Chapter 6.

The Present Perfect

6.1 Pendahuluan
A. Deskripsi singkat: Pokok Bahasan ini memberikan pengetahuan tata Bahasa Inggris
dalam membuat kalimat Present Perfect untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan atau
situasi yang sudah terjadi sebelum saat ini.
B. Relevansi: Pokok bahasan ini merupakan bagian pertama dua materi cara membuat
kalimat untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan atau situasi yang sudah terjadi dalam
Bahasa Inggris.
C. Kompetensi
C.1. Standar Kompetensi: Mampu membuat kalimat dengan struktur Present Perfect
dengan benar.
C.2. Kompetensi Dasar: Setelah menyelesaikan pokok bahasan ini mahasiswa mampu
1. Membuat kata kerja Past Participle.
2. Membuat kalimat dengan Forms Of The Present Perfect.
3. Memahami Meanings Of The Present Perfect.
4. Membandingkan kalimat Simple Past vs. Present Perfect.
D. Petunjuk Belajar: bacalah tiap kalimat dengan teliti, telaah, dan tulis kembali
materi dengan ringkas dalam tabel atau resume. Kerjakan semua latihan soal,
verifikasi jawaban Anda dengan jawaban yang disertakan pada setiap akhir bab.

6.2 Penyajian
6.2.1 Uraian
PAST PARTICIPLE
The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. The past participle is used
in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and the PAST PERFECT tense.
In regular verbs, the form of the past participle is the same as the simple past: both
end in ed. For irregular verbs you need to memorize them.
For example :

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SIMPLE SIMPLE
FORM
PAST
REGULAR
VERBS

finish
stop
wait
IRREGULAR see
VERBS
make
put

finished
stopped
waited
saw
made
put

PAST
PARTICIPLE
finished
stopped
waited
seen
made
put

Exercise 1.Past participle.

Directions: write the past participle.
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST
FORM
PAST
PARTICIPLE

SIMPLE SIMPLE
FORM
PAST

1.

finish

Finished

Finished

11. Come

Came

2.

See

Saw

Seen

12. Study

Studied

3.

Go

Went

13. Stay

Stayed

4.

Have

Had

14. Begin

Began

5.

Meet

Met

15. Start

Started

6.

Call

Called

16. Write

Wrote

7.

Fall

Fell

17. Eat

Ate

8.

Do

Did

18. cut

Cut

9.

Know

Knew

19. Read

Read

10.

Fly

flew

20. Be

Was/were

6.2.2 Uraian
Forms Of The Present Perfect :
1. STATEMENT:
have/has

past participle

For example :
(a)
I have finished my work.
(b)
The students have finished chapter 3.
(c)
Jim has eaten lunch.

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PAST
PARTICIPLE

2. CONTRACTION
Pronoun + have

ve

Pronoun + has

For example :
(a)
Ive/Youve/Weve/Theyve eaten lunch.
(b)
Shes/Hes eaten lunch.
(c)
Its been cold for the last three days.
3. NEGATIVE:
have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION
have + not

havent

has + not

hasnt

For example :
(a)
I have not (havent) finished my work.
(b)
Ann has not (hasnt) eaten lunch.
4. QUESTION:
have/has + subject + past participle
For example :
(a)
Have you finished your work?
(b)
Has Jim eaten lunch?
(c)
How long have you lived here?
5. SHORT ANSWER :
have/havent or has/hasnt

For example:
(a)
A: Have you seen that movie?
B: Yes, I have. OR No, I havent.
(b)
A: Has Jim eaten lunch?
B: Yes, he has. OR No, he hasnt.

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Note: The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun.
INCORRECT: Yes, Ive. OR Yes, hes.
Be careful
*COMPARE:
Its cold today. [Its = It is: It is cold today.]
Its been cold since December. [Its = It has: It has been cold since December]
EXERCISE 2. Forms of the present perfect.
Directions: Complete the dialogues with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect.
1. A : (you, eat , ever) ______________________ seaweed ?
B : No , I ______________. I (eat, never) __________________seaweed.
2. A : (you, stay, ever) _______________________________ at a big hotel ?
B : Yes , I ____________. I (stay) __________ at a big hotel lots of times.
3. A : (you, meet, ever) _______________________________ a movie star ?
B : No, I _____________. I ( meet, never) _______________ a movie star.
4. A : (Tom, visit, ever) _________________________ you at your house ?
B : Yes , he ____________ . He (visit) ______________ me lots of times .
5. A : (Ann, be ,ever)_______________________ in Mexico ?
B : No , she ___________ . She (be, never) _________________ in Mexico . She (be,
not) __________________ in any Spanish-speaking countries.

6.2.3 Uraian
Meanings Of The Present Perfect :
look at two pictures bellow:

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1. Something happened before now at an unspecified time

a. The Present Perfect expresses an activity or situation that occurred (or did not
occur) before now, at some unspecified time in the past, as illustrated in Fig. (a).
For example :
(a)
(b)
(c)

Jim has already eaten lunch.

