5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011), 31 May -3 June 2011, Daejeon,

Korea

Evaluation of Wireless Home Automation Technologies

A. J. Dinusha Rathnayaka, Vidyasagar M. Potdar

Samitha J. Kuruppu

Digital Ecosystems and Business Intelligence Institute

Curtin University of Technology
Perth, Western Australia
abekoon.rathnayaka@postgrad.curtin.edu.au,
v.potdar@curtin.edu.au

Digital Ecosystems and Business Intelligence Institute

Curtin University of Technology
Perth, Western Australia
samithajk@gmail.com

AbstractIntroduction of Wireless Home Automation (WHA)

has become a positive inspiration to the new home and
renovation projects, as it increases the quality of life and
comfort of the inhabitants, simultaneously facilitating energy
conservation and environmental sustainability. Generally
WHA networks comprise of wireless embedded sensors and
actuators that intelligently interconnect with each other
through a suitable wireless architecture. Many wireless
technologies have been emerged recently targeting WHA,
hence selecting the optimal technology is challenging. In this
article, we present an evaluation of these emerging wireless
technologies and discuss their suitability for smart home
networks.
Keywords- wireless home automation; wireless technologies;

I.

INTRODUCTION

HA [1] concept is an emerging vision in modern era,

which offers efficient home management system with
convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Home
automation is defined as the introduction of technology
within the home to enhance the quality of life of its
occupants, through the provision of different services such as
telehealth,
multimedia
entertainment
and
energy
conservation [2]. Conservative home automation solutions
are mostly based on power line or wired communication
technologies. These are complex, expensive, inflexible, and
involved with time-consuming installations. WHA
architectures have become famous in home automation due
to numerous advantages such as plug and play nature,
flexibility, interoperability and cost effectiveness. In general,
WHA networks are comprised of smart devices, mainly
sensors and actuators, which communicate with each other
directly or via a centralized server (Fig. 1) to achieve defined
automation functionalities. However some established
wireless standards [3] such as Wireless Wide Area Network
(WWAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA2000), and Wideband
CDMA (WCDMA), have become unfeasible to use in low
power smart devices due to their high power consumption.
Several organizations have developed wireless technologies
focusing WHA based on different architectures and
principles. Fig. 2 illustrates the published official symbols of
most of the existing wireless solutions.
According to the literature, there are considerable amount
of articles that discuss the existing WHA technologies.
However none of them compare all the protocols that we

ISBN: 978-1-4577-0872-5 (c) 2011 IEEE

Figure 1. Centralized HA-embedded area

(UWB)

Figure 2. Wireless Solutions Logos

discuss in this article; those protocols are ZigBee[4], ZWave[5], Bluetooth [6], 6LoWPAN[7], Insteon [8],
Wavenis[9], UWB [10] Wi-Fi[11], and EnOcean[12].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows; section II
illustrates main applications of WHA and benefits it
provides to the inhabitants as well as to the community.
Section III evaluates existing WHA solutions and section IV
draws concluding remarks.
II.

APPLICATIONS AND BENIFITS OF WHA

WHA concept has been incorporated immensely to the

new home and renovation projects due to the better
improvements it provides in many domestic applications.

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5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011), 31 May -3 June 2011, Daejeon, Korea

A. Applications of HA
In this section we illustrate some of the many
applications that home automation offers.
1) Light control:
Intelligently control the behaviour of the lights according to
the presence of the inhabitants. The lights are automatically
switched-off when the unit is unattended and automatically
dimmed based on the natural light during the daytime.
2) HVAC control:
This includes; A/C control, that automatically switches on
the AC or increase the cooling intensity specified duration
before the scheduled workers arrive to the unit, reduces the
cooling level or switched off the AC when the unit is
unattended and control the cooling level based on the
temperature level inside the unit. Automated ventilation
system, which will be switched on to replenish clean air
based on temperature, moisture, smoke, heat, dust, or carbon
dioxide level in the unit.
3) Smart surveillance:
Intelligent surveillance system records activities in the
house and enables the authorities to remotely monitor.
4) Smart door lock and automated security system:
When an access event occurs, the door open sensor informs
the actuator to initiate an email, text message, or phone call
to the authority. The door will be automatically locked after
a predefined time period, when a person enters or leaves the
premises.
5) Appliance Control:
If the electrical appliances such as televisions, radios, are in
running mode when the unit is unoccupied, the control point
will forward requests to automatically switch-off the
appliances.
6) Smart water supply and irrigation:
Sensors are located to measure rainfall and moisture and
automatically adjust the amount of water supplied for
irrigation.
7) Smart metering:
Smart metering with display gives detailed information
about the electricity usage patterns, energy consumption
information etc. It also communicate with the utility
provider, giving information such as how much electricity
units consumed and power outages and receiving
information such as tariff involved.
8) Smart Applications and energy regulation:
Smart Applications regulate the energy usage. Smart
algorithms can be configured with different regulation
schemes such as activating the devices according to the
changing energy-rate information, restricting the usage
duration of certain appliances, etc. For example, by using a
service application, the running time of the dish washer can
be delayed avoiding peak hours which the electricity toll is
higher, unless the user forcibly activates the appliance.
B. Benifits of WHA
In this section, we discuss the advantages that the
inhabitants will gain from the WHA-embedded applications.

