OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and
standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers.
The OSI Model is a conceptual, seven-layered model of how networks work. It tells us that how data is
going through one computer to another computer, and also it simplifies to troubleshoot the network
issues.
A reference model to make sure products of different vendors would work together.

OSI (Open Source Interconnection) 7 Layer Model

HISTORY
In the late 1970s, two projects began independently, with the same goal: to define a unifying standard
for the architecture of networking systems. One was administered by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), while the other was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee, or CCITT (the abbreviation is from the French version of the name). These two
international standards bodies each developed a document that defined similar networking models.

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

In 1983, these two documents were merged together to form a standard called The Basic Reference
Model for Open Systems Interconnection. That's a mouthful, so the standard is usually referred to as the
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or even just the OSI Model.
It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the
Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union or ITU-T) as
standard X.200.
The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman, Honeywell
Information Services.

Network Layer Interaction

Network Layer Interconnection

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

Packet Structure
Packet Description

OSI LAYER
1. Physical Layer

Physical Layer

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Function of Layer 1

It defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection. It defines the
relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium (e.g., a copper or fiber
optical cable). This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable
specifications, signal timing, hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters (HBA
used in storage area networks) and more.
It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two directly
connected nodes over a communications medium.
It may define the protocol for flow control.
It defines transmission mode i.e. simplex, half & full duplex.
It defines topology.
It defines a protocol for the provision of a (not necessarily reliable) connection between
two directly connected nodes, and the modulation or conversion between the
representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals
transmitted over the physical communications channel. This channel can involve physical
cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) or a wireless radio link.

Protocol

Telephone network modems- V.92

IRDA physical layer
USB physical layer
EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485
Ethernet physical layer Including 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX,
100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other varieties
Varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers
DSL
ISDN
T1 and other T-carrier links, and E1 and other E-carrier links
SONET/SDH
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
GSM Um air interface physical layer
Bluetooth physical layer
ITU Recommendations: see ITU-T
IEEE 1394 interface
TransferJet physical layer
Etherloop
ARINC 818 Avionics Digital Video Bus

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

G.hn/G.9960 physical layer

CAN bus (controller area network) physical layer
Mobile Industry Processor Interface physical layer

2. Data Link Layer

The Data-Link layer contains two sub layers that are described in the IEEE-802 LAN standards:

Media Access Control (MAC) layer- responsible for controlling how computers in the
network gain access to data and permission to transmit it.

Logical Link Control (LLC) layer- control error checking and packet synchronization.

Data Link Layer

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

Function of Layer 2

Link establishment and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between
two nodes.
Frame traffic control: tells the transmitting node to "back-off" when no frame buffers are
available.
Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames sequentially.
Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and
recovers from errors that occur in the physical layer by retransmitting non-acknowledged
frames and handling duplicate frame receipt.
Frame delimiting: creates and recognizes frame boundaries.
Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity.
Media access management: determines when the node "has the right" to use the physical
medium.

Protocol

ARCnet Attached Resource Computer NETwork

CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol
DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol
Distributed Multi-Link Trunking
Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking
Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Econet
Ethernet
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn Data Link Layer
HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
IEEE 802.11 WiFi
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LattisNet
LocalTalk
L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
LAPD Link Access Procedures on the D channel
LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol

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LLDP-MED Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media Endpoint Discovery

PAgP - Cisco Systems proprietary link aggregation protocol
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
Q.710 Simplified Message Transfer Part
Multi-link trunking Protocol
RPR IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete)
StarLAN
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
Split multi-link trunking Protocol
Token ring a protocol developed by IBM; the name can also be used to describe the token
passing ring logical topology that it popularized.
VTP VLAN Trunking Protocol
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

3. Network Layer

Network Layer

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model

Function of Layer 3

Routing: routes frames among networks.

Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) can instruct a
sending station to "throttle back" its frame transmission when the router's buffer fills up.
Frame fragmentation: if it determines that a downstream router's maximum transmission
unit (MTU) size is less than the frame size, a router can fragment a frame for transmission
and re-assembly at the destination station.
Logical-physical address mapping: translates logical addresses, or names, into physical
addresses.
Subnet usage accounting: has accounting functions to keep track of frames forwarded by
subnet intermediate systems, to produce billing information.

