Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BA101/CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3: TRIGONOMETRY
3.0
EARLY TRIGONOMETRY
Greek Trigonometry
Trigonometry was originally created by the Greeks to aid in the study of astronomy. Hipparchus of Bithynia
(190-120 B.C.) tabulated trigonometric ratios, to enable the calculation of a planet's position as formulated
by Apollonius. Angles were also defined, taking the Babylonian measure of 360 degrees. The chord was
defined, and the cosine and sine loosely defined. The results sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 and the half-angle formulae
were also derived, geometrically.
Claudius Ptolemy worked further on Hipparchus' chord table and came up with a more complete one. He
used Euclid's propositions to aid in his work and developed a method of calculating square roots, though he
never explained how. Using his theorem (for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, the product of the
diagonals equals the sum of the products of the opposite sides) and the half-angle formula, he derived the
sum and difference (addition) formulae.
Ptolemy then proceeded to work on plane triangles. In this process, he developed the idea of inverse
trigonometric functions. He also derived, in modern terms, the Sine and Cosine Rules.
Medieval Trigonometry
The Chinese, in the medieval times, studied astronomy, and hence, trigonometry. They introduced the
tangent function. However, most of their work are in the field of astronomy, and many of their trigonometric
advancements were not continued.
The Indians were the next to advance the study of trigonometry. They developed their own sine tables,
using the Greek half-angle formula. Later, the cosine table was also constructed. Techniques of
approximation to a relatively high accuracy were also introduced.
The Indian works were translated and read by the Islamic mathematicians, who also worked on
trigonometry. Similar to the Greeks and Indians, they related trigonometry and astronomy. The Indian sine
was used, as well as the chord. The cosine was also formally introduced, by Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn
Jabir al-Battani.
The tangent function resurfaced; and the cotangent, cosecant and secant functions were introduced.
Although their definitions were initially geometric, it was soon realised that they were the reciprocal
functions of tangent, sine and cosine respectively. Highly accurate tables were developed for the
trigonometric functions. The triple-angle formulae, already derived, was used for this.
TRGONOMETRY
3.1
BA101/CHAPTER 3
b
hypotenuse
Cos = adjacent
hypotenuse
COH
c
opposite
Tan = Sin
Cos
Tan = opposite
adjacent
TOA
a adjacent
cosecant = cosec = 1
secant
= sec
cotangent = cot
sin
= 1
cos
= 1
tan
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
EXAMPLE 3.11
Referring to Figure 2.11, find the values of:
4 cm
2 cm
SOLUTION:
sin 30o
Figure 2.11
2
4
= 0.5
cos 30o
3.464
4
= 0.866
tan 30o
2
3.464
= 0.577
Note:
You can find tan 30o using the formula tan
sin
cos
4
3.464
2
4
4 3.464
2
=
3.464
Prepared By: Syahida Said
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
= 0.577
EXAMPLE 3.12
Afiq is standing 54 m from a building. The angle of elevation of the top of the building from Afiq is
80o. Determine the height of the building.
SOLUTION:
In order to solve this problem, you should draw a triangle to help you. Based on the information
given in the question, you should be able to draw a triangle like
h
54
h
80o
= 54 x tan 80o
54m
= 306.25 m
Afiq
Figure 5.12
30
45
60
sin
cos
tan
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Cosec
Sec
cot
SOLUTION:
30
1/2
3/ 2
1 / 3
2
2/3
3
sin
cos
tan
Cosec
Sec
cot
45
1 /2
1 / 2
1
2
2
1
60
3 / 2
1/2
3
2/3
2
1/3
EXAMPLE 3.14
Determine the values of cosec A, sec A, and cot A from the triangles shown in Figure 2.15.
