-based power plants concentrate the suns energy to produce high-temperature heat
for industrial processes or to convert the solar energy into electricity. It is quite interesting to note
that, as per the recent reports on Solar Power, the resource calculations show that just seven

states in the U.S. Southwest can provide more than 7 million MW of solar generating capacity,
i.e., roughly 10 times that of total electricity generating capacity of U.S. today from all sources.
In US, as per report, four more concentrating solar technologies are being developed. Till now,
parabolic trough technology (i.e., tracking the sun with rows of mirrors that heat a fluid, which
then produces steam to drive a turbine) used to provide the best performance at a minimum cost.
With this technology, as per the report, since the mid-1980s nine plants, totaling about 354 MW,
were operating reliably in Californias Mojave Desert. Natural gas and other fuels provide
supplementary heating when the sun is inadequate, allowing solar power plants to generate
electricity whenever it is needed. In addition, in order to extend the operating times of solar
power plants new heat-storing technologies are being developed as well.

Realizing the advantages of solar energy and seeing the success of desert solar power installed,
several solar power plants are now being planned in the U.S. Southwest. Renewed Governmental
supports and rising fossil fuel prices including natural gas, lead to new interest in concentrating
solar power among many entrepreneurs. Efficiency of concentrating solar technologies has also
been improved substantially, since then. While earlier trough plants needed a 25 percent natural
gas-fired backup, the new improved plants will require only about 2 percent backup. As per
recent news in US, utilities in states with large solar resources such as Arizona, California,
Nevada, and New Mexico etc., are considering installation of solar dish systems on a larger
scale. As per the latest estimation, within the next decade more than 4,000 MW of central solar
plants will be installed. Its quite encouraging!!
Concentrating Solar Technologies (i) Parabolic trough technologies track the sun with rows of mirrors that heat a fluid. The fluid
then produces steam to drive a turbine.
(ii) Central receiver (tower) systems use large mirrors to direct the sun to a central tower,
where fluid is heated to produce steam that drives a turbine. Parabolic trough and tower systems

can provide large-scale, bulk power with heat storage (in the form of molten salt, or in hybrid
systems that derive a small share of their power from natural gas).

(iii) Dish systems consist of a reflecting parabolic dish mirror system that concentrates sunlight
onto a small area, where a receiver is heated and drives a small thermal engine.
(iv) Concentrating photovoltaic systems (CPV) use moving lenses or mirrors to track the sun
and focus its light on high-efficiency silicon or multi-junction solar cells; they are potentially a
lower-cost approach to utility-scale PV power. Dish and CPV systems are well suited for
decentralized generation that is located close to the site of demand, or can be installed in large
groups for central station power.
7. Development of new technology making solar power economically competitive We all know that solar power is excellently exhilarating. Just put a sheet or a panel exposing sun
and every day, for total life span of the device, we get power at free of cost. No fuel, no
maintenance botheration and no cost incurred. It is a renewable resource no raw material
requirement. Sun may disappear behind a few clouds for a few minutes, disappear completely at
night, or for hours during the winter, we can always expect it to come back in full force. Apart,
solar power is completely non-polluting, green sustainable energy throughout its life free.
Unlike oil, solar power does not emit any greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is silent
powered no noise pollution.
There are so many advantages of solar power. Unfortunately, the size of the initial investment
keeps the cost of solar generated power higher than the cost of coal. It may be worth noting here
that, if environmental costs of burning coal taken into account, the solar power is already slightly
more economical. But we are not taxing carbon (yet) so we have to make solar power cheaper. At
present, solar cells are not cheap. However, technology is improving, and it will continue to
improve as the cost of other forms of power increase. There are few of the finest examples that
are working to bring solar power to at par with grid. Below some of these technologies are
briefed:

a. Most expensive part of a traditional photovoltaic array is the silicon wafers. To solve this cost
problem (and also the problem of the environmentally wasteful process of creating the silicon
crystals) several people are concentrating the sunlight thousands of times onto an extremely
small solar panel. They decrease the amount of solar material needed by thousands of times, and
produce just as much power.
Technologies collectively known as concentrating photovoltaic are starting to enjoy their day in
the sun, thanks to advances in solar cells, which absorb light and convert it into electricity, and
the mirror- or lens-based concentrator systems that focus light on them. The technology could
soon make solar power as cheap as electricity from the grid. The idea of concentrating sunlight to
reduce the size of solar cells and therefore to cut costs -has been around for decades. The result
is solar power that is nearly as cheap (if not as cheap) as coal.
The thinking behind concentrated solar power is simple. Because energy from the sun, although
abundant, is diffuse, generating one giga watt of power (the size of a typical utility-scale plant)
using traditional photovoltaic requires a four-square-mile area of silicon. A concentrator system
would replace most of the silicon with plastic or glass lenses or metal reflectors, requiring only
as much semiconductor material as it would take to cover an area of much smaller in size.
Moreover, because of decrease in the amount of semiconductor needed makes it affordable to use
much more efficient types of solar cells. The total footprint of such plant, including the reflectors
or lenses, would be only two to two-and-a-half square miles.
The big problem of this technology is very hot piece of silicon. You have to keep the silicon cool,
even with sunlight magnified 2000 times on it. Otherwise the silicon will melt, and its all over.
Scientists are working prototypes already and are hoping to go commercial in the coming years.
b. Another solution to the problem of limited and expensive crystalline silicon is to just not use
it. This is why there are so many solar startups right now working on solar technology using noncrystalline silicon or other thin-film solutions. Many have already broken out of the lab and into
manufacturing. One of the leading technologies, not using expensive crystalline silicon is Nanosolar prints. Nano-solar prints its mixture of several elements in precise proportions onto a
metal film. The production is fast, simple and cheap, at least for now. Some fear that shortages in
indium will bring a halt to nano-solars cheap printing days. Though scientists make some
efficiency sacrifices when compared to crystalline silicon, they are so much cheaper to produce
that they might soon even beat coal in cost per watt.
The advantages of Nano-solar prints are, they are super cheap, ultra-adaptable solar panels that
can be printed on the side of pretty much anything, promising solar power anywhere you want it.
At the present condition, they still slide under coals $2.1-a-watt energy cost, though theyre not
mass produced at the scale needed to bring it to the 30-cents-a-watt level.
c. While the first two options provide the most efficient path to solar electricity, but converting
photons directly into electrons, a less efficient, though simpler, option might turn out to be the
real cost-effective. Simply by focusing hundreds or even thousands of mirrors onto a single
point, scientists are hoping to create the kind of heat necessary to run a coal fired power plant,
but without use of coal. The heat would boil water which would then be used to turn turbines. In

other words, it is nothing but, concentrated thermal solar power, which concentrates the heat
from the sun to power turbines or sterling engines.
The advantage of such a system is converting the existing steam turbines being produced for
traditional power plants, and the rest of the technology just involves shiny objects and concrete.
The problems however, are these things too hot to handle. The material holding the boiler has to
be able to withstand the extreme heat that these installations can produce. That kind of material,
that wont melt or degrade under such extreme heat, can be quite expensive.
d. Researchers reveal solar power breakthrough To rival electricity grid in five years:
The cost of electricity generated by solar power cells is falling so fast, it is likely to provide a
serious alternative to the national grid within five years.
Scientists demonstrated that solar cells are now capable of converting 43 percent of the sunlight
hitting them into electricity.
However, the demonstration did not use regular silicon-based solar cells, which are much
cheaper and more likely to be in popular use.
Rather, the demonstration cells require sunlight to be split into five different frequencies, or
colours, with each colour sent to a different cell.
In contrast, the efficiency record with regular silicon-based solar cells stands at just 25 percent.
Significance of the new system is that, as the intensity of light is increased, the efficiency of the
demonstration cells improves.
For more refer: http://www.itnews.com.au/News/154653,researchers-reveal-solar-powerbreakthrough.aspx
8. Conclusion Solar power technology is improving consistently over time, as people begin to
understand the benefits offered by this incredible technology. As our oil reserves decline, it is
important for us to turn to alternative sources for energy. Therefore, it would be better that
converting some of the worlds energy requirements to solar power are in the best interest of the
worldwide economy and the environment. Since we all are aware of the power of the sun and the
benefits we could get from it.
Now, the cost of solar power is quite high. In fact, for solar energy to achieve its potential, desert
solar power plant construction costs will have to be further reduced via technology
improvements, economies of scale, and streamlined assembly techniques. Development of
economic storage technologies can also lower costs significantly. According to renewable energy
department, a desert solar power plant covering 10 square miles of desert has potential to
produce as much power as the Hoover Dam of US produces. Thus, desert-based power plants can
provide a large share of the nations commercial energy needs.

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http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-12-19/Empowering-rural-women121831
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http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/9743/thesaurus/sustainabledevelopment/