Intro Psychology Chapters 7-9 Review

CHAPTER 7: THINKING, LANGUAGE, & INTELLIGENCE

1. Define thinking and the various concepts involved in thinking.
a. Definitions of Thinking
b. What are concepts? How do we organize concepts?
c. Define Prototypes
i. What is overextension?
d. Problem Solving, Algorithms, Heuristic Devices, & Analogies
e. Factors that affect problem solving.
f. Judgment and Decision Making
i. Heuristics involved in decision making
ii. Overconfidence in decision making
2. Describe how language develops.
a. What is language? (A system of symbols)
b. Can apes use language?
c. How is language a unique human asset?
d. How is language distinguished from communication of lower animals?
e. Language and Cognition
f. Language and Culture
i. Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis
g. Language Development
i. Prelingustic Vocalizations
ii. States of grammar development
1. Holophrases, two word sentences, Over-regularization
iii. Nature and Nurture in Langauge Development
1. Is language development innate?
2. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
3. Psychological Statistics
a. Descriptive Statistics vs Inferential Statistics
b. Frequency Distribution
c. Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
d. Measures of Variability (Range, Standard Deviation)
e. Normal Curve
4. Identify the concept of intelligence and the techniques used to measure
intelligence.
a. Theories of Intelligence
b. Factor Theories of intelligence
c. Charles Spearman and g factor
d. Louis Thurstones 8 Specific Factors, or primary mental abilities
e. Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences
i. Criticism of his views (intelligence or talent)?
f. Sternbergs 3 types of intelligence: Analytical, Creative, & Practical
g. Emotional Intelligence

h. Creativity & Intelligence

i. Measuring Intelligence
i. Stanford Binet Scale / Wechlsers scale of intelligence
ii. Reliability and Validity in intelligence test development
iii. Differences in Intellectual Functioning (Gender & Socio-economic differences)
5. Describe the controversy surrounding intelligence testing.
a. Genetic Influences
b. Environmental Influences
c. The Flynn Effect
CHAPTER 8: MOTIVATION & EMOTION
1. Define motivation, including needs, drives, and incentives.
a. Psychology of Emotion as concerning the whys of behavior
b. What is a motive?
c. What are incentives?
d. What are needs and drives?
i. Physiological (Physical) vs. Psychological needs / drives
2. Identify the theories of motivation.
a. Evolutionary Perspective
i. Species-specific behaviors
ii. What are the human instincts
b. Drive Reductionism and Homeostasis
i. Define drive reduction theory and how it words
ii. Primary drives vs. acquired drives
iii. How does it compare with a thermostat?
c. Search for Stimulation / Stimulus Motivation
d. Humanistic Theory
i. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Goal of Self-Actualization
e. Cognitive Perspective
i. How the mind works to eliminate inconsistencies
3. Describe the biological and psychological contributions to hunger.
a. Importance of Food (besides survival)
b. Biological Influences on Hunger
i. Role of hypothalamus in hunger
c. Psychological Influences of Hunger
d. Obesity
i. What is the BMI?
ii. Psychological and physical factors in obesity
e. Eating Disorders
i. Anorexia & Bulemia
ii. Origins of eating disorders and sociocultural factors in their development
4. Explain the role of sex hormones and the sexual response cycle in human
sexuality.
a. How does culture play a role in what is seen as normal for sexual expression?
b. Hormones involved in sexual drives

c. What is the sexual response cycle?

