8

The big issues

Words and phrases
Lead in

Reading

8.1 globalisation

8.7 mechanism /"mek@nIz@m/ (n)

/%gl@Ub@laI"zeISn/ (n)
fact that different cultures and
economic systems around the
world are becoming similar
(and connected to each other)
because of the influence of large
multinational companies globe
(n), globalise (v), globalised (adj),
globalising (adj)

8.2 drought /draUt/ (n)

long period of time when there is
little or no rain

8.3 tangible /"t&nIbl/ (adj)

that you can touch or feel
tangibly (adv)

8.4 (with/in) hindsight

/(wID/In) "haIndsaIt/ (n)

having understanding of a situation
only after it has happened, meaning
that you would have done things in
a different way With hindsight, it
would have been better to avoid the
motorway at such a busy time.

8.5 orientated /"O:ri@n%teItId/ (adj)

mainly concerned with, directed
towards My brother goes to a
very academic college, whereas
mine is more sports orientated.
orientation (n), orientate (v)
L Also oriented

8.6 far-fetched /%fA: "fet/ (adj)

very difficult to believe

group of moving parts in a machine

that performs a task mechanic (n),
mechanise (v), mechanical (adj),
mechanically (adv)

8.8 artificial intelligence

/%A:tIfISl In"telI@ns/ (n)

use of computers for human
functions such as learning and
making decisions

8.9 humanoid /"hju:m@nOId/ (adj)

machine or creature with the
appearance and characteristics of a
person humanoid (n)

8.10 robotics /r@U"bQtIks/ (n)

science of designing and operating
robots robot (n), roboticist (n)

8.11 function /"fVNkSn/ (n)

special activity or purpose of a
person or thing The function of
the heart is to pump blood through
the body. function (v), functional
(adj), functionally (adv)

8.12 contemporary

/k@n"temp@r@ri/ (n)
person who lived or lives at the
same time as sb else, esp. sb who
works in the same field or who is
about the same age Shakespeare
and his contemporaries = other
writers alive at the same time, the
only one of her contemporaries to
go to university = other people she
was at school with contemporary
(adj)

8.13 filmgoer /"fIlm%g@U@(r)/ (n)

8.14 grounded (in/on sth)

/"graUndId/ (adj)
based in/on sth Although
grounded in historical fact, the story
of Robin Hood is mostly fantasy.
ground sth on sth (phr v)

8.15 casual /"k&Zu2@l/ (adj)

not showing much care or thought,
not wanting to show that sth is
important to you You really need
to take your studies more seriously
if you want to succeed your
attitude is far too casual.
casualness (n), casually (adv)

8.16 unselfish /%VnselfIS/ (adj)

giving more time or importance
to other peoples needs, wishes,
etc. than to your own Jill is very
unselfish she often lends me
money even though she doesnt
have much herself.
(un)selfishness (n), selfish (adj),
(un)selfishly (adv)

8.17 overestimate

/%@Uv@r"estImeIt/ (v)
estimate sth to be larger, better,
more important, etc. than it really is
We had certainly overestimated the
distance to the house; we arrived in
half the time wed thought it would
take. L Opposite: underestimate.
overestimation (n)

Mean machines
8.18 mean /mi:n/ (adj)
likely to become angry or violent
That bull looks mean Im not
going to walk past it. L Also:
unkind or ungenerous.

person who regularly goes to the

cinema L -goer can be added to the
ends of other words with a similar
meaning, e.g. theatre-goer, partygoer.

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8.19 automated /"O:t@meItId/ (adj)

to describe sth performed entirely
by computers or machines
Thousand of people lost their
jobs as factories became more
automated. L Note the similarity
with automatic = having controls
that work without needing sb to
operate them; done or happening
without thinking. automation
(n), automaton (n), automate (v)

8.20 catch /k&/ (n)

hidden difficulty or disadvantage,
often that sb deliberately doesnt
tell you in order to make sth more
attractive This magazine is
offering free DVDs but the catch is
you have to buy five weeks worth
to get them.

