EN1995 2 Winter

EN 1995-1-1
Design of timber structures
EN 1995-1-1
Design of Timber Structures
Storage building in Japan 4 Jh. v. Ch.
EN 1995-1-1
Stave church in Norway 13th century
EN 1995-1-1
Bridge across river Sinne (Switzerland)
EN 1995-1-1
Faculty of architecture (Lyon)
EN 1995-1-1
EN1995-1-1 Scope and structure
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Section 5:
Section 6:
Section 7:
Section 8:
Section 9:
Section 10:
EN 1995-1-1
General definitions, terminology

Basis of design: Timber specific supplement to EN1990
Material properties to be used for design
Durability concept
Basis of structural analysis
Ultimate limit state design principles
Serviceability limit states
Fasteners
Design of components and assemblies
Workmanship, structural detailing and control
EN1995-1-1 - Definition of axes
EN1995
EN 1995-1-1
Link of EN 1995-1-1 to EN1990 and EN1991
EN 1990
Structural safety,
safety,
serviceability and
durability
EN 1991
Actions on
structures
EN 1992
EN 1993
EN 1994
EN 1995
EN 1996
EN 1999
EN 1997
EN 1995-1-1
EN 1998
Design and
detailing
Geotechnical
and seismic
design
National Annex
Contains nationally determined

parameters
These override EN1995-1-1 values
Take account of national conditions,
such as geographical or
workmanship differences
Are yet not published in all countries
How to spot NDPs!
EN 1995-1-1
National choices overview
EN 1995-1-1
General concept
EN 1995-1-1
Semi-probalistic safety concept
Ed
Effect of
Actions:
Self-Load
Wind
Snow
Variable loads
Temperature
Fire
....
Rd
Resistance:
Structure
Structural Elements
Materials, EModulus etc.
cross sections,
Area, Moment of
Inertia
12
Safety
frequency
Safety
Ek
E
F d
Effect of action 95% quantile
Rk
Rd
M
5% quantile Load carrying
capacity R
Design situations
Permanent situation
(after erection of the
structure)
EN 1995-1-1
Design situations
temporary situation
(during erection)
EN 1995-1-1
Design situations
Accidential situation
(impact, fire)
EN 1995-1-1
Limit states
Ultimate limit states
For all design situations the limit states shall
not be exceeded.
EN 1995-1-1
Limit state design
Limit states are functional levels

beyond which the structure no
longer satisfies the performance
criterias.
Ultimate limit state:
Safety level
Concerns safety of people
Integrity of structure
Serviceability limit state
Comfort of building user

No excessive deflection, vibration,
cracks
Negotiable from project to project
EN 1995-1-1
Actions
Characteristic Actions according

to EN 1991
Gk
Qk
Ak
EN 1995-1-1
e.g. self-weight
e.g. wind, snow, traffic
e.g. impact
Ultimate limit state

Design values of actions
Basic combination:
G,j Gk,j + Q,1 Qk,1 + Q,i 0,i Qk,i
e.g. 1,35 Gk + 1,5 Wk + 1,5 0,5 Sk
simplified:
Most unfavourable variable action:
G,j Gk,j + Q1 Qk,1
1,35 Gk + 1,5 Wk
All unfavourable variable actions:
G,j Gk,j + 1,35 Qk,i 1,35 (Gk + Wk + Sk)
EN 1995-1-1
Design values of actions; coefficient for representative

values of actions:
From a statistic point of view its unlikely that all actions/loads act at the same
time with their fully values.
Coefficient for represantative values of actions
(for exact national data see: National Annexes)
0
1
2
combination coefficient (in fundamental design situations)

frequent coefficient (in accidential design situations and servicability
calculations)
quasi-permanent coefficient (in servicability calculations)
Principle rule:
G GK + Q,1 QK ,1 + 0 ,i Q,i QK ,i
i 2
Use of 0 from the second variable action/load.