ISBN: 978-1-4577-0872-5 (c) 2011 IEEE

1) Energy Saving
Lower the energy bills
Quantify operational energy reduction
Displaying the real-time energy consumption and
their cost involved persuades the users to concern
on energy efficiency on their actions
2) Improved security and occupant safety
Real time surveillance of access activities and
occupancy status of the site and enables the
authority to remotely grant or restrict the access
Even if the tenant forgets to lock the door, the
door will be automatically locked in predefined
period.
Quick detection and dissemination of emergency
information; safety threatening abnormal electric
conditions such as electric leakages and smokes in
appliances will be detected and notified to the
occupants quickly.
3) Comfortable and convenient living solution
Reduce key management overhead
Enjoy the comfort of the home environment,
which is anticipating the tenants arrival and
adjusting the temperature appropriately
Saving the occupants time and effort by allowing
the automated execution of routine functions such
as turning off all lights, activating the security
systems, setting the thermostat to economy mode
when the occupants retire for the night.
Improved stylish multimedia support , allowing
the tenants to enjoy home theatre moment by
enabling the dim lights, closed curtains, turned on
TV and DVD player, and mute phone etc. all with
just touching a key of the mobile.
4) Reduced equipment maintenance, operational costs
and increased lifetime of the equipments
5) Positive environmental effects
Save scarce energy resources (reduce diesel usage,
hence saves natural petroleum reserves)
Reduce greenhouse gas (CO2, CO) emissions and
pollutants
III.

EVALUATION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

In this section, we evaluate the wireless technologies;

Bluetooth, ZigBee, Z-Wave, EnOcean 6LoWPAN, Insteon,
Wavenis, UWB and Wi-Fi, based on the different criteria;
radio parameters, power consumption, security, error
control, network size, communication range, and protocols
logistic (Table. 1).
A. Radio Parameters
Zigbee/6LoWPN functions in three license free bands at
2.4 GHz, 915 MHz (North America) and 868 MHz
(Europe), while maintaining number of RF channels 16, 10
and 1 and maximum data rates of 250, 40 and 20 Kbps
respectively. The modulation methods differ according to

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5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011), 31 May -3 June 2011, Daejeon, Korea

TABLE I.

COMPARISON OF EMERGING WIRELESS SOLUTIONS

Wavenis
(Coronis
System)
_

Wi-Fi

6LoWPN

802.15.1

Insteon
(SmartLab
s, Inc)
_

802.11a/b/g

802.15.4

2.4 GHz

904 MHz

433
915

2.4 GHz; 5
GHz

110 Mb/s

1 Mb/s

38.4 Kb/s

BPSK,
QPSK

GFSK

FSK

4.8/19.2/10
0
GFSK/PSK

DSUWB,
MBOFDM
10

FHSS

No

FHSS

2.4 GHz,
915 MHz
868 MHz
20/40/250
Kb/s
BPSK/BPS
K/
OQPSK
DSSS

10

45 (out )

200 (in)
1000 (out )

100

10-100

Rolling
codes,
public-key
8-bit
checksums

3 DES
128AES

RC4
Stream
/
AES Block
32-bit CRC

AES

232

32-bit
CRC
CSMA CA
8

E0
Stream
AES-128
16
-bit
CRC
8

256

NA

2007

Gateway
Required

Gateway
Required

Gateway
Required

Gateway
Required

Gateway
Required

Gateway
Required

Gateway
Required

Proprietary

Proprieta
ry

Standard

Standard

Proprietary

Proprietary

Standard

Z-Wave
(Zensys
Corp)
_

EnOcean

UWB

Bluetooth

2.4 GHz,
915 MHz
868 MHz
20/40/250
Kb/s
BPSK/BPS
K/ OQPSK
DSSS

868/908MHz
2.4 GHz (400
series only)
9.6Kbps/40K
bps, 200 kb/s
FSK /GFSK

868 MHz

802.15.3a
*
3.1-10.6
GHz

No

No

Communica
tion
Range(m)
Security

10-100

30 (in) 100
(out )