8.21 tease /ti:z/ (n)

sth, e.g. an advert that is designed
to get your attention so that you
want to find out more L Also a
person who pretends to offer you
sth but then doesnt give it to you.
teaser (n), tease (v)

8.22 fictional /"fIkS@nl/ (adj)

not real or true, existing only
in stories This film is based
on a true story, but some of the
characters are fictional and have
been introduced to make the
storyline more exciting. fiction (n)

8.23 fail-safe /"feIl %seIf/ (adj)

designed to stop working if
anything goes wrong L This can
also function as a noun: have sth
as a fail-safe = have sth in case
sth else fails.

8.24 coin /kOIn/ (v)

invent a new word or phrase that
other people then begin to use

8.25 slavishly /"sleIvISli/ (adv)

following or copying sb/sth exactly
without having any original
thought at all slavish (adj)

8.26 rigour /"rIg@(r)/ (n)

activity of being careful and paying
great attention to detail rigorous
(adj), rigorously (adv)

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8.27 inaction /In"&kSn/ (n)

lack of action, doing nothing about
a situation or a problem inactivity
(n), inactive (adj)

8.28 sobering /"s@Ub@rIN/ (adj)

making you feel serious and think
carefully L Sober (adj) also means
not drunk. sobriety (n), sober up
(phr v), soberly (adv)

8.29 formidable /f@"mId@bl/ (adj)

sth or sb that makes you feel
respect or fear because it is
impressive, difficult or powerful
With the formidable Mr Buxton
as headmaster, behaviour improved
dramatically. formidably (adv)

8.30 scope /sk@Up/ (n)

range of things that a subject,
organisation, activity, etc. deals
with The police are broadening
the scope of their investigation.

8.31 reason /"ri:zn/ (v)

form a judgement about a situation
by considering the facts and using
your power to think in a logical
way In the end, the two boys
reasoned that if they told their
mother the problem, she would
help them find a solution.

8.32 vicinity /v@"sIn@ti/ (n)

the area around a particular place
The only hospital in the vicinity
with an accident and emergency
department is an hours drive
away. L Formal.

8.35 on the horns of a dilemma

/Qn D@ %hO:nz @v @ d@"lem@,

dI-, daI-/ (idm)
in a situation in which you have to
make a choice between things that
are equally unpleasant

8.36 capacity /k@"p&s@ti/ (n)

ability to understand or to do sth
A child of four doesnt have
the capacity to understand the
difference between right and wrong.

8.37 hideously /"hIdi@sli/ (adv)

very much so, in an unpleasant way
Id love to go and see a live pop
concert, but theyre often hideously
expensive. L Note that hideous =
ugly, revolting but the adverb has
this more general meaning.
hideous (adj)

8.38 vigorously /"vIg@r@sli/ (adv)

with a lot of energy and strength of
feeling vigour (n), vigorous (adj)

8.39 alarmist /@"lA:mIst/ (adj)

causing unnecessary fear and
anxiety alarmist (n) L Alarm (n)
means a real feeling of fear and
anxiety. alarm (v), alarming (adj),
alarmingly (adv)

8.40 adversary /"&dv@s@ri/ (n)

enemy or sb you are competing
with adversity (n), adverse (adj),
adversely (adv)

Vocabulary

8.33 thereby /"De@baI/ (adv)

used to introduce the result of
an action or situation already
mentioned L Often followed by an
-ing form: As the van came straight
towards them, Mark managed to
stop the car, thereby preventing a
terrible accident.

8.34 contravene /%kQntr@"vi:n/ (v)

do sth that is not allowed by a law
or rule L Formal, usually used in
legal contexts. contravention (n)

8.41 famine /"f&mIn/ (n)

lack of food during a long period of
time in a region famished (adj)

8.42 tornado /tO:"neId@U/ (n)

violent storm with very strong
winds which move in a circle

8.43 erosion /I"r@UZn/ (n)

the act of gradually destroying the
surface of sth through the action of
wind, rain, etc. A large portion of
the cliff collapsed following erosion
from the sea. erode (v), erosive
(adj)