a)
b)
10
13
6
A
12
8
A
Figure 2.15
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
SOLUTION:
a)
1
sin A
cos ecA
1
6
10
1
8
10
10
5
6
3
10
1
6
8
8
4
6
3
1
sin A
cos ecA
1
cos A
sec A
1
5
13
1
12
13
13
5
13
12
1
tan A
cot A
5
4
1
tan A
cot A
b)
1
cos A
sec A
1
5
12
12
5
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
EXAMPLE 3.15
Use your scientific calculator to find the values of
a)
sec 150o
a)
sec 150o
b)
cosec 225o
c)
cot 300o
SOLUTION :-
1
Kos 150o
= -1.1547
b)
cosec 225o
1
Sin 225o
= -1.4142
c)
cot 300o
1
Tan 300o
= -0.5774
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Di sebut sebagai
= sin-1
a
h
Inverse of sine
= cos-1
b
h
Inverse of cosine
= tan-1
a
b
Inverse of
tangent
You can use your scientific calculator to help you to find the inverse of trigonometric
functions. Let us look at the example below :-
So easy .
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
EXAMPLE 3.16
Determine the values of :a)
sin = 0.7071
c)
tan = 0.4663
b)
cos = 0.7986
d)
cot = 0.4663
a)
sin = 0.7071
SOLUTION :-
= sin-1 0.7071
= 45o
b)
cos = 0.7986
= cos-1 0.7986
= 37o
c)
tan = 0.4663
= tan-1 0.4663
= 25o
d)
cot = 0.4663
1
= 0.4663
tan
0.4663 tan = 1
tan =
1
0.4663
= tan-1
1
0.4663
= 65o
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
ACTIVITY 3A
TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..!
1. Based on Figure 2.16, find :4
a)
sin o
b)
cos o
c)
tan o
d)
sin o
e)
cos o
f)
tan o
Figure 2.16
2. A painter places a ladder of 4m length leaning against a wall at a height of 3.4m. The angle of
elevation of the ladder against the wall is 50o. How far is the ladder from the base of the wall?
cot = 1.0000
c)
cos = 0.8660
4. Based on Figure 2.17, find the value of
:a)
cos
10
b)
c)
sec
cot
d)
cosec
6
Figure 2.17
5. Use your scientific calculator to find the values of sine, cosine, secant, and cotangent of each
of the following angles :a)
3.1o
b)
47.4o
c)
65.7o
10
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
1.
a)
4
@ 0.8
5
b)
3
@ 0.6
5
c)
4
@1.33
3
d)
3
@ 0.6
5
e)
4
@ 0.8
5
f)
3
@ 0.75
4
2. 2.571m
3.
a) 25o
4. a)
5.
11
b) 45o
3
5
b)
5
3
a)
sin 3.1o
b)
sin 47.4o
= 0.7361
cos 47.4o
= 0.6769
o
sec 47.4
= 1.4774
cot 47.4o
= 0.9195
c)
sin 65.7o
= 0.9114
cos 65.7o
= 0.4115
Sec 65.7o
= 2.43
o
cot 65.7
= 0.4515
c) 30o
c)
3
4
d)
5
4
= 0.0541
cos 3.1o
= 0.9985
o
sec 3.1 = 1.0015
cot 3.1o= 18.464
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Quadrant 1
180 o
0 o, 360 o
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
270 o
Angles are considered as positive if we rotate in the anti-clockwise direction, and negative if we
rotate in the clockwise direction. If you want to find the trigonometric functions of angles that are
larger than 90 o, we can convert these angles to acute angles using the formula given in Figure
2.18. The converted angles are called base angles. Once you have done that, you can now look
for the answers using the methods discussed in the earlier parts. Lets look at the following
examples to try to understand how to convert angles to base angles.
12
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 2
y
x
Base angle for is = 180 -
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
y
EXAMPLE 3.17
SOLUTION :a)
= 180o -
= 180o - 135o
135
o
= =45
- 180
= 360 -
Figure 2.18
13
TRGONOMETRY
b)
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Y
-130
= 180o 130o
= 50o
Therefore, the base angle is 50o.
c)
y
o
240
If we rotate more than one full circle, we may get angles that are larger than 360o. For these
angles, we will have to convert them back to angles between 0 o dan 360o first (called similar
angles) before we convert them to base angles. For example, if we rotate 400o, it is similar to
rotating only (400o- 360o ) 40o and if we rotate 700o, it is similar to rotating only (700o- 360o ) 340o.