30
(in)
300(out )

AES

AES-128

Basic

AES

Error
Control/
Reliability

16-bit
CRC,
ACK,
CSMA-CA
64000

8-bit
CRC,
ACK,
CSMA-CA

232

Gateway
Required
Standard

Protocol

Zigbee

IEEE
Standard
Frequency
Band

802.15.4

Data Rate
Modulation
Spreading

Network
Size
Internet
connection
Logistic

125
kbit/s
ASK

the used band, which Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

(O-QPSK) for 2.4 GHz band and Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK) for 868 and 915 MHz bands. The same spreading
technique, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is
used in all the bands.
Z-Wave on the other hand, mainly operates in 868 MHz
(Europe), 908 MHz (United States), and 921.42MHz
(Australia) bands and latest version of Z-Wave (400 series)
supports the 2.4 GHz. These bands allow 9.6, 40 and 200
Kb/s data rates respectively using Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK) modulation schemes.
EnOcean, which has solar power and push button driven
sensors, operates at 868.3 MHz, using Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK) modulation with data rate of 120 Kbit/s.
Unlike all other protocols, INSTEON network topology
contains RF and power line links, which devices can be RFonly or power-line only, or support both. INSTEON
operates in 904 MHz range, which allows 38.4 kbps data
rate using FSK modulation.
Wavenis typically operates 433 MHz (Asia), 868MHz
(Europe), and 915 MHz (United States) bands, which offers
the typical data rate of 19.2kbps and maximum and
minimum data rate figures are 4.8 kb/s and 100 kb/s
respectively. Data modulation is done using Gaussian FSK
(GFSK) with fast frequency-hopping spread spectrum

ISBN: 978-1-4577-0872-5 (c) 2011 IEEE

/868/

BCH
(32,21)
FEC

54 Mb/s
B/QPSK,
COFDM,
QAM
DSSS,
CCK,
OFDM

16-bit
CRC,
CSMA-CA,
ACK
264
Gateway
NOT
required
Standard

(FHSS). Bluetooth operates in the 2.4GHz band with

adaptive frequency hopping. The specifications relevant to
WHA are; (i) classic Bluetooth-Basic-Rate / Enhanced-Rate
(BR/EDR) specification, and (ii) Bluetooth-low-energy
technology. Basic Rate (BR) employs a GFSK modulation
scheme and Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) adds two additional
Phase-shift Keying (PSK) modulation schemes namely
Differential encoded Quaternary PSK (DQPSK) and
Differential encoded PSK (8DPSK). This increases the
symbol rate from 1MBps to 2 and 3 Mbps. Bluetooth-lowenergy technology uses GFSK with symbol rate of 1Mbps.
Wi-Fi operates in 2.4GHz band uses DSSS (802.11),
complementary code keying (CCK, 802.11b), or OFDM
modulation (802.11a/g) with 54Mbs data rate.
UWB uses Multiband-OFDM Alliance (MB-OFDM)
and DS-CDMA UWB. The multiband method takes 7.5
GHz of unlicensed UWB spectrum and split it into 15
frequency channels that remain between 500MHz and
700MHz.UWB uses BPSK and QPSK with110 Mb/s.
2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band
is unlicensed in most countries and offers communication
medium for most wireless technologies. The technologies
like Bluetooth, ZigBee, Z-Wave, 6LoWPAN, and Wi-Fi
operates in 2.4 GHz range. However some of the domestic
devices such as microwave ovens, codeless phones, wireless

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5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011), 31 May -3 June 2011, Daejeon, Korea

TABLE II.

TRANSMIT (TX) AND RECEIVE (RX) POWER OF ICS

Technology
Zigbee
Zigbee
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Zwave
UWB
WiFi
EnOcean
Wavenis
TABLE III.