8.44 landslide /"l&ndslaId/ (n)

mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls
down the slope of a mountain or a
cliff

8.45 tremor /"trem@(r)/ (n)

small earthquake in which the
ground shakes slightly

8.46 contagious /k2@n"teI@s/ (adj)

used to describe a disease that
spreads by people touching each
other L An infectious disease
spreads through breathing in air.
contagion (n), contagiously (adv)

8.47 trivial /"trIvi@l/ (adj)

not at all important Can we leave
that for another meeting? Replacing
a few chairs is rather trivial
compared with the rather larger
matter of the new school roof.
trivia (n pl), triviality (n)
trivially (adv)

8.48 critical /"krItIkl/ (adj)

very serious or important Todays
a critical day for my football team
we have to win if we want to stay
in the Champions League. L Often
used in medical terms: in a critical
condition/critically ill in hospital.
crisis (n), critically (adv)

8.49 momentary /"m@Um@ntri/ (adj)

brief Its hard to believe that a
momentary lapse of concentration
led to such a serious mistake.
L Note the different meanings
of the adverb momentarily = for
a short while (Br Eng), = in a
moment, soon, shortly (Am Eng).
moment (n)

8.50 antisocial /%&nti"s@USl/ (adj)

annoying or upsetting to other
people L ASBO stands for
antisocial behaviour order and
can be given as a punishment to
people in Britain who drop litter,
make a lot of noise, or upset their
neighbours.

8.51 unsocial /%Vn"s@USl/ (adj)

outside normal working hours
Becky often found herself
working unsocial hours but it had
its advantages in that there were
fewer interruptions and phone
calls. L Do not confuse with
unsociable (adj) which describes
sb who does not like talking to or
meeting other people.

Grammar
8.52 hypothetical

/%haIp@"TetIkl/ (adj)
based on situations or ideas
which are possible and imagined
rather than real and true What
youre going to wear to the party
is hypothetical as your mum and I
arent allowing you to go!
hypothesis (n), hypothetically
(adv)

8.53 backpacking /"b&kp&kIN/ (n)

travelling on holiday carrying your
equipment and clothes in a large
bag carried on your back
backpacker (n), backpack (v)

8.58 intervention /%Int@"venSn/ (n)

act of becoming involved in a
situation to prevent or change sth
interventionist (n, adj), intervene
(v)

8.59 raring (to do sth) /"re@rIN/ (adj)

very enthusiastic about starting to
do sth

8.60 league /li:g/ (n)

group of sports teams who all play
each other to earn points and find
which team is best

8.61 bone idle /%b@Un "aIdl/ (adj)

very lazy

8.62 on the cards

/%Qn D@ "kA:dz/ (idm)

likely to happen

8.63 drift /drIft/ (v)

change, e.g. what you are doing,
or move without a particular plan
or purpose drifter (n) L Also
means to be carried on the wind or
water. Tomorrow morning well
drift lazily downriver in the canoes
to do some birdwatching.

8.64 (have sth) under your belt

/%Vnd@ jO: "belt/ (idm)

8.54 raffle /"r&fl/ (n)
way of making money for, e.g. a
charity in which people buy tickets
for the chance of winning a prize.
raffle (v)

8.55 rust /rVst/ (v)

if metal rusts, it becomes covered
with a reddish-brown substance
that is formed on it by the action
of water and air rust (n), rusty
(adj)

8.56 stag night /"st&g %naIt/ (n)

night before a mans wedding,
usu. spent with his male friends
L Women have a hen night or hen
party (see 4.69).

already achieved or obtained

With good exam results and a
years work experience under her
belt, Jessica was offered places at
several universities.