EN 1995-1-1
Design and calculation principles
Combination factors
EN 1995-1-1
Combination factors
Action
Domestic residential areas
0,7
0,5
0,3
Congregation areas
0,7
0,7
0,6
Storage areas
1,0
0,9
0,8
Wind
0,6
0,5
0,0
Snow ( 1000 m)
0,5
0,2
0,0
EN 1995-1-1
Partial safety factors for actions

(EN 1990)
Action
permanent
variable
favourable
G = 1,0
Q = 0
unfavourable
G = 1,35
Q = 1,5
EN 1995-1-1
Safety Concept - simplified
Partial Safety Factors F ( G ,Q ) , M
Gk G + Qk Q
kmod Rk / M
(timber: M = 1,3)
Safety factors in case of fire or other accidential

situations: = 1,0
25

Calculation of
deformations
vibrations
EN 1995-1-1
III.1 Eurocode 5 in basic; loads/actions on structures
. the combination of actions

under consideration
Increase the actions/load by partial safety factors (gamma factors)
Gd = G Gk
Qd = Q Qk
G
favourable effect
1,0
unfavourable effect
1,35
1,5
1,0
1,0
Design situation
Structural design
calculation
Check at servicability
limit state
less safety risks
EN 1995-1-1

Design values of actions
characteristic (rare) combination:
Gk,j + Qk,1 + 0,i Qk,i
Gk + Wk + 0,5 Sk
quasi-permanent combination:
Gk,j + 2,i Qk,i
Gk + 0,0 Wk + 0,0 Sk
EN 1995-1-1
Comparison of safety concepts

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
combinations
Combination factor
Action
Safety factor
timber
Load duration - and

service-class
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1
Concept of
permissible
stresses

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
Load duration - and

service-class
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
= 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q)
Load duration - and

service-class
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
= 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q)
Load duration - and

service-class
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1
=?
(permissible stress)

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
= 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q)
kmod
0,6 permanent,SC 1
Load duration - and
0,9 short, SC 1
service-class
0,5 permanent, SC 3
0,7 short, SC 3
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1
=?

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
= 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q)
=?
?
kmod
0,6 permanent,SC 1
Load duration - and
0,9 short, SC 1
service-class
Reduction of 1/6
0,5 permanent, SC 3
(SC 3)
0,7 short, SC 3
Safety factor

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
= 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q)
=?
?
kmod
0,6 permanent,SC 1
Load duration - and
0,9 short, SC 1
service-class
Reduction of 1/6
0,5 permanent, SC 3
(SC 3)
0,7 short, SC 3
Safety factor
= 1,3 (5%-Quantil)

Taking into account
Semi-probalistic
method
Concept of
permissible
stresses
combinations
Combination factor
w+s/2 or s+w/2
Action
Safety factor
timber
= 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q)
=?
?
kmod
0,6 permanent,SC 1
Load duration - and
0,9 short, SC 1
service-class
Reduction of 1/6
0,5 permanent, SC 3
(SC 3)
0,7 short, SC 3
Safety factor
= 1,3 (5%-Quantil)
=?
Materials and service classes
EN 1995-1-1
Steps for the designer
Identify material strength and

stiffness properties in supporting
standard
Establish modification factors
Material
Load
Service class
EN 1995-1-1
Determine material resistance for

calculation
Design value of material properties

Xd
kmod Xk
Xd =
M
Xk - characteristic value of a strength property
M partial factor for a material property
kmod modification factor, taking into account duration of load and moisture content
EN 1995-1-1
Structural design calculation
frequency
loading
resistance
design values
5%quantiles
x G
Ek
Q
Ed
x kmod
M
fk
d fd
EN 1995-1-1
Characteristic values of material properties

5%-Quantil of strength properties, e.g.
Bending strength
Tension strength
Capacity of a connection
Mean value of stiffness properties, e.g.

Modulus of Elasticity
(exceptions: Theory of second order, buckling)
EC 5-1-1
Partial safety factor M
Recommended material safety factor M = 1,3

EN 1995-1-1
Mechanical properties in general
E in [N /mm]
Different in growth directions
Modulus of elasticity
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
11 00 370
11000
E E= = 11 000
11000
370
370
10
20
30
40
sin 3
+ co s 3
sin
50
60
70
80
90
in []
Mechanical properties are related to the density
EN 1995-1-1
Timber Structures
Hygroscopisc isotherms for fir timber by W.K. Loughborough, R. Keylwerth
EN 1995-1-1
Timber Structures
Effect of moisture content
The mechanical properties of timber are

moisture dependend!
Example
Change of moisture content from
12% to 20%
leads to a significant reduction
68 N/mm
92 N/mm
EN 1995-1-1
= 0,7391
Moisture dependend strength properties are leading to
Service Classes
Service Class
Average moisture
content um
Environmental conditions
u 12%
20C und 65% rel. humidity
u 20%
20C und 85% rel. humidity
u > 20%
Higher humidity compared to SC 2
EN 1995-1-1
p [kN/m ]
Actions on a floor
2,0
1,0
0,0
EC 5-1-1
Q
G
0
10
20
30
40
50
Load duration
[a]
Load duration classes
EC 5-1-1
Influence of service classes and duration of load
Ultimate limit state: kmod fk
Serviceability
limit state:
EN 1995-1-1
E
1 + kdef
kmod for the action/load with shortest

design situation
separate for each action/load
wel (1+ kdef)
Strength properties for timber (Tab. F. 5 DIN 1052)