Manufacturer
TI (Texas Instrument)
TI
TI
Cambridge Silicon Radio
Zensys
Freescale
Conexant
EnOcean

Part Number
CC2420 Transceiver
CC243x System on
Chip (SoC)
CC2540 SoC
Bluecore2
ZW0201
XS112
CX53112
Dolphin EO3000I

Coronis Systems

Wavenis SoC

Supply
Voltage (V)
3

TX current
(mA)
17.4

RX current
(mA)
18.8

TX power
(mW)
52.2

RX power
(mW)
56.4

3
3
1.8
3
3.3
3.3
2.5

25
24
57
36
227
219
0

27
19.6
47
23
227
215
23

75
72
102.6
108
749.1
722.7
Not given

81
58.8
84.6
69
749.1
709.5
57.5

Not given

17

Not given

51

POWER CONSMPTION OF DIFFERENT ICS

LAN also operate in the same band, hence there is a

possibility for interferences with the automation networks.
Therefore an interference avoidance method plays vital role
in such technologies. The interference avoidance technique
should be capable to analyse the available channels and
reforms the network in least interfered channel, in case of
severe interferences. On the other hand, INSTEON,
Wavenis, UWB and most common Z-Wave series, operate
in a single channel in sub gigahertz bands, hence
interference avoidance techniques are not required. This
makes the hardware implementation is easier. Data rate is
also an important factor, which data transmission at a higher
data rate allows shutting down the transmitter and receiver
frequently. This saves significant amount of power. Higher
data rates at a specified power level means theres fewer
energy per transmitted bit, which typically means reduced
range. Hence special mechanisms are required to improve
range, while negotiating on the battery life. If we compare
the modulation schemes supported by different
technologies, the PSK schemes demonstrate better signal to
noise ratio than ASK and FSK. Operating with FHSS
spreading technique gives higher tolerance to the
interference than DSSS, hence suitable in noisy industrial
environments with high level of interferences. In contrast,
DSSS supports higher data rate than FHSS.

ISBN: 978-1-4577-0872-5 (c) 2011 IEEE

B. Power Consumption
The energy saving is one of the main reasons for the
emergence of smart home automation concept. Most
wireless autonomous devices are usually battery-powered.
Therefore its essential to manage the smart devices to best
utilize the scarce power resources over long time. Some of
the techniques employed to reduce power consumption
includes;
Ability to enable sleep mode: The device is shutdown
(sleep mode) when not transmitting or receiving.
Keep low duty cycle: Equation. 1, Duty cycle
(Tduty_cycle) refers to the devices active time
(transmission or reception time: Ttx/rx) as a fraction
of the time gap between activities (total cycle time
between transmission and reception: Tcycle).

Tduty _ cycle

Ttx / rx
Tcycle

(1)

With low duty cycles, the smart node is active for a small
time period, making power optimization. This can be
achieved using short transmission or reception time and
long time interval between transmission and reception. For
example, IPv6 (6LoWPN) uses maximum transmission unit
(MTU) to be higher than 1280 bytes in length. This is
significantly longer than the IEEE802.15.4's standard packet
size of 127 octets. As a result, the transmissions become
short and thereby reduce power consumption.
Optimal modulation scheme: The modulation
schemes like BPSK for 868/915 MHz and O-QPSK
for 2400 MHz reduce power utilization by making a
peak-to-average power ratio of one.
In rapidly evolving RF market, many leading IC
manufacturers publish their hardware platforms integrating
with different technologies. To evaluate the power usage of
wireless technologies, we consider those technology enabled
hardware ICs. (Table 2, Figure 3). Accordingly, most of the
solutions can be applied to WHA networks except UWB
and WiFi. Both UWB and WiFi may be not very feasible for
battery powered sensing devices in WHA networks due to
their high power consumptions. UWB and WiFi are more

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5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011), 31 May -3 June 2011, Daejeon, Korea