8.65 brainwave /"breInweIv/ (n)

sudden good idea

8.66 dead end /%ded "end/ (adj)

to describe sth in which you can
make no further progress, esp.
a job that doesnt allow you to
develop, that is boring and where
there is no hope of promotion.
dead end (n)

8.57 ecstatic /Ik"st&tIk/ (adj)

very happy, excited and enthusiastic
Ann wasnt exactly ecstatic about
the idea of going on holiday with
her parents, so theyd said her
friend Rachel could go too.
ecstasy (n), ecstatically (adv)

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Listening
8.67 rewarding /rI"wO:dIN/ (adj)
worth doing, that makes you
happy because you think it is
useful or important Being a
nursery school teacher might mean
hard work, but its certainly a
rewarding experience. reward (n,
v), unrewarding (adj)

8.68 colleague /"kQli:g/ (n)

person that you work with in a
profession or business

8.69 regard (as) /rI"gA:d/ (v)

think about sb/sth in a particular
way regard (n)

8.70 make ends meet

/%meIk %endz "mi:t/ (idm)

earn just enough money to be able
to buy the things you need In
my first job I hardly earned enough
money to make ends meet.

8.71 domesticated

/d@"mestIkeItId/ (adj)
(for a wild animal) made used to
living with or working for humans
domesticate (v)

8.72 scheme /ski:m/ (n)

plan or system for doing or
organising sth The local council
is about to introduce a new scheme
for recycling glass.

8.73 stint /stInt/ (n)

period of time spent doing a
particular activity

8.74 blurb /bl3:b/ (n)

short description of a book,
product, job, etc. written to attract
your attention and make you want
to know more

8.75 dwell (on sth) /dwel/ (v)

think or talk a lot about sth, esp.
sth that it would be better to forget

8.76 nip /nIp/ (v)

go somewhere quickly and/or for
only a short time

8.77 clinch /klIn/ (v)

provide a definite answer or settle
a matter clincher (n) L Also
means to obtain sth you are trying
to achieve, e.g. a business deal
or victory in a contest. Tim
Henman failed yet again to clinch
the Wimbledon title.

8.78 flagship /"fl&gSIp/ (n)

one of the most important L More
generally, the most important
product, service, building that an
organisation owns or produces.
Lexus revealed their new flagship
car, the LS430, at the Geneva Motor
Show.

8.79 bio-diversity

/%baI@U daI"v3:s@ti/ (n)

existence of a large number of
different kinds of animals and
plants which make a balanced
environment

8.80 pest /pest/ (n)

insect or animal that destroys
plants, food, etc. pesticide (n)

8.81 livestock /"laIvstQk/ (n)

animals kept on a farm, e.g. cows,
sheep or goats

8.82 enterprise /"ent@praIz/ (n)

sth new, difficult or important that
you try to do enterprising (adj)

8.83 veterinary /"vetnri/ (adj)

connected with the health and care
of animals vet (n), veterinarian
(n)

/%In D@ "lQN %rVn/ (idm)

eventually Spending all his
savings on a new bike seemed
like a good idea to Steve, but he
regretted it in the long run.

8.87 out of the blue

/%aUt @v D@ "blu:/ (idm)

unexpectedly I thought Id never
hear from Jenny again, then one
day she just phoned me out of the
blue.

Use of English
8.88 philosophical /%fIl@"sQfIkl/ (adj)
having a calm attitude towards a
difficult or disappointing situation
L Also connected with philosophy,
but the adjective and adverb
usually have this more general
meaning. philosopher (n),
philosophy (n), philosophic (adj),
philosophically (adv)

8.89 for its own sake

/f@r Its %@Un "seIk/ (idm)

because of the value sth has, not
because of the advantages it may
bring

8.90 a means to an end

/@ %mi:nz tu @n "end/ (idm)

sth that enables you to do sth else
but that is not in itself important
or enjoyable

8.91 in your own right

/In jO:r %@Un "raIt/ (phr)

Speaking
8.84 at stake /@t "steIk/ (idm)
that can be won or lost, depending
on the success of a particular
action These elections are
extremely important as the
Presidents future is at stake.

8.85 on the spur of the

moment /%Qn D@ %sp3:r @v D@

"m@Um@nt/ (idm)
without being planned L Also
used as an adjective: It was a spur
of the moment decision.

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8.86 in the long run

because they have value

themselves, not because of their
connection with sth else Sam
Dee plays guitar in the same
style as his father but hes also a
brilliant musician in his own right.