Protocol

ARP Address Resolution Protocol

RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Frame relay, a simplified version of X.25
IS-IS, Intermediate System - Intermediate System (OSI)
MPLS Multi-protocol label switching
SPB Shortest Path Bridging
X.25
MTP Message Transfer Part
NSP Network Service Part
HIP Host Identity Protocol

Protocol Layer 3+4

AppleTalk
DECnet
IPX/SPX
Internet Protocol Suite
Xerox Network Systems
TCP/IP

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4. Transport Layer

Transport Layer
Function of Layer 4

Message segmentation: accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the
message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units
down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the
message.
Message acknowledgment: provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with
acknowledgments.
Message traffic control: tells the transmitting station to "back-off" when no message
buffers are available.
Session multiplexing: multiplexes several message streams, or sessions onto one logical
link and keeps track of which messages belong to which sessions (see session layer).

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Protocol

AH Authentication Header over IP or IPSec

IL Originally developed as transport layer for 9P
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Sinec H1 for telecontrol
SPX Sequenced Packet Exchange
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
DCCP Datagram Congestion Control Protocol

5. Session Layer

Session Layer

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Function of Layer 5

Session establishment, maintenance and termination: allows two application processes

on different machines to establish, use and terminate a connection, called a session.
Session support: performs the functions that allow these processes to communicate over
the network, performing security, name recognition, logging, and so on.

Protocol

9P Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of Plan 9

NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution protocol - the basis of file sharing with
Windows.
NetBEUI, NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
NCP NetWare Core Protocol
NFS Network File System
SMB Server Message Block
SOCKS "SOCKetS"

6. Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer

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Function of Layer 6

Character code translation: for example, ASCII to EBCDIC.

Data conversion: bit order, CR-CR/LF, integer-floating point, and so on.
Data compression: reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the
network.
Data encryption: encrypt data for security purposes. For example, password encryption.

Protocol

TLS Transport Layer Security

7. Application Layer

Application Layer

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Function of Layer 7

Resource sharing and device redirection

Remote file access
Remote printer access
Inter-process communication
Network management
Directory services
Electronic messaging (such as mail)
Network virtual terminals

Protocol

ADC, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol

AFP, Apple Filing Protocol
BACnet, Building Automation and Control Network protocol
BitTorrent, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BOOTP, Bootstrap Protoc;
CAMEL, an SS7 protocol tool for the home operator
Diameter, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
DICOM includes a network protocol definition
DICT, Dictionary protocol
DNS, Domain Name System
DSM-CC Digital Storage Media Command and Control
DSNP, Distributed Social Networking Protocol
DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
ED2K, A peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
FTP, File Transfer Protocol
Finger, which gives user profile information
Gnutella, a peer-to-peer file-swapping protocol
Gopher, a hierarchical hyperlinkable protocol
HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPS, Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
IMAP, Internet Message Access Protocol
IRC, Internet Relay Chat
ISUP, ISDN User Part

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LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MSNP, Microsoft Notification Protocol (used by Windows Live Messenger)
MAP, Mobile Application Part
Mosh, Mobile Shell
NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol
NTP, Network Time Protocol
NTCIP, National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System
Protocol
POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3
RADIUS, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
RDP, Remote Desktop Protocol
Rlogin, a UNIX remote login protocol
rsync, a file transfer protocol for backups, copying and mirroring
RTP, Real-time Transport Protocol
RTSP, Real-time Transport Streaming Protocol
SSH, Secure Shell
SISNAPI, Siebel Internet Session Network API
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol, a signaling protocol
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol
SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol
SMB, Microsoft Server Message Block Protocol
STUN, Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
TUP, Telephone User Part
Telnet, a remote terminal access protocol
TCAP, Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TFTP, Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a simple file transfer protocol
WebDAV, Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning
XMPP, an instant-messaging protocol