suitable implementations like video surveillance, due to its

high bandwidth (data rate) and lower normalized energy
consumption (Energy efficiency based on bit rate). Unlike
others technologies, EnOcean exhibits battery-less feature,
which the devices are solar powered or push button based.
EnOcean is a cost effective and environment-friendly
concept in regions featured with high solar radiation all over
the year.
C. Protocolss Logistic
ZigBee, WiFi, 6LoWPN, and UWB are open, publicly
accessible standards whereas Z-Wave, INSTEON, Wavenis,
EnOcean are proprietary. Since proprietary solutionis are
owned by single vendor, the industry support from the
semiconductor manufacturers is not available as with
standard solutions.
Standard technologies offer costeffective common platforms and the buyers have a range of
option to select the product manufacturer.
D. Security
Secure network is an important feature in the smart
home to protect sensitive information. Secure protocol is
necessary to protect critical monitoring and control signals,
and also to eliminate undue interferences in the data
transmission and reception. Therefore security mechanisms
play a critical role in technology selection. With E0 stream
cipher algorithm [13], the authentication key exchange is via
a simple secure pairing method, employing Elliptic Curve
Diffe Hellman public key. Digital Encryption Standard
(DES) [14] is a symmetric block cipher with 64-bit block
size with 56-bit key, while more secure 3DES encrypts data
three times, resulting a cumulative key size of 112-168 bits.
Advanced Encryption Algorithm (AES) [14], a symmetric
key encryption algorithm, offers three key sizes: 128-, 192-,
or 256-bit encryption key. When we talk about the security
methods of wireless solutions, Bluetooth performs
encryption using E0 algorithm (Bluetooth-BR/EDR), and
128bit AES (Bluetooth low-energy). The Z-Wave200/300
series chips do not support security, the 400 series chip offer
128-bit AES encryption. WiFi, UWB and Zigbee use AES
block ciphers and Wavenis utilizes 3-DES in addition to
AES. INSTEON complete long messages can be embedded
with encrypted payloads, which probable encryption
methods include rolling-code, public-key, and managedkey, algorithms. EnOcean still uses basic security
mechanism [18], which a fixed 32 bit ID is added to
transmitted telegram, and advanced security mechanisms
such as rolling code and encryption are still in progress.
E. Error Control
Reliable delivery of information is critical in smart home
networks to obtain accurate automation functionality. Error
detection and correction enable identification and correction
of the corrupted data in unpredictable communication
channels. Zigbee, Z-Wave, UWB, WiFi, and Bluetooth use
cyclic redundancy check (CRC) [15, 16] to validate the
packets. Here a certain number of bits are (checksum) are

ISBN: 978-1-4577-0872-5 (c) 2011 IEEE

appended to the message being transmitted. Different

technologies use 16, 8, 32 checksum and higher the
checksum, more powerful error controls. UWB and WiFi
show the highest CRC error control proficiencies by
offering 23 checksum, Zigbee, 6LoWPN and Bluetooth use
16 checksum, and Zwave and Insteon use 8 checksum. To
find out that the data was not infected in transmission, the
receiver determines whether the check bits agree with the
data with a certain degree of probability. If the CRC shows
that the packet was not corrupted, ACK will be sent or
otherwise the packet is dropped and NACK is transmitted.
On the other hand, Wavenis uses Forward Error correction
(FEC) with BCH [17] error control block code by adding
redundant data to the transmitted information using a
predetermined algorithm. Error control features are not
incorporated with EnOcean; hence unsuitable for the
applications run in noisy communication architectures that
have the possibility to introduce errors to the transmitted
data.
F. Communication range and Network size
The scalability of the WHA network is mainly
dependent on the network size and the communication range
supported by different technologies. Certain established
technologies like Infrared have become specific to low
communication range applications such as appliance remote
controllers due to the short ranges they offer. However
employing mesh networking can obtain limitless
communication range in large scale applications that
involves many nodes. But this requires proper positioning of
the relay nodes. If we compare the existing technologies,
UWB and Bluetooth exhibit lower range of 10 m, hence
unsuitable for WHA networks where the devices are located
in distant.
When we consider the network size supported by
existing protocols, Bluetooth and UWB support only 8
nodes, therefore unsuitable for large scale networks. ZWave and Insteon are more suitable for medium sized
networks as they support between 200-300 nodes. Zigbee,
6LoWPN and Enocean are the optimal solutions for large
scale networks, since they support 64000, 264, and 232
nodes respectively.
G. Connectivity to Internet (Gateway)
Gateway is responsible to interface the network solution
into an external system such as IP (Internet Protocol)
devices. Gateway translates commands and addresses
between the network and IP. Unlike all other technologies
(except IP-based-Wavenis, IP-based-Zigbee, which are not
used commonly), 6LoWPN doesnt require a gateway for
Internet connectivity. 6LoWPN forms wireless network over
IEEE 802.15.4, carrying packet data using IPv6 as the basic
IP format. All other technologies require gateways to
connect to internet.

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5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (IEEE DEST 2011), 31 May -3 June 2011, Daejeon, Korea

IV.

CONCLUSION

The most important goal in introducing WHA to the

homes is to promote the enhanced living pattern of
inhabitants, while offering the environmental sustainability.
The chosen technology for the WHA must represent a suite
of high level communication architecture intended for lowpower, small digital radios and also should facilitate costeffective, reliable, scalable, wirelessly networked
management and control. In this article, we compare the
features of emerging wireless solutions and conclude that
different wireless solutions offer comparative benefits and
limitations in different perspectives. Hence the selection of
suitable technology should be dependent on the
requirements of selected application.
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