i. Vasocongestion and Myotonia
ii. Phases: Excitement phase, Plateau phase, Orgasmic phase, & Resolution
phase
iii. Refractory Period
d. What were the Kinsey reports?
e. Other sex surveys: National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) and
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
f. Sexual Orientation
i. Define each orientation (Homosexual, Heterosexual, Bisexual)
ii. Why are estimates of the prevalence of various orientations at best
speculative?
iii. What are theories of the origins of sexual orientation?
5. Describe achievement motivation.
a. Assessment of Achievement Motivation
b. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
c. Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motives
d. Learning Goals and Performance Goals
6. Identify the theoretical explanations of emotions.
a. Physiological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Components
b. Involvement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
c. Expression of Emotions
d. Positive Psychology
i. Factors involved in happiness
e. Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
i. Theories of Emotions: (James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, &
Cognitive Appraisal)
ii. How does each basically differ on the preference of behavioral and cognitive
components of emotional processing?
f. The Polygraph:
i. What does it test? What does it measure (which body processes)
ii. Electrodermal response
iii. Why does research think it isnt a sound method for detecting lies?
CHAPTER 9: THE VOYAGE THROUGH THE LIFE SPAN
1. Explain prenatal development and the role that sex hormones play.
1. Terms for phases of prenatal development (Zygote, Embryo, Fetal Stage)
2. When in prenatal development do sex chromosomes assert themselves?
i. Androgens
3. Terms: Amniotic Sac, Umbilical Cord
2. Understand the physical, cognitive, moral, social, and emotional development of
children.
1. Physical Development
i. Weight gain, human inborn reflexes, motor development
ii. Perceptual development (the senses)
2. Cognitive Development

i. Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory

1. Assimilation and Accomodation
2. Stages pertaining to children: Sensorimotor, Preoperational,
and Concrete Operational stages
3. Evaluation of Piagets theory
ii. Vygotskys Socioculteral Theory
1. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
2. Scaffolding
iii. Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
1. Preconventional Level (Stages 1&2)
2. Conventional Level (Stages 3&4)
3. Postconventional Level (Stages 5&6)
4. Evaluation of his theory
iv. Social & Emotional Development
1. Erik Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
2. Stages pertaining to children:
a. Trust vs. Mistrust
b. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
c. Initiative vs Guilt
d. Industry vs. Inferiority
3. Attachment Types:
a. Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent / Restraint Types
4. Stages of Human Attachment: Initial, Attachment in the
Making, and Clear-cut Attachment
5. Harlows theory on skin contact (Monkey experiments)
6. Lorenz theory of Imprinting
7. Mary Ainsworth: critical period in humans
v. Parenting Styles: Baumrind
1. Demands placed on child vs. how responsive their needs
2. Authoritative, Authoritarian, Uninvolved, & Permissive Types
3. Consequences of each type
3. Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social, and emotional development of
adolescents.
1. Importance of adolescence
2. Physical Development
i. Growth Spurts, Puberty, Brain Development.
3. Cognitive Development
i. Piagets Stage pertaining to Adolescence (the final stage):
1. Formal Operations Stage: Development of abstract reasoning
ii. Adolescent Egocentrism
iii. Posconventional Moral Reasoning (Kohlbergs 5th and 6th stages)
1. Gender differences?
4. Social & Emotional Development
i. Relationships with Parents and Peers in adolescence
ii. Eriksons Stage Pertaining to Adolescence:
1. Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion

iii. Adolescent Sexuality

4. Explain the features of emerging adulthood.
1. What ages does this cover?
2. Five Features: Age of: identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling inbetween, and possibilities.
3. Eriksons 6th stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
5. Explain the physical, cognitive, moral, social, and emotional development of
adults.
1. Physical Development
i. Characteristics of Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Late
Adulthood
2. Cognitive Development
i. How does creativity, memory, & intelligence change as you age?
ii. Crystalized vs. Fluid Intelligence
1. How do they change (increase or decrease) as we age?
iii. Alzheimers Disease
3. Social & Emotional Development
i. Young Adulthood: Establishing yourself as an independent member of
society
ii. Middle Adulthood:
1. Eriksons 7th Stage: Generativist vs Stagnation
2. Levinsons midlife transition
3. Differences in men and women
4. What is the Empty Next Syndrome? Is it real?
iii. Late Adulthood:
1. Eriksons 8th (and final) Stage: Ego Integrity vs. Dispair