8.92 savour /"seIv@(r)/ (v)

enjoy a feeling, an experience, food
or drink, taking plenty of time to
do so L The unrelated adjective/
noun savoury = having a salty
taste, the opposite of sweet.

8.93 (on/off) course

/(%Qn / %Qf) "kO:s/ (phr)

on/off the correct route, where/not
where you intended to be

8.94 erect /I"rekt/ (v)

build sth, usu. a building or
structure erection (n), erect (adj)

8.95 vague /veIg/ (adj)

not clear, not giving enough
information or details Ive got a
vague idea where it is, but please
could you give me directions?
vagueness (n), vaguely (adv)

Vocabulary
8.96 end up /%end "Vp/ (phr v)
arrive somewhere eventually,
often by accident L Also means
to do sth that you didnt originally
plan to: We intended to go out for
a romantic meal but ended up
having pizza at home.

8.97 what with sth /"wQt wID/ (phr)

used to list the various reasons
for sth I havent seen Pam for
ages, what with my studies in the
mornings and my evening job.

8.98 unexpected twist

/%VnIk%spektId "twIst/ (phr)

unexpected change or development
in a story or situation The film
had an unexpected twist where the
main character discovered that he
was actually dead!

8.99 upright /"VpraIt/ (adj)

in a vertical position L downright
(adj, adv) does not have an
opposite meaning, but is used to
emphasise sth unpleasant or bad.
It was downright rude of the
sales assistant to suggest I was too
old to wear that dress.

Writing
8.100 workforce /"w3:kfO:s/ (n)
all the people in a country or an
area who are available for work,
or who work for a particular
company or organisation

8.101 desirability

/dI%zaI@r@"bIl@ti/ (n)
quality of being worth having or
doing desire (n, v), desirable
(adj), desirably (adv)

8.102 lack /l&k/ (v)

not have enough of sth or not have
at all lack (n), lacking (adj)

8.103 aspiration /%&sp@"reISn/ (n)

strong desire to do, achieve or
become sth, often in a career
context aspire (v), aspiring (adj)

8.104 due /dju:/ (adj)

that is suitable or right in the
circumstances After due
consideration, we decided against
buying a new house.

8.105 be in sbs shoes

/bi: In %... "Su:z/ (idm)

be in another persons situation,
esp. when it is unpleasant or
difficult I wouldnt like to be
in your shoes when he sees what
youve done to the car.

8.106 compile /k@m"paIl/ (v)

produce a book, list, report, etc. by
bringing together different items,
articles, songs, etc. compilation
(n)

8.107 at your disposal

/@t %jO: dIs"p@Uzl/ (idm)

available for use as you prefer
L Do not confuse with dispose of
sth = throw sth away.

8.108 the pros and cons

/D@ %pr@Uz @n "kQnz/ (idm)

the advantages and disadvantages
of sth L Often used with an -ing
form: the pros and cons of living at
home.

8.109 branch out (into sth/doing

sth) /%brA:n "aUt/ (phr v)
start to do an activity that you
have not done before, often in
work or business.

8.110 cramp sbs style

/%kr&mp ... "staIl/ (idm)

restrict your behaviour L Used
about adults who want to have
a particular lifestyle, not about
children obeying rules.

8.111 (be) plain sailing

/%pleIn "seIlIN/ (idm)

(be) simple and free from trouble
or problems The first two essays
are quite tough, but its all plain
sailing once you get into the shorter
questions.

8.112 foot the bill

/%fUt D@ "bIl/ (idm)

be responsible for paying the
cost of sth Its unfair to expect
Amanda to foot the bill just because
she has more money than you.

Review
8.113 tuberculosis

/tju:%b3:kju"l@UsIs/ (n)
serious infectious disease in which
swellings appear on the lungs and
other parts of the body, commonly
abbreviated as TB. tubercular (adj)

8.114 housing estate

/"haUzIN I%steIt/ (n)

area in which a large number of
houses or flats are planned and
built together at the same time

8.115 verdict /"v3:dIkt/ (n)

decision that is made by a jury
in a court of law, stating if sb is
considered guilty of a crime or not

8.116 shift /SIft/ (n)

period of time worked by a group
of workers who start work as
another group finishes In her job
as a doctor Paula works a variety
of different shifts. She has to work
one weekend every month.

