TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND METTALUGICAL

ENGINEERING

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY II

PRACTICAL REPORT: Heat Exchange

NAME:

MBADINGA . SG

STUDENT NUMBER:
GROUP:

211119250

11

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
SUBMISSION DATE:

13 - 03 - 2015

20- 03 - 2012

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT:
1

Understanding the effect of temperature on the viscosity of liquids is very important.

In this experiment we will demonstrate the effect of temperature on viscosity.
Viscosity is the measure of a fluids resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction of a
moving fluid.
We will find the viscosity of three different liquids (liquid water, motor oil and cooking oil)
by measuring the rate at which they flow at different temperatures.

TABLE OF CONTENT:
2

1. ABSTRACT ..2
2. INTRODUCTION .4
3. THEORY .....6
4. EXPERIMENT .....7
5. RESULTS .....9
6. CALCULATIONS.10
7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS....11
8. CONCLUSION.12
9. LITERATURE CITED.....13
10.NOMENCLATURE ....14
11.MARKING.....15

INTRODUCTION:
3

Everybody of us has already observed that cooking oil is thicker than water. This viscous
behavior originates from the collisions between molecules in liquid. In physics, this property
is referred to as viscosity, whereby is the abbreviation assigned to it. In this experiment, we
are going to determine the viscosity of water at different temperatures. Therefore, we need to
think first about a proper experiment that enables us to do this. For example, we could place a
drop of liquid on a 10 cm long, inclined plane and measure the time required for the drop to
slide down. Unfortunately, there are some shortcomings in this method. For instance,
different liquids wet surfaces differently, i.e. the contact area of the drop would vary between
liquids. Moreover, the material properties of the inclined plane should be identical for all
measurements and the environmental factors such as air, pressure, temperature etc. should be
identical as well. Thus, time requirements and prerequisites for this kind of experiment seem
to be disproportionally high. To find other solutions, we will look into the term viscosity in
greater detail.

THEORY:
4

The viscosity is a fluid property of resistance to flow. The viscosity of liquids arises primarily
from the intermolecular forces within the liquid. As the temperature of the liquid fluid
increases its viscosity decreases. In the liquids the cohesive forces between the molecules
predominates the molecular momentum transfer between the molecules, mainly because the
molecules are closely packed (it is this reason that liquids have lesser volume than gases. The
cohesive forces are maximum in solids so the molecules are even more closely packed in
them). When the liquid is heated the cohesive forces between the molecules reduce thus the
forces of attraction between them reduce, which eventually reduces the viscosity of the
liquids.

The liquids used as the lubrication fluid and for number of other applications should be
selected properly considering the operating temperatures. At high temperatures the liquids
loose viscosity; hence in the engine the fluid used for lubrication should be such that it should
be able to maintain its viscosity even at the high temperatures. At low temperatures the
viscosity of the fluid increases, hence in the refrigerating compressor the fluid selected for the
lubrication should be such that it is able to maintain value of viscosity at the lowest and
highest temperatures inside the compressor.

For liquids: = o/ (1 + t + t2)

Where: - Viscosity of the liquid at t degree Celsius n poise

o Viscosity of the fluid at 0o Celsius in poise

, are the constants

In liquids, the additional forces between molecules become important. This leads to an
additional contribution to the shear stress though the exact mechanics of this are still
controversial. Thus, in liquids:
5

Viscosity is independent of pressure (except at very high pressure); and

Viscosity tends to fall as temperature increases (for example, water viscosity goes from
1.79 cP to 0.28 cP in the temperature range from 0 C to 100 C); see temperature
dependence of liquid viscosity for more details.

The dynamic viscosities of liquids are typically several orders of magnitude higher than
dynamic viscosities of gases.

EXPERIMENT:
A .Apparatus:
6

Stop watch

Pipette

250 ml beaker

Conical flask

Retort sand with clamps

Heating element / Hot plate

Crushed ice

Thermometers

Two types of liquids (Motor oil, cooking oil)

Water

B .Procedure:
1.

We fill the pipette with the cooled liquid of temperature previously recorded.

We place a small conical flask below the pipette and remove the rubber plug.

Start the stopwatch as the oil passes the upper mark and record the time taken to reach

the lower mark.

-

We repeat this two to three times to ensure a accurate measurement

2.

We then preheat 50 ml of a liquid in a glass beaker and record the temperature.

Fill the pipette with the warm liquid.