Festigkeitsklasse (Sortierklasse nach DIN 40741)
C16
C24
C30
C35
C40
16
24
30
35
40
Festigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
Biegung
fm,k
2)
Zug
parallel
rechtwinklig
ft,0,k 2)
ft,90,k
10
0,4
14
0,4
18
0,4
21
0,4
24
0,4
Druck
parallel
rechtwinklig
fc,0,k
fc,90,k
17
2,2
21
2,5
23
2,7
25
2,8
26
2,9
fv,k 3) 6)
2,7
2,7
2,7
2,7
2,7
8000
270
11000
370
12000
400
13000
430
14000
470
500
690
750
810
880
310
350
380
400
420
Schub und Torsion
Steifigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
Elastizittsmodul
parallel
rechtwinklig
Schubmodul
E0,mean 4)
E90,mean 4)
Gmean
4) 5)
Rohdichtekennwerte in kg/m3
Rohdichte
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Nur maschinen sortiert

Nadelrundholz geschlt ohne angeschnittene Faser: +20%
Beim Nachweis von Querschnitten die mindestens 1,50 m vom Hirnholz entfernt liegen, darf fv,k um 30 %
erhht werden.
Fr die charakteristischen Steifigkeitskennwerte E0,05, E 90,05 und G05 gelten die Rechenwerte:
E0,05 = 2/3E0,mean
E90,05 = 2/3E90,mean
G05 = 2/3Gmean
Der zur Rollschubbeanspruchung gehrende Schubmodul darf mit GR,mean = 0,10Gmean angenommen
werden.
Als Rechenwert fr die charakteristische Rollschubfestigkeit des Holzes darf fr alle Festigkeitsklassen mit
fR,k = 1,0 N/mm2 angenommen werden.
EN 1995-1-1
Strength properties for glulam (Tab. F. 9 DIN 1052)

Festigkeitsklasse des Brettschichtholzes
h = homogen
c = kombiniert
GL 24
GL 28
GL 32
GL 36
Festigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
Biegung
fm,y,k
1)
24
24
28
28
32
32
36
36
fm,z,k
2)
28,8
24
33,6
28
38,4
32
43,2
36
Zug
parallel
rechtwinklig
ft,0,k
ft,90,k
16,5
0,5
14
0,5
19,5
0,5
16,5
0,5
22,5
0,5
19,5
0,5
26
0,5
22,5
0,5
Druck
parallel
rechtwinklig
fc,0,k
fc,90,k
24
2,7
21
2,4
26,5
3,0
24
2,7
29
3,3
26,5
3,0
31
3,6
29
3,3
fv,k 3)
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
Schub und Torsion
Steifigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
Elastizittsmodul
Schubmodul
parallel
E0,mean 4)
rechtwinklig E90,mean 4)
Gmean
4) 5)
11600 11600 12600 12600 13700 13700 14700 14700

390
320
420
390
460
420
490
460
720
590
780
720
850
780
910
850
380
350
410
380
430
410
450
430
Rohdichtekennwerte in kg/m3
Rohdichte
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Bei Brettschichtholz mit liegenden Lamellen und einer Querschnitthhe H 600 mm darf fm,y,k mit folgendem Faktor
multipliziert werden: (600 / H)0,14 1,1
Brettschichtholz mit mindestens 4 hochkant stehenden Lamellen
Als Rechenwert fr die charakteristische Rollschubfestigkeit des Holzes darf fr alle Festigkeitsklassen fR,k = 1,0
N/mm2 angenommen werden.
Fr die charakteristischen Steifigkeitskennwerte E0,05, E90,05 und G05 gelten die Rechenwerte:
E90,05 = 5/6E90,mean
G05 = 5/6Gmean
E0,05 = 5/6E0,mean
Der zur Rollschubbeanspruchung gehrende Schubmodul darf mit GR,mean = 0,10Gmean angenommen werden.
EN 1995-1-1
kmod- und kdef-values
Modification value kmod und deformation value kdef

taking into account service class and load duration
kmod
Modification value for ultimate limit state design
kdef
Deformation value for serviceability limit state design
EN 1995-1-1
kmod- values
EN 1995-1-1
kdef-values
EN 1995-1-1
Size factors
Size factors taking into account volume effects
kh
is a variable factor in correlation with the reference

depth in bending
Solid timber
EN 1995-1-1
Glulam
LVL
Strength Classes solid timber
EN 1995-1-1
Strength Classes solid timber

