PAKISTAN FOREIGN

POLICY
PHASE I: (1947-1953)

PHASE II: (1954-1962)

Foreign Policy
Association or connections amongst sovereign
states.

Close association between sovereign states

covering their view points and outlooks on the
international affairs.
Is a product of ideological, historical, economic,
national interests and geo-political locations.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan

Five FACTORS:
Ideological Obligation
Historical Legacy
Geographical Location
The Indian Threat

Economic Compulsions

Phases of Foreign Policy of Pakistan

Phase I: 1947-53: Non Aliened years

Phase II: 1953-62: Alliance with the West

Phase III: 1962-71: Transition
Phase IV: 1972-79: Bilateralism and nonalignment
Phase V: 1980-90: Afghan-Crisis and US Ally
Phase VI:1990-2001: Post-Cold War Era and Pakistan's

Dilemmas
Phase VII: 2001-Date: Pakistan and Counter Terrorism

Phase I: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Joined UN in Sep 30th, 1948

Relations with India (aftermath of partition)

Killing of people on both sides

Kashmir and other princely states (War 1948)

Water Dispute
Division of Funds
Division of Assets, etc.

Phase I: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Relations with Afghanistan

Cordial representation in May 1948

Irredentist claim over Pakistan territory

Soviet Union backup in mid-1950

Reorganization of armed force

Due to Soviet backed Indo-Afghan military pressure
Modernization of three Services of Armed Forces

Phase I: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Relation with US
Cordial relations resumed in Feb 1948
US Marshal Plan-1950 towards Asia
Liaqat Ali Khan visit to US in May 1950
Assistance in Economic Development
Become a prey to the US dictates

Phase I: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Relation with USSR
Indifferent attitude towards Pakistan
Dec 1949, Pak Ambassador at Moscow
Invitation to Pakistan P.M. in June 1949
Accepted but did not accomplished
Anger of Soviet of Liaqat A. K. visit to US

Phase I: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Relation with China

1st Muslim country to recognize China in Jan, 1950

Exchange of credentials in Sept, Nov, 1951
Backed Chinas entry into UN as against US

F.M. Manzoor Qadir criticized US to oppose China entry

1961, Ayub vote helped China to win a seat in UN

Phase I: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Relation with Muslim Countries

Importance to Muslim relationship

Sponsored unofficial conferences for cultivating a broad-base setting
for Muslim organization.
Muslim states did not show any response
Indonesia and Egypt strong reservation on Pak
Cordial relations with Iran, Turkey and S. Arabia

PHASE II: (1953-1962)

ALIENED YEARS

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Reasons:

Shift from Independent Policy to Alliance

Multifaceted alignments with the West

Security arrangements with US for economic and military assistance

Adverse effects of decrease in Jute and Cotton prices in international
market, 1952

Shortage of Wheat 1952-53

US wheat gift in 1953 to overcome shortage

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan

Continue

Sense of ISOLATION in the world

Futile efforts to promote Muslims UNITY

UN and commonwealth FAILURE in solving Pak-India conflicts,
especially Kashmir Dispute

Containment of DANGERs of Communism

Distrust of Soviet Union for a pro-Soviet Rawalpindi Conspiracy

Maj. G. Akbar Khan

Military willingness for advanced technology and economic support

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
April 1954, Pak Turkey Agreement for political,
economic and cultural development
May 1954, Pak US Mutual Defense Assistance
Agreement , US shall provide equipment, trainings
and other services
Sep 1954, SEATO/ Manila Pact, alliance with US,
Australia, GB, NZ, Philippine, and Thailand)
To resist attacks and counter subversive
measures, promote economic and social welfare

Only for communist aggression and not all

Pakistans plea to include ALL was not accepted

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan

Sep 1955, Baghdad Pact (CENTO after Iraq withdrawal)

Attached greater importance because of 3
Muslim countries, Iraq, Turkey and Iran.

GB was a member whereas US back up

For strengthening defensive capabilities
For the menace of communism ONLY

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan

March 1959, Bilateral Agreement between Pak &

US

Defense and economic assistance from US

US national interest and Pak preservation of

independence and integrity

Provision of Air Base to US by Pakistan for 1959-69

800 million USD as assistance and loan

Ammunition, Artillery, Aircrafts, sea warships, etc.

US Military Assistance Advisory Group

Training of Military Officers in US

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Cost of Alignment with WEST

Independent Foreign Policy was compromised

Relations with Soviet Union

Threatening Pakistan for supporting US

Supporting India in Kashmir dispute

Support to Afghan irredentist claims

Pakistan exclusion from NAM in 1961 (due to defense pact)

Alienated Egypt, vague policy towards SUEZ crisis 1956

No support from US regarding Pak-India problems

Questions raised in US, Pak as defender of interests vs

USSR

Phase II: Foreign Policy of

Pakistan
Pak China relations:

China avoid open condemnation of Pakistan

participation in the PACTs

Showed remarkable understanding of Pakistan position

Backed Up China in getting UN membership

Indo-Sino relationships helped Pakistan

Pak India relations:

Kashmir Dispute, Canal Water dispute

Indus Basin Water Treaty 1960