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8.117 decline /dI"klaIn/ (v)

become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc.
Enrolments at the school declined
dramatically over the years, so in
the end they decided to close down.
decline (n)

Workbook
Reading
Were funny in the brain
8.118 funny /"fVni/ (adj)
difficult to explain or understand,
strange Thats funny - I thought I
had some money in my purse, but
there isnt any. L Also: making
you laugh, amusing

8.119 mainframe /"meInfreIm/ (n)

large powerful computer, usually
the centre of a network and shared
by many users

8.120 groan /gr@Un/ (v)

make a long deep sound because
you are annoyed, upset or in pain
groan (n)

8.121 swap /swQp/ (v)

give sth to sb and receive sth in
exchange Do you mind if we
swap places? Id like to sit by the
window. swap (n)

8.122 pun /pVn/ (n)

clever or humorous use of a word
that has more than one meaning

8.123 wisecrack /"waIzkr&k/ (n)

clever remark or joke

8.124 unveil /%Vn"veIl/ (v)

show or introduce a new plan,
product, etc. to the public for the
first time Our latest MP3 players
will be unveiled at the trade fair in
Tokyo.

8.125 witty /"wIti/ (adj)

funny in a clever way The guest
of honour gave such a witty speech
that we could have listened for
hours. wit (n), wittily (adv)

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8.126 ambiguity /%&mbI"gju:@ti/ (n)

the state of having more than one
possible meaning Ambiguity in
communication can lead to serious
misunderstandings. ambiguous
(adj), ambiguously (adv)

8.127 red-handed

/%red"h&ndId/ (adj)
in the act of doing sth wrong or
committing a crime L Usually
found in the expression catch sb
red-handed or caught red-handed.

8.128 cyber /"saIb@(r)/ (adj)

connected with electronic
communication networks, esp. the
Internet

8.129 ultimate /"VltIm@t/ (adj)

most extreme, best Some people
consider silk sheets the ultimate in
luxury. the ultimate (in sth) (n)

8.130 neuroscience

/"njU@r@UsaI@ns/ (n)
study of the brain and nervous
system

8.131 clumsy /"klVmzi/ (adj)

done without skill or in a way that
offends people His clumsy excuse
for being late again irritated his boss.
clumsiness (n), clumsily (adv)

8.132 frontal lobe /%frVntl "l@Ub/ (n)

area in the brain located at the
front of each hemisphere

8.133 semantic /s@"m&ntIk/ (adj)

(linguistics) connected with the
meaning of words and sentences

8.134 temporal lobe

/"temp@r@l %l@Ub/ (n)

part of the brain, located on either
side beneath the temples

8.135 thyme /taIm/ (n)

plant with small leaves that have
a sweet smell and are used in
cooking as a herb

Vocabulary
8.136 expansion /Ik"sp&nSn/ (n)
act of increasing or making
sth increase in size, amount or
importance The company is in
financial trouble because of its rapid
expansion in Asia. expand (v)

8.137 vacancy /"veIk@nsi/ (n)

job that is available for sb to do
We have a vacancy for a senior
manager to work in the accounts
department. vacant (adj)

8.138 suburbia /s@"b3:bi@/ (n)

the suburbs and the way of life,
attitudes, etc. of the people who
live there suburb (n), suburban
(adj)

8.139 penetrable /"penItr@bl/ (adj)

that allows sth to be pushed into
or through it penetration (n),
penetrate (v), impenetrable (adj)

8.140 stable /"steIbl/ (adj)

not likely to move, change or fail
Rose and Mark have been in a
stable relationship for nearly ten
years. stability (n), stabilise (v)

8.141 incalculable

/In"k&lkj@l@bl/ (adj)
very large or very great, too great
to calculate The rumours caused
incalculable damage to the young
actresss career. calculation (n),
calculate (v)

8.142 indistinguishable

/%IndI"stINgwIS@bl/ (adj)
if two things are indistinguishable,
it is impossible to see any
differences been them
distinguish (v), distinguishable
(adj), (in)distinguishably (adv)

8.143 inaccessible

/%In&k"ses@bl/ (adj)
difficult or impossible to reach or
to get The archaeological site is
inaccessible to the public due to
recent flooding of the area.
access (v), accessible (adj),
(in)accessibility (n)

8.144 sort out /%sO:t "aUt/ (phr v)

deal with problems, etc. in a
satisfactory way We need to sort
out the arrangements for the
wedding. Theres so much still to do.