Visual grading:
Criteria: Knots, cracks, discoloration, bark etc.
Reliability ??
Mechanically grading:
Laufrichtung
Bending principe:
w
Measurement of natural
frequency:
Empfnger
Empfnger
Radiation:
Sender
Grading
Strength Classes solid timber (EN 338)
EN 1995-1-1
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1194)
EN 1995-1-1
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1194)
EN 1995-1-1
Strength Classes glulam (DIN 1052)
EN 1995-1-1
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1995-1-1)

Warning Letter !!
Solid timber: fv.k = 2,0 N/mm
Glulam: fv.k = 2,5 N/mm
will be taken into account by a factor kcr
EN 1995-1-1
kcrack-value
f v ,d =
EN 1995-1-1
kcrack f v ,k k mod
Wood based panels

Wood based panels covered by EN 1995-1-1
Missing materials:
Cement bonded particle board,

gypsum based panels,
X lam (cross laminated glulam) .
EN 1995-1-1
Plywood (EN 636)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
LVL (EN 14374)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
OSB (EN 300)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
Particleboard (EN 312)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
Fibreboard, hard (EN 622-2)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
Fibreboard medium (EN 622-3)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
Fibreboard MDF (EN 622-5)
EC 5-1-1
Holzbau Grundlagen
Beams and columns

My
y
Mz
z
My
Iy
Mz
y
Iz
(y, z )
EN 1995-1-1
Design resistance for cross-sections
y
z
EN 1995-1-1
min
m
6
Vd
+
m
ax
m
Design value of material properties:

X d = kmod
Ultimate limit state:
Bending strength:
Tensile strength:
fm,d = kmod
EN 1995-1-1
fm,k
ft ,0 ,d = kmod
M
ft ,0 ,k
M
Xd = X m
Servicability limit state:
Modulus of elasticity:
X 05
Ed = E0 ,mean
Shear
Vd S
fv,d
d =
I b
d
fv,d
Vd = design value of the shear force

S = static moment (section modulus)
= bh2/8 (rectangle cross-section)
I
= second moment of area (moment of inertia)
= bh3/12 (rectangle cross-section)
b = width
fv,d = design shear strength for the actual condition
d =1,5
EN 1995-1-1
Vd
fv,d
A
1,5Vd A
1
fv,d
Vd A
15
1
fv ,d
Vd
d = 15
fv ,d
A
dimensioning
erf A 15
Vd
fv ,d
d in [N/mm]
Vd in [kN]
A in [cm]
fv,d in [N/mm]
A in [cm ]
with Vd in [ kN ]
fv ,d in [N/mm ]
For sawn timber C 24, service class 2 and medium term action:
A in [cm ]
erf A 9 Vd with
V
in
kN
[ ]
d
EN 1995-1-1
Roof construction
Sparren
rafter
Pfette
purlin
static systems
uniaxial bending
m,d =
Md
fm,d
Wn
Md / Wn
1
fm,d
m,d = design value of bending stress
Md = design value of bending moment

Wn = netto moment of resistance considering the cross section weaks
fm,d = design value of bending strength
EN 1995-1-1
Ultimate limit state

m,d in [N/mm]
m,d
M / Wn
M
1
= 1000 d fm,d 1000 d
fm,d
Wn
Md in [kNm]
Wn in [cm]
fm,d in [N/mm]
Influence of height of glulam

600 mm
250 mm <
600 mm
h
h<
h 250 mm
EN 1995-1-1
fm,y,k
0,1
fm,y ,k
600
fm,y,k 1,1
Dimensioning
erf Wn 1000
Md
fm,d
Wn in [cm ]
mit Md in [kNm ]
fm,d in [N/mm ]
For sawn timber C 24, service class 2 and medium term action:
erf Wn 68 Md
EN 1995-1-1
Wn in [cm ]
with
M
in
kNm
[
]
d
Stability of Members
Fc
w
qz
lef
y
wz
wz
100 mm
4,3 m
100
Fc
=1
EN 1995-1-1
Compression members endangered by buckling
imperfections
additional bending moment
Structural design calculation using compressive stress values and reduced

compressive strength:
c,0,d =
An:
kc:
Fc,0,d
An
kc fc,0,d
Fc,0,d An
kc fc,0,d
local cross section weakenings might be neglected at the stress