Ann hasnt eaten lunch yet.
Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?

b. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at

unspecified times in the past, as illustrated in Fig. (b).
For example :
(d)
(e)

Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times.

I have eaten there twice.

2. A situation began in the past and continues to the present.

When the Present Perfect is used with since or for, it expresses situation that
began in the past and continue to the present, as illustrated in Fig. (c).
For example :
Weve been in class since ten oclock this morning.
I have known Ben for ten years. I meet him ten years ago. I still
know him today. We are friends.
In (f): Class started at ten. We are still in class now, at the moment of speaking.
(f)
(g)

INCORRECT: We are in class since ten oclock this morning

now

now

Before now

Before now

Unspecified time

Unspecified time

Fig. (a)

Fig. (b)

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now

Fig. (c)

Exercise 3. Present Perfect

Direction: when speakers use the present perfect, they often contract have and has with nouns
in everyday speech. Listen to your teacher say these sentences in normal contracted speech
and practice saying them yourself. Discuss the meaning of the present perfect.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Bob has been in Montreal since Tuesday. (Bobs been in . . . .)

Jane has been out of town for two days.
The weather has been warm since the beginning of April.
My parents have been active in politics for forty years.
Mike has already eaten breakfast.
My friends have moved into a new apartment.
My roommate has travelled a lot. Shes visited many different countries.
My aunt and uncle have lived in the same house for twenty-five years.

6.2.4 Uraian
Simple Past vs Present Perfect
1. The SIMPLE PAST expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or
times) in the past, as in (a), (b), and (c).

a)
b)
c)

For example :
I finished my work two hours ago.
I was in Europe last year/three years ago/in 1999/in 1995 and
1999/when I was ten years old.
Ann was in Miami for two weeks.
In (a): I finished my work at a specific time in the past (two hours ago).
In (c): In sentences where for is used in a time expression, the simple
past expresses an activity that began and ended in the past.

2. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified

time (or times) in the past, as in (d), (e), and (f).
d)
e)
f)

For example :
I have already* finished my work.
I have been in Europe many times/several times/a couple of
times/once/ (no mention of time).
Bob has been in Miami for two weeks/since May first.
In (d): I finished my work at an unspecified time in the past (sometime
before now).
In (f): In sentences with for or since the present perfect expresses an
activity that began in the past and continues to the present.
*For more information about already, see Chart 4-8.
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Exercise 4 .simple past vs. present perfect.

Directions: discuss the meaning of the verb tenses.
1. All of the verbs in the following talk about past time, but the verb in (a) is different from
the other three verbs. What is the difference?
a. I have had several bicycles in my lifetime.
b. I had a red bicycle when I was in elementary school.
c. I had a blue bicycle when I was a teenager.
d. I had a green bicycle when I live and worked in Hong
Kong.
2. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?
a. I had a wonderful bicycle last year.
b. Ive had many wonderful bicycles.
3. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express?
a. Ann had a red bike for two years.
b. Sue has had a red bike for two years.
4. Who is still alive, and who is dead?
a. In his lifetime, Uncle Alex had several red bicycle.
b. In his lifetime, Grandpa has had several red bicycle.

Exercise 5. Simple past vs. Present perfect

Directions : Look at the verb in italic. Is it simple past or is it present perfect?
Check the box that describes whether the verb expresses something that
happened at a specified time in the past or at an unspecified time in the
past

Specified time
in the past

Unspecified
time in the past
X

QUESTION
Ms. Parker has been in Tokyo many times
(present perfect)
Ms. Parker was in Tokyo last week
(simple past)
Ive met Anns husband. He is a nice guy.
I met Anns husband at a party last week.
Mr. White was in Rome three times last month.
Mr. White has been in Rome many times.
I like to travel. Ive been in more than thirty
foreign countries.
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I was in morocco in 2001.

Mary has never been in morocco.
Mary wasnt in morocco when I was in there in
2001.

EXERCISE6. Irregular Verb.

Direction: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. See

Saw

2. Eat

Seen

1. Drive

__________ __________

________ _______

2. Ride

__________ __________

3. Give

________ _______

3. Write

__________ __________

4. Fall

________ _______

4. Bite

__________ __________

5. Take

________ _______

5. Hide

__________ __________

6. Shake

________ _______

EXERCISE 7. Irregular Verbs.

Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.

1. Break

broke

broken

1. Throw

2. Speak

2. Blow

3. Steal

3. Fly

4. Get

4. Drink

5. Wear

5. Sing

6. Draw

6. Swim

7. Grow

7. Go

EXERCISE 8. Irregular Verbs.

Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. Have ______________

______________

2. Make ______________

______________

3. Build ______________

______________

4. Lend

______________

______________

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5. Send

______________

______________

6. Spend ______________

______________

7. Leave ______________

______________

8. Lose

______________

______________

9. Sleep ______________

______________

10. Feel

______________

______________

11. Meet

______________

______________

12. Sit

______________

______________

______________

______________

14. Hang ______________

______________

13. Win
*

Hang is a regular verb (hang, hanged, hanged) when it means to kill a person by putting
aRope around his/her neck.
Hang is an irregular verb when it refers to suspending a thing on a wall, in a closet, on a
hook, etc.
EXERCISE 9. Irregular verbs.
Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. Sell
2. Tell
3. Hear
4. Hold
5. Feed
6. Read
7. Find
8. Buy
9. Think
10. Teach
11. Catch
12. Cut
13. Hit
14. Quit*
15. Put

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6.3

Penutup

6.3.1

Rangkuman
A. Past Participle
1. The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. (See Chart 2-6,

p. 32.). The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and
the PAST PERFECT tense.
2. The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the simple past form:
both and in -ed. See chart 2-7, p. 33, for a list of irregular verbs.
B. Forms Of The Present Perfect
Statement
have/has + past participle
Pronoun + have = ve
Contraction
Pronoun + has = s
Negative
have not/havent or has
not/hasnt
Question
have/has + subject + past
participle
Short Answer have/havent or has/hasnt
C. Meanings Of The Present Perfect
1. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity or situation that occurred
(or did not occur) before now, at unspecified time in the past.
2. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at
unspecified times in the past.
3. A situation began in the past and continues to the present.

6.3.2 TES FORMATIF

A.
Direction: complete the sentence with the word in parentheses. Some of completions review
verb tenses studied in chapter 1 and 2.Someof them preview verb tenses will be studied in
this chapter: the present perfect and past perfect.
Discuss the form and meaning of new tenses. There may be more than one possible correct
completion
My name (be) ______________ Surasuk Jutukanyaprateep. I (be) __________from
Thailand.

Right

now

________________at

I
this

(study)_____________English
school

since

beginning

at

this

school.

of

January.

________________here January 2, and my classes (begin) ___________January 6.

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(be)

(arrive)

Since i (come) ____________here, I (do) ____________Many things, and I (meet)

________ many people. Last week, I (go) ____________to a party at my friends house. I
(meet) ________ some of the other student from Thailand at the party, Of course we (speak)
________ Thai so I (practice, not) ________ my English that night. There (be)
________ only people from Thailand at the party.
However,

since

(come)

_____________________

here,

(meet)

___________________________ a lot of other people, too. I (meet) __________________

people from Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. I enjoy meeting people from
other countries. Before I came here, I (meet, never) __________________ anyone from the
Ukraine or Bolivia. Now I (know) ______________________ people from both these places,
and they (become) _____________________ my friends.

B. Simple past vs. present perfect

Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect or
the simple past.
1. A : Have you ever been in Europe?
B; Yes Ihave. I (be)have been in Europe several Times. Infact, I (be)was in Europe
last year.
2. A:are you going to finish your work before you go to bed ?
B: I(finish, already*) have_already finished it. I (finish) finished. My
work two hours ago .
3. A :Have you ever eaten at Als Steak House?
B: Yes , I ______________.I(eat)_____________ there many times. In fact , my
wife and I (eat)______________ there last night.
4. A: Does you and Erica want to go to the movie at the palace theatre with us tonight?
B: No thanks. We (see, already)_______________________________ it . We
(see)_________________________ it last week.
5. A: When are you going to write your report for Mr. Goldberg?
B: I(write, already)_________________________________ it. I(write)
____________________ it two days ago and gave it to him .
6. A: (Antonio, have, ever)___________________________________ a job?
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B: Yes, he ________________________ .He(have) _________________ a job at his

uncles waterbed store.
7. A: This is a good book. Would you like to read it when Im finished?
B:Thanks,but I (read, already)_____________________________________ it . I
(read)_______________________________ it a couple of months ago.
8. A: What European countries (you, visit)_________________________________?
B: I (visit)_____________________Hungary , Germany , and Switzerland. I
(visit)________________________Hungary at 1998. I (be)________________in
Germany and Switzerland in 2001.
*in informal spoken English , the simple past is sometimes used with already .
Practice using the present perfect with already in exercise
C. Since vs For.
Directions: Complete the sentence I have been here .. Use since or for with the give
expressions.
I have been here
1.

__ two month.

2.

__ September.

3.

__ 1998.

4.

__ last year.

5.

__ two years.

6.

__ last Friday.

7.

__ 9.30.

8.

__ three days.

9.

__ the first January.

10.

__ almost four month.

11.

__ the beginning of the term.

12.

__ the semester started.

13.

__ a couple of hours.

14.

__ fifteen minutes.

15.

__ yesterday.

16.

__ about five weeks.

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6.3.3 Umpan balik

Score = Jumlah jawaban benar x 100/44.
6.3.4 Tindak lanjut
Jika score anda kurang dari 80 maka ulangi lagi memahami rangkuman, kerjakan semua
latihan, dan test formatif.

6.4 Referensi
Betty Schrampfer Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar 3rd Edition, Longman, 2003.
Chapter 4. Unit 4.1 4.4. Page 84-87.

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