Lets look at the following examples:
EXAMPLE 3.18
Find the similar angles and base angles for :a) 685o
SOLUTION :a) The position of is as shown in Figure:The similar angle is
= 685o 360o
= 325o
The base angle is
= 360o 325o
y
o
685
= 35o
14
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
y
o
-380 x
We have now learnt how to convert angles larger than 90o back to acute angles. Why is this
important? This is because it will be very useful when we want to find the trigonometric functions of
these angles. Trigonometric functions of acute angles are always positive, but they are not so for
obtuse angles and reflex angles. For these angles we will have to determine whether their
trigonometric functions are positive or negative by using the following methods.
1. In Quadrant 1, where 0o< <90o, both x and y are positive.
y
Therefore:-
P(x,y)
r
Therefore,
y
sin =
= sin
r
x
cos =
= -cos
r
y
tan =
= -tan
x
Note: Only sine is positive.
3.
15
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
y
r
= -sin
sin
x
=
r
= -cos
cos
y
=
x
tan
= tan
P(x,y)
y
r
= -sin
sin
kos
x
r
= kos
tan
y
x
= -tan
Quadrant 1
SINE (+)
o
180
TANGENT (+)
Quadrant 3
COSI
270
Quadrant 4
Figure 2.20
16
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
EXAMPLE 3.19
Determine the values of :a) sin 108o
b) cos 253o
c) tan 203o 46
d) cos (-255o)
SOLUTION :a)
= 72o
Therefore, sin 108o = + sin 72o because sine is positive in Quadrant 2.
sin 108o = sin 72o
= 0.9511
o
b)
253 is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is: = 253o - 180o
= 73o
Therefore, cos 253o = - cos 73o because cosine is negative in Quadrant 3.
cos 253o = - cos 73o
= -0.2924
c)
= 23o 46
Therefore, tan 203o 46 = + tan 23o 46 because tangent is negative in Quadrant 3.
tan 203o 46 = 0.4404
d)
(-225o) is in Quadrant 3. The base angle is: = 255o - 180o
= 75o
Therefore, cos (-225o) = - kos 75o because cosine is negative in Quadrant 3.
cos (-225o) = - kos 75o
= -0.2588
17
TRGONOMETRY
EXAMPLE 3.20
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Given that sin = - sin 48o. This means that is in Quadrant 3 or Quadrant 4. Find the
values of .
SOLUTION :Because sin = - sin 48o, the base angle is 48o. The answer is:
In Quadrant 3
Y
(S)
In Quadrant 4
Y
(A)
48
48
(T)
(C)
= 180o + 48o
= 228o
= 360o + 48o
= 312o
SOLUTION :-
30 y
y = cos-1 0.8660
30
18
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
ACTIVITY 3B
Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently
TEST YOURSELF BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION..!
a. Find the similar angles for the following angles :a)
470o
b)
-520o
b. Find the values of :a)
sin 258o b)
d)
sin 213o 20
cos 217o
e)
c)
c)
780o
tan 238o
tan 256.7o
f)
cos 305.3o
FEEDBACK
2.28
a)
110o
b)
2.29
a)
-0.9781 b)
-0.7986 c)
1.600
d)
-0.5495 e)
4.230
f)
2.30
2.31
19
-160o
c)
60o
0.5779
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
SELF ASSESSMENT 1
Congratulations to you for making it so far. You are very close to mastering this
unit. Attempt all questions in this section and check your solutions with the
answers provided in SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT given after this.
1.
2.
3.