verification if they are not situated in the middle third of the buckling length.
local cross section weakenings might be neglected at the calculation
of the buckling coefficient.
EN 1995-1-1
Buckling coefficient
kc =
c
rel,c
1
k+ k
2
rel
,c
2
= 0,5 1 + c ( rel ,c 0,3 ) + rel ,c
= 0,2 for solid timber
0,1 for glued laminated timber and LVL
fc,0 ,k
A ef
fc,0 ,k
=
=
= Relative Slenderness i E0,05 E0,05
A ef
i = Slenderness
Aef
= s = effective lenght
= buckling length coefficient
= I A
EN 1995-1-1
Buckling length coefficient
lef
lef
=2
EN 1995-1-1
lef
lef
=1
=0,7
=0,5
Compression member with intermediate lateral support:

buckling length = distance of lateral support
different buckling lengths Aef,y and Aef,z :
Scheibe
ho
hu
3
2
1
EN 1995-1-1
z
y
y
z
Design calculation
EN 1995-1-1
Design calculation
1. determination of buckling lengths Aef for buckling around the principal axis
2. calculation of the slenderness ratio y and z
= A ef i
with
i = 0,289 h resp.
= 0,289 w at rectangular cross sections
3. determination of instability factors kc,y und kc,z
4. verification of buckling resistance
c,0,d in [N/mm]
c,0,d = 10
EN 1995-1-1
Fc,0,d
An
kc fc,0,d
10
Fc ,0 ,d An
kc fc,0 ,d
Fc,0,d in [kN]
An
in [cm]
fc,0,d in [N/mm]
Design resistance of squared columns C 24 in

Service class 2 for medium action load
for axial compression
mm
mm
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
6,50
7,00
100
10000
72
50,4
36,4
27,4
21,3
17
13,9
11,5
9,7
8,3
7,2
120
14400
130
97,6
72,5
55,2
43,2
34,6
28,3
23,6
20
17,1
14,8
140
19600
202
164
127
98,7
78
62,9
51,6
43,1
36,6
31,4
27,2
160
25600
284
247
202
161
129
105
86,5
72,5
61,5
52,9
45,9
180
32400
375
340
293
243
199
163
136
114
97,1
83,6
72,7
200
40000
476
444
399
343
288
240
201
170
146
126
109
220
48400
587
557
514
459
397
337
286
244
209
181
158
240
57600
709
679
639
586
522
454
391
336
290
252
221
260
67600
841
812
773
723
660
588
515
448
390
340
299
EN 1995-1-1
Nd, max in kN for a buckling length of lef in m
Thank you very much

for your attention!
EN 1995-1-1

EN1995 2 Winter

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EN1995 2 Winter

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EN 1995-1-1

Design of timber structures

Design of Timber Structures

Storage building in Japan 4 Jh. v. Ch.

Design of Timber Structures

Stave church in Norway 13th century

Design of Timber Structures

Bridge across river Sinne (Switzerland)

Design of Timber Structures

Faculty of architecture (Lyon)

Design of Timber Structures

EN1995-1-1 Scope and structure

General definitions, terminology

Design of Timber Structures

EN1995-1-1 - Definition of axes

Design of Timber Structures

Link of EN 1995-1-1 to EN1990 and EN1991

Design of Timber Structures

Contains nationally determined

How to spot NDPs!

Design of Timber Structures

National choices overview

Design of Timber Structures

Design of Timber Structures

Semi-probalistic safety concept

Effect of action 95% quantile

5% quantile Load carrying

Design of Timber Structures

Design of Timber Structures

Design of Timber Structures

Design of Timber Structures

Limit state design

Limit states are functional levels

Ultimate limit state:

Serviceability limit state

Comfort of building user

Design of Timber Structures

Characteristic Actions according

Design of Timber Structures

Ultimate limit state

Design of Timber Structures

Design values of actions; coefficient for representative

combination coefficient (in fundamental design situations)

Use of 0 from the second variable action/load.

Design of Timber Structures

Design and calculation principles

Design of Timber Structures

Domestic residential areas

Design of Timber Structures

Partial safety factors for actions

Design of Timber Structures

Safety Concept - simplified

Partial Safety Factors F ( G ,Q ) , M

Safety factors in case of fire or other accidential

Serviceability limit states

Design of Timber Structures

III.1 Eurocode 5 in basic; loads/actions on structures

. the combination of actions

Design of Timber Structures

Design and calculation principles

Serviceability limit states

Design of Timber Structures

Comparison of safety concepts

Load duration - and