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I. INTRODUCTION
Being the core element of wind energy conversion
technology, power electronics switching devices are one
of the limiting factors for the achievable power rating of
wind generators. One viable solution, which has been
widely adopted by the industry, is to use multi-level
converters where power electronics switches are
cascaded, to provide the necessary voltage and power
sharing [1]. Alternatively, the power issue can be
resolved by connecting power converters in parallel, to
provide current sharing [2]. In line with this concept,
another promising solution that has been considered
recently is the use of multiphase generators. Some
comprehensive reviews of multiphase machines have
been presented in [3], [4]. The use of multiphase
generators has the following benefits: increased total
power rating while maintaining the same per-phase
rating, lower torque ripple, and possibility of fault
tolerant operation. Multiphase generators are well suited
for use in remote offshore wind farms where the HVDC
transmission line effectively decouples the generator
from the grid, thus removing the requirement for the
generator to be of three-phase structure [5].
While multiphase motor drives have been extensively
studied, the available considerations of multiphase
generator systems are relatively few. Among the
multiphase machines, multiple three-phase winding
machines are widely studied [5-9]. These machines can
be conveniently obtained by rewinding standard threephase machines, and such modular nature allows full
exploitation of the readily available three-phase
converters. Nonetheless, some multiphase wind
generators with special machine structure have also been
studied, such as dual-stator generator [10] and modular
generators [11], [12]. One example of the uptake of
multiphase wind generator is the solution offered by
Gamesa, which patented and commercialised a permanent
LS5b.2-1
ia1b1c1 ia2b2c2
v ds = Rs ids + d ds / dt qs
v qs = Rs iqs + d qs / dt + ds
0 = Rr idr + d dr / dt ( r ) qr
m*
(1)
0 = Rr iqr + d qr / dt + ( r ) dr
(2)
(4)
Tm
Pg
Qg
Vdc
xs = Lls i xs
ys = Lls i ys
ig
d m
(6)
dt
where m is the rotor mechanical speed, J is the inertia,
and Tm is the mechanical (prime mover) torque.
Te Tm = J
LS5b.2-2
Ddq
d cos s
q sin s
=
xdq
ydq
sin s
cos s
cos s
sin s
sin s
cos s
modified
i x = C1 cos(t ) + C 2 sin(t )
The coefficients C1 and C2 are given with
(7)
C1 =
*
ds
iqs
ed
ia2b2c2
[D ]
(13)
[T ]1
eq
ixdqs
*
(11)
dq
*
qs
I [ 32 34 (m + n)]
[D ] [T ] ia1b1c1
ids
1
3
C2 = 14 I (n m)
dq
(10)
i y = C1 sin(t ) 3C 2 cos(t )
(14)
tan 1 BA
where =
, equations (13) can be simplified and
expressed in terms of a dc component and an ac
component:
ixdqs = iydqs = 0
iydqs
IV.
AN ALTERNATIVE MODIFIED TRANSFORMATION
Using the existing modified transformation, the xy
currents are decomposed into a dc component and an ac
component. For instance, fundamental frequency
component in xy current appears as a dc and a double
frequency component upon transformation, as will be
shown later. The dc component can be easily eliminated
using the PI controller, while the double frequency
component will be suppressed to an extent determined by
the controller gains and other system parameters. The
efficiency of this method hence relies on how well the xy
current can be decomposed into the dc and ac component.
The higher the dc component and the lower the ac
component, the better the controller will work.
To illustrate the effect of (7), assume that the currents
in winding 1 are balanced,
i a1 = I cos(t )
ib1 = I cos(t 120 D )
(8)
Ddq '
ia 2 = mI cos(t 30D )
ib 2 = nI cos(t 150D )
(9)
ic 2 = ia 2 ib 2
By applying the six-phase decoupling transformation,
xy currents are obtained as:
d cos s
q sin s
=
x'
y'
sin s
cos s
cos s
sin s
sin s
cos s
(16)
(15)
(17)
LS5b.2-3
A. Simulation Conditions
To investigate the performance of the alternative
modified current control scheme, obtained using the
alternative modified transformation matrix (16),
simulations have been done using Matlab/Simulink
environment. Three scenarios are tested to investigate
three different types of asymmetries.
Test (A): 5 resistors (50% of stator resistance) are
added to phases a1, b1, and c1. In this case, the currents
within each winding will remain balanced (m=n=k).
4
2
0
-2
-4
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
1.56
1.54
(a)
1.565
1.57
1.575
1.58
1.585
1.59
Time (s)
Harmonics Spectrum (fundamental = 0.14422)
1.595
1.6
0.2
0.15
A (peak)
4
2
0
0.05
-2
-4
1.46
0
-500
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
3000
3500
4000
4500
0
-0.5
-1
1.56
1.565
1.57
1.575
1.58
1.585
1.59
1.595
Time (s)
Harmonics Spectrum (fundamental = 2.2059e-005)
1.6
0.2
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
0.15
A (peak)
(a)
x-current
y-current
0.1
0.05
0
-500
0
-1
-2
1.46
0.5
-1
-2
1.46
1000
(a)
x-current
y-current
500
1
peak current (A)
1.54
(b)
Fig. 3. Stator currents without (before 1.5 s) and with (after 1.5 s)
asymmetry suppression.
0.1
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
500
1000
3000
3500
4000
4500
(b)
1.54
(b)
LS5b.2-4
2
x-current
y-current
0
-1
-2
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
A (peak)
0.5
500
1.6
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
-2
4500
-0.5
1.565
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.57
1.575
1.58
1.585
1.59
1.595
Time (s)
Harmonics Spectrum (fundamental = 0.048616)
500
1.6
0.15
1.54
(a)
4000
0.2
1.5
Time (s)
3500
0.5
-1
1.56
1.49
3000
1.48
1.54
1.47
1000
(a)
A (peak)
1.58
1.585
1.59
1.595
Time (s)
Harmonics Spectrum (fundamental = 0.048385)
0.1
0
-500
-0.5
1.575
0.05
0.1
0.05
2
0
-500
1000
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
x-current
y-current
0.5
0
-0.5
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
4000
4500
x-current
y-current
0.5
0
-0.5
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
x-current
y-current
0
-0.5
-1
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
(a)
Modified stator xy Currents (A)
1
0.5
1.54
(a)
-1
1.46
3500
1.54
(b)
Fig. 7. Stator currents without (before 1.5 s) and with (after 1.5 s)
asymmetry suppression.
-1
1.46
3000
(b)
-2
-4
1.46
1.57
0.15
x-current
y-current
(b)
Fig. 6. Stator xy currents after application of the rotating transformations
(7) (a) and (16) (b).
1.565
0.2
-4
1.46
0
-0.5
-1
1.56
1.54
(a)
-1
1.46
0.5
1.54
(b)
Fig. 8. Stator xy currents after decoupling transformation (in stationary
reference frame).
LS5b.2-5
x-current
y-current
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Time (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
(b)
Fig. 10. Stator xy currents after application of the rotating
transformations (7) (a) and (16) (b).
0
-2
-4
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Times (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
1.56
1.54
1.565
(a)
A (peak)
0.15
2
0
0
-1000
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Times (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.5
Times (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
5000
-0.5
1.565
1.57
1.575
1.58
1.585
1.59
1.595
Time (s)
Harmonics Spectrum (fundamental = 0.085876)
1.6
0.2
1.54
0.15
A (peak)
(a)
1
0.1
0.05
0.5
0
-1000
0
-0.5
-1
1.46
4000
-1
1.56
1.49
3000
0.5
-0.5
1.48
2000
Frequency (Hz)
(a)
0.5
1.47
1000
1
Stator xy Currents (A)
1.54
(b)
Fig. 11. Stator currents without (before 1.5 s) and with (after 1.5 s)
asymmetry suppression.
0.1
0.05
-2
-1
1.46
1.6
0.2
-4
1.46
1.57
1.575
1.58
1.585
1.59
1.595
Time (s)
Harmonics Spectrum (fundamental = 0.0017121)
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Times (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
1000
2000
Frequency (Hz)
3000
4000
5000
(b)
Fig. 13. FFT analysis of the stator x current in the stationary reference
frame, after compensation, based on (7) (a) and (16) (b).
1.54
(b)
Fig. 12. Stator xy currents after decoupling transformation (in stationary
reference frame).
LS5b.2-6
x-current
y-current
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
1.46
[3]
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Times (s)
(a)
[2]
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
( )
[4]
x-current
y-current
0.5
[5]
0
-0.5
-1
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
Times (s)
1.51
1.52
1.53
[6]
1.54
(b)
Fig. 14. Stator xy currents after application of the rotating
transformations (7) (a) and (16) (b).
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
LS5b.2-7