5.2 o
b)
21.4 o
c)
76.5 o
d)
93.7 o
A ladder 9m length is leaning against a vertical wall. The angle of elevation of the ladder is 60 o . How
far is the foot of the ladder from the wall?
9m
60
4.
20
On a particularly very hot day, the shadow of a tower is 67.2m long. The angle of elevation of the
sun viewed from the ground is . If the height of the tower is 80m, what is the value of ?
Prepared By: Syahida Said
TRGONOMETRY
5.
6.
BA101/CHAPTER 3
0.2
c) 4 tan 2 1
b) cos 2 0.5592
2
, find the values of
3
2
= 0.866 and cos
3
2
2
tan , cot
3
3
2
= -0.5, find the values of
3
2
2
, sec dan cosec .
3
3
8.
425 o
b)
-390 o
c)
-1090 o
b)
-900 o
c)
165 o
c)
cos 210 o
9.
10.
sin 150 o
b)
tan 110 o
d)
cosec 350 o
e)
cot 300 o
21
-290 o
tan = 0.5
d)
sn = -0.9421
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
1.
2.
3.
cos
b)
cos
a)
b)
c)
d)
3
13
13
4.5m
50 o
5.
a)
214.59 o , 325.41 o
b)
30 o , 60 o
c)
166 o , 346 o
a)
3 5 2 5
,
,
2 3
5
b)
7.
, sin
4.
6.
1, 1, 1.41, 1.41
8.
a) 65 o
b)
-30 o
c)
-10 o
9.
a) 0.5
b)
-2.747
c)
-0.866
e)
-0.5773
d)-5.760
10.
22
5
12
, tan
13
5
a)
a)
40 o , 140 o
b)
c)
26 o 34 , 206 o 34
130 o , 230 o
d)
TRGONOMETRY
3.2
BA101/CHAPTER 3
sinx + cosx = 1
can be used to derive two more important identities:
1 + cotx = cosecx
tanx + 1 = secx
These identities work for any angle x (measure in either degrees or radians).
and
are on the
circle.
We can get the coordinates of L and K in terms of the angles and .For the triangle
, we
have that
23
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
coordinates of K are
calculating
Now let
But
24
is now determined by
), we can find
, we have
. Then
. Thus
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Derivation of sin ( )
We can use
to show that
We know that
and
Therefore,
Derivation 0f cos ( + )
We can use
to show that
We know that
Therefore,
25
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Derivation of cos ( )
We found this identity in our derivation of the
to derive that
As
we have that
Derivation 0f sin 2
We know that
When
26
, we have that
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Derivation 0f cos 2
We know that
When
, we have that
and
by using
Activity 1: The
identity
Use
to show that:
27
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Tip:
When proving trigonometric identities, never assume that the left hand side is equal to the right
hand side. You need to show that both sides are equal.
Example 1: Trigonometric identities 1
Question
Prove that
Answer
Identify a strategy
We only know the exact values of the trig functions for a few special angles (
etc.). We can see that
to express
Execute strategy
28
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
in terms of
and
and
Answer
Identify a strategy
We can express
formulae for these. We then manipulate the resulting expression in order to get it in terms of
and
Execute strategy
In fact, this identity is not valid for all values of . Which values are those?
29
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Answer
Identify a strategy
The right-hand side (RHS) of the identity cannot be simplified. Thus we should try simplify the
left-hand side (LHS). We can also notice that the trig function on the RHS does not have a
dependence. Thus we will need to use the double-angle formulae to simplify the
on the LHS. We know that
and
also undefined for these , and hence is not valid for these angles. Also, for some , we might
have division by zero in the LHS, which is not allowed. Thus the identity won't hold for these
angles also.
Execute the strategy
We know that
is undefined when
undefined when
, where n is
when
30
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Answer
Identify a strategy
Before we are able to solve the equation, we first need to simplify the left-hand side. We do this
by using the double-angle formulae.