Grammar
8.145 scholarship /"skQl@SIp/ (n)
an amount of money given to sb by
an organisation to help pay for their
education My sister came first in
her class and earned a scholarship
for the rest of her studies.

8.146 volunteer /%vQl@n"tI@(r)/ (v)

offer to do sth without being made
to do it, or without getting paid for
it volunteer (n), voluntary (adj),
voluntarily (adv)

8.147 visibility /%vIz@"bIl@ti/ (n)

how far or well you can see, esp. as
affected by the light or the weather
Drivers must slow down in foggy
conditions because visibility can be
very poor. (in)visible (adj),
(in)visibly (adv)

Listening
8.148 govern /"gVvn/ (v)
control or influence sb/sth or
how sth happens, functions, etc.
Unfortunately, money governs
everything in this world nowadays.

8.149 misrepresent

/%mIs%reprI"zent/ (v)
give information about sb/sth
that is not true or complete so
that other people have the wrong
impression about them/it It is
annoying how Greek mythology is
misrepresented in some TV series!
misrepresentation (n)

8.150 assume /@"sju:m/ (v)

take on a particular quality or
appearance When their parents
were away, Karen would assume
her mothers role for her younger
brothers. assumption (n)

8.151 wacky /"w&ki/ (adj)

funny or amusing in a slightly
crazy way

8.152 appraisal /@"preIzl/ (n)

judgement of the value,
performance or nature of sb/sth
Next term youll have to write a
critical appraisal of the novels of
Thomas Hardy.

8.153 unprecedented

/%Vn"presIdentId/ (adj)
that has never happened, been
done or been known before
Theres been an unprecedented
increase in burglaries in our town
recently, which has alarmed the
local police. precedent (n)

8.154 leap /li:p/ (n)

sudden large change or increase in
sth There has been a leap in the
price of oil recently. leap (v)

8.155 take (on) /teIk/ (n)

the particular opinion or idea that
sb has about sth Whats your
take on the new supermarket? How
do you think it will affect the local
businesses? Informal.

8.156 stick ones neck out

/%stIk wVnz "nek %aUt/ (idm)

do or say sth when there is a risk
that you may be wrong I have no
real idea whats wrong with Frank,
but Ill stick my neck out and say
I believe he must be having trouble
at work.

8.159 bond /bQnd/ (v)

develop or create a relationship of
trust and affection with sb Its
sometimes difficult for adopted
children to bond with their new
families. bonding (n), bond (n)

8.160 advent /"&dvent/ (n)

the coming of an important event,
person, invention, etc. The
advent of the railway lead to huge
changes in travel, communication
and business.

Use of English
8.161 initiative /I"nIS@tIv/ (n)
ability to decide and act on your
own without waiting for sb to tell
you what to do initiator (n),
initiate (v)

8.162 conduct /k@n"dVkt/ (v)

organise and/or do a particular
activity The local authorities are
conducting a public inquiry into
the environmental effects of the
proposed new highway.

8.163 recruit /rI"kru:t/ (v)

persuade sb to do sth, especially to
help you recruitment (n), recruit
(n)

8.157 template /"templeIt/ (n)

sth that is used as a model for
producing other similar examples
The government reported that the
successful introduction of training
schemes for young teenagers would
be used as a template for the future.

8.158 redundant /rI"dVnd@nt/ (n)

(of a person) without a job
because there is no more work
available for you in a company
When the factory closed down
more than 50 people were made
redundant. redundancy (n)

CAE Result Oxford University Press 7