Place a small conical flask below the pipette and remove the rubber plug.

Start the stopwatch as the oil passes the upper mark and record the time taken to reach

the lower mark.

-

We repeat this as well two to three times to ensure an accurate measurement.

At the end we flush the pipette with ethanol, rinse it and allow it to dry.

RESULTS:
7

Motor OIL

Cooking OIL

WATER

Room Cold

War

Roo

Cold

War

Roo

Col

War

12

65

23

10

75

Tempera

25

14

60

25

Time

1249

1344

98s

181s 209s 94s

50s

51s

48s

Time

1232

1343

132

180s 194s 107s 49s

54s

47s

180.

52.

47.5

av 1240. 1343. 115

201.

100.

49.

CALCULATIONS:
qwater = -qmetal (the negative sign indicates the opposite flow of the heat)

(Cwater)(mwater)(Twater) = -(Cmetal)(mmetal)(Tmetal)
Trial 1:
Cwater = 4.184 J/gC

mwater = 23.7 g
8

Twater = 2 C
4.184 J/gC 23.7 g 2 C = -Cmetal 9.1 g (-67 C)
Cmetal = 0.3253 J/gC
According to the Law of Dulong and Petit sating:

25
Atomic Mass (metals) =

J
Cmetal ( C )
g
25
0.3253

Atomic Mass = 76.85 g/mol

Trial 2:
Cwater = 4.184 J/gC
mwater = 23.7 g

Twater = 3 C
4.184 J/gC 23.7 g 3 C = -Cmetal 9.1 g (-67 C)
Cmetal = 0.4879 J/gC
According to the Law of Dulong and Petit sating:

25
Atomic Mass (metals) =

J
Cmetal ( C )
g
25
0.4879

Atomic Mass = 51.24 g/mol

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
The results recorded from this experiment and tabulated in the table above, gave us the ability
to determine the heat change (T) of the water and the metallic solid of unknown chemical
properties.

The heat change of these elements helped us to find the specific heat capacity and the atomic
mass of the metallic solid. These properties thereafter helped us determine the nature of the
metallic solid.
We got two atomic mass values from the two different trials that we made in the experiment.
The first trial gave us an atomic mass value of 76.85 g/mol which is approximately similar to
the atomic mass value of Selenium (Se) a nonmetallic element. The second trial gave us an
atomic mass value of 51.24 g/mol which is similar to the atomic mass value of Chromium
(Cr) which is a metallic element of group 6.

CONCLUSION:
From the results, we found the atomic mass of two different elements. One is having metallic
properties and the other one does not. These elements are Chromium and Selenium.

10

Since the solid that we used was said to be a metallic solid, the atomic mass that we find
should be the one of a metallic element.
Based on the results tabulated above and the calculations made we can conclude that the heat
transfer using the calorimeter in the figure above helped us to find the heat change, the
specific heat capacity and the atomic mass of Chromium which is a metallic element.
Therefore the metallic solid of unknown chemical properties was Chromium.

LITERATURE CITED:
1. wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry

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2. Buchholz, Andrea C; Schoeller, Dale A. (2004). "Is a Calorie a Calorie?". American

Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (5): 899S906S. PMID 15113737. Retrieved 200703-12.
3. Polik, W. (1997). Bomb Calorimetery. Retrieved from http://www.chem. hope. edu/
~polik/Chem345-1997/calorimetry/bombcalorimetry1.html
4. wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat exchange.

NOMENCLATURE:

12

qwater = -qmetal
q=Heat
(Cwater)(mwater)(Twater) = -(Cmetal)(mmetal)(Tmetal)

C = Specific heat capacity

m = Mass
T = Change in Temperature

25
Atomic Mass (metals) =

J
Cmetal ( C )
g

Dulong and Petits Law

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

13

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND

METTALUGICAL
ENGINEERING
Name of student: Mbadinga. SG
Student Number: 211119250
Title of Report: CALORIMETRY (HEAT OF SOLUTION)
Term: Second semester

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Date: 27/09/2012

Subject
Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Theoretical background
Procedure
Results
Discussion of results
Conclusion and recommendations
Literature Cited
Nomenclature
Organization and Neatness

Max Mark
3
5
5
15
5
10
20
10
5
3
4

Actual Mark

APPENDIX:
A1
A2

Raw Data
Data analysis and
sample calculations
TOTAL

5
10
100 %

Signed: ___________________________________

Comments:

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