Execute the strategy
Proof
The double-angle formulas are proved from the sum formulas by putting = . We
have
31
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
sin 2 = sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos .
cos 2 = cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin
cos 2
This is the first of the three versions of cos 2 . To derive the second version, in line (1)
use this Pythagorean identity:
sin = 1 cos .
Line (1) then becomes
cos 2
= cos (1 cos )
= cos 1 + cos .
cos 2
= 2 cos 1. . . . . . . . . . (2)
To derive the third version, in line (1) use this Pythagorean identity:
cos = 1 sin .
We have
cos 2
= 1 sin sin ;.
cos 2
= 1 2 sin . . . . . . . . . . (3)
These are the three forms of cos 2 .
Halfangle formulas
. . . . . . . (2')
. . . . . . . (3')
Whether we call the variable or does not matter. What matters is the form.
Proof
Now, is half of 2 . Therefore, in line (2), we will put 2 = , so that
becomes :
2
2 cos =
(1 + cos )
2
32
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
2 sin =
.
2
cos
sinx + cosx = 1
1 + cotx = cosecx
tanx + 1 = secx
Double Angle
Compound Angle
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB
tan(A + B) = tanA + tanB
1 - tanAtanB
33
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
34
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
b
Sin B
c
sin C
The sine rule can also be expressed in the inverted form, i.e.
Sin A
a
Sin B =
b
Sin C
c
EXAMPLE 1
C
4cm
A
The above diagram shows a triangle ABC. Given that sin A=1/4, sin B=1/3 and AC= 4cm,
find the length of CB.
Solution
Using the sine rule,
CB = AC
sinA sinB
CB = 4
(1/4) (1/3)
CB = 4/(1/3)x(1/4)
= 12x(1/4)
= 3 cm
35
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
EXAMPLE 2
In the triangle ABC, given that a = 5cm, b = 3 cm and
Solution
Using the inverted form of sine rule,
Sin A
= Sin B
a
b
Sin A = Sin 30
5
3
Sin A
= Sin 30 x 5
3
= 0.8333
A = sin-1 0.8333
= 56.44
A.
EXAMPLE 3
R
30
110
Q
P
The above diagram shows the triangle PQR. Solve the triangle.
Solution
(a) Using the sine rule,
RQ
= PQ
=
Sin P
Sin R
RQ
= 6 =
Sin 110
Sin 30
RQ
= PQ
x Sin 110
=
Sin 30
= 11.28 cm
Hence, the length of RQ is 11.28 cm.
(b)
36
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
RP
=
Sin 40
RP
=
6
=
Sin 30
6
x Sin 40 =
Sin 30
= 7.71 cm
3.3.3
EXAMPLE 1
C
4cm
A
B
6cm
The above diagram shows ABC . Given that cos A = , AC = 4cm and AB=6cm, find :
i.)
the length of BC.
ii.)
CAB
Solution
i)
37
BC2=AC2+AB2 2(AC)(AB)cos A
a2 = 42+62-2(4)(6)(1/4)
= 40
a =40
= 6.32 cm
TRGONOMETRY
ii)
BA101/CHAPTER 3
EXAMPLE 2
A
8 cm
8249
10 cm
ii)
38
C
ABC = 8249. Find :
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
a = b = c
sinA sinB sinC
39
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3
1. In the triangle ABC, BC = 6 cm, AC=8 cm and AB=9cm. Find angle ABC.
A
9cm
8cm
?
6cm
2. In ABC, given that <ABC = 130, AB=6 cm and BC= 8 cm, find the length of B.
A
?
6cm
130
B
8cm
3.
B
5cm
5
8cm
120
4.
58
p = 132.8mm
72 21
P
The above diagram shows the triangle PQR. Solve the triangle.
40
TRGONOMETRY
BA101/CHAPTER 3
ANSWER
1. B=59.03
2. b=12.72 cm
3.
41
Success is not
the key to
happiness.
Happiness is the
key to success.
If you love what
you are doing,